Prevalence of renal abnormalities in chronic HBV infection: the HARPE study

Effects of entecavir and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate treatment on renal function in Japanese elderly patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM

Entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) are considered safe nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NA) for the kidney. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of ETV or TAF on renal function in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Japan.

METHODS

The study included 246 CHB patients treated with ETV (184 patients) or TAF (62 patients) for at least 2 years. These patients were divided into two groups: those <65 years of age (130 patients) and those ≥65 years of age (116 patients). The effects of the NAs on renal functions were examined by comparing the estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) from baseline to 2 years between the two groups.

RESULTS

The change in eGFR from baseline to 1 or 2 years after treatment was significantly decreased in both groups. However, the amount of change at 1 and 2 years was significantly greater in the group aged ≥65 years than in the group aged <65 years. The amount of change in eGFR from baseline to 1 and 2 years after treatment was significantly greater in the group aged ≥65 years than in the group aged <65 years, regardless of the type of NA, the prior treatment history, cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥65 years was independently associated with a decreased eGFR after 2 years of NA treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term administration of NA to CHB patients over 65 years of age should be carefully monitored for renal impairment.

Efficacy and safety of entecavir for hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis with renal insufficiency

BACKGROUND

HBV-GN is one of the most common secondary kidney diseases in China. Entecavir is a first-line antiviral therapy in patients with HBV-GN.

OBJECTIVE

This retrospective study explored whether entecavir is effective and safe for the treatment of HBV-GN with renal insufficiency.

METHODS

We screened patients diagnosed with HBV-GN in The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University who had elevated serum creatinine levels. Group 1 (30 patients) was given entecavir as antiviral treatment. Group 2 (28 patients) was treated with ARBs. Changes in renal function and the possible influencing factors were observed, with a mean follow-up duration of 36 months.

RESULTS

At the end of follow-up, the elevation in the serum creatinine level and reduction in the eGFR were greater in group 1 than in group 2. The overall renal survival rate, using eGFR < 15 ml/min as the primary renal end point, was 96.7% in group 1 and 67.9% in group 2. Urine protein excretion was decreased in both groups. Treatment with entecavir and the remission of proteinuria were protective factors against renal function impairment, while a lower baseline eGFR was a risk factor for progression to ESRD.

CONCLUSIONS

Entecavir slows the progression of renal function impairment in HBV-GN and exerts a significant renal protective effect.

Comparison of kidney function decline between chronic hepatitis B patients with or without antiviral therapy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Kidney function can deteriorate in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We compared the risk of kidney function decline between untreated and treated CHB patients receiving antiviral therapy.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 1061 untreated CHB patients and 366 tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), 190 besifovir dipivoxil maleate (BSV), and 2029 entecavir (ETV) users. The primary outcome was kidney function decline, a ≥ one-stage increase in chronic kidney disease for ≥3 consecutive months.

RESULTS

The incidence and risk of kidney function decline were significantly higher in the 1:1 propensity score matched treated group (588 pairs) than in the untreated (2.7 per 1000 person-years [PYs] vs. 1.3 per 1000 PYs, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.29, all p < 0.001). The matched TAF group (222 pairs) showed a similar risk for the primary outcome (aHR = 1.89, p = 0.107) despite a significantly higher incidence thereof, compared to the untreated (3.9 vs. 1.9 per 1000 PYs, p = 0.042). The matched BSV and untreated groups (107 pairs) showed no significant differences in the incidence and risk. However, ETV users (541 pairs) carried a significantly higher outcome incidence and risk than the matched untreated (3.6 vs. 1.1 per 1000 PYs, aHR = 1.05, all p < 0.001). Compared to each matched untreated group, changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate over time were greater in the ETV group (p = 0.010), despite being similar in the TAF (p = 0.073) and BSV groups (p = 0.926).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with untreated patients, TAF or BSV users showed similar risk, whereas ETV users showed a higher risk of kidney function decline.

Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Hospital-based Case-control Study from China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) usually occurs during the chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the risk factors of CKD in an HBV population have not been completely demonstrated. Our present study aimed to investigate the risk factors of CKD in chronic HBV infection using a hospital based cross-sectional study in the northern area of China.

METHODS

During January 2013 to December 2017, a total of 94 patients with CKD complicated by chronic HBV infection were consecutively enrolled in the study, as well as 548 age- and sex-matched hepatitis B patients without CKD who were enrolled as controls. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the effects of each variable after adjusting for cofounding factors.

RESULTS

Multivariate analysis showed that HBeAg-positive status (odds ratio [OR]=2.099, 95% CI 1.128-3.907), dyslipidemia (OR: 3.025, 95% CI 1.747-5.239), and hypertension (OR: 12.523, 95% CI 6.283-24.958) were independently associated with the incidence of CKD, while duration of HBV infection (≥240 months) (OR: 0.401, 95% CI 0.179-0.894), Log₁₀ HBsAg (OR: 0.514, 95% CI 0.336-0.786), and coronary heart disease (OR: 0.078, 95% CI 0.008-0.768) were protective factors for the incidence of CKD. Duration of HBV infection, Log₁₀ HBsAg, HBeAg-positive status and dyslipidemia remained the risk factors for CKD after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Duration of HBV infection, Log₁₀ HBsAg, HBeAg-positive status and dyslipidemia contributed to the incidence of CKD during chronic HBV infection in a Chinese population.

