1
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Karnawat K, Parthasarathy R, Sakhrie M, Karthik H, Krishna KV, Balachander GM. Building in vitro models for mechanistic understanding of liver regeneration in chronic liver diseases. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38973693 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00738g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The liver has excellent regeneration potential and attains complete functional recovery from partial hepatectomy. The regenerative mechanisms malfunction in chronic liver diseases (CLDs), which fuels disease progression. CLDs account for 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Pathophysiological studies with clinical correlation have shown evidence of deviation of normal regenerative mechanisms and its contribution to fueling fibrosis and disease progression. However, we lack realistic in vitro models that can allow experimental manipulation for mechanistic understanding of liver regeneration in CLDs and testing of candidate drugs. In this review, we aim to provide the framework for building appropriate organotypic models for dissecting regenerative responses in CLDs, with the focus on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). By drawing parallels with development and hepatectomy, we explain the selection of critical components such as cells, signaling, and, substrate-driven biophysical cues to build an appropriate CLD model. We highlight the organoid-based organotypic models available for NASH disease modeling, including organ-on-a-chip and 3D bioprinted models. With the focus on bioprinting as a fabrication method, we prescribe building in vitro CLD models and testing schemes for exploring the regenerative responses in the bioprinted model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushi Karnawat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Rithika Parthasarathy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Mesevilhou Sakhrie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Harikeshav Karthik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Konatala Vibhuvan Krishna
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Gowri Manohari Balachander
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
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2
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Huang W, Xia D, Bi W, Lai X, Yu B, Chen W. Advances in stem cell therapy for peritoneal fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:293. [PMID: 37817212 PMCID: PMC10566108 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is a pathophysiological condition caused by a variety of pathogenic factors. The most important features of PF are mesothelial-mesenchymal transition and accumulation of activated (myo-)fibroblasts, which hinder effective treatment; thus, it is critical to identify other practical approaches. Recently, stem cell (SC) therapy has been indicated to be a potential strategy for this disease. Increasing evidence suggests that many kinds of SCs alleviate PF mainly by differentiating into mesothelial cells; secreting cytokines and extracellular vesicles; or modulating immune cells, particularly macrophages. However, there are relatively few articles summarizing research in this direction. In this review, we summarize the risk factors for PF and discuss the therapeutic roles of SCs from different sources. In addition, we outline effective approaches and potential mechanisms of SC therapy for PF. We hope that our review of articles in this area will provide further inspiration for research on the use of SCs in PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Demeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendi Bi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Li H, Hu P, Zou Y, Yuan L, Xu Y, Zhang X, Luo X, Zhang Z. Tanshinone IIA and hepatocellular carcinoma: A potential therapeutic drug. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1071415. [PMID: 36798821 PMCID: PMC9928209 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its high prevalence and poor long-term clinical treatment effect, liver disease is regarded as a major public health problem around the world. Among them, viral hepatitis, fatty liver, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and autoimmune liver disease are common causes and inducements of liver injury, and play an important role in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tanshinone IIA (TsIIA) is a fat soluble polyphenol of Salvia miltiorrhiza that is extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Because of its strong biological activity (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant), it is widely used in Asia to treat cardiovascular and liver diseases. In addition, TsIIA has shown significant anti-HCC activity in previous studies. It not only has significant anti proliferation and pro apoptotic properties. It can also play an anti-cancer role by mediating a variety of signal pathways, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). This review not only reviews the existing evidence and molecular mechanism of TsIIA's anti-HCC effect but also reviews the liver-protective effect of TsIIA and its impact on liver fibrosis, NAFLD, and other risk factors for liver cancer. In addition, we also conducted network pharmacological analysis on TsIIA and HCC to further screen and explore the possible targets of TsIIA against hepatocellular carcinoma. It is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development of anti-HCC-related drugs based on TsIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Pengbo Hu
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China,Institute of Medical Science of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yajun Zou
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Xu
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China,Institute of Medical Science of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Zhiqiang Zhang,
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4
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Duddu S, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti R, Chakravorty N, Shukla PC. Regeneration and Tissue Microenvironment. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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5
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Tarique S, Naeem N, Salim A, Ainuddin JA, Haneef K. The role of epigenetic modifiers in the hepatic differentiation of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biol Futur 2022; 73:495-502. [PMID: 36512201 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord (hUC) derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be progressively differentiated into multiple lineages including hepatic lineages, and thus provide an excellent in vitro model system for the study of hepatic differentiation. At present, hepatic differentiation protocols are based on the use of soluble chemicals in the culture medium and provide immature hepatic like cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) are two important epigenetic modifiers that regulate stem cell differentiation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of HDACi, valproic acid (VPA) and DNMTi,5-azacytidine (5-aza) along with a hepatic inducer in the hepatic differentiation of hUC-MSCs. hUC-MSCs were characterized via immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The final concentrations of VPA and 5-aza were optimized via MTT cytotoxicity assay. All treated groups were assessed for the presence of hepatic genes and proteins through qPCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. The results showed that the pretreatment of epigenetic modifiers not only increased the hepatic genes but also increased the expression of the hepatic proteins. VPA induces hepatic differentiation in hUC-MSCs with significant gene expression of hepatic markers i.e., FOXA2 and CK8. Moreover, VPA pretreatment enhanced the expression of hepatic proteins AFP and TAT. The pretreatment of 5-aza shows significant gene expression of hepatic marker LDL-R. However, 5-aza treatment failed to induce hepatic protein expression. The results of the current study highlighted the effectiveness of epigenetic modifiers in the hepatic differentiation of hUC-MSCs. These differentiated cells can be employed in cell-based therapeutics for hepatic diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tarique
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Naeem
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences (DRIBBS), Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Ojha Campus Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jahan Ara Ainuddin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dow University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Haneef
