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Kundu RN, Gautam RK, Chatterjee A, Bharati P, Liczbińska G, Malina RM. Nutritional status of infants and young children in India across three decades: Analysis of five national family health surveys. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:591-606. [PMID: 38467858 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three indicators of early childhood undernutrition and associated factors are evaluated among under-5 children in five National Family Health Surveys in India spanning 1992 to 2021. METHODS Data for 533,495 children under 5 years of age (U-5) were analysed in the context of three commonly used indicators of early childhood undernutrition - wasting, stunting and underweight. In addition to descriptive and inferential statistics, binary logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of specific explanatory factors on the three indicators using adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS Over the three-decade interval, stunting was reduced by 22.1% in boys and 20.9% in girls, followed by underweight, 19.3% in boys and 17.4% in girls; wasting, in contrast, was reduced to a considerably lesser extent, 2.8% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Demographic, maternal and socioeconomic factors were associated with the incidence of early childhood undernutrition, specifically among young mothers and those with less education in low-income families, and among children from Scheduled Tribes or Scheduled Castes. Stunting and underweight declined significantly over the past three decades while wasting changed negligibly. The disparity in the occurrence of early childhood undernutrition was apparent throughout socioeconomic categories and regions of India. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the need for special programs aimed at reducing waste among children and also the need for customized initiatives focused on the improvement of maternal education and wealth in addition to other ancillary factors related to regional variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra Nath Kundu
- Department of Anthropology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajesh K Gautam
- Department of Anthropology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arna Chatterjee
- Department of Anthropology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Premananda Bharati
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Grażyna Liczbińska
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Robert M Malina
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78705, USA
- Adjunct Professor, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Jokhu LA, Syauqy A. Determinants of concurrent wasting and stunting among children 6 to 23 mo in Indonesia. Nutrition 2024; 122:112390. [PMID: 38458063 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concurrent wasting and stunting (WaSt) in a child is a health problem that leads to detrimental effects. However, to our knowledge, there is limited research regarding the prevalence and determinants of WaSt, including in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and determinants of WaSt in children 6 to 23 mo of age. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with data sets from the Indonesia Nutritional Status Survey (INSS). Data was collected between January and December 2021. About 15 641 children, ages 23 mo, were included. A χ2 analysis examined the association between the dependent and independent variables. A multivariate test analyzed the risk for the independent variable to the dependent, seen through the adjusted odds ratio (aOR). RESULTS The prevalence of WaSt was 2.4%. Higher odds for WaSt were seen in the following: • Boys: 2.15 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72-2.68); • Children ages 12 to 23 mo 3.15 times (95% CI, 2.33-4.25); • Those with low birth weight 3.11 times (95% CI, 2.33-4.15) • Those with small birth size: 2 times (95% CI, 1.59-2.54) • Babies born from mothers >35 y of age: 1.5 times (95% CI, 1.19-1.89); • Children who experienced infection: 1.43 times (95% CI, 1.16-1.76); • Children not using the Integrated Health and Nutrition Services (Posyandu): 1.17 times (95% CI; 1.29-2.27); • Children from middle- income families:2.54 times higher odds (95% CI, 1.75-3.7); and • Children from rural areas: 1.37 times (95% CI, 1.1-1.71). CONCLUSION WaSt is associated with multiple factors in Indonesia. Hence, policymakers need to address this problem comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidya Alwina Jokhu
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Syauqy
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
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Saleh A, Khadafi R, Nurmandi A. Stunting and the hope that must remain; regional and human resource development perspectives; inadequate policy problem identification process in the Tabagsel region of Indonesia. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1337848. [PMID: 38859899 PMCID: PMC11163070 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1337848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arifin Saleh
- Social Welfare Study Program, Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Rizal Khadafi
- Public Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Nurmandi
- Doctoral Program in Islamic Politics-Political Science, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul, Indonesia
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Kumala Putri DS, Sari K, Utami NH, Djaiman SPH. Influence of maternal and neonatal continuum of care on the risk of intergenerational cycle of stunting: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081774. [PMID: 38643007 PMCID: PMC11033657 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyse the influence of the continuum of care during pregnancy and neonatal periods on the risk of intergenerational cycle of stunting. DESIGN This study was a cross-sectional study, with data analysed from the 2018 Basic Health Research in Indonesia. SETTINGS Basic Health Research 2018 was conducted throughout 513 cities/regencies in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The households were selected through two-stage sampling methods. First, census blocks (CB) were selected using probability proportional to size methods in each urban/rural stratum from each city/regency. Ten households were then selected from each CB using systematic sampling methods. All family members of the selected households were measured and interviewed. PARTICIPANTS This study analyses 31 603 children aged 0-24 months. OUTCOMES MEASURES The dependent variable was the risk of the intergenerational cycle of stunting. Mothers who had a height less than 150.1 cm (short stature mothers) and had children (≤ 24 months of age) with length-for-age Z-score less than -2 Standard Deviation (SD) of the WHO Child Growth Standard (stunted children) were defined as at risk of the intergenerational cycle of stunting. RESULTS Mothers with incomplete maternal and neonatal care visits were 30% more likely to be at risk on the intergenerational cycle of stunting (OR (95% CI): 1.3 (1.00 to 1.63)) after adjusting for economic status. CONCLUSION The continuum of maternal and neonatal healthcare visits could potentially break the intergenerational cycle of stunting, especially in populations where stunted mothers are prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Sisca Kumala Putri
- Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kencana Sari
- Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nur Handayani Utami
- Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sri Poedji Hastoety Djaiman
- Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
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Chapman AJ, Ebido CC, Tening RN, Huang Y, Sougou NM, Kolopaking R, Diallo AH, Anggorowati R, Dial FB, Massonnié J, Firoozmand M, Niang CEHA, Harder MK. Creating culturally-informed protocols for a stunting intervention using a situated values-based approach (WeValue InSitu): a double case study in Indonesia and Senegal. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:987. [PMID: 38589810 PMCID: PMC11003100 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
International development work involves external partners bringing expertise, resources, and management for local interventions in LMICs, but there is often a gap in understandings of relevant local shared values. There is a widespread need to better design interventions which accommodate relevant elements of local culture, as emphasised by recent discussions in global health research regarding neo-colonialism. One recent innovation is the concept of producing 'cultural protocols' to precede and guide community engagement or intervention design, but without suggestions for generating them. This study explores and demonstrates the potential of an approach taken from another field, named WeValue InSitu, to generate local culturally-informed protocols. WeValue InSitu engages stakeholder groups in meaning-making processes which 'crystallize' their envelope of local shared values, making them communicable to outsiders.Our research context is understanding and reducing child stunting, including developing interventions, carried out at the Senegal and Indonesia sites of the UKRI GCRF Action Against Stunting Hub. Each national research team involves eight health disciplines from micro-nutrition to epigenetics, and extensive collection of samples and questionnaires. Local culturally-informed protocols would be generally valuable to pre-inform engagement and intervention designs. Here we explore generating them by immediately following the group WeValue InSitu crystallization process with specialised focus group discussions exploring: what local life practices potentially have significant influence on the environments affecting child stunting, and which cultural elements do they highlight as relevant. The discussions will be framed by the shared values, and reveal linkages to them. In this study, stakeholder groups like fathers, mothers, teachers, market traders, administrators, farmers and health workers were recruited, totalling 83 participants across 20 groups. Themes found relevant for a culturally-informed protocol for locally-acceptable food interventions included: specific gender roles; social hierarchies; health service access challenges; traditional beliefs around malnutrition; and attitudes to accepting outside help. The concept of a grounded culturally-informed protocol, and the use of WeValue InSitu to generate it, has thus been demonstrated here. Future work to scope out the advantages and limitations compared to deductive culture studies, and to using other formative research methods would now be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Chapman
- Values & Sustainability Research Group, School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Chike C Ebido
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Rahel Neh Tening
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ndèye Marème Sougou
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Risatianti Kolopaking
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON) Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amadou H Diallo
- International Research Laboratory (IRL 3189) Environnement santé et sociétés/CNRS/UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rita Anggorowati
- Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON) Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Records and Health Information, Faculty of Health and Technology, Universitas Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Fatou B Dial
- Laboratory of Cultural Anthropology, IFAN, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jessica Massonnié
- School of Education, Languages and Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Department of Learning and Leadership, IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahsa Firoozmand
- Values & Sustainability Research Group, School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Marie K Harder
- Values & Sustainability Research Group, School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Kundu RN, Hossain MG, Haque MA, Mahumud RA, Pal M, Bharati P. Burden of undernutrition among under-five Bengali children and its determinants: Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys of Bangladesh and India. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301808. [PMID: 38578746 PMCID: PMC10997093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, undernutrition is the leading cause of mortality among under-five children. Bangladesh and India were in the top ten countries in the world for under-five mortality. The aim of the study was to investigate the nutritional status of Bengali under-five children. METHODS Data on 25938 under-five children were retrieved from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 (BDHS) and the National Family Health Survey of India 2015-16 (NFHS-4). Stunting, wasting, underweight and thinness were considered to understand the nutritional status of under-five children. Binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of undernutrition among children. RESULTS Over one-quarter of Bengali under-five children were found to be suffering from the problem of stunting (31.9%) and underweight (28.1%), while other nutritional indicators raised serious concern and revealed