Management of hepatitis B and C in special population

Chronic viral hepatitis is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B is more common in the Asia-Pacific region due to the larger population and lower screening availability. Hepatitis C predominates in the west due to injection drug abuse. The discovery of (oral) direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has changed the landscape of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) management. Nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) have also changed the approach to the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Oral NUCs and DAAs have excellent efficacy and patient acceptance as well as a lower risk of resistance. However, certain populations have no robust data and safety and efficacy of such oral drugs is still evolving. In this review, we provide an overview of the management of CHB and CHC in special populations, such as those with chronic kidney disease, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and those undergoing chemo- or immunosuppressive therapy.

HBV infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified.

AIM

We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed.

RESULTS

We retrieved 33 studies (n = 7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n = 1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P < .001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P < .0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n = 3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P = .5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P < .015).

CONCLUSIONS

It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way.

Treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or entecavir in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients with renal impairment: results from a 7-year, multicentre retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Limited data exist regarding tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) safety and effectiveness in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected (CHB) patients with renal impairment (RI).

AIMS

To compare real-world data on renal safety and effectiveness of TDF vs entecavir (ETV) in CHB patients with moderate-to-severe RI.

METHODS

Retrospective, non-interventional, cohort study analysing medical records for TDF/ETV-treated CHB patients (54 European centres). Included patients experienced moderate-to-severe RI (creatinine clearance 20-60 mL/min [Cockcroft-Gault]) either before TDF/ETV initiation ('before' subgroup [baseline = treatment initiation]) or after TDF/ETV initiation ('after' subgroup [baseline = first RI occurrence]). The primary objective was TDF safety, particularly renal-related adverse events of special interest (AESI). TDF and ETV safety and effectiveness were compared and multivariate analyses were performed using inverse probability treatment weighting.

RESULTS

'Before' subgroup included 107 TDF- and 91 ETV-treated patients; 'after' subgroup included 212 TDF- and 77 ETV-treated patients. Mean baseline creatinine clearance was higher for TDF- vs ETV-treated patients (both subgroups). Median follow-up was 3.1 years (both treatments). AESI were more frequent with TDF vs ETV ('before': 18.7% vs 8.8%; 'after': 9.9% vs 3.9%); however, differences were not significant by multivariate analysis. Only TDF-treated patients experienced renal tubular dysfunction (6.5% 'before'; 1.9% 'after') as well as renal adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation (8.4% 'before'; 7.1% 'after'). Effectiveness was similar between treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall safety was similar for TDF vs ETV (both subgroups). Given that renal tubular dysfunction occurred with TDF and not with ETV, renal safety concerns may be greater with TDF in CHB patients with RI.

Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates hepatic fibrosis through autophagy-mediated inflammation

BACKGROUND

Imbalanced immune response and hepatic fibrosis are key factors related to the progression of chronic liver diseases. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a natural alkaloid, has been widely used for treating liver injury. In this study, we explored the effect of TMP on hepatic fibrosis and the related mechanisms regulating autophagy.

METHODS

A rat model of hepatic fibrosis and a model using an hepatic stellate cell line (HSC-T6) were created using CCl₄ and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Staining with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson's stain, and TUNEL were performed for pathological diagnosis. ELISA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to determine the expression levels of the specific markers for fibrosis, autophagy, inflammation, and signalling pathways.

RESULTS

TMP treatment significantly rescued pathological injury and hepatic fibrosis. It also alleviated imbalances in the immune system, accumulation of extracellular matrix, and autophagy signals in hepatic fibrosis. At the same time, we found that application of the autophagy inducer rapamycin enhanced the therapeutic effect of TMP, whereas the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, PI3K pathway inhibitor LY294002, and AKT pathway agonist SC79 did the opposite.

CONCLUSIONS

TMP exerts therapeutic effects in hepatic fibrosis mainly through promoting autophagy to ameliorate inflammation by inhibiting the AKT-mTOR signalling pathway, providing a new perspective for the treatment of chronic liver diseases.

Associations between hepatitis B infection and chronic kidney disease: 10-Year results from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample

INTRODUCTION

Viral hepatitis infection is associated with negative impacts on renal function that may lead to nephropathy. We investigated associations between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a large, representative sample from a nationwide U.S.

DATABASE

METHODS

This population-based, retrospective observational study extracted data from the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, including adults ≥18 years old admitted to U.S. hospitals between 2005 and 2014 with records of chronic HBV infection in medical history. The final analytic sample included 70,674 HBV-infected patients and 282,696 matched non-HBV controls. Study endpoints were prevalent CKD and ESRD. Associations between CKD/ESRD and HBV and patients' clinical characteristics were determined by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

HBV infection was associated with slightly increased risk of prevalent CKD (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.004-1.119) and an approximate 2-times risk of prevalent ESRD (OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.880-2.086). HBV infection in both genders was associated with slightly increased risk of CKD (males, OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.16; females, OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.98,1.17), and significantly associated with increased risk for CKD among non-diabetic patients (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.15-1.32), white patients (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.23) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.98-1.30).

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic HBV infection is associated with slightly increased risk for CKD and greater risk for ESRD in males and females, Whites and Asian/Pacific Islanders and non-diabetic patients.

HBV infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified.

AIM

We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed.

RESULTS

We retrieved 33 studies (n=7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n=1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P<.001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P<.0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n=3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P=.5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P<.015).

CONCLUSIONS

It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way.

Long-term outcomes with oral therapy in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis B

BACKGROUND

The long-term impact of oral hepatitis B antiviral therapy in liver transplant (LT) recipients is currently underexplored. The objective of this study was to evaluate how oral antiviral agents impact long-term renal function in this population.