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Liu HL, Yang AY, Xiong QF, Zhong YD, Liu DX, Huang P, Feng XN, Zhang Y, Yang YF. Aberrant cytokeratin 7 expression by hepatocytes can predict the ductopenia grade in primary biliary cholangitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:443. [PMID: 36324070 PMCID: PMC9628093 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant cytokeratin 7 expression by hepatocytes (CK7+Hs) is the hallmark characteristic of cholestasis diseases, especially in ductopenia diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). This study attempted to evaluate the differences and relationships between the clinical and histological features of aberrant cytokeratin 7 (CK7) expression by hepatocytes in PBC patients. Methods The clinicopathological data of patients diagnosed with PBC at the Second Hospital of Nanjing between January 2016 and September 2018 were analysed with SPSS 20.0. Results Eighty-nine PBC patients who underwent liver biopsy were enrolled in this study, and 15, 29 and 45 patients had aberrant CK7 expression by hepatocytes (CK7+Hs (2 +), CK7+Hs (1 +), and CK7−Hs, respectively). There were significant differences in TB, DB, ALP, TA, IgM, interface activity, and ductopenia grade between patients with CK7−Hs and CK7+Hs (2 +) (P < 0.05). The ductopenia grade was also significantly different between patients with CK7+Hs (2 +) and CK7+Hs (1 +) according to sex (P < 0.05). Upon merging the data of CK7+Hs (2 +) and CK7+Hs (1 +) into CK7+Hs, we found significant differences in AMA, AMA-M2, anti-gp210, TB, DB, ALP, TA, IgM, fibrosis, and ductopenia grade between CK7+Hs and CK7−Hs (P < 0.05). The odds ratios (ORs) (and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)) of CK7+Hs according to anti-gp210, ductopenia grade, and interface activity were 6.413 (95% CI 1.363–30.162), 4.145 (95% CI 1.898–9.052) and 3.247 (95% CI 1.556–6.775), respectively (P < 0.05). Spearman's rank correlation according to interface activity and ductopenia grade in patients with CK7+Hs (2 + , 1 + , 0) was r = 0.359 (P = 0.001) and r = 0.396 (P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion CK7+Hs serves as a cholestasis index of PBC and are associated with the ductopenia grade and interface activity. Aberrant cytokeratin 7 expression by hepatocytes can predict the ductopenia grade in primary biliary cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Liu
- Southeast University School of Medicine, No87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China.,The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Teaching Hospital of Southeast University, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - An-Yin Yang
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Qing-Fang Xiong
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yan-Dan Zhong
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Du-Xian Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Feng
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Southeast University School of Medicine, No87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yong-Feng Yang
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Teaching Hospital of Southeast University, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China. .,Department of Liver Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Zhongfu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003, China.
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7
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Palao N, Sequera C, Cuesta ÁM, Baquero C, Bragado P, Gutierrez-Uzquiza A, Sánchez A, Guerrero C, Porras A. C3G down-regulation enhances pro-migratory and stemness properties of oval cells by promoting an epithelial-mesenchymal-like process. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5873-5884. [PMID: 36263169 PMCID: PMC9576514 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous data indicate that C3G (RapGEF1) main isoform is highly expressed in liver progenitor cells (or oval cells) compared to adult mature hepatocytes, suggesting it may play an important role in oval cell biology. Hence, we have explored C3G function in the regulation of oval cell properties by permanent gene silencing using shRNAs. We found that C3G knock-down enhanced migratory and invasive ability of oval cells by promoting a partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This is likely mediated by upregulation of mRNA expression of the EMT-inducing transcription factors, Snail1, Zeb1 and Zeb2, induced in C3G-silenced oval cells. This EMT is associated to a higher expression of the stemness markers, CD133 and CD44. Moreover, C3G down-regulation increased oval cells clonogenic capacity by enhancing cell scattering. However, C3G knock-down did not impair oval cell differentiation into hepatocyte lineage. Mechanistic studies revealed that HGF/MET signaling and its pro-invasive activity was impaired in oval cells with low levels of C3G, while TGF-β signaling was increased. Altogether, these data suggest that C3G might be tightly regulated to ensure liver repair in chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hence, reduced C3G levels could facilitate oval cell expansion, after the proliferation peak, by enhancing migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Palao
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Sequera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ángel M Cuesta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Baquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Gutierrez-Uzquiza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerrero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,✉ Corresponding authors: A. Porras, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 913941627; E-mail: . Co-correspondence: C. Guerrero, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Tel.: +34 923294801; Fax.: +34 923294795; e-mail:
| | - Almudena Porras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,✉ Corresponding authors: A. Porras, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 913941627; E-mail: . Co-correspondence: C. Guerrero, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Tel.: +34 923294801; Fax.: +34 923294795; e-mail:
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8
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Lazcanoiturburu N, García‐Sáez J, González‐Corralejo C, Roncero C, Sanz J, Martín‐Rodríguez C, Valdecantos MP, Martínez‐Palacián A, Almalé L, Bragado P, Calero‐Pérez S, Fernández A, García‐Bravo M, Guerra C, Montoliu L, Segovia JC, Valverde ÁM, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Lack of
EGFR
catalytic activity in hepatocytes improves liver regeneration following
DDC
‐induced cholestatic injury by promoting a pro‐restorative inflammatory response. J Pathol 2022; 258:312-324. [DOI: 10.1002/path.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Juan García‐Sáez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos González‐Corralejo
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Anatomical Pathology Service of the “Clínica Universidad de Navarra”, Madrid, Spain, and UCM Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Martín‐Rodríguez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - M. Pilar Valdecantos
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Adoración Martínez‐Palacián
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Almalé
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Silvia Calero‐Pérez
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández
- National Center for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - María García‐Bravo
- Cell Technology Division, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT); Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII); Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, “Fundación Jiménez Díaz” University Hospital Health Research Institute (CIEMAT/IIS‐FJD) Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid Spain
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- National Center for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - José Carlos Segovia
- Cell Technology Division, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT); Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII); Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, “Fundación Jiménez Díaz” University Hospital Health Research Institute (CIEMAT/IIS‐FJD) Madrid Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD‐ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
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9
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Abstract
End-stage liver disease is characterized by massive hepatocyte death resulting in clinical decompensation and organ failures. Clinical consequences in cirrhosis are the results of the loss of functional hepatocytes and excessive scarring. The only curative therapy in advanced cirrhosis is orthotropic liver transplantation, but the clinical demand outweighs the availability of acceptable donor organs. Moreover, this also necessitates lifelong immunosuppression and carries associated risks. The liver has a huge capability for regeneration. Self-replication of quiescent differentiated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes occurs in patients with acute liver injury. Due to limited hepatocyte self-renewal capacity in advanced cirrhosis, great interest has therefore been shown in characterizing the possible role of hepatic progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived stem cells to therapeutically aid this process. Transplantation of cells from various sources that can be properly differentiated into functional liver cells or use of growth factors for ex-vivo expansion of progenitor cells is needed at utmost priority. Multiple researches over the last two decades have aided researchers in refining proliferation, differentiation, and storage techniques and understand the functionality of these cells for use in clinical practice. However, these cell-based therapies are still experimental and have to be used in trial settings.