inter-country disparities. In the cases of wasting, underweight and thinness, the mean z-scores and frequency differences between Bangladesh and India were significant. The nutritional status of Bengali under-five children appeared to have improved in Bangladesh compared to India. Child undernutrition had significant relations with maternal undernutrition in both countries. Girls in Bangladesh had slightly better nutritional status than boys. In Bangladesh, lack of formal education among mothers was a leading cause of child undernutrition. Stunting and underweight coexist with low household wealth index in both counties. CONCLUSIONS The research revealed that various factors were associated with child undernutrition in Bengalis. It has been proposed that programmes promoting maternal education and nutrition, along with household wealth index be prioritised. The study recommends that the Governments of Bangladesh and India should increase the budget for health of children so as to reach the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra Nath Kundu
- Department of Anthropology, Former Senior Research Fellow (UGC-NET), West Bengal State University, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Golam Hossain
- Department of Statistics, Health Research Group, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Manoranjan Pal
- Indian Statistical Institute, Economic Research Unit, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Premananda Bharati
- Indian Statistical Institute, Biological Anthropology Unit, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Adediran OA. The effect of women's decision-making on child nutritional outcomes in South Africa. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 53:101355. [PMID: 38350224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Women's decision-making is a phenomenon in children's nutritional outcomes. This study investigated the causal effect of women's decision-making on child nutritional outcomes using a panel dataset from the South African National Income Dynamic Survey (NIDS) from 2014/15-2017. The child's nutritional outcomes comprised three anthropometric measurements, which included weight-for-height, weight-for-age, and height-for-age. The study used variables, which include daily expenditure, large purchases, where children attended school, who lived with the family, and where the household lived, to create a decision-making index using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). A control function approach (CFA) was used to control for endogeneity issues. Using this approach, the findings suggested that women's decision-making had a significant positive effect on the child's nutritional outcomes. While women's decision-making improves a child's weight-for-age and weight-for-height, the result was inconclusive on the child's height-for-age. The policy implications of these findings indicate that the role of women's empowerment is important and could significantly help in achieving better child nutritional outcomes. Overall, the findings suggest the evaluation of policies that ameliorate gender inequality and children's health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olanrewaju Adewole Adediran
- Department of Sustainable Livelihoods, School of Business Leadership (SBL), University of South Africa, South Africa.
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Rosenstock TS, Yet B. Statistical modelling of determinants of child stunting using secondary data and Bayesian networks: a UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) Action Against Stunting Hub protocol paper. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024; 8:e001983. [PMID: 38519063 PMCID: PMC10961555 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2023-001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several factors have been implicated in child stunting, but the precise determinants, mechanisms of action and causal pathways remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to explore causal relationships between the various determinants of child stunting. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will use data compiled from national health surveys in India, Indonesia and Senegal, and reviews of published evidence on determinants of child stunting. The data will be analysed using a causal Bayesian network (BN)-an approach suitable for modelling interdependent networks of causal relationships. The model's structure will be defined in a directed acyclic graph and illustrate causal relationship between the variables (determinants) and outcome (child stunting). Conditional probability distributions will be generated to show the strength of direct causality between variables and outcome. BN will provide evidence of the causal role of the various determinants of child stunning, identify evidence gaps and support in-depth interrogation of the evidence base. Furthermore, the method will support integration of expert opinion/assumptions, allowing for inclusion of the many factors implicated in child stunting. The development of the BN model and its outputs will represent an ideal opportunity for transdisciplinary research on the determinants of stunting. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Not applicable/no human participants included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbaros Yet
- Department of Cognitive Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Oduro MS, Iddi S, Asiedu L, Asiki G, Kadengye DT. Utilizing a multi-stage transition model for analysing child stunting in two urban slum settlements of Nairobi: A longitudinal analysis, 2011-2014. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0272684. [PMID: 38408049 PMCID: PMC10896550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stunting is common among children in many low and middle income countries, particularly in rural and urban slum settings. Few studies have described child stunting transitions and the associated factors in urban slum settlements. We describe transitions between stunting states and associated factors among children living in Nairobi slum settlements. METHODS This study used data collected between 2010 and 2014 from the Nairobi Urban and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) and a vaccination study nested within the surveillance system. A subset of 692 children aged 0 to 3 years, with complete anthropometric data, and household socio-demographic data was used for the analysis. Height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) was used to define stunting: normal (HAZ ≥ 1), marginally stunted (-2 ≤ HAZ < -1), moderately stunted (-3 ≤ HAZ < -2), and severely stunted (HAZ < -3). Transitions from one stunting level to another and in