METHODS

We studied 79 patients who received a LT for hepatitis B and were placed on all-oral antiviral therapy after withdrawing from hepatitis B immune globulin therapy at the University of California, Los Angeles. Laboratory data were obtained through a retrospective chart review. Univariate analysis and two-sided t tests were performed.

RESULTS

The mean (±SD [standard deviation]) age at the time of LT was 65.4 (± 8.2) years. The overall mean (±SD) follow-up from LT was 6.5 (±3.3) years. 22.8% (18/79) of recipients on all-oral therapy had worsening of their chronic kidney disease stage, and 17.7% (14/79) had an increase in creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL. There were no significant changes in creatinine and GFR in patients while on tenofovir alafenamide. Patient survival was decreased for recipients who developed detectable HBsAg.

CONCLUSION

Tenofovir alafenamide appears to have less of an impact on renal function in LT recipients than other antiviral agents. HBV recurrence after transplant is associated with decreased patient survival and remains an important issue to address for LT recipients on oral antiviral therapy.

Hepatitis B virus infection as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus is an important cause of liver disease and has numerous extra-hepatic manifestations. HBV leads to important morbidity and mortality in the general population and recent evidence suggests a role of HBV in the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease. Areas covered: The mechanisms underlying the link between HBV and CKD remain unclear. Nucleos(t)ide analogues for the antiviral treatment of HBV are currently available; these drugs are provided with high efficacy even in patients with CKD. Expert opinion: A recent meta-analysis of clinical studies showed that HBV results in a greater risk of CKD in the general population. According to an updated review (studies were identified from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database), we retrieved six clinical studies (n = 1,034,773 unique patients), adjusted RR, 1.41 (95% CI, 1.09; 1.82, P < 0.001). The significant heterogeneity observed precluded more definitive conclusions. Various mechanisms have been cited to explain the greater risk of CKD among HBsAg positive carriers. Novel evidence shows that untreated HBV and therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues are associated with increased and decreased risk of end-stage renal disease in CKD population, respectively. We recommend that patients with HBV are assessed for kidney function and urinary changes at baseline and over the follow-up.

Association between hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study from 3 million population aged 20 to 49 years in rural China

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to different types of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in clinical practice. However, HBV infection has been observed to have no significant association with CKD indicators in some epidemiological surveys. This research aims to estimate CKD prevalence in HBV infection population and clarify the relationship between HBV infection status and CKD.The participants aged 20 to 49 years were selected by multistage random sampling from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012 across 31 provinces and regions in rural China. The data was collected by standard questionnaire and physical check-up. Status of HBV infection was diagnosed as immune tolerant phase, hepatitis B envelope antigen -positive chronic HBV infection, inactive HBV carrier, hepatitis B envelope antigen -negative chronic HBV infection and resolved HBV infection based on serological markers, and the level of hepatic function, respectively.In total, 2,969,502 subjects were included in the study. In population aged 20 to 49 years in rural China, prevalence of HBV infection was 12.17%. Prevalence of proteinuria, hematuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73m and CKD was 0.94%(95% CI = 0.91-0.97%) vs. 0.65%(95% CI = 0.64-0.66%), 1.92%(95% CI = 1.87-1.96%) vs. 1.19% (95% CI = 1.18-1.21%), 1.02%(95% CI = 0.99-1.06%) vs. 0.77% (95% CI = 0.76-0.78%), and 3.85%(95% CI = 3.78-3.91%) vs. 2.60%(95% CI = 2.58-2.62%) in population with HBV infection and without infection, respectively. Prevalence of CKD and indicators was higher in population in every status of HBV infection than in population without infection, respectively (all P < 0·0001). Every HBV infection status was a risk factor for CKD.CKD prevalence was higher in population in every status of HBV infection than without infection. HBV infection was a risk factor for CKD in population aged 20 to 49 years in rural China.

Hepatitis B virus infection and development of chronic kidney disease: a cohort study

Background

The effect of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is controversial. We examined the prospective association between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) serology status and incident CKD in a large cohort of men and women.

Methods

Cohort study of 299,913 adults free of CKD at baseline who underwent health screening exams between January 2002 and December 2016 in South Korea. Incident CKD was defined as the development of an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73m² and/or proteinuria.

Results

Over 1,673,701 person-years of follow-up, we observed 13,924 incident cases of CKD (3225 cases of eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m² and 11,072 cases of proteinuria). In fully adjusted models comparing positive to negative HBsAg participants, the hazard ratio (HR, 95% confidence interval) for incident CKD was 1.11 (1.03–1.21; P = 0.01). The corresponding HR for incident proteinuria and for eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m² were 1.23 (1.12–1.35; P <  0.001) and 0.89 (0.73–1.07; P = 0.21), respectively. The associations were similar across categories of liver enzyme levels at baseline.

Conclusion

In this large cohort, HBsAg positive serology was associated with higher risk of incident CKD, and we provide novel evidence that this association was due to a higher incidence of proteinuria in HBsAg positive participants. Our study adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting that chronic HBV infection may be a contributor to the increasing incidence of CKD.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-018-1154-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Chronic Hepatitis B Infection Is Significantly Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease: a Population-based, Matched Case-control Study

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations including chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the association between HBV and CKD is not clear. This study investigated the association between chronic HBV infection and CKD in a nationwide multicenter study.

METHODS

A total of 265,086 subjects who underwent health-check examinations in 33 hospitals from January 2015 to December 2015 were enrolled. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive cases (n = 10,048), and age- and gender-matched HBsAg negative controls (n = 40,192) were identified. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or proteinuria as at least grade 2+ of urine protein.