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Key Words
- Ang2, angiopoietin 2
- BM, Bone marrow
- BM-MNCs, bone marrow mononuclear cells
- BMSC, bone marrow stem cells
- DAMPs, Damage associated molecular patterns
- EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells
- ESRP2, epithelial splicing regulatory protein 2
- GCSF
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HPC, Hepatocyte progenitor cells
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- Hh, Hedgehog
- HybHP, hybrid periportal hepatocytes
- MMP, matrix metalloprotease
- MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells
- OLT, Orthotropic liver transplantation
- PAMPs, Pathogen associated molecular patterns
- SAH, severe alcoholic hepatitis
- SDF1, stromal-derived factor 1
- TNFSF12, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12
- Terthigh, high Telomerase reverse transcriptase
- [Hnf4a], Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Alpha
- [Mfsd2a], Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain containing 2A
- acute liver failure
- chronic liver diseases
- hepatocyte transplant
- liver regeneration
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10
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Tang W, Xue J, Luo L, Wang Y, Cai X, Liu Y, Huang D, Wang X, He T, Lu D, Yang F. Kangxianruangan granule‑containing serum mediated inhibition of hepatic oval cell differentiation into hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the Wnt‑1/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:55. [PMID: 34913065 PMCID: PMC8711029 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignancy with poor clinical prognosis. Hepatic oval cells (HOCs) tend to differentiate into cancerous hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs) in the tumor microenvironment. The purpose of the present study was to explore the role of kangxianruangan granule (KXRG)-containing serum in inhibiting the differentiation of HOCs into HCCs via the Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway. N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was applied to induce the transformation of the rat HOC cell line WB-F344 into HCCs. The overexpression plasmid, Wnt-1-up, was utilized to increase Wnt-1 expression. Subsequently, high, medium and low concentrations of KXRG were applied to MNNG-treated WB-F344 cells to assess the inhibitory effect of KXRG on cell differentiation. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect the cell cycle distribution, apoptotic rate and expression of cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) protein in cells. An immunofluorescence double staining protocol was used to detect the expression of Wnt-1 and β-catenin. ELISAs were performed to detect α fetoprotein in the cell supernatants. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were conducted to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of Wnt-1, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, C-myc, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), Axin2 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in cells. Compared with the normal group, the apoptotic rate, proportion of S phase cells, concentration of AFP in the cell supernatant, level of CK-19 protein, and mRNA and protein expression levels of Wnt-1, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, C-myc, MMP-7, Axin2 and EpCAM were all significantly increased in the model group. Addition of KXRG significantly reduced the aforementioned indicators compared with the model group. Moreover, Wnt-1 overexpression further increased the aforementioned indicators compared with the model group, whereas KXRG significantly inhibited these effects. The results indicated that KXRG inhibited the differentiation of HOCs into HCCs via the Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway, which suggested the potential clinical application of KXRG for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Tang
- Health Management Centre, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xue
- Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, P.R. China
| | - Lei Luo
- Health Management Centre, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The People's Hospital of Jiangshan, Jiangshan, Zhejiang 324100, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Huang
- Department of Hepatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Tangqing He
- Department of Hepatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Dingbo Lu
- Department of Hepatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Health Management Centre, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
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11
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Xie Y, Yao J, Jin W, Ren L, Li X. Induction and Maturation of Hepatocyte-Like Cells In Vitro: Focus on Technological Advances and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:765980. [PMID: 34901010 PMCID: PMC8662991 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited by the poor proliferation and restricted sources of adult hepatocytes, there is an urgent need to find substitutes for proliferation and cultivation of mature hepatocytes in vitro for use in disease treatment, drug approval, and toxicity testing. Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), which originate from undifferentiated stem cells or modified adult cells, are considered good candidates because of their advantages in terms of cell source and in vitro expansion ability. However, the majority of induced HLCs are in an immature state, and their degree of differentiation is heterogeneous, diminishing their usability in basic research and limiting their clinical application. Therefore, various methods have been developed to promote the maturation of HLCs, including chemical approaches, alteration of cell culture systems, and genetic manipulation, to meet the needs of in vivo transplantation and in vitro model establishment. This review proposes different cell types for the induction of HLCs, and provide a comprehensive overview of various techniques to promote the generation and maturation of HLCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xie
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia Yao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Longfei Ren
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,The Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Zhang B, Wu X, Li J, Ning A, Zhang B, Liu J, Song L, Yan C, Sun X, Zheng K, Wu Z. Hepatic progenitor cells promote the repair of schistosomiasis liver injury by inhibiting IL-33 secretion in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:546. [PMID: 34674752 PMCID: PMC8529826 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic schistosomiasis, a chronic liver injury induced by long-term Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection, is characterized by egg granulomas and fibrotic pathology. Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), which are nearly absent or quiescent in normal liver, play vital roles in chronic and severe liver injury. But their role in the progression of liver injury during infection remains unknown. Methods In this study, the hepatic egg granulomas, fibrosis and proliferation of HPCs were analyzed in the mice model of S. japonicum infection at different infectious stages. For validating the role of HPCs in hepatic injury, tumor necrosis factor-like-weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and TWEAK blocking antibody were used to manipulate the proliferation of HPCs in wild-type and IL-33−/− mice infected with S. japonicum. Results We found that the proliferation of HPCs was accompanied by inflammatory granulomas and fibrosis formation. HPCs expansion promoted liver regeneration and inhibited inflammatory egg granulomas, as well as the deposition of fibrotic collagen. Interestingly, the expression of IL-33 was negatively associated with HPCs’ expansion. There were no obvious differences of liver injury caused by infection between wild-type and IL-33−/− mice with HPCs’ expansion. However, liver injury was more attenuated in IL-33−/− mice than wild-type mice when the proliferation of HPCs was inhibited by anti-TWEAK. Conclusions Our data uncovered a protective role of HPCs in hepatic schistosomiasis in an IL-33-dependent manner, which might provide a promising progenitor cell therapy for hepatic schistosomiasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02589-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - An Ning
