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Elbaz S, Mousa N, Elmetwalli A, Abdel-Razik A, Salah M, ElHammady A, Abdelsalam M, Abdelkader E, El-Wakeel N, Eldars W, El-Emam O, Elbeltagy A, Shaheen M, El-Zamek H, Mousa E, Deiab A, Elgamal A, Habib A. Unraveling IL-17 and IL-22 role in occult hepatitis C versus chronic hepatitis C virus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:134. [PMID: 38273234 PMCID: PMC10811848 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play a crucial role in regulating the function of the immune system by controlling the production, differentiation, and activity of immune cells. Occult hepatitis C virus (OHCV) infection can lead to liver damage, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study investigates the immunopathogenic impact of the cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in OHCV infection compared to chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. METHODS We studied three groups of patients: 35 with OHCV, 100 untreated patients with CHC, and 30 healthy control subjects. All subjects underwent physical examination and biochemical testing. We used the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method to measure serum IL-17 and IL-22 levels in all groups. RESULTS Compared to the occult and control groups, the CHC group had significantly higher serum IL-17 levels (p < 0.001). The occult group also had higher serum IL-17 levels compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in IL-22 levels across the research groups. In the OHCV group, individuals with moderate inflammation (A2-A3) had significantly higher serum IL-17 levels than those with minimal inflammation (A0-A1), while in the CHC group, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.601). Neither the occult nor the CHC groups showed a correlation between serum IL-22 and inflammatory activity. There was no significant correlation between the levels of IL-17 or IL-22 and the stage of fibrosis/cirrhosis in either group. ROC curves were calculated for serum IL-17 and IL-22 levels and occult HCV infection, with cut-off values set at ≤ 32.1 pg/ml and < 14.3 pg/ml for IL-17 and IL-22, respectively. The AUROC (95%CI) was significantly higher for IL-17 than IL-22 (0.829 (0.732-0.902) vs. 0.504 (0.393-0.614), p < 0.001), suggesting that IL-17 has a stronger correlation with infection risk than IL-22. CONCLUSION This study suggests that IL-17 may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of OHCV infection, especially in patients with moderate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elbaz
- Endemic Diseases and Gastroenterology Department, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Nasser Mousa
- Tropical Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Alaa Elmetwalli
- Department of Clinical Trial Research Unit and Drug Discovery, Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Salah
- Tropical Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amr ElHammady
- Internal Medicine Department, Banha University, Banha, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Abdelkader
- Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Niveen El-Wakeel
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, New Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Waleed Eldars
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ola El-Emam
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elbeltagy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaheen
- Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam El-Zamek
- Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Mousa
- Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Deiab
- Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ayman Elgamal
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Alaa Habib
- Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Săsăran MO, Muntean C, Lupu A, Lupu VV. Neutrophils: tissue and circulating signatures of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1336033. [PMID: 38239291 PMCID: PMC10794720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1336033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent rise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children and adolescents led to a thorough investigation of the peculiarities of the cellular infiltrate which characterize the disease at young ages. This review aims to highlight the key involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of pediatric NAFLD and the potential biomarker role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the same pediatric disorder. Neutrophils, which are first responders to inflammation, constitute an abundant component of an infiltrate which is particularly disposed within the portal area of children with NAFLD. The involvement of neutrophils in triggering liver fibrosis has been related amongst others to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, to the stimulation of hepatic stellate cells, and to their synthesis of neutrophil elastase. As immune imbalance characterizes NAFLD, potentially emerging non-invasive biomarkers such as NLR have been proposed for the detection and prognosis of NAFLD. In adults, several studies asserted the role of NLR in the prediction of advancing liver fibrosis and mortality in subjects with NAFLD. In children, data is scarce with contradicting findings, as some studies failed to identify significant shifting in NLR values in children with NAFLD when compared with obese controls without liver impairment. However, NLR seems to significantly increase in children with obesity and different degrees of NAFLD when compared to healthy counterparts and their changes seem to be reversible with weight loss. Still, paucity of pediatric studies calls for future research addressing the role of NLR in predicting NAFLD development and progression in children with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics 3, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Carmen Muntean
- Department of Pediatrics 1, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Ancuța Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa Iași, Iași, Romania
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Vujovic A, Isakovic AM, Misirlic-Dencic S, Juloski J, Mirkovic M, Cirkovic A, Djelic M, Milošević I. IL-23/IL-17 Axis in Chronic Hepatitis C and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-New Insight into Immunohepatotoxicity of Different Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12483. [PMID: 37569857 PMCID: PMC10419971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the relevance of the research of pathogenesis of different liver diseases, we investigated the possible activity of the IL-23/IL-17 axis on the immunohepatotoxicity of two etiologically different chronic liver diseases. A total of 36 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, 16 with (CHC-SF) and 20 without significant fibrosis (CHC-NSF), 19 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and 20 healthy controls (CG) were recruited. Anthropometric, biochemical, and immunological cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-23) tests were performed in accordance with standard procedure. Our analysis revealed that a higher concentration of plasma IL-23 was associated with NASH (p = 0.005), and a higher concentration of plasma IL-17A but a lower concentration of plasma IL-10 was associated with CHC in comparison with CG. A lower concentration of plasma IL-10 was specific for CHC-NSF, while a higher concentration of plasma IL-17A was specific for CHC-SF in comparison with CG. CHC-NSF and CHC-SF groups were distinguished from NASH according to a lower concentration of plasma IL-17A. Liver tissue levels of IL-17A and IL-23 in CHC-NSF were significantly lower in comparison with NASH, regardless of the same stage of the liver fibrosis, whereas only IL-17A tissue levels showed a difference between the CHC-NSF and CHC-SF groups, namely, a lower concentration in CHC-NSF in comparison with CHC-SF. In CHC-SF and NASH liver tissue, IL17-A and IL-23 were significantly higher in comparison with plasma. Diagnostic accuracy analysis showed significance only in the concentration of plasma cytokines. Plasma IL-6, IL-17A and IL-23 could be possible markers that could differentiate CHC patients from controls. Plasma IL-23 could be considered a possible biomarker of CHC-NSF patients in comparison with controls, while plasma IL-6 and IL-17-A could be biomarkers of CHC-SF patients in comparison with controls. The most sophisticated difference was between the CHC-SF and CHC-NSF groups in the plasma levels of IL-10, which could make this cytokine a useful biomarker of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankica Vujovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Andjelka M. Isakovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.M.I.); (S.M.-D.)