RESULTS

HBsAg positive cases showed a significantly higher prevalence of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (3.3%), and proteinuria (18.9%) than that of the controls (2.6%, P < 0.001, and 14.1%, P < 0.001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, HBsAg positivity was an independent factor associated with GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² along with age, blood levels of albumin, bilirubin, anemia, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Likewise, HBsAg positivity was an independent factor for proteinuria along with age, male, blood levels of bilirubin, protein, albumin, and HbA1c. A subgroup analysis showed that HBsAg positive men but not women had a significantly increased risk for GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m².

CONCLUSION

Chronic HBV infection was significantly associated with a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and proteinuria (≥ 2+). Therefore, clinical concern about CKD in chronic HBV infected patients, especially in male, is warranted.

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and risk of chronic kidney disease: a population-based prospective cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults

BACKGROUND

Existing evidence remains inconclusive as to the association between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We prospectively examined the association between chronic HBV infection and CKD risk, and the joint associations of HBV infection with established risk factors of several lifestyle factors and prevalent diseases on CKD risk.

METHODS

Participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank were enrolled during 2004-2008 and followed up until 31 December 2015. After excluding participants with previously diagnosed CKD, cancer, heart disease, and stroke at baseline, the present study included 469,459 participants. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was qualitatively tested at baseline. Incident CKD cases were identified mainly through the health insurance system and disease and death registries.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 9.1 years (4.2 million person-years), we documented 4555 incident cases of CKD. Cox regression yielded multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with HBsAg-negative participants, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for CKD was 1.37 (1.18, 1.60) for HBsAg-positive participants. The association was stronger in men (HR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.43, 2.20) than in women (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.36). HBsAg-positive participants, with or without hepatitis or cirrhosis, whether or not under treatment, all showed increased risk of developing CKD. We observed positive additive interactions of HBsAg positivity with smoking, physical inactivity, or diabetes on CKD risk. Compared with HBsAg-negative participants who were nonsmokers, more physically active, or did not have diabetes at baseline, the greatest CKD risk for HBsAg-positive participants was for those who were smokers (HR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.38), physically inactive (HR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.52, 2.40), or diabetic (HR = 6.11; 95% CI: 4.47, 8.36).

CONCLUSIONS

In countries with a high endemicity of HBV infection, kidney damage associated with chronic HBV infection should be a non-negligible concern. Our findings also highlight the importance of health advice on quitting smoking, increasing physical activity, improving glucose control, and early screening for CKD in people with chronic HBV infection.

Adefovir dipivoxil induced hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in chronic hepatitis B: a comparative study of Chinese and foreign case series

BACKGROUND

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV)-induced renal tubular dysfunction and hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (HO) have been given great consideration in the past few years. However, no standard guidance is available due to a lack of powerful evidence from appropriate long-term prospective case-control studies and variations in the definition of renal adverse events. The aim of this study is to clarify clinical features of ADV-related HO in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients with long-term ADV treatment in Chinese and non-Chinese comparative case series.

METHODS

Retrieval of case reports was based on Pubmed, CNKI, Wan Fang and VIP databases using the key words adefovir dipivoxil, hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia and Fanconi syndrome. We divided patients into Chinese (C group) and Foreign (F group) groups according to their nationality. Comparisons involving demographics, clinical manifestations, tests, treatment and prognosis were conducted between the two groups.

RESULTS

Of the patients screened, 120 Chinese patients were identified in the C group, and 32 non-Chinese patients were identified in the F group. The average age of the C group was younger than that of the F group (51.89 years ±10.96 years versus 56.47 years ±11.36 years, t = - 2.084, P = 0.039). No significant difference was found in gender (male to female, 3.29:1 versus 3:1, χ ²  = 0.039, P = 0.844). Although there was no significant difference in the duration of ADV therapy before ostalgia onset, the C group tended to develop adverse events earlier, by 2-3 years, while the F group developed adverse events at 4-5 years (Z = - 1.517, P = 0.129). Prognosis was good after adjustment of the ADV dose and supplemental administration of phosphate and calcitriol. Time to resolution of tubular dysfunction was commenced at the first month, and Chinese patients were more prone to recover in the first 3 months than non-Chinese patients (91.3% of patients in the C group versus 56.3% in the F group, Z = - 3.013, P = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Sufficient attention is required for middle-aged males before and during exposure to long-term ADV therapy, regardless of nationality. The clinical picture, laboratory and radiograph alterations are important clues for those patients and are usually characterized by polyarthralgia, renal tubular dysfunction and mineralization defects. Implementation of an early renal tubular injury index is recommended for patients with higher risk, which would prevent further renal injury.

The prevalence and association of chronic kidney disease and diabetes in liver cirrhosis using different estimated glomerular filtration rate equation

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cirrhosis is one of the dreaded complications associated with a steep rise in mortality and morbidity, including diabetes. There are limited data on the prevalence of CKD and the association with diabetes in outpatients with cirrhosis.

Methodology

This is a cross-sectional study of 7,440 adult liver cirrhosis patients enrolled from August 2001 to April 2010 in a medical center. Case control matching by age and sex with 1,967 pairs, and conditional logistic regression for odds of diabetes was analyzed using adjusted model.