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahua Liu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Langui Song
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Maraviroc Prevents HCC Development by Suppressing Macrophages and the Liver Progenitor Cell Response in a Murine Chronic Liver Disease Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194935. [PMID: 34638423 PMCID: PMC8508380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liver stem cells and activated macrophages have been implicated as contributors to liver cancer; hence, reducing their abundance is a potential avenue for therapy. In this article, we demonstrate that Maraviroc, a drug approved for human use, reduces the liver stem cell response and macrophage activation in a mouse model of liver cancer. These findings underline the preventive potential of this drug in liver cancer, a deadly disease for which there are few effective treatments. Abstract Maraviroc (MVC), a CCR5 antagonist, reduces liver fibrosis, injury and tumour burden in mice fed a hepatocarcinogenic diet, suggesting it has potential as a cancer therapeutic. We investigated the effect of MVC on liver progenitor cells (LPCs) and macrophages as both have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Mice were fed the hepatocarcinogenic choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet (CDE) ± MVC, and immunohistochemistry, RNA and protein expression were used to determine LPC and macrophage abundance, migration and related molecular mechanisms. MVC reduced LPC numbers in CDE mice by 54%, with a smaller reduction seen in macrophages. Transcript and protein abundance of LPC-associated markers correlated with this reduction. The CDE diet activated phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3 and was inhibited by MVC. LPCs did not express Ccr5 in our model; in contrast, macrophages expressed high levels of this receptor, suggesting the effect of MVC is mediated by targeting macrophages. MVC reduced CD45+ cells and macrophage migration in liver and blocked the CDE-induced transition of liver macrophages from an M1- to M2-tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotype. These findings suggest MVC has potential as a re-purposed therapeutic agent for treating chronic liver diseases where M2-TAM and LPC numbers are increased, and the incidence of HCC is enhanced.
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14
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Sakellariou S, Michaelides C, Voulgaris T, Vlachogiannakos J, Manesis E, Tiniakos DG, Delladetsima I. Keratin 7 expression in hepatic cholestatic diseases. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:815-824. [PMID: 34312700 PMCID: PMC8516784 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated keratin 7 (K7) hepatocellular expression in 92 patients with common types of acute and chronic cholestatic diseases caused by bile duct obstruction/destruction or parenchymal lesions [acute hepatitis (n=20), mixed/pure cholestasis (n=16), primary biliary cholangitis-PBC (n=35), primary sclerosing cholangitis-PSC (n=10), vanishing bile duct syndrome (n=3), complete large bile duct obstruction due to space-occupying lesions (n=8)]. K7 immunohistochemical hepatocellular expression and ductular reaction (DR) were semi-quantitatively assessed. Results were correlated with liver enzyme serum levels, cholestasis type, histological features, hepatocellular Ki67 labelling index (LI) and HepPar1 expression. Hepatocellular K7 expression was detected in 87% (81/92) cases and in all cholestatic disease types with lowest incidence in pure/mixed cholestasis and highest in incomplete bile duct obstruction (iBDO), reaching 100% in PSC. K7-positive hepatocytes had low Ki67 LI (0-5%) retaining HepPar1 expression, irrespective of disease type. PSC cases had high K7 hepatocellular expression even with intact bile ducts, a feature that may aid differential diagnosis of cholestatic syndromes. K7 hepatocellular expression significantly correlated with cholestasis type, bile duct loss and fibrosis stage. It was higher in milder acute cholestatic hepatitis showing inverse correlation with hepatocyte proliferation and serum transaminase levels. In iBDO, younger age independently correlated with high K7 expression, while serum GGT levels showed a nearly significant correlation. Correlation with DR findings implied that K7-positive hepatocytes may result through metaplasia. In conclusion, K7 hepatocellular expression is a sensitive though non-specific marker of cholestasis. It may represent a cytoprotective reaction of resting hepatocytes in cholestasis of longer duration especially in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakellariou
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - C Michaelides
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - T Voulgaris
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - J Vlachogiannakos
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - E Manesis
- Liver Unit, Euroclinic, 7-9 Athanasiadou str, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - D G Tiniakos
- Department of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 76 Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528, Athens, Greece. .,Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - I Delladetsima
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527, Athens, Greece
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15
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Ultrastructural Profile Combined with Immunohistochemistry of a Hepatic Progenitor Cell Line in Pediatric Autoimmune Hepatitis: New Insights into the Morphological Pattern of the Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081899. [PMID: 34440668 PMCID: PMC8392671 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that the heterogenic population of a hepatic progenitor cell line (HPCL) can play a vital role in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), we decided to conduct pioneering retrospective evaluation of these cells in pediatric AIH by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The aim of the study was to assess the ultrastructure of the HPCL in children with untreated AIH. Ultrastructural analysis of the HPCL population, preceded by immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), was performed using pretreatment liver biopsies from 23 children with clinicopathologically diagnosed AIH. Immunohistochemical assessment for CK7 allowed detection of proliferating immature epithelial cells differentiating towards periportal and intralobular intermediate hepatocytes without marked formation of ductular reactions in AIH children. Using TEM, we distinguished three morphological types of HPCs: I—the most undifferentiated progenitor cells; III—intermediate hepatocyte-like cells; II—intermediate bile duct cells. Most frequent were the cells differentiating towards hepatocytes, most rare—those differentiating towards cholangiocytes. The results indicate that an HPCL may be an important source of hepatocyte regeneration. Ultrastructural analyses of the HPCL population, combined with immunohistochemistry for CK7, might be a useful tool to evaluate liver cell regeneration, including fibrogenesis, and may help better understand the morphological pattern of the disease, in pediatric AIH. Frequent appearance of an HPCL in the vicinity of fibrotic foci, often accompanied by hyperactive Kupffer cells and transitional hepatic stellate cells, may indicate their significant involvement in liver fibrogenesis.