- Center of Excellence for Redox Medicine, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Misirlic-Dencic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.M.I.); (S.M.-D.)
- Center of Excellence for Redox Medicine, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Juloski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Zvezdara Medical University Center, Surgery Clinic “Nikola Spasic”, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Mirkovic
- Institute for Orthopedic Surgery “Banjica”, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Andja Cirkovic
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marina Djelic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milošević
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Zhou W, Cao X, Xu Q, Qu J, Sun Y. The double-edged role of neutrophil heterogeneity in inflammatory diseases and cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e325. [PMID: 37492784 PMCID: PMC10363828 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important immune cells act as the body's first line of defense against infection and respond to diverse inflammatory cues. Many studies have demonstrated that neutrophils display plasticity in inflammatory diseases and cancers. Clarifying the role of neutrophil heterogeneity in inflammatory diseases and cancers will contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies. In this review, we have presented a review on the development of the understanding on neutrophil heterogeneity from the traditional perspective and a high-resolution viewpoint. A growing body of evidence has confirmed the double-edged role of neutrophils in inflammatory diseases and tumors. This may be due to a lack of precise understanding of the role of specific neutrophil subsets in the disease. Thus, elucidating specific neutrophil subsets involved in diseases would benefit the development of precision medicine. Thusly, we have summarized the relevance and actions of neutrophil heterogeneity in inflammatory diseases and cancers comprehensively. Meanwhile, we also discussed the potential intervention strategy for neutrophils. This review is intended to deepen our understanding of neutrophil heterogeneity in inflammatory diseases and cancers, while hold promise for precise treatment of neutrophil-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhou
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)HangzhouChina
| | - Xinran Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDepartment of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Life ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDepartment of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Life ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDepartment of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Life ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDepartment of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Life ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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Wang J, Sun Z, Xie J, Ji W, Cui Y, Ai Z, Liang G. Inflammasome and pyroptosis in autoimmune liver diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1150879. [PMID: 36969233 PMCID: PMC10030845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are the four main forms of autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs), which are all defined by an aberrant immune system attack on the liver. Most previous studies have shown that apoptosis and necrosis are the two major modes of hepatocyte death in AILDs. Recent studies have reported that inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis is critical for the inflammatory response and severity of liver injury in AILDs. This review summarizes our present understanding of inflammasome activation and function, as well as the connections among inflammasomes, pyroptosis, and AILDs, thus highlighting the shared features across the four disease models and gaps in our knowledge. In addition, we summarize the correlation among NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the liver-gut axis, liver injury, and intestinal barrier disruption in PBC and PSC. We summarize the differences in microbial and metabolic characteristics between PSC and IgG4-SC, and highlight the uniqueness of IgG4-SC. We explore the different roles of NLRP3 in acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury, as well as the complex and controversial crosstalk between various types of cell death in AILDs. We also discuss the most up-to-date developments in inflammasome- and pyroptosis-targeted medicines for autoimmune liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixuan Wang
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwen Sun
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jingri Xie
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wanli Ji
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Cui
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxiong Ai
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Liang, ; Zongxiong Ai,
| | - Guoying Liang
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Liang, ; Zongxiong Ai,
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Biomarkers for the Detection and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients Treated with Direct-Acting Antivirals. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112700. [PMID: 35681679 PMCID: PMC9179595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents the main etiological factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in developed countries. The introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) improved the eradication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) but not the reduction in the incidence of HCV-associated HCC. Some patients still develop HCC, even after reaching a sustained virological response (SVR). This review is a summary of pre-clinical studies that investigated predictive biomarkers for HCC occurrence and recurrence in HCV-infected patients treated with DAAs. The presented biomarkers are found dysregulated in serum or tissue at specific time points (before, during, after DAA treatment or post SVR) and correlated with HCC-predisposing conditions. Thus, this review aims to improve the management of patients developing HCV-induced HCC. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth-most common type of cancer worldwide and chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents the main etiological factor in developed countries. HCV promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through persistent liver inflammation and dysregulation of cell signaling pathways. The introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) resulted in a significant improvement in the eradication of the virus, with an expected reduction of HCC incidence. However, the risk of HCC development can persist after DAA treatment. Recent studies have investigated the potential use of molecular biomarkers that predict HCC occurrence or recurrence helping the stratification of patients under surveillance. This review aimed to summarize all pre-clinical exploration of predictive biomarkers to identify DAA-treated patients at risk for HCC development. Dysregulated microRNAs, lncRNAs, histone modifications, cytokines, proteins, and sphingolipids represent various classes of HCC risk predictors identified in two different biological sources (tissue and serum). The non-invasive serum markers can provide a more accessible means to perform clinical monitoring and predict the risk of HCC. In addition, conditions like cirrhosis, predisposing to HCC, strongly correlate with most of the molecular predictors identified, supporting the value of these molecules as possible biomarkers of HCC in DAA-treated patients.