Results

CKD was present in 46.0%, 45.7% and 45.6% of the study population using the MDRD-6, CKD-EPI and MDRD-4 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations, respectively. Using a conditional logistic regression model after adjusting for other risk factors, odds for diabetes increased significantly compared with non-CKD in CKD stage 3 to 5 (stage 3~5) based on MDRD-6–adjusted model, ORs were: stage 3~5, 2.34 (95% CI, 1.78-3.01); MDRD-4–adjusted model, ORs were: stage 3~5, 8.51 (95% CI, 5.63-11.4); CKD-EPI–adjusted model, ORs were: stage 3~5, 8.61 (95% CI, 5.13-13.9).

Conclusion

In cirrhosis patients, prevalence of diabetes was higher in patients with advanced stage of CKD. For patients with cirrhosis, patients with CKD stages 3~5 defined by MDRD-4, MDRD-6, and CKD-EPI eGFR equations had increased risk for diabetes. More severe cirrhosis, indicated by the Child-Turcott-Pugh classification was also accompanied by an increased risk for diabetes.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A cross-sectional survey

Renal safety is a major concern during long-term antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with CHB that had been treated with antiviral therapy. This was a single-centre, cross-sectional study in a real-life cohort in which all patients received antiviral treatment. Serum creatinine-based equations from the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) were used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or a urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥ 3 mg/mmol (defined as albuminuria). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the risk factors of CKD. A total of 1985 patients were included in the analysis from February 2015 to December 2015. The mean age and median duration of antiviral treatment was 42.20 years and 17.05 months, respectively. The overall prevalence of CKD was 7.9% (157/1985), with 44 patients experiencing decreased renal function (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and 129 patients with albuminuria. Patients with cirrhosis had a higher prevalence of a decreased GFR (4.3% vs 1.6%, P<.001) and albuminuria (11.1% vs 5.2%, P<.001) than those without cirrhosis. In the multivariate analysis, hypertension (Odds Ratio [OR] 4.564, P<.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.688, P<.001) and cirrhosis (OR 1.918, P<.001) were independent factors associated with the presence of CKD. CKD was a clinically significant comorbidity in patients with CHB. Special attention should be paid to cirrhotic patients and patients with the metabolic syndrome.

Risk Factors and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

BACKGROUND

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF); however, few studies concerning the risk factors and recovery patterns of renal function have been published.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 150 patients with HBV-ACLF was performed. The occurrence, risk factors and functional recovery of AKI among patients with HBV-ACLF were investigated.

RESULTS

A total of 90 patients (60%) with HBV-ACLF developed AKI. Patients with AKI had higher creatine kinase (P = 0.004), total bilirubin (P = 0.039), HBV viral load (P = 0.044), serum creatine (P < 0.001) and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (P < 0.001) values and a higher proportion of hepatic encephalopathy (P = 0.032) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) (P = 0.042) than patients without AKI. Logistic regression analysis illustrated that SBP (odds ratio = 6.214, P = 0.012) and MELD score (odds ratio = 1.097, P = 0.006) were risk factors for the development of AKI. A subgroup analysis of recovery patterns in renal function showed that patients with a severe AKI stage had worse outcomes (P = 0.007). The proportion of patients who experienced a complete recovery was higher in survivors than in the overall AKI populations (P = 0.004). Follow-up studies showed that the no-AKI group had a higher transplant-free survival rate than the AKI group at day 90 (80.0% versus 26.7%, respectively, P < 0.001). The survival rate among patients with AKI Stage 1 was higher than that of patients with AKI Stage 2 and patients with AKI Stage 3 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

AKI is common in patients with HBV-ACLF. The SBP and MELD score have some prognosis value for patients with AKI. AKI and its stages affect the 90-day transplant-free mortality rate. It is important to focus on exploring the early recognition of AKI and early intervention of those risk factors in individuals with HBV-ACLF.

Adefovir dipivoxil-induced Fanconi syndrome and its predictive factors: A study of 28 cases

The aim of the present study was to identify monitoring and prevention measures as well as predictive factors for early detection of renal toxicity associated with long-term administration of adefovir dipivoxil in order to avoid progression to Fanconi syndrome. Clinical data of 28 patients with Fanconi syndrome caused by long-term administration of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were collected pre-and post-administration for analysis. Patients presented with fatigue, progressive systemic pain in multiple bones and joints, as well as difficulty in walking and pathological fractures in a number of severe cases. Laboratory examinations revealed hypophosphatemia, elevated serum cystatin C (Cys-C), elevated serum creatinine (SCr), reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), positive urinary protein, erythrocytes and glucose, as well as osteoporosis. In consequence, adefovir dipivoxil administration was stopped, and patients received concentrated divitamins, sodium phosphate syrup and calcitriol. Symptoms and abnormalities in laboratory examinations were significantly improved in all patients after 2-6 months. Therefore, serum phosphate, SCr, routine urine parameters, Cys-C and GFR should be monitored regularly in chronic HBV patients treated with adefovir dipivoxil. The following factors were identified as predictive of kidney damage and Fanconi syndrome: Age ≥40 years, living in rural areas, previous renal toxicity, estimated GFR (eGFR) <90 ml/min/1.73 m², hypertension, diabetes, cirrhosis and duration of adefovir dipivoxil treatment exceeding 24 months. The present results indicate that timely termination of adefovir dipivoxil treatment and replacement with other antiviral agents is critical once renal impairment appears, and that it is necessary to change to other antiviral agents and prolong the interval of administration according to the eGFR level.