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16
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Zeng J, Jing Y, Wu Q, Zeng J, Wei L, Liu J. Autophagy Is Required for Hepatic Differentiation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells via Wnt Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6627506. [PMID: 33928152 PMCID: PMC8049791 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6627506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), which play pivotal roles in liver regeneration and development, remain obscure. Autophagy and Wnt signaling pathways regulate the development and differentiation of stem cells in various organs. However, the roles of autophagy and Wnt signaling pathways in hepatic differentiation of HPCs are not well understood. Here, we describe the effects of autophagy and Wnt signaling pathways during hepatic differentiation of HPCs. We used a well-established rat hepatic progenitor cell line called WB-F344, which was treated with differentiation medium to promote differentiation of WB-F344 cells along the hepatic phenotype. Firstly, autophagy was highly activated in HPCs and gradually decreased during hepatic differentiation of HPCs. Induction of autophagy by rapamycin or starvation suppressed hepatic differentiation of HPCs. Secondly, Wnt3a signaling pathway was downregulated, and Wnt5a signaling pathway was upregulated in hepatic differentiation of HPCs. At last, Wnt3a signaling pathway was enhanced, and Wnt5a signaling pathway was inhibited by activation of autophagy during hepatic differentiation of HPCs. In summary, these results demonstrate that autophagy regulates hepatic differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells through Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Zeng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Fujian Provincial Medical Center of Hepatobiliary, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Yingying Jing
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qionglan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Jinhua Zeng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Fujian Provincial Medical Center of Hepatobiliary, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Fujian Provincial Medical Center of Hepatobiliary, Fuzhou 350025, China
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17
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Liang W, Chen X, Dong Y, Zhou P, Xu F. Recent advances in biomaterials as instructive scaffolds for stem cells in tissue repair and regeneration. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1848832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinchang People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, P. R. China
| | - Fangming Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
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Svobodová J, Procházková J, Kabátková M, Krkoška M, Šmerdová L, Líbalová H, Topinka J, Kléma J, Kozubík A, Machala M, Vondráček J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Disrupts Control of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in a Human Model of Adult Liver Progenitors. Toxicol Sci 2020; 172:368-384. [PMID: 31536130 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation has been shown to alter proliferation, apoptosis, or differentiation of adult rat liver progenitors. Here, we investigated the impact of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-mediated AhR activation on a human model of bipotent liver progenitors, undifferentiated HepaRG cells. We used both intact undifferentiated HepaRG cells, and the cells with silenced Hippo pathway effectors, yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which play key role(s) in tissue-specific progenitor cell self-renewal and expansion, such as in liver, cardiac, or respiratory progenitors. TCDD induced cell proliferation in confluent undifferentiated HepaRG cells; however, following YAP, and, in particular, double YAP/TAZ knockdown, TCDD promoted induction of apoptosis. These results suggested that, unlike in mature hepatocytes, or hepatocyte-like cells, activation of the AhR may sensitize undifferentiated HepaRG cells to apoptotic stimuli. Induction of apoptosis in cells with silenced YAP/TAZ was associated with upregulation of death ligand TRAIL, and seemed to involve both extrinsic and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Global gene expression analysis further suggested that TCDD significantly altered expression of constituents and/or transcriptional targets of signaling pathways participating in control of expansion or differentiation of liver progenitors, including EGFR, Wnt/β-catenin, or tumor growth factor-β signaling pathways. TCDD significantly upregulated cytosolic proapoptotic protein BMF (Bcl-2 modifying factor) in HepaRG cells, which could be linked with an enhanced sensitivity of TCDD-treated cells to apoptosis. Our results suggest that, in addition to promotion of cell proliferation and alteration of signaling pathways controlling expansion of human adult liver progenitors, AhR ligands may also sensitize human liver progenitor cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Svobodová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kabátková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krkoška
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Šmerdová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Líbalová
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kléma
- Department of Computer Science, Czech Technical University, Prague 12135, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
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19
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Behavioral Changes in Stem-Cell Potency by HepG2-Exhausted Medium. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081890. [PMID: 32806709 PMCID: PMC7547384 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) are able to differentiate into different cell lineages upon stimulation. This ability is closely related to the perfect balance between the pluripotency-related genes, which control stem-cell proliferation, and genes able to orchestrate the appearance of a specific phenotype. Here we studied the expression of stemness-related genes, epigenetic regulators (DNMT1, SIRT1), miRNAs (miR-145, miR-148, and miR-185) related to stemness, exosomes, the cell-cycle regulators p21 (WAF1/CIP1) and p53, and the senescence-associated genes (p16, p19, and hTERT). Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2-exhausted medium, to evaluate changes in stemness, differentiation capability, and senescence sensibility. Our results showed the overexpression of SIRT1 and reduced levels of p21 mRNA. Moreover, we observed a downregulation of DNMT1, and a simultaneous overexpression of Oct-4 and c-Myc. These findings suggest that WJ-MSCs are more likely to retain a stem phenotype and sometimes to switch to a highly undifferentiable proliferative-like behavior if treated with medium exhausted by human HepG2 cell lines.