the reverse direction were computed. The associations between explanatory factors and the transitions between four child stunting states were modeled using a continuous-time multi-state model. RESULTS We observed that 48%, 39%, 41%, and 52% of children remained in the normal, marginally stunted, moderately stunted, and severely stunted states, respectively. About 29% transitioned from normal to marginally stunted state, 15% to the moderately stunted state, and 8% to the severely stunted state. Also, 8%, 12%, and 29% back transitioned from severely stunted, moderately stunted, and marginally stunted states, to the normal state, respectively. The shared common factors associated with all transitions to a more severe state include: male gender, ethnicity (only for mild and severe transition states), child's age, and household food insecurity. In Korogocho, children whose parents were married and those whose mothers had attained primary or post-primary education were associated with a transition from a mild state into a moderately stunted state. Children who were breastfed exclusively were less likely to transition from moderate to severe stunting state. CONCLUSION These findings reveal a high burden of stunting and transitions in urban slums. Context-specific interventions targeting the groups of children identified by the socio-demographic factors are needed. Improving food security and exclusive breastfeeding could potentially reduce stunting in the slums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Oduro
- Pfizer, Inc., Pharm Sci and PGS Statistics, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Applied Statistics and Research Methods, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Samuel Iddi
- Research Division, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Louis Asiedu
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gershim Asiki
- Research Division, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Damazo T. Kadengye
- Research Division, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
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Picauly I, Adi AAAM, Meiyetriani E, Mading M, Weraman P, Nashriyah SF, Boeky DLA, Lobo V, Saleh A, Peni JA, Hidayat AT, Marni M. Determinants of child stunting in the dryland area of East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia: insights from a national-level survey. J Med Life 2024; 17:147-156. [PMID: 38813363 PMCID: PMC11131646 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Stunting remains a critical public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. This region, characterized by its archipelagic dryland geography, has reported the highest prevalence of stunting among children under five from 2007 to 2021. The study aimed to examine the relationship between various characteristics of children under five and household factors with the occurrence of stunting. This observational study, with a cross-sectional design, used secondary data from the 2021 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey, covering 7,835 children under five. We analyzed the data to identify patterns and relationships, using univariate analysis to display percentage distributions and bivariate analysis through multiple binary logistic regression tests. The results of the multiple logistic regression test showed that indicators of family characteristics such as age, gender, low birth weight, body length, possession of birth certificates, and receiving complementary feeding were all related to stunting. Additionally, household factors such as toilet type, National Health Insurance coverage, ownership of a Prosperous Family Card, and residential area were significant determinants. Factors contributing to stunting in dryland areas include a range of elements from both family characteristics-such as age, gender, birth certification, low birth weight, and initial body length, to the introduction of supplementary feeding-and household indicators, including the use of specific types of latrines (Plengsengan and Cemplung types without covers), health insurance coverage, possession of Prosperous Family Cards, and the family's residential area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intje Picauly
- Department of Public Health, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | | | - Eflita Meiyetriani
- SEAMEO RECFON, Center for Regional Nutrition Studies, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Majematang Mading
- Institute of Research and Development Waikabubak, Sumba Barat, Indonesia
| | - Pius Weraman
- Department of Public Health, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Varry Lobo
- Institute of Research and Development Waikabubak, Sumba Barat, Indonesia
| | - Asmulyati Saleh
- Department of Nutrition, Kupang Ministry of Health Health Polytechnic, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Jane Austen Peni
- Department of Nutrition, Kupang Ministry of Health Health Polytechnic, Kupang, Indonesia
| | | | - Marni Marni
- Department of Public Health, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
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Bhadra D. An analysis of the dual burden of childhood stunting and wasting in Myanmar: a copula geoadditive modelling approach. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:1-30. [PMID: 38238891 PMCID: PMC10882548 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the spatial variation and risk factors of the dual burden of childhood stunting and wasting in Myanmar. DESIGN Analysis was carried out on nationally representative data obtained from the Myan-mar Demographic and Health Survey conducted during 2015-2016. Childhood stunting and wasting are used as proxies of chronic and acute childhood undernutrition. A child with standardized height-for-age Z score (HAZ) below -2 is categorized as stunted while that with a weight-for-height Z score (WHZ) below -2 as wasted. SETTING A nationally representative sample of households from the 15 states and regions of Myanmar. PARTICIPANTS Children under the age of five (n 4162). RESULTS Overall marginal prevalence of childhood stunting and wasting were 28.9% (95% CI 27.5, 30.2) and 7.3% (95% CI 6.5, 8.0) while their concurrent prevalence was 1.6% (95% CI 1.2, 2.0). The study revealed mild positive association between stunting and wasting across Myanmar. Both stunting and wasting had significant spatial variation across the country with eastern regions having higher burden of stunting while southern regions having higher prevalence of wasting. Child age and maternal weight-for-height Z score had significant non- linear association with both stunting and wasting while child gender, ethnicity and household wealth quintile had significant association with stunting. CONCLUSION The study provides data-driven evidence about the association between stunting and wasting and their spatial variation across Myanmar. The resulting insights can aid in the formulation and implementation of targeted, region-specific interventions towards improving the state of childhood under-nutrition in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Bhadra