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is still one of the major risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most frequent type of primary liver cancer. Direct-acting antivirals have substantially improved the cure rate of the virus, but the risk of hepatitis C virus-related HCC remains high, mainly in patients with advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. HCC is often asymptomatic and, therefore, remains undetected until the late tumor stage, which is associated with poor survival rates. Therefore, to improve the surveillance programs following HCV eradication, there is a need to summarize predictive factors or potential biomarkers, to specifically identify patients likely to develop HCC after direct-acting antiviral treatment. This review outlines the most recent data about different predictive factors for HCC development after direct-acting antiviral treatment of hepatitis C virus-infected patients, to improve the clinical management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus.
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Increased Intrahepatic Expression of Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Autoimmune Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102671. [PMID: 34685651 PMCID: PMC8534248 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules (ICM) are critical in maintaining immunologic homeostasis and participate in preventing or promoting autoimmune disease development. Exploring a large panel of intrahepatic inhibitory and stimulatory ICM is necessary for drawing a general picture of the immune alterations in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Here, we performed a multiparametric analysis of ICM, including PD-1, TIM3, LAG3, CTLA-4, OX40 and 4-1BB, and we determined their expression on intrahepatic lymphocyte subsets in untreated and in treated patients with AIH in comparison to normal liver tissue. AIH patient-derived liver tissue revealed the overexpression of ICM, mainly PD-1 and 4-1BB, as well as the strong correlation between PD-1+ CD8+ T-cell abundance and severity of AIH (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels). Our results show that the ICM play an important role in the loss of immune homeostasis in the liver, providing an attractive approach to investigate their role as targets for effective therapeutic interventions.
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Bellanti F, Vendemiale G. Coronavirus disease 2019 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:969-978. [PMID: 34630869 PMCID: PMC8473503 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may present with a broad range of clinical manifestations, from no or mild symptoms to severe disease. Patients with specific pre-existing comorbidities, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, are at high risk of coming out with a critical form of COVID-19. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and, because of its frequent association with metabolic alterations including obesity and type 2 diabetes, it has recently been re-named as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Several studies and systematic reviews pointed out the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in NAFLD/MAFLD patients. Even though dedicated mechanistic studies are missing, this higher probability may be justified by systemic low-grade chronic inflammation associated with immune dysregulation in NAFLD/MAFLD, which could trigger cytokine storm and hypercoagulable state after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. This review focuses on the predisposing role of NAFLD/MAFLD in favoring severe COVID-19, discussing the available information on specific risk factors, clinical features, outcomes, and pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
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Carranza-Trejo AM, Vetvicka V, Vistejnova L, Kralickova M, Montufar EB. Hepatocyte and immune cell crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:783-796. [PMID: 33557653 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1887730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most widespread chronic liver disease in the world. It can evolve into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) where inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning are key participants in the determination of this steatotic state.Areas covered: To provide a systematic overview and current understanding of the role of inflammation in NAFLD and its progression to NASH, the function of the cells involved, and the activation pathways of the innate immunity and cell death; resulting in inflammation and chronic liver disease. A PubMed search was made with relevant articles together with relevant references were included for the writing of this review.Expert opinion: Innate and adaptive immunity are the key players in the NAFLD progression; some of the markers presented during NAFLD are also known to be immunity biomarkers. All cells involved in NAFLD and NASH are known to have immunoregulatory properties and their imbalance will completely change the cytokine profile and form a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. It is necessary to fully answer the question of what initiators and metabolic imbalances are particularly important, considering sterile inflammation as the architect of the disease. Due to the shortage of elucidation of NASH progression, we discuss in this review, how inflammation is a key part of this development and we presume the targets should lead to inflammation and oxidative stress treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lucie Vistejnova
- Biomedical Centre, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Kralickova
- Biomedical Centre, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kartasheva-Ebertz DM, Pol S, Lagaye S. Retinoic Acid: A New Old Friend of IL-17A in the Immune Pathogeny of Liver Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691073. [PMID: 34211477 PMCID: PMC8239722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite all the medical advances mortality due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the end stages of fibrosis, continuously increases. Recent data suggest that liver fibrosis is guided by type 3 inflammation with IL-17A at the top of the line. The storage of vitamin A and its active metabolites, as well as genetics, can influence the development and progression of liver fibrosis and inflammation. Retinoic acid (active metabolite of vitamin A) is able to regulate the differentiation of IL-17A+/IL-22–producing cells as well as the expression of profibrotic markers. IL-17A and its pro-fibrotic role in the liver is the most studied, while the interaction and communication between IL-17A, IL-22, and vitamin A–active metabolites has not been investigated. We aim to update what is known about IL-17A, IL-22, and retinoic acid in the pathobiology of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Département d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