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20
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Li J, Li R, Jiang W, Sun J, Li J, Guo Y, Zhu K, Zhang C, Kong G, Li Z. Splenic serum from portal hypertensive patients enhances liver stem cell proliferation and self-renewal via the IGF-II/ERK signaling pathway. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:205-213. [PMID: 31495600 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersplenism is a serious complication of portal hypertension (PH) and can affect the prognosis of liver disease. Liver stem cells (LSCs) are involved in liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis after liver cirrhosis. AIM To explore the effects and mechanism of the spleen on the proliferation and differentiation of LSCs in PH due to liver cirrhosis. METHODS Fetal liver stem cells (FLSCs) were treated with splenic serum from liver cirrhosis patients with hypersplenism and control serum from healthy volunteers, and the proliferation, self-renewal, and IGF-II/ERK signaling pathway of FLSCs were then evaluated. RESULTS We found that splenic serum from PH patients promoted FLSC proliferation, colony formation, and Ki-67 expression in vitro. Splenic serum from PH also enhanced FLSC spheroid formation in vitro. Mechanistically, we determined that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II concentration was elevated in splenic serum from PH patients and could promote FLSC proliferation and self-renewal. Furthermore, both IGF-II and splenic serum from PH patients enhanced ERK signaling activation through IGF-I receptor (IGF-I R) in FLSCs. Consistently, blocking IGF-I R or ERK signaling could attenuate the effects of splenic serum from PH patients on FLSCs. CONCLUSIONS The spleen in PH patients promotes FLSC proliferation and self-renewal through the IGF-II/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ren Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Sun
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Guo
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangyao Kong
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zongfang Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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21
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem, including blood vessels,
immune cells, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, cytokines, hormones, and so on.
The TME differs from the normal tissue environment (NTE) in many aspects, such
as tissue architecture, chronic inflammation, level of oxygen and pH,
nutritional state of the cells, as well as tissue firmness. The NTE can inhibit
the growth of cancer at the early tumorigenesis phase, whereas the TME promotes
the growth of cancer in general, although it may have some anticancer effects.
In particular, the TME plays a crucial role in the generation and maintenance of
cancer stem cells, which lie at the root of cancer growth. Therefore,
normalization of the TME to the NTE may inhibit cancer growth or improve cancer
therapeutic efficiency. This review focuses on the recent emerging approaches
for this normalization and the action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- 1 Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- 2 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Siddiqui H, Rawal P, Bihari C, Arora N, Kaur S. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Promotes Proliferation of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-Positive Cells in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 10:275-283. [PMID: 32655229 PMCID: PMC7335719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM An impaired hepatocyte proliferation during severe liver injury causes the proliferation of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), also called as the ductular reaction (DR). In the present study, we studied the role of key angiogenic factors in HPC-mediated DR in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Liver biopsies from patients with NASH (n = 14) were included in the study. Patients with NASH were divided in two groups, early and late fibrosis (based on fibrosis staging). Biopsies were used to analyze the gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for two markers of DR, viz, CK19 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Cocultures were performed between steatotic human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and LX2 and Huh7 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to measure levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in coculture studies. Next, Huh7 cells were treated with VEGF, and proliferation was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assays. The number of EpCAM-positive cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Of all the angiogenic factors, the gene expression of VEGF and angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) was significantly different between patients with NASH in the early and late fibrosis groups (P < 0.05 for both). Both VEGF and Ang2 also correlated significantly with the IHC scores of CK19 and EpCAM in the study group. In the in vitro studies, VEGF levels were significantly increased when Huh7 cells were cocultured with steatotic HUVECs and LX2 cells. The proliferation and percentage of EpCAM-positive cells was increased when Huh7 cells were treated with VEGF. CONCLUSION Our study indicates an important contribution of VEGF toward the activation of HPC-mediated regeneration and DR in NASH.
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Key Words
- Ang2, angiopoietin 2
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CM, conditioned medium
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium
- DR, ductular reaction
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HPC, hepatic progenitor cell
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- IHC, immunohistochemical
- MT, Masson trichrome
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- angiogenesis
- ductular reaction
- hepatic progenitor cells
- nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Siddiqui
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India,Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Preety Rawal
- Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chaggan Bihari
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence. Dr Savneet Kaur, Institute of liver and biliary sciences, New Delhi, India.