- Operations and Decision Sciences Area, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380015, India
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Jatnika R, Agustiani H, Abidin FA, Lubis FY, Kustimah K, Febriani LV, Syahlaa S. Child Development Card (KKA) as a discriminant tool for the growth and development of stunted and normal children in Indonesia. J Public Health Res 2024; 13:22799036241231790. [PMID: 38356734 PMCID: PMC10865944 DOI: 10.1177/22799036241231790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stunting is a significant concern in Indonesia, but its detection currently relies on anthropometric measurements, lacking the integration of comprehensive evaluations of child development. Therefore, the Child Development Card (KKA) serves as a valuable instrument employed to assess the growth and developmental aspects of children. Aim This research aimed to investigate the potential of KKA as a discriminative tool for distinguishing between stunted and normal children. Methods The participants consisted of 159 and 88 normal and stunted children aged 13-24 and 25-60 months. The aspects of children's development examined included passive communication, social behavior, gross motor skills, active communication, fine motor skills, intelligence, and self-help skills. Discriminant analysis was conducted to identify the developmental aspects differentiating stunted children from normal children. Results The analysis using SPSS 25 showed that the discriminating aspects of children's development between stunted and normal children were gross motor skills, fine motor skills, passive communication, and intelligence. For the age group of 13-24 months, the discriminant function is represented as D = - 0.276 + 0.197 K - 0.511 GK + 0.361 KP. Meanwhile, for the age group of 25-60 months, the discriminant function is expressed as D = - 2.586 + 0.151 GK - 0.081 GH. Conclusion Stunted and normal children could be differentiated based on four key aspects of development: gross and fine motor skills, passive communication, and intelligence. These findings aid in the early detection of stunted children and emphasize the crucial role of parental stimulation across these four aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Jatnika
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Bandung, Indonesia
- Center for Psychometrics Study, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hendriati Agustiani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Fitri Ariyanti Abidin
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Kustimah Kustimah
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Voni Febriani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Syauqiyyah Syahlaa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Bandung, Indonesia
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Rahmadiyah DC, Sahar J, Widyatuti, Sartika RAD, Hassan H. Family Resilience With Stunted Children Aged Below 5 Years: A Qualitative Study in Depok City, Indonesia. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2024; 11:23333936231221753. [PMID: 38250089 PMCID: PMC10799585 DOI: 10.1177/23333936231221753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Stunting is influenced by family and household factors that affect toddler nutrition. As the primary provider of both physical and psychological resources to prevent health problems, the family has a significant role in preventing stunting. Family resilience in supporting child health is mediated by family functioning. A qualitative descriptive study explored the influence of family resilience in fulfilling the nutritional needs of stunted children. This study involved in-depth interviews with 23 mothers of stunted children aged 24 to 59 months. Through content analysis, we identified three main themes: (1) family belief that stunting is hereditary, (2) family belief that stunted children will "grow up," and (3) lack of communication between family members in discussing stunting. Future studies should explore intervention models to increase family resilience and prevent stunting in children under five.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Widyatuti
- Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
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Kusumawardani HD, Laksono AD, Hidayat T, Supadmi S, Latifah L, Sulasmi S, Ashar H, Musoddaq MA. Stunting Among Children Under Two Years in the Islands Areas: A Cross-sectional Study of the Maluku Region in Indonesia, 2021. J Res Health Sci 2023; 23:e00597. [PMID: 38315912 PMCID: PMC10843314 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2023.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Maluku region encompasses thousands of islands. The study analyzed factors related to stunting among children under two years old in the Maluku Region of Indonesia. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined 4764 children under two years. In addition to nutritional status (stature), the study analyzed ten independent variables (province, residence, maternal age, marital status, maternal education, employment, wealth, children's age, gender, and early initiation of breastfeeding [EIBF]). Finally, the contribution of various factors to stunting was examined using logistic regression. RESULTS Children in Maluku province were 1.13 times more likely than those in North Maluku province to become stunted. In addition, children aged 12-13 months were 4.09 times more likely than<12 months, and boys were 1.87 times more likely than girls to have the patterns of stunting. Children in rural areas were 1.10 times more likely to become stunted than those in urban areas (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.14). Divorced/widowed mothers were 1.88 times more likely than married mothers. Mothers of all education levels were more likely than those without formal education, and unemployed mothers were 1.07 times more likely than employed mothers to have stunted children. The possibility of becoming stunted was lower when the children were wealthier. CONCLUSION Nine variables were related to stunted incidence, including province, residence, maternal age, marital status, maternal education, employment, wealth, children's age, and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agung Dwi Laksono
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Taufik Hidayat