Altered Underlying Renal Tubular Function in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Receiving Nucleos(t)ide Analogs in a Real-World Setting: The MENTE Study

BACKGROUND

Cases of renal tubular dysfunction have been reported in patients with hepatitis B and in patients with human immunodeficiency virus who are undergoing tenofovir treatment. However, little is known about the impact on tubular function in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) under long-term use of entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). We evaluated markers of renal tubular function and bone turnover in patients with CHB treated with ETV or TDF.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A multicenter, cross-sectional study was performed on markers of renal tubular function and bone turnover in hepatitis B virus-monoinfected patients on long-term treatment with Entecavir or Tenofovir (the MENTE study). The analyzed parameters were: retinol-binding protein/creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/creatinine, excretion of phosphates, uric acid excretion, glomerular filtrate, protein/creatinine, albumin/creatinine, serum creatinine, phosphate, CTX, P1NP, vitamin D, and parathormone.

RESULTS

A total of 280 patients (ETV: 89, TDF: 69, control: 122) were included in this study. The TDF group was associated with altered levels of retinol-binding protein (RBP)/creatinine (TDF 25% vs. 7% ETV and control; P<0.001). Protein/creatinine, uric acid excretion, P1NP1, and parathormone were higher in the TDF group. The proportion of patients with serum phosphate <2.5 mg/dL was higher in both the ETV and the TDF groups compared with the control. The multivariate analysis showed that the use of TDF was independently associated with a higher risk of altered excretion of RBP/creatinine (4.4; interquartile range: 1.4 to 14; P=0.013).

CONCLUSIONS

We found an independent association between TDF use and altered RBP excretion. This finding indicates subclinical tubular damage. Because tubular dysfunction can precede the decline of renal function, close monitoring of RBP levels in patients with CHB on nucleos(t)ide analog treatment must be performed for early detection of TDF-related renal toxicity. In this study, these differences in tubular function were not associated with concomitant changes in markers of bone turnover.

Relationship between occult hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease in a Chinese population-based cohort

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have revealed inconsistent results regarding the association between occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, we conducted a prospective cohort study to evaluate the association between occult HBV infection and CKD.

METHODS

A total of 4329 adults, aged 46.2 ± 13.7 years, without CKD at baseline were enrolled while undergoing physical examinations. Occult HBV infection was defined as seropositivity for antibody to HBV core antigen. CKD was defined as decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR < 60 ml·min^-1·1.73 m^-2) or presence of proteinuria ≥1+, assessed using a repeated dipstick method. eGFR was computed using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.

RESULTS

The prevalence of occult HBV infection was 8.1% (352/4329). During 5 years of follow-up, 165 patients (3.8%) developed CKD. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that occult HBV infection was positively associated with decreased eGFR, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.15 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-4.11). In contrast, occult HBV infection was not associated with either proteinuria or CKD (P > 0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis, age, hypertension, diabetes, and the highest quartile of uric acid were associated with CKD, with ORs of 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02-1.05), 2.1 (95% CI: 1.46-3.01), 2.02 (95% CI: 1.36-2.99), and 1.86 (95% CI: 1.17-2.95), respectively. However, occult HBV infection was not associated with CKD, with an OR of 1.12 (95% CI: 0.65-1.95).

CONCLUSIONS

This study did not find an association between occult HBV infection and CKD. However, high-risk patients infected with HBV should still be targeted for monitoring for the development of CKD.

Does Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Treatment Affect Renal Function in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Who Have Already Decreased eGFR? A Longitudinal Study

This study aimed to assess the renal function in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who received nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) therapy using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) titer. We performed a longitudinal observational study of 37 tenofovir-, 42 telbivudine-, and 62 entecavir-naïve CHB patients, who had impaired renal function (eGFR, 90-30 ml/min/1.73m2) without history of diabetes, hypertension, and chemotherapy. Calculation and evaluation of eGFR was performed with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, and Cockcroft-Gault formula at pretreatment, at baseline, and after the 1st and 2nd year of treatment. The eGFR was significantly increased in patients given telbivudine or entecavir (p = 0.003 and p = 0.012, respectively), but the eGFR was decreased in patients given tenofovir (p = 0.001) after 2 years of treatment. Of all patients, eGFR was stable one year prior to treatment. If we analyzed the renal function by change of chronic kidney disease (CKD) category with a change of 25% of eGFR, the proportion of uncertain drop (drop in CKD category with <25% decrease in eGFR) and certain drop (drop in CKD category with ≧25% decrease in eGFR) in tenofovir group was smaller (5.4%) than those of telbivudine (12.9%) or entecavir (6.5%). Furthermore, telbivudine had the lowest stable rate (76.2%), the highest certain rise rate (9.5%), and certain drop rate (7.1%) compared to the other groups (p = 0.049). In conclusion, in NAs-naïve CHB patients with impaired renal function, telbivudine and entecavir resulted in a significant increase in eGFR while tenofovir resulted in a significant decrease after a 2-year treatment. Interestingly, TDF had the lowest proportion of patients reclassified to certain and uncertain drop groups; in contrast, LdT had a higher proportion in both raise and drop groups. The outcomes of this renal effect remain to be determined.

DNA polymerase inhibitors for treating hepatitis B: a safety evaluation

INTRODUCTION

Oral nucleoside/ nucleotide analogues (NAs) are currently the mainstay of treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. They are generally safe to use. However, since their approval in the last decade and a half, the literature has reported adverse effects associated with the use of NA in HBV patients. A comprehensive review on the drug safety is lacking.

AREAS COVERED

Significant adverse effects associated with NA use in HBV patients including muscle toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, nephrotoxicity and lactic acidosis are discussed. The reported prevalence of each adverse effect, as well as their predictive factors, reversibility and their use in pregnancy and lactating mothers are covered in this review. Novel data regarding reno-protective effect of telbivudine are also discussed.