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Cairoli V, De Matteo E, Rios D, Lezama C, Galoppo M, Casciato P, Mullen E, Giadans C, Bertot G, Preciado MV, Valva P. Hepatic lymphocytes involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric and adult non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5129. [PMID: 33664397 PMCID: PMC7933421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response is critical in NAFLD pathogenesis, but the liver infiltrate's composition and the role of each T cell population is still up for debate. To characterize liver pathogenesis in pediatric and adult cases, frequency and localization of immune cell populations [Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CD8+), T helper Lymphocytes (CD4+), Regulatory T lymphocytes (Foxp3+) and Th17 (IL-17A+)] were evaluated. In portal/periportal (P/P) tracts, both age groups displayed a similar proportion of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes. However, comparable Foxp3+ and IL-17A+ cell frequencies were observed in pediatric cases, meanwhile, in adults Foxp3+ was higher than IL-17A+ cells. Interestingly, IL-17A+ lymphocytes seemed to be nearly exclusive of P/P area in both age groups. In intralobular areas, both pediatric and adult cases showed CD8+ lymphocytes predominance with lower frequencies of CD4+ lymphocytes followed by Foxp3+ . Severe inflammation was associated with higher intralobular Foxp3+ lymphocytes (p = 0.026) in children, and lower P/P Foxp3+ and higher IL-17A+ lymphocytes in adults. All cases with fibrosis ≥ 2 displayed P/P low Foxp3+ and high IL-17A+ lymphocyte counts. Pediatric cases with worse steatosis showed high P/P CD4+ (p = 0.023) and intralobular CD8+ (p = 0.027) and CD4+ cells (p = 0.012). In NAFLD cases, the lymphocyte liver infiltrate composition differs between histological areas. Treg and Th17 balance seems to condition damage progression, denoting their important role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cairoli
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rios
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Carol Lezama
- Liver Unit, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Marcela Galoppo
- Liver Unit, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Paola Casciato
- Liver Unit, Italian's Hospital of Buenos Aires, C1199ABH, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Mullen
- Pathology Division, Italian's Hospital of Buenos Aires, C1199ABH, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Giadans
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Bertot
- H.A. Barceló Foundation-Medicine University, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Pamela Valva
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.
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13
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Macek Jílková Z, Seigneurin A, Coppard C, Ouaguia L, Aspord C, Marche PN, Leroy V, Decaens T. Circulating IL-13 Is Associated with De Novo Development of HCC in HCV-Infected Patients Responding to Direct-Acting Antivirals. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123820. [PMID: 33352852 PMCID: PMC7766760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are highly effective in targeting hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, but the incidence of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains still high. In this study, we investigated a cohort of HCV-infected patients treated with DAAs who were followed up for 4 years after sustained virological response (SVR) achievement. Patients who developed de novo HCC following DAA treatment were compared to matched controls who did not develop HCC. These control patients were selected based on DAA treatment, sex, age, fibrosis status, and platelet counts. We evaluated serum levels of 30 immune mediators before, during, at the end of, and three months after DAA treatment using Luminex technology. We identified the immune factors associated with de novo HCC occurrence following DAA treatment. Specifically, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels were significantly higher before start of the DAA treatment in the serum of patients who later developed HCC than in controls and stayed higher at each subsequent time point. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression revealed IL-13 as the only strong factor associated with HCC development in this cohort of HCV patients. The difference was observed already at baseline of DAA treatment, which confirms the existence of a specific immune profile in these patients who later develop HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Macek Jílková
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 Grenoble, France; (C.C.); (L.O.); (C.A.); (P.N.M.); (V.L.)
- Service d’Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: (Z.M.J.); (T.D.); Tel.: +33-4765-49417 (Z.M.J.); +33-4767-65441 (T.D.); Fax: +33-4767-65179 (T.D.)
| | - Arnaud Seigneurin
- University Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France;
- Service d’Evaluation Médicale, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
- TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Celine Coppard
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 Grenoble, France; (C.C.); (L.O.); (C.A.); (P.N.M.); (V.L.)
| | - Laurissa Ouaguia
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 Grenoble, France; (C.C.); (L.O.); (C.A.); (P.N.M.); (V.L.)
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Rhone-Alpes Auvergne, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Aspord
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 Grenoble, France; (C.C.); (L.O.); (C.A.); (P.N.M.); (V.L.)
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Rhone-Alpes Auvergne, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 Grenoble, France; (C.C.); (L.O.); (C.A.); (P.N.M.); (V.L.)
| | - Vincent Leroy
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 Grenoble, France; (C.C.); (L.O.); (C.A.); (P.N.M.); (V.L.)
- Service d’Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France;
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 Grenoble, France; (C.C.); (L.O.); (C.A.); (P.N.M.); (V.L.)
- Service d’Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.J.); (T.D.); Tel.: +33-4765-49417 (Z.M.J.); +33-4767-65441 (T.D.); Fax: +33-4767-65179 (T.D.)