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Supadmi
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Leny Latifah
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Sulasmi
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hadi Ashar
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Taslim NA, Farradisya S, Gunawan WB, Alfatihah A, Barus RIB, Ratri LK, Arnamalia A, Barazani H, Samtiya M, Mayulu N, Kim B, Hardinsyah H, Surya E, Nurkolis F. The interlink between chrono-nutrition and stunting: current insights and future perspectives. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1303969. [PMID: 38192646 PMCID: PMC10773880 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1303969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Stunting is the one factor that is responsible for the irretrievable damage to children's mental and physical health. Stunting imitates chronic undernutrition throughout the most extreme critical stages of growth and development of a child in their early life, and due to that stunted child does not completely develop and are too short for their age. Stunting is mainly linked with brain underdevelopment, along with lifelong damaging consequences, comprising weakened mental and learning capacity, deprived performance in school during childhood, and enhanced risks of nutrition linked to chronic long-lasting ailments, such as diabetes, hypertension, diabesity, and obesity in the future. In this review, the authors mainly summarize the latest studies related to chronic nutrition and how it is related to stunting. Optimal nutrition, particularly during pregnancy and the first 24 months of a child's life, is crucial in preventing stunting. Circadian rhythms play a significant role in maternal and fetal health, affecting outcomes such as premature birth and stunting. Maintaining a balanced diet, avoiding late-night carbohydrate-heavy meals during pregnancy, and promoting breastfeeding align with the body's biological clock, which can benefit newborns in various ways. Providing dedicated spaces for breastfeeding in public places is important to support infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurpudji Astuti Taslim
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - William Ben Gunawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alumnus of Department of Nutrition Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Aulia Alfatihah
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ria Irmelin Br Barus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Liesty Kurnia Ratri
- Faculty of Medicine, Alumnus of Department of Nutrition Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Astri Arnamalia
- Department of Chemistry, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hero Barazani
- Medical Programme, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Haryana, India
| | - Nelly Mayulu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Universitas Muhammadiyah Manado, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hardinsyah Hardinsyah
- Senior Professor of Applied Nutrition Division, Faculty of Human Ecology, Department of Community Nutrition, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ervan Surya
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fahrul Nurkolis
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Rinanda T, Riani C, Artarini A, Sasongko L. Correlation between gut microbiota composition, enteric infections and linear growth impairment: a case-control study in childhood stunting in Pidie, Aceh, Indonesia. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:54. [PMID: 37946290 PMCID: PMC10636988 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota is pivotal in maintaining children's health and well-being. The ingestion of enteric pathogens and dysbiosis lead to Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED), which is essential in stunting pathogenesis. The roles of gut microbiome and enteric infections have not been explored comprehensively in relation to childhood stunting in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the correlation between gut microbiota composition, enteric infections, and growth biomarker, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), in stunted children from Pidie, Aceh, Indonesia. METHODS This study was a case-control study involving 42 subjects aged 24 to 59 months, comprising 21 stunted children for the case and 21 normal children for the control group. The IGF-1 serum level was quantified using ELISA. The gut microbiome profiling was conducted using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The expression of enteric pathogens virulence genes was determined using quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. The correlations of observed variables were analysed using suitable statistical analyses. RESULTS The result showed that the IGF-1 sera levels in stunted were lower than those in normal children (p ≤ 0.001). The abundance of Firmicutes (50%) was higher than Bacteroidetes (34%) in stunted children. The gut microbiome profile of stunted children showed enriched genera such as Blautia, Dorea, Collinsella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 13, Asteroleplasma and Anaerostipes. Meanwhile the depleted genera comprised Prevotella, Lactococcus, Butyrivibrio, Muribaculaceae, Alloprevotella, Akkermansia, Enterococcus, Terrisporobacter and Turicibacter. The abundance of water biological contaminants such as Aeromonas, Stappiaceae, and Synechococcus was also higher in stunted children compared to normal children. The virulence genes expression of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (aaiC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (estA), Enteropathogenic E. coli (eaeA), Shigella/Enteroinvasive E. coli (ipaH3) and Salmonella enterica (ompC) in stunted was higher than in normal children (p ≤ 0.001), which negatively correlated to height and level of IGF-1. CONCLUSION The present study showed the distinctive gut microbiome profile of stunted and normal children from Pidie, Aceh, Indonesia. The gut microbiota of stunted children revealed dysbiosis, comprised several pro-inflammatory, metabolic abnormalities and high-fat/low-fiber diet-related taxa, and expressed virulence genes of enteric pathogens. These findings provide evidence that it is imperative to restore dysbiosis and preserve the balance of gut microbiota to support linear growth in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristia Rinanda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Catur Riani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Anita Artarini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Lucy Sasongko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia.