EXPERT OPINION

Use of NA in HBV is generally safe. Uncommon adverse effects can be minimized or detected early if clinicians exercise adequate precautions when using NA for at-risk populations with regular monitoring.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Increases in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Treated With Telbivudine Monotherapy and Combination Treatment

BACKGROUND

Several studies have reported a renoprotective effect of telbivudine during the treatment of patients for chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

OBJECTIVES

This longitudinal retrospective study aimed to examine the effects of telbivudine monotherapy and combination therapy (adefovir plus telbivudine) on renal function.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study included 336 Chinese CHB patients, who were selected from outpatients in Tongji Hospital. 44, 122, 66, 58, and 46 of these patients had been orally taking adefovir, telbivudine, entecavir, adefovir plus telbivudine, and adefovir plus lamivudine, respectively, for at least 24 months.

RESULTS

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the telbivudine and adefovir plus telbivudine groups increased by 5.14 mL/min (P < 0.001) and 6.19 mL/min (P = 0.005), respectively. The patients taking the five drug regimens were further grouped into the following three subpopulations: those with compensated hepatic cirrhosis, those aged 50 or more years, and those with baseline eGFR values of 50 - 90 mL/min. The three subgroups that received telbivudine monotherapy exhibited eGFR increases of 6.38, 6.74, and 10.82 mL/min, respectively. The three subgroups that received combination therapy of adefovir plus telbivudine exhibited eGFR increases of 18.31, 14.73, and 16.59 mL/min, respectively (P < 0.05). The predictive factors for the change in eGFR levels over time were analyzed by means of two linear mixed effects models for the three monotherapy regimens and two combination regimens. Age, gender, and medication are predictive factors of eGFR changes. In addition, abnormal creatinine kinase (CK) levels in the telbivudine group were not correlated with eGFR changes (P = 0.992).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that telbivudine, used in both monotherapy and combination therapy, improves the renal function of patients with CHB. The improvements are particularly significant in patients at high renal risk.

Risk Factors for Renal Functional Decline in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Receiving Oral Antiviral Agents

Renal functional decline that is frequently seen during chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment can exert adverse effects on overall prognosis. It, however, is difficult to distinguish vulnerable patients who may experience renal dysfunction because most previous CHB studies were conducted in relatively healthy individuals. In this retrospective observational study, renal functional decline in CHB patients receiving oral antiviral agents for more than 6 months was analyzed and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression were determined. Renal functional decline was defined when the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased by more than 25% from baseline and rapid CKD progression was defined as eGFR decreased by more than 5 mL/min/1.73 m2/y among patients who experienced renal functional decline. A total of 4178 patients were followed up for a median 23 months. Antiviral agents included lamivudine (17.0%), adefovir (3.7%), entecavir (70.4%), telbivudine (0.6%), tenofovir (4.0%), or clevudine (4.3%). Renal functional decline occurred in 706 (16.9%) patients. Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, age, hypertension, diabetes, history of liver or kidney transplantation, underlying underlying CKD, and simultaneous administration of diuretics increased the hazard ratio for renal functional decline; however, clevudine reduced risk. The eGFR significantly increased over time in patients receiving telbivudine or clevudine compared with lamivudine. Among the 3175 patients followed up for more than 1 year, 407 (12.8%) patients experienced rapid CKD progression. Patients with rapid CKD progression showed lower serum albumin, higher total bilirubin, and prolonged prothrombin time compared with patients with stable renal function, but hepatitis B envelope antigen positivity and hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid level did not differ between the control and rapid CKD progression groups. Age, diabetes, kidney transplantation, underlying CKD, and simultaneous administration of diuretics were identified as risk factors for rapid CKD progression, and clevudine showed a beneficial effect. Age, hypertension, diabetes, liver or kidney transplantation, underlying CKD, and diuretics were identified as risk factors for renal functional decline. This study suggests that close monitoring of renal function and adequate management are required for CHB patients receiving antiviral agents with these risk factors.

Diabetes mellitus and renal involvement in chronic viral liver disease

HYPOTHESIS

Chronic viral liver disease is often associated with other conditions. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently reported in this context and may play a role in the progression of the liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Renal disease is also an important extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis viral infection and its presence is associated with poor prognosis and management issues.

OBJECTIVES

Our study had multiple purposes: to determine the frequency of the association between chronic viral liver disease and diabetes mellitus, evaluate the potential of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for HCC and assess an eventual renal involvement.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We included in our study a number of 246 patients with chronic liver disease, from whom 136 were diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis and 110 with viral liver cirrhosis. These patients were assessed by using a clinical examination and a series of tests, including serum transaminase levels, serum bilirubin, serum albumin, markers of cholestasis, fasting plasma glucose levels, serum creatinine, urea, albuminuria, Addis-Hamburger test, electrophoresis of urinary proteins, abdominal ultrasound and, in some cases, CT examination. We obtained the following results: diabetes mellitus is often associated with chronic liver disease of viral etiology, having been identified in 18.29% of the patients in our study. Age above 60 in patients with chronic hepatitis (p=0.013<0.05) and presence of hepatitis C virus were particularly correlated with the presence of diabetes mellitus. Renal disease was present in 13.4% of the patients with chronic liver disease and it was especially associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatitis C virus. The most common form of renal injury was glomerulonephritis. Acute kidney injury was diagnosed only in cirrhotic patients as hepatorenal syndrome, occurring in 7.27% of the subjects, while chronic kidney disease was identified only in two cases of chronic viral hepatitis. Four patients in our study were diagnosed with HCC and none of them presented diabetes mellitus.