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23
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Bellanti F, Pannone G, Tartaglia N, Serviddio G. Redox Control of the Immune Response in the Hepatic Progenitor Cell Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:295. [PMID: 32435643 PMCID: PMC7218163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver commonly self-regenerates by a proliferation of mature cell types. Nevertheless, in case of severe or protracted damage, the organ renewal is mediated by the hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), adult progenitors capable of differentiating toward the biliary and the hepatocyte lineages. This regeneration process is determined by the formation of a stereotypical niche surrounding the emerging progenitors. The organization of the HPC niche microenvironment is crucial to drive biliary or hepatocyte regeneration. Furthermore, this is the site of a complex immunological activity mediated by several immune and non-immune cells. Indeed, several cytokines produced by monocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes may promote the activation of HPCs in the niche. On the other side, HPCs may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by liver inflammation. The inflamed liver is characterized by high generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which in turn lead to the oxidation of macromolecules and the alteration of signaling pathways. Reactive species and redox signaling are involved in both the immunological and the adult stem cell regeneration processes. It is then conceivable that redox balance may finely regulate the immune response in the HPC niche, modulating the regeneration process and the immune activity of HPCs. In this perspective article, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of reactive species in the regulation of hepatic immunity, suggesting future research directions for the study of redox signaling on the immunomodulatory properties of HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Center for Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Bellanti,
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Institute of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- Institute of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Center for Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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24
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Johnson RL. Hippo signaling and epithelial cell plasticity in mammalian liver development, homeostasis, injury and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1609-1616. [PMID: 31463737 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A traditional view of cellular differentiation is unidirectional: progenitor cells adopt specific fates in response to environmental cues resulting in deployment of cell-specific gene expression programs and acquisition of unique differentiated cellular properties such as production of structural and functional proteins that define individual cell types. In both development and in tissue repair stem and progenitor cells are thought to both self-renew to maintain the pool of precursors and to expand to give rise to transient amplifying and differentiated cell types. Recently, however, it has become appreciated that differentiated cell types can be reprogrammed to adopt progenitor and stem cell properties. In the case of epithelial cells in the mammalian liver, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells there is a significant degree of plasticity between these lineages that has been implicated in mechanisms of tissue repair and in liver pathologies such as cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling, an emerging growth control and tumor suppressor pathway, in regulating epithelial cell plasticity in the mammalian liver and in this review, the role of cellular plasticity and Hippo signaling in regulating normal and abnormal tissue responses in the mammalian liver will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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25
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Almalé L, García-Álvaro M, Martínez-Palacián A, García-Bravo M, Lazcanoiturburu N, Addante A, Roncero C, Sanz J, de la O López M, Bragado P, Mikulits W, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS, Casal JI, Segovia JC, Rial E, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. c-Met Signaling Is Essential for Mouse Adult Liver Progenitor Cells Expansion After Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Regulates Cell Phenotypic Switch. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1108-1118. [PMID: 31108004 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs)/oval cells are bipotential progenitors that participate in liver repair responses upon chronic injury. Recent findings highlight HPCs plasticity and importance of the HPCs niche signals to determine their fate during the regenerative process, favoring either fibrogenesis or damage resolution. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are among the key signals involved in liver regeneration and as component of HPCs niche regulates HPCs biology. Here, we characterize the TGF-β-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) response in oval cells, its effects on cell fate in vivo, and the regulatory effect of the HGF/c-Met signaling. Our data show that chronic treatment with TGF-β triggers a partial EMT in oval cells based on coexpression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. The phenotypic and functional profiling indicates that TGF-β-induced EMT is not associated with stemness but rather represents a step forward along hepatic lineage. This phenotypic transition confers advantageous traits to HPCs including survival, migratory/invasive and metabolic benefit, overall enhancing the regenerative potential of oval cells upon transplantation into a carbon tetrachloride-damaged liver. We further uncover a key contribution of the HGF/c-Met pathway to modulate the TGF-β-mediated EMT response. It allows oval cells expansion after EMT by controlling oxidative stress and apoptosis, likely via Twist regulation, and it counterbalances EMT by maintaining epithelial properties. Our work provides evidence that a coordinated and balanced action of TGF-β and HGF are critical for achievement of the optimal regenerative potential of HPCs, opening new therapeutic perspectives. Stem Cells 2019;37:1108-1118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Almalé
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adoración Martínez-Palacián
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Bravo
- Cell Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, CIEMAT/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalisa Addante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de la O López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina M Factor
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Snorri S Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Functional Proteomics, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Carlos Segovia
- Cell Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, CIEMAT/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rial
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Liu T, Chen L, Zhao Z, Zhang S. Toward a Reconceptualization of Stem Cells from Cellular Plasticity. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:1-7. [PMID: 30836732 PMCID: PMC6457699 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow progress in clinical applications of stem cells and the bewildering mechanisms involved have puzzled many researchers. Recently, the increasing evidences have indicated that cells have superior plasticity in vivo or in vitro, spontaneously or under extrinsic specific inducers. The concept of stem cells may be challenged, or even replaced by the concept of cell plasticity when cell reprogramming technology is progressing rapidly. The characteristics of stem cells are manifestations of cellular plasticity. Incorrect understanding of the concept of stem cells hinders the clinical application of so-called stem cells. Understanding cellular plasticity is important for understanding and treating disease. The above issues will be discussed in detail to prove the reconceptualization of stem cells from cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Navy No.971 Hospital (formerly known as No.401 Hospital) of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongjian Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Addante A, Roncero C, Almalé L, Lazcanoiturburu N, García-Álvaro M, Fernández M, Sanz J, Hammad S, Nwosu ZC, Lee SJ, Fabregat I, Dooley S, ten Dijke P, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 as a key regulator of liver progenitor cells in DDC-induced cholestatic liver injury. Liver Int 2018; 38:1664-1675. [PMID: 29751359 PMCID: PMC6693351 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) interferes with liver regeneration upon acute injury, while promoting fibrosis upon carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic injury. We have now addressed the role of BMP9 in 3,5 diethoxicarbonyl-1,4 dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced cholestatic liver injury, a model of liver regeneration mediated by hepatic progenitor cell (known as oval cell), exemplified as ductular reaction and oval cell expansion. METHODS WT and BMP9KO mice were submitted to DDC diet. Livers were examined for liver injury, fibrosis, inflammation and oval cell expansion by serum biochemistry, histology, RT-qPCR and western blot. BMP9 signalling and effects in oval cells were studied in vitro using western blot and transcriptional assays, plus functional assays of DNA synthesis, cell viability and apoptosis. Crosslinking assays and short hairpin RNA approaches were used to identify the receptors mediating BMP9 effects. RESULTS Deletion of BMP9 reduces liver damage and fibrosis, but enhances inflammation upon DDC feeding. Molecularly, absence of BMP9 results in overactivation of PI3K/AKT, ERK-MAPKs and c-Met signalling pathways, which together with an enhanced ductular reaction and oval cell expansion evidence an improved regenerative response and decreased damage in response to DDC feeding. Importantly, BMP9 directly targets oval cells, it activates SMAD1,5,8, decreases cell growth and promotes apoptosis, effects that are mediated by Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 2 (ALK2) type I receptor. CONCLUSIONS We identify BMP9 as a negative regulator of oval cell expansion in cholestatic injury, its deletion enhancing liver regeneration. Likewise, our work further supports BMP9 as an attractive therapeutic target for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Addante