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14
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Ouaguia L, Dufeu-Duchesne T, Leroy V, Decaens T, Reiser JB, Sosa Cuevas E, Durantel D, Valladeau-Guilemond J, Bendriss-Vermare N, Chaperot L, Aspord C. Hepatitis B virus exploits C-type lectin receptors to hijack cDC1s, cDC2s and pDCs. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1208. [PMID: 33312564 PMCID: PMC7723857 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives C‐type lectin receptors (CLRs) are key receptors used by DCs to orchestrate responses to pathogens. During infections, the glycan–lectin interactions shape the virus–host interplay and viruses can subvert the function of CLRs to escape antiviral immunity. Recognition of virus/viral components and uptake by CLRs together with subsequent signalling cascades are crucial in initiating and shaping antiviral immunity, and decisive in the outcome of infection. Yet, the interaction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with CLRs remains largely unknown. As HBV hijacks DC subsets and viral antigens harbour glycan motifs, we hypothesised that HBV may subvert DCs through CLR binding. Methods We investigated here the pattern of CLR expression on BDCA1+ cDC2s, BDCA2+ pDCs and BDCA3+ cDC1s from both blood and liver of HBV‐infected patients and explored the ability of HBsAg to bind DC subsets through specific CLRs. Results We highlighted for the first time that the CLR repertoire of circulating and intrahepatic cDC2s, cDC1s and pDCs was perturbed in patients with chronic HBV infection and that some CLR expression levels correlated with plasma HBsAg and HBV DNA levels. We also identified candidate CLR responsible for HBsAg binding to cDCs (CD367/DCIR/CLEC4A, CD32/FcɣRIIA) and pDCs (CD369/DECTIN1/CLEC7A, CD336/NKp44) and demonstrated that HBsAg inhibited DC functions in a CLR‐ and glycosylation‐dependent manner. Conclusion HBV may exploit CLR pathways to hijack DC subsets and escape from immune control. Such advances bring insights into the mechanisms by which HBV subverts immunity and pave the way for developing innovative therapeutic strategies to restore an efficient immune control of the infection by manipulating the viral glycan–lectin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurissa Ouaguia
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR 5309 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France.,R&D Laboratory Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Tania Dufeu-Duchesne
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA Analytic Immunology of Chronic Pathologies La Tronche France
| | - Vincent Leroy
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA Analytic Immunology of Chronic Pathologies La Tronche France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit CHU Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA Analytic Immunology of Chronic Pathologies La Tronche France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Reiser
- Institut de Biologie Structurale CNRS CEA Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Eleonora Sosa Cuevas
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR 5309 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France.,R&D Laboratory Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Grenoble France
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286 Centre Léon Bérard Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
| | - Jenny Valladeau-Guilemond
- INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286 Centre Léon Bérard Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286 Centre Léon Bérard Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR 5309 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France.,R&D Laboratory Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Caroline Aspord
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR 5309 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France.,R&D Laboratory Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Grenoble France
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15
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Henderson NC, Rieder F, Wynn TA. Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature 2020; 587:555-566. [PMID: 33239795 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis can affect any organ and is responsible for up to 45% of all deaths in the industrialized world. It has long been thought to be relentlessly progressive and irreversible, but both preclinical models and clinical trials in various organ systems have shown that fibrosis is a highly dynamic process. This has clear implications for therapeutic interventions that are designed to capitalize on this inherent plasticity. However, despite substantial progress in our understanding of the pathobiology of fibrosis, a translational gap remains between the identification of putative antifibrotic targets and conversion of this knowledge into effective treatments in humans. Here we discuss the transformative experimental strategies that are being leveraged to dissect the key cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate fibrosis, and the translational approaches that are enabling the emergence of precision medicine-based therapies for patients with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Henderson
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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16
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Immunologic Features of Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before and During Sorafenib or Anti-programmed Death-1/Programmed Death-L1 Treatment. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 10:e00058. [PMID: 31295151 PMCID: PMC6708670 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Today, a promising treatment strategy is focused on the enhancement of antitumor immune responses by immune checkpoint modification. However, as only 20% of patients with HCC are responders, identification of predictive factors is urgently required. Therefore, for the first time, the features of the intrahepatic and circulating immune system in patients with advanced-stage HCC, before and during the treatment, were analyzed. METHODS We collected fresh HCC biopsies, along with adjacent tumor-free liver tissues and peripheral blood samples, from 21 patients with advanced HCC. Furthermore, we performed an extensive immunomonitoring of patients with HCC treated with sorafenib or programmed death (PD)-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade using multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS We observed that regardless of the treatment, low baseline intratumoral CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was associated with better overall survival (P = 0.0002). The baseline frequency of intratumoral PD-1 CD8 T cells was significantly lower in patients responding to sorafenib treatment than in the nonresponders (P = 0.0117), and the frequency of circulating PD-1 T cells increased with tumor progression (P = 0.0329). By contrast, responders to PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade showed a trend of high baseline frequency of intratumoral PD-1 CD8 T cells. Moreover, we observed a trend of LAG3 and TIM3 upregulation on circulating T cells in nonresponding patients to PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade. DISCUSSION Immunosuppressive state, characterized by an enhanced intratumoral CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, was associated with poor prognosis. Additionally, our results suggest that the frequency of intratumoral PD-1 CD8 T cells may serve as a biomarker to identify which individuals will benefit from which treatment and support the use of combination strategies.