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Picauly I, Adi AAAM, Meiyetriani E, Mading M, Weraman P, Nashriyah SF, Hidayat AT, Boeky DLA, Lobo V, Saleh A, Peni JA. Path analysis model for preventing stunting in dryland area island East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293797. [PMID: 37917759 PMCID: PMC10621912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The problem of stunting is still a fundamental problem in Indonesia's human development. East Nusa Tenggara Province is an archipelago dryland area where in 2007-2021 it has contributed to the highest number of stunting children prevalence in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the relationship of variables in individual, household and district level with the prevalence of stunting. METHODS This type of research is observational study with a cross sectional design. This study used individual secondary data from the Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey in 2021 consisting of 7,835 toddlers and National Social Economics Survey 2021. RESULTS This research found that both specific & sensitive intervention programs had an influence in accelerating the decline in stunting prevalence (higher score on Z Score). Results also revealed the positive influence of the food access variable on nutritional intake. The results of the path analysis test showed that sensitive intervention program variables have a positive effect on food access variable and environmental variable (environmental sanitation) such as the habit of open defecation and healthcare. There was significant relationship on disease history, environment and intake to Height for Age (HAZ) score. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, direct and indirect factors have important roles to prevent stunting. Sensitive and specific intervention program, food access, macro determinants and environment are the indirect indicators which contribute significantly to the stunting. The risk of children under five years old experiencing malnourished nutritional status increases with a history of infectious disease (diarrhea, ARI, worms). The risk of children under five years experiencing malnourished nutritional status decreases with adequate nutritional intake. It is hoped that there will be a special model of stunting control interventions at the individual level and at the family, household and district level that are integrated and of high quality through multisectoral cooperation in the dryland areas of the islands of East Nusa Tenggara Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intje Picauly
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Public Health, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | | | - Eflita Meiyetriani
- SEAMEO RECFON, Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Majematang Mading
- Lokalitbangkes Waikabubak, Ministry of Health, West Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Pius Weraman
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Public Health, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Siti Fadhilatun Nashriyah
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Thohir Hidayat
- SEAMEO RECFON, Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Daniela L. Adeline Boeky
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Public Health, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Varry Lobo
- Lokalitbangkes Waikabubak, Ministry of Health, West Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | | | - Jane A. Peni
- Health Polytechnique Kupang, Ministry of Health, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Rahayuwati L, Komariah M, Sari CWM, Yani DI, Hermayanti Y, Setiawan A, Hastuti H, Maulana S, Kohar K. The Influence of Mother's Employment, Family Income, and Expenditure on Stunting Among Children Under Five: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:2271-2278. [PMID: 37601326 PMCID: PMC10437103 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s417749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is widely acknowledged that the socioeconomic circumstances of a family income are correctly reflected in that family expenditures. The dietary habits of families are influenced by socioeconomic circumstances that may affect stunting. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the household economic predictor stunting (mother's employment, family income, and family expenditure) in children under five. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design. Six districts and cities have been chosen as study areas based on the areas with the highest incidence of stunting in West Java, Indonesia. This study conducted specifically from October to December 2018. Data were examined using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution) and a Spearman Rank bivariate test. A logistic regression was employed to determine the elements that serve as predictors of stunting. Results A total of 731 women with children under five participated in the study. A bivariate analysis showed that mother's employment had an association with stunting among children under five (p = 0.014). Meanwhile, family income and expenditure are not statistically significant associated with stunting (p > 0.05). A multivariate analysis showed that mother's employment was a stunting predictor with odd ratio (OR) 1.810 (p = 0.017). The OR value means that mothers who do not work have a 1.810 chance for their children to experience stunting compared with mothers who have work. However, family income and expenditure have negative projected values (p = 0.580 and p = 0.398, respectively). Conclusion Children under five who are stunted are potentially predictive with mothers' employment, with a chance is higher in mother who do not work. However, family income and expenditure are not predictive of stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laili Rahayuwati
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Maria Komariah
- Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Citra Windani Mambang Sari
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Desy Indra Yani
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yanti Hermayanti
- Department of Maternity Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Arlette Setiawan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hediati Hastuti
- Internship Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sidik Maulana
- Internship Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Kelvin Kohar
- Clinical Clerkship Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital, Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia