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Almalé
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Department Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Zeribe C. Nwosu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven Dooley
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Pascale RM, Feo F, Calvisi DF. The complex role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 in liver damage and regeneration: New evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Liver Int 2018; 38:1547-1549. [PMID: 30145848 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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29
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Ilic Z, Mondal TK, Guest I, Crawford DR, Sell S. Participation of liver stem cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis after aflatoxin B1 exposure of glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout mice. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318777344. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318777344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1, arguably the most potent human carcinogen, induces liver cancer in humans, rats, trout, ducks, and so on, but adult mice are totally resistant. This resistance is because of a detoxifying enzyme, mouse glutathione S-transferase A3, which binds to and inactivates aflatoxin B1 epoxide, preventing the epoxide from binding to DNA and causing mutations. Glutathione S-transferase A3 or its analog has not been detected in any of the sensitive species, including humans. The generation of a glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout (represented as KO or -/-) mice has allowed us to study the induction of liver cancer in mice by aflatoxin B1. In contrast to the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in other species, aflatoxin B1 induces cholangiocarcinomas in GSTA3-/- mice. In other species and in knockout mice, the induction of liver cancer is preceded by extensive proliferation of small oval cells, providing additional evidence that oval cells are bipolar stem cells and may give rise to either hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma depending on the nature of the hepatocarcinogen and the species of animal. The recent development of mouse oval cell lines in our laboratory from aflatoxin B1-treated GSTA3-/- mice should provide a new venue for study of the properties and potential of putative mouse liver stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ilic
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tapan K Mondal
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ian Guest
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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30
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Kramer AS, Latham B, Diepeveen LA, Mou L, Laurent GJ, Elsegood C, Ochoa-Callejero L, Yeoh GC. InForm software: a semi-automated research tool to identify presumptive human hepatic progenitor cells, and other histological features of pathological significance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3418. [PMID: 29467378 PMCID: PMC5821869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) play an important regenerative role in acute and chronic liver pathologies. Liver disease research often necessitates the grading of disease severity, and pathologists’ reports are the current gold-standard for assessment. However, it is often impractical to recruit pathologists in large cohort studies. In this study we utilise PerkinElmer’s “InForm” software package to semi-automate the scoring of patient liver biopsies, and compare outputs to a pathologist’s assessment. We examined a cohort of eleven acute hepatitis samples and three non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) samples, stained with HPC markers (GCTM-5 and Pan Cytokeratin), an inflammatory marker (CD45), Sirius Red to detect collagen and haematoxylin/eosin for general histology. InForm was configured to identify presumptive HPCs, CD45+ve inflammatory cells, areas of necrosis, fat and collagen deposition (p < 0.0001). Hepatitis samples were then evaluated both by a pathologist using the Ishak-Knodell scoring system, and by InForm through customised algorithms. Necroinflammation as evaluated by a pathologist, correlated with InForm outputs (r2 = 0.8192, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that the InForm software package provides a useful tool for liver disease research, allowing rapid, and objective quantification of the presumptive HPCs and identifies histological features that assist with assessing liver disease severity, and potentially can facilitate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Kramer
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Bruce Latham
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Luke A Diepeveen
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Lingjun Mou
- WA Liver & Kidney Surgical Transplant Service, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Laurent
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Caryn Elsegood
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Angiogenesis group, Oncology Area, Centre for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - George C Yeoh
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia. .,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia. .,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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31
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Roderfeld M. Matrix metalloproteinase functions in hepatic injury and fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2017; 68-69:452-462. [PMID: 29221811 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the most common final outcome for chronic liver diseases. The complex pathogenesis includes hepatic parenchymal damage as a result of a persistent noxe, activation and recruitment of immune cells, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and the synthesis of fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) components leading to scar formation. Clinical studies and animal models demonstrated that fibrosis can be reversible. In this regard matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been focused as therapeutic targets due to their ability to modulate tissue turnover during fibrogenesis as well as regeneration and, of special interest, due to their influence on cellular behavior like proliferation, gene expression, and apoptosis that, in turn, impact fibrosis and regeneration. The current review aims to summarize and update the knowledge about expression pattern and the central roles of MMPs in hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Gaffkystr. 11c, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Chen J, Li X, Hu Y, Liu W, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Mu Y, Liu P. Gypenosides Ameliorate Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Differentiation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells into Myofibroblasts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1061-1074. [PMID: 28659031 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gypenosides (GPs), the predominant components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, exert antifibrotic effects; however, the mechanisms underlying their ability to ameliorate liver fibrosis are unclear. Liver fibrosis was induced in C57BL/6 mice via subcutaneous injection of 10% carbon tetrachloride (CCl[Formula: see text] three times a week for two weeks. Then, CCl4 was administered in conjunction with intragastric GPs for another three weeks. For in vitro analyses, WB-F344, hepatatic progenitor cells (HPCs) were treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-[Formula: see text]1) with or without GPs for 48[Formula: see text]h. The results showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity, deposition of collagen, hydroxyproline content, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin ([Formula: see text]-SMA) and collagen type I (Col I) were significantly decreased after treatment with GPs ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). In the 5M CCl4 group, the expression of HPC markers, Sox9 and cytokeratin 19 (CK19), was significantly increased compared with the normal or GPs-treated group ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Immunostaining showed that the number of Sox9 and [Formula: see text]-SMA double-positive cells was higher in the 5M CCl4 group than in the normal group, but the addition of GPs caused this cell number to decrease. In WB-F344 cells, the expression of [Formula: see text]-SMA and Col I was significantly increased after treatment with TGF-[Formula: see text], whereas in the GPs treatment group, expression was markedly decreased ([Formula: see text]). The levels of TGF-[Formula: see text] and TGF-[Formula: see text]R1 were markedly reduced after GPs treatment both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, GPs ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis via the inhibition of TGF-[Formula: see text] signaling, consequently inhibiting the differentiation of HPCs into myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- E-Institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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