DISCUSSION

Our study revealed that there is a significant association between diabetes mellitus and chronic viral liver disease induced by hepatitis C virus. Glomerulonephritis was the most common type of renal disease in both hepatitis patients and in those with cirrhosis. Glomerular injury was strongly correlated with the presence of hepatitis C virus than with hepatitis B virus. A connection between diabetes mellitus and hepatocellular carcinoma could not be established.

Long-Term Telbivudine Treatment Results in Resolution of Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

Introduction

The long-term goal of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment is improvement of liver disease and prevention of cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to assess whether prolonged telbivudine treatment improves liver inflammation and fibrosis. The primary objective was to evaluate the proportion of patients with absence/minimal inflammation (Knodell necroinflammatory score ≤3) on liver biopsy at Year 5.

Methods

Fifty-seven patients aged 16–70 years with a clinical history of CHB and active viral replication (38 hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg] positive and 19 HBeAg negative) were followed for 6 years: 33 received telbivudine 600 mg/day continuously for 5 years; 24 received lamivudine 100 mg/day for 2 years and then telbivudine for 3 years. Liver biopsies were taken pre-treatment and after 5 years of treatment.

Results

At baseline, mean (standard deviation) serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA load was 8.5 (1.7) log₁₀ copies/mL, Knodell necroinflammatory score was 7.6 (2.9), and Ishak fibrosis score was 2.2 (1.1). After antiviral treatment (median duration: 261 weeks), liver histology improved with increased proportions of patients with absence/minimal liver inflammation (Knodell necroinflammatory score ≤3), from 16% (9/57) at baseline to 98% (56/57), and absence/minimal fibrosis (Ishak score ≤1), from 25% (14/57) at baseline to 84% (48/57). At Year 5, HBV DNA load was <300 copies/mL for all patients; cumulative HBeAg loss and seroconversion rates were 88% and 77%, respectively. At Year 6, 95% of patients with abnormal baseline glomerular filtration rate (60–90 mL/min/1.73 m²) improved to normal GFR (>90 mL/min/1.73 m²).

Conclusion

Long-term telbivudine treatment with profound and durable viral suppression significantly improved liver histology, thus achieving the long-term goals of CHB treatment. FibroScan^® results after 5 and 6 years of treatment (in almost 20% of patients) were consistent with this information.

Funding

Novartis and National Science and Technology Major Project (2012ZX10002003).

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT00877149.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12325-015-0232-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

13-year nationwide cohort study of chronic kidney disease risk among treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan

Background

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have high prevalences in Taiwan and worldwide. However, the association of untreated chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear.

Methods

This cohort study used claims data in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database in 1996–2010, in which all diseases were classified by ICD-9-CM codes. We identified 17796 adults who had chronic HBV infection and did not take nucleos(t)ide analogues from 1998 to 2010 and also randomly selected 71184 matched controls without HBV in the same dataset. Cumulative incidences and adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of incident CKD were evaluated through the end of 2010 after adjusting for competing mortality.

Results

The risk of CKD was significantly higher in the HBV cohort (13-year cumulative incidence, 6.2 %; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 5.4–7.1 %) than in the non-HBV cohort (2.7 %; 95 % CI, 2.5–3.0 %) (p < 0.001), and the aHR was 2.58 (95 % CI, 1.95-3.42; p < 0.001). Multivariable stratified analysis further verified significant associations of CKD with HBV in men of any age (aHR, 2.98; 95 % CI, 2.32–3.83, p < 0.001 for men aged <50 years; aHR, 1.58; 95 % CI, 1.31–1.91, p < 0.001 for men aged ≧50 years) and women under the age of 50 (aHR, 2.99; 95 % CI, 2.04–4.42, p < 0.001), but no significant association in women aged 50 or over.

Conclusion

Untreated chronic HBV infection is associated with increased risk of CKD. Hence, high-risk HBV-infected subjects should have targeted monitoring for the development of CKD.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-015-0106-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues on renal function in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus monoinfection

BACKGROUND & AIMS

There is controversy regarding whether nucleos(t)ide analogues contribute to renal impairment in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We analyzed changes in renal function in patients with chronic HBV infection and whether these were associated with treatment or comorbidities.

METHODS

We performed a longitudinal observational study to investigate factors associated with renal function in 214 patients (median age, 43 y; 69.2% men) with compensated chronic HBV monoinfection treated with 343 lines of nucleos(t)ide analogues (210 monotherapies, 133 combinations) between 1990 and 2012 (median time, 2.4 y) in France. A linear mixed-effect model was used to model variations of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, computed with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula), adjusting for age, sex, geographic origin, initial liver fibrosis, level of HBV DNA, and an eGFR less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2).

RESULTS

The eGFR decreased in patients given adefovir dipivoxil as monotherapy or in a combination (P < .0001 and P < .002, respectively), and remained stable in patients given lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, or entecavir. The eGFR decreased in patients with a baseline eGFR of less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, regardless of treatment. The eGFR remained stable or increased, regardless of treatment, in patients with a baseline eGFR of 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 or greater and with an initial HBV DNA level of 100,000 IU/mL or greater. Patients born in areas of high endemicity of HBV were more prone to increases in eGFR with treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

In a real-life study, the eGFR remained stable or increased over time in patients with chronic HBV monoinfection with a baseline eGFR of 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 or higher and treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or entecavir. Patients born in an area of high endemicity of HBV who had initial levels of HBV DNA of 100,000 IU/mL or greater were more likely to have increased eGFR with treatment.