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17
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Macek Jilkova Z, Aspord C, Decaens T. Predictive Factors for Response to PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibition in the Field of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101554. [PMID: 31615069 PMCID: PMC6826488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints are fast-developing therapeutic approaches adopted for several tumor types that trigger unprecedented rates of durable clinical responses. Immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), expressed primarily by T cells, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), expressed mainly by tumor cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, are molecules that impede immune function, thereby allowing tumor cells to proliferate, grow and spread. PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a promising treatment strategy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, only a minority of HCC patients benefit from this therapy. To find a niche for immune checkpoint inhibition in HCC patients, future strategies might require predictive factor-based patient selection, to identify patients who are likely to respond to the said therapy and combination strategies in order to enhance anti-tumor efficacy and clinical success. This review provides an overview of the most recent data pertaining to predictive factors for response to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition in the field of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France.
- Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Caroline Aspord
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France.
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, 38701 Grenoble, France.
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France.
- Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France.
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18
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Ma WT, Yao XT, Peng Q, Chen DK. The protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 in viral infections: friend or foe? Open Biol 2019; 9:190109. [PMID: 31337278 PMCID: PMC6685926 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause substantial human morbidity and mortality, and are a significant health burden worldwide. Following a viral infection, the host may initiate complex antiviral immune responses to antagonize viral invasion and replication. However, proinflammatory antiviral immune responses pose a great threat to the host if not properly held in check. Interleukin (IL)-17 is a pleiotropic cytokine participating in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including tissue integrity maintenance, cancer progression, autoimmune disease development and, more intriguingly, infectious diseases. Abundant evidence suggests that while IL-17 plays a crucial role in enhancing effective antiviral immune responses, it may also promote and exacerbate virus-induced illnesses. Accumulated experimental and clinical evidence has broadened our understanding of the seemingly paradoxical role of IL-17 in viral infections and suggests that IL-17-targeted immunotherapy may be a promising therapeutic option. Herein, we summarize current knowledge regarding the protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 in viral infections, with emphasis on underlying mechanisms. The various and critical roles of IL-17 in viral infections necessitate the development of therapeutic strategies that are uniquely tailored to both the infectious agent and the infection environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ting Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Kun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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19
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Fabre T, Molina MF, Soucy G, Goulet JP, Willems B, Villeneuve JP, Bilodeau M, Shoukry NH. Type 3 cytokines IL-17A and IL-22 drive TGF-β-dependent liver fibrosis. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaar7754. [PMID: 30366940 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar7754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory immune cells can modulate activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and progression of liver fibrosis. Type 3 inflammation characterized by production of interleukin-17A (IL-17) and IL-22 by innate and adaptive immune cells is implicated in many inflammatory conditions of the gut and can be counteracted by regulatory T cells (Tregs), but its contribution to liver fibrosis is still poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the contribution of type 3 inflammation in liver fibrosis using clinical liver biopsies, in vitro stimulation of primary HSCs, and in vivo mouse models. We report dysregulated type 3 responses in fibrotic lesions with increased IL-17+CD4+/FOXP3hiCD4+ ratio and increased IL-17 and IL-22 production in advanced liver fibrosis. Neutrophils and mast cells were the main sources of IL-17 in situ in humans. In addition, we demonstrate a new profibrotic function of IL-22 through enhancement of transforming growth factor-β signaling in HSCs in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner. In vivo, IL-22RA1 knockout mice exhibited reduced fibrosis in response to thioacetamide and carbon tetrachloride. Blocking either IL-22 or IL-17 production using aryl hydrocarbon receptor or RAR-related orphan receptor gamma-t antagonists resulted in reduced fibrosis. Together, these data have identified a pathogenic role for type 3 immune response mediated by IL-22 in driving liver fibrosis during chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fabre
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Soucy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Bernard Willems
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Villeneuve
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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Pernes G, Lancaster GI, Murphy AJ. Take me to the liver: adipose tissue macrophages coordinate hepatic neutrophil recruitment. Gut 2018; 67:1204-1206. [PMID: 29298875 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Pernes
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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The Effect of a Hydrolyzed Polysaccharide Dietary Supplement on Biomarkers in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1751583. [PMID: 29853945 PMCID: PMC5960521 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1751583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a hydrolyzed polysaccharide, Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound (RBAC), on biomarkers in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A 90-day randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of RBAC on complete blood count, liver enzymes, lipids, oxidative stress markers, cytokines, and growth factors. Twenty-three adults with NAFLD were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the two study conditions (n = 12 RBAC and n = 11 placebo) and consumed 1 gram/day of either compound for 90 days. Subjects were assessed at baseline and 45 and 90 days. No adverse effects were reported. Alkaline phosphatase significantly decreased (−3.1%; SD = 19.9; F[1,19] = 5.1, p = 0.03) in the RBAC group compared to placebo. Percent monocytes (17.9%; SD = 18.3; F[1,19] = 5.9, p = 0.02) and percent eosinophils (30.6%; SD = 30.5; F[1,19] = 12.3, p < 0.01) increased in the RBAC group. IFN-γ (156%; SD = 131.8; F[1,19] = 4.2, p = 0.06) and IL-18 (29.1%; SD = 64; F[1,19] = 5.3, p = 0.03) increased in the RBAC group compared to placebo. Other improvements were noted for platelets, neutrophils, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, γ-glutamyl transferase, and 4-hydroxynonenal. RBAC had beneficial effects on several biomarkers that add to the known immunomodulatory activities of RBAC, which may be promising for people with NAFLD.
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Jilkova ZM, Kuyucu AZ, Kurma K, Ahmad Pour ST, Roth GS, Abbadessa G, Yu Y, Schwartz B, Sturm N, Marche PN, Hainaut P, Decaens T. Combination of AKT inhibitor ARQ 092 and sorafenib potentiates inhibition of tumor progression in cirrhotic rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29541403 PMCID: PMC5834253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is very poor. The AKT pathway is activated in almost half of HCC cases and in addition, long term exposure to conventional drug treatment of HCC, sorafenib, often results in over-activation of AKT, leading to HCC resistance. Therefore, it is important to assess the safety and the efficacy of selective allosteric AKT inhibitor ARQ 092 (Miransertib) in combination with sorafenib. Here, we demonstrated in vitro that the combination of ARQ 092 with sorafenib synergistically suppressed proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and reduced migration. To test the effect of the combination in vivo, rats with diethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis and fully developed HCC were randomized and treated with vehicle, sorafenib, ARQ 092 or the combination of ARQ 092 with sorafenib; (n=7/group) for 6 weeks. Tumor progression, size of tumors and the mean tumor number were significantly reduced by the combination treatment compared to the control or single treatments. This effect was associated with a significant increase in apoptotic response and reduction in proliferation and angiogenesis. Sirius red staining showed a decrease in liver fibrosis. Moreover, treatments improved immune response in blood and in tumor microenvironment. Thus, the combination of ARQ 092 with sorafenib potentiates inhibition of tumor progression and gives the possibility of therapeutic improvement for patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Ayca Zeybek Kuyucu
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France.,Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Keerthi Kurma
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Séyédéh Tayébéh Ahmad Pour
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaël S Roth
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France.,CHU-Grenoble Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, France
| | | | - Yi Yu
- ArQule Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Sturm
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France.,CHU-Grenoble Département d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, La Tronche, France
| | - Patrice N Marche
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309/UGA, Grenoble, France.,CHU-Grenoble Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, France
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23
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Chronic hepatitis C liver microenvironment: role of the Th17/Treg interplay related to fibrogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13283. [PMID: 29038590 PMCID: PMC5643436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the different lymphocyte populations in liver microenvironment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients is still matter of debate. Since Th17 and Treg have opposite functions, their balance could affect disease progression. The aim was to explore liver microenvironment and its peripheral blood counterpart in adult CHC patients. CD4+ lymphocytes were predominant in the liver, with high Foxp3+ but low IL-17A+ frequency. IL-17A+ lymphocytes and IL-17A+/Foxp3+ ratio displayed association with advanced fibrosis (p = 0.0130; p = 0.0236, respectively), while Foxp3+ lymphocytes and IL-10 expression level inversely correlated with fibrosis severity (p = 0.0381, p = 0.0398, respectively). TGF-β/IL-6 ratio correlated with IL-17A+/Foxp3+ ratio (p = 0.0036, r = 0.5944) and with IL-17A+ lymphocytes (p = 0.0093; r = 0.5203). TNF-α and TGF-β were associated with hepatitis severity (p = 0.0409, p = 0.0321). Peripheral blood lymphocyte frequency was not associated with liver damage. There are functionally different immune cell populations actively involved in liver damage, but the liver cytokine milieu actually drives the pathogenesis. The intrahepatic Foxp3+ lymphocytes predominance beside the low IL-17A+ lymphocytes frequency, delineate a skewed IL-17A+/Foxp3+ balance towards Foxp3+ lymphocytes. However, the IL-17A+ lymphocytes association with advanced fibrosis denotes their role in the pathogenesis. Therefore, the interplay between Th17 and Treg conditions liver fibrogenesis.
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24
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Paquissi FC. Immunity and Fibrogenesis: The Role of Th17/IL-17 Axis in HBV and HCV-induced Chronic Hepatitis and Progression to Cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1195. [PMID: 29033929 PMCID: PMC5626935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a common final pathway for most chronic liver diseases; representing an increasing burden worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current evidence has shown that, after an initial injury, the immune response has a significant participation in the ongoing damage, and progression from chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) to cirrhosis, driving the activation and maintenance of main fibrogenic pathways. Among immune deregulations, those related to the subtype 17 of T helper lymphocytes (Th17)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis have been recognized as key immunopathological and prognostic elements in patients with CVH. The Th17/IL-17 axis has been found involved in several points of fibrogenesis chain from the activation of stellate cells, increased expression of profibrotic factors as TGF-β, promotion of the myofibroblastic or epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stimulation of the synthesis of collagen, and induction of imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). It also promotes the recruitment of inflammatory cells and increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-23. So, the Th17/IL-17 axis is simultaneously the fuel and the flame of a sustained proinflammatory and profibrotic environment. This work aims to present the immunopathologic and prognostic role of the Th17/IL-17 axis and related pathways in fibrogenesis and progression to cirrhosis in patients with liver disease due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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25
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Bao S, Zheng J, Shi G. The role of T helper 17 cells in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3713-3719. [PMID: 28731149 PMCID: PMC5646947 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients, T helper 17 (Th17) cells are significantly elevated. Th17 cells initiate immune-mediated pathogenesis and have a critical role in the process of HBV-related liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC). The mechanisms underlying this process are attributed to Th17-secreted cytokines, which include interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21 and IL-22; however, a systemic analysis regarding these mechanisms has yet to be conducted. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HBV-LC. All randomized clinical trials, case series, case reports and meta-analyses that contained the aforementioned keywords were included in the review process. In addition, unpublished information from the Food and Drug Administration was included. The findings indicated that Th17-secreted cytokines, including IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22, function by activating or silencing hepatic stellate cells, modulating proinflammatory and pro- or antifibrogenic effectors, regulating extracellular matrix formation, upregulating chemokine expression, and inducing hepatocellular damage or hepatoprotection during the HBV-LC process. In addition, Th17 cells and Th17-secreted cytokines may be considered a potential tool in the diagnosis or treatment of HBV-LC. The present review summarized the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HBV-LC in order to deepen the clinical understanding of the role of Th17 cells and also to support the development of effective therapies for patients with HBV-LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Bao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Guangfeng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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26
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Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines, such as IL-17A and IL-17F, play
important protective roles in host immune response to a variety of infections
such as bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral. The IL-17R signaling and
downstream pathways mediate induction of proinflammatory molecules which
participate in control of these pathogens. However, the production of IL-17 can
also mediate pathology and inflammation associated with infections. In this
review, we will discuss the yin-and-yang roles of IL-17 in host immunity to
pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shabaana Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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27
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Sex Differences in Spontaneous Degranulation Activity of Intrahepatic Natural Killer Cells during Chronic Hepatitis B: Association with Estradiol Levels. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3214917. [PMID: 28469292 PMCID: PMC5392396 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3214917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Major sex differences are observed in the prevalence, intensity, and severity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Here, we investigated degranulation activity of circulating and intrahepatic natural killer (NK) cells from HBV and HCV chronically infected patients before any treatment (n = 125). The frequency of CD107+ NK cells in the female liver was significantly higher compared to that in males during chronic HBV infection (p = 0.002) and correlated with the plasma levels of estradiol (correlation coefficient r = 0.634; p < 0.0001). Our results clearly show sex differences in degranulation activity of intrahepatic NK cells of HBV-infected patients. This probably contributes to the ability of females to better deal with HBV disease.
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28
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Nasef NA, Mehta S, Ferguson LR. Susceptibility to chronic inflammation: an update. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1131-1141. [PMID: 28130581 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is defined by the persistence of inflammatory processes beyond their physiological function, resulting in tissue destruction. Chronic inflammation is implicated in the progression of many chronic diseases and plays a central role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease. As such, this review aims to collate some of the latest research in relation to genetic and environmental susceptibilities to chronic inflammation. In the genetic section, we discuss some of the updates in cytokine research and current treatments that are being developed. We also discuss newly identified canonical and non-canonical genes associated with chronic inflammation. In the environmental section, we highlight some of the latest updates and evidence in relation to the role that infection, diet and stress play in promoting inflammation. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the latest research to build on our current understanding of chronic inflammation. It highlights the complexity associated with chronic inflammation, as well as provides insights into potential new targets for therapies that could be used to treat chronic inflammation and consequently prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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29
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Debes JD, Bohjanen PR, Boonstra A. Mechanisms of Accelerated Liver Fibrosis Progression during HIV Infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:328-335. [PMID: 28097102 PMCID: PMC5225153 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a dramatic reduction in HIV-related morbidity and mortality has been observed. However, it is now becoming increasingly clear that liver-related complications, particularly rapid fibrosis development from ART as well as from the chronic HIV infection itself, are of serious concern to HIV patients. The pathophysiology of liver fibrosis in patients with HIV is a multifactorial process whereby persistent viral replication, and bacterial translocation lead to chronic immune activation and inflammation, which ART is unable to fully suppress, promoting production of fibrinogenic mediators and fibrosis. In addition, mitochondrial toxicity, triggered by both ART and HIV, contributes to intrahepatic damage, which is even more severe in patients co-infected with viral hepatitis. In recent years, new insights into the mechanisms of accelerated fibrosis and liver disease progression in HIV has been obtained, and these are detailed and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D. Debes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- *Correspondence to: Jose D. Debes, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Tel: +1-612-624-6353, Fax: +1-612-301-1292, E-mail:
| | - Paul R. Bohjanen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Paquissi FC. Immune Imbalances in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From General Biomarkers and Neutrophils to Interleukin-17 Axis Activation and New Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:490. [PMID: 27891128 PMCID: PMC5104753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing problem worldwide and is associated with negative outcomes such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular events. Current evidence shows that the immune response has an important participation driving the initiation, maintenance, and progression of the disease. So, various immune imbalances, from cellular to cytokines levels, have been studied, either for better compression of the disease pathophysiology or as biomarkers for severity assessment and outcome prediction. In this article, we performed a thorough review of studies that evaluated the role of inflammatory/immune imbalances in the NAFLD. At the cellular level, we gave special focus on the imbalance between neutrophils and lymphocytes counts (the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), and that which occurs between T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells as emerging biomarkers. By extension, we reviewed the reflection of these imbalances at the molecular level through pro-inflammatory cytokines including those involved in Th17 differentiation (IL-6, IL-21, IL-23, and transforming growth factor-beta), and those released by Th17 cells (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22). We gave particular attention to the role of IL-17, either produced by Th17 cells or neutrophils, in fibrogenesis and steatohepatitis. Finally, we reviewed the potential of these pathways as new therapeutic targets in NAFLD.
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