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Htet MK, Do TT, Wah T, Zin T, Hmone MP, Raihana S, Kirkwood E, Hlaing LM, Dibley MJ. Socio-economic and agricultural factors associated with stunting of under 5-year children: findings from surveys in mountains, dry zone and delta regions of rural Myanmar (2016-2017). Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1644-1657. [PMID: 37254445 PMCID: PMC10410374 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study's objective was to investigate multiple underlying social, economic and agricultural determinants of stunting among under-five children in three distinct ecological areas in rural Myanmar. DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional surveys in three states of Myanmar. SETTING Rural households in Chin (mountainous), Magway (plains) and Ayeyarwady (delta). PARTICIPANTS From two purposively selected adjacent townships in each state, we randomly selected twenty villages and, in each village, thirty households with under-five children. Households in the first survey in 2016 were revisited in late 2017 to capture seasonal variations. RESULTS Stunting increased from 40·4 % to 42·0 %, with the highest stunting prevalence in Chin state (62·4%). Univariate Poisson regression showed factors contributing to child stunting varied across the regions. Adjusted Poisson regression models showed that child's age and short maternal stature (aRR = 1·14 for Chin, aRR = 1·89 for Magway and aRR = 1·86 for Ayeyarwady) were consistently associated with child stunting across three areas. For Chin, village-level indicators such as crop consumption (aRR = 1·18), crop diversity (aRR = 0·82) and land ownership (aRR = 0·89) were significantly associated with stunting. In Magway, the number of household members (aRR = 1·92), wealth status (aRR = 0·46), food security status (aRR = 1·14), land ownership (aRR = 0·85) and in Ayeyarwady, women's decision-making (aRR = 0·67) and indicators related to hygiene (aRR = 1·13) and sanitation (aRR = 1·45) were associated with stunting. CONCLUSIONS Area-specific factors were associated with stunting. Maternal short stature and child age were consistent determinants of stunting. A multi-sectoral local approach, including improvements in transport, is needed to address the intergenerational malnutrition problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyaw Htet
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Myat Pan Hmone
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shahreen Raihana
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Lwin Mar Hlaing
- National Nutrition Centre, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Michael J Dibley
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia
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Acharya S, Thapa B, Kansakar R, Shakya H, Dhakal AK, KC D. Stunting among Children Aged 6 to 59 Months Visiting the Outpatient Department of Pediatrics in a Tertiary Care Centre. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2023; 61:654-657. [PMID: 38289808 PMCID: PMC10566612 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stunting refers to low height for age, resulting from chronic undernutrition, often linked to poor socio-economic conditions, maternal health, infant care, and nutrition. It hinders children's physical and cognitive development. In Nepal, over half of children under five suffer from malnutrition. Despite efforts, stunting remains high but has decreased from 57% in 1996 to 25% in 2022. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of stunting among children aged 6 to 59 months visiting the outpatient Department of Pediatrics in a tertiary care centre. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6 to 59 months visiting the outpatient Department of Pediatrics in a tertiary care centre after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee from 27 April 2023 to 15 July 2023. Anthropometric measurements were taken. World health organization standard growth charts for Z score was used appropriately for the completed age in months and gender of the child. A pre-designed questionnaire was used for face-to-face interviews. Convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Results Among 320 children, 46 (14.38%) (10.54-18.22, 95% Confidence Interval) children had stunting. Among those 46 children with stunting, 20 (43.47%) had severe stunting. Conclusions The prevalence of stunting among children aged 6 to 59 months was found to be lower than other studies done in similar settings. Keywords children; prevalence; stunting; undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Acharya
- Department of Pediatrics, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Bibechan Thapa
- Department of Surgery, Nepal National Hospital, Kalanki, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rochak Kansakar
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Kathmandu Valley Neuro and General Hospital, Bagdurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Henish Shakya
- Department of Pediatrics, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ajaya Kumar Dhakal
- Department of Pediatrics, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Divya KC
- Department of Pediatrics, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Samodra YL, Hsu HC, Chuang KY, Chuang YC. Family economic trajectories and body mass index in Indonesia: Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Surveys 2 to 5. Prev Med Rep 2023; 34:102262. [PMID: 37273523 PMCID: PMC10236453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indonesia faces the double burdens of childhood obesity and malnutrition. A family's socioeconomic status has been suggested to be one of the most influential factors contributing to childhood nutritional problems. This study aimed to: 1) identify the distinct trajectories of family economics; and 2) assess whether a family's economic trajectory influences children's body mass index (BMI). We analyzed trajectory patterns of family economic levels from 1997 to 2015 among 846 children aged under 3 years in 1997 using data from Indonesian Family Life Surveys. Trajectory patterns were identified with Group-Based Trajectory Modeling using the traj plug-in in STATA software. The BMI was classified according to 2007 World Health Organization growth standards. Adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs) of family economic level trajectories and children's BMI were calculated using multinomial logistic regressions. We identified three distinct trajectories of family economic level: stable poorest, stable middle, and increasing richest. In the total sample, there were no significant relationships between a family's income trajectory and children's BMI in the adjusted models. A significant relationship existed for male children, but not for female children, of compared to the poorest family trajectory group, male children in the increasing richest trajectory group were more likely to be overweight/obese (aRRR 6.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-30.62) after adjusting for age and BMI. The present results highlight the importance of early interventions to minimize the potential adverse impacts of excessive BMI later in adulthood.
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Thahir AIA, Li M, Holmes A, Gordon A. Exploring Factors Associated with Stunting in 6-Month-Old Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nutrients 2023; 15:3420. [PMID: 37571357 PMCID: PMC10421344 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunting in children under the age of two is a significant global concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia. Intervention efforts often come too late as many of the underlying causal factors have already occurred earlier. While antenatal multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) have demonstrated positive effects on pregnancy outcomes, their impact on infant growth in the first six months remains inadequately explored in epidemiological studies. This study aims to identify factors associated with stunting at six months in infants whose mothers received MMS. A population-based cohort study was conducted in four subdistricts of Banggai, Indonesia. Pregnant women were recruited in their third trimester and followed up until their children were six months of age. Validated questionnaires were employed to gather data on social determinants of health and diet, and standardised methods were utilised for anthropometric measurements. Stunting was determined based on the WHO child growth standards. The analysis comprised data from 152 mother-child pairs. The prevalence of stunting during early infancy (first two months) was 18.4%, which decreased to 15.8% in later infancy (at six months). Factors such as small-for-gestational-age (AOR = 11.29; 2.73-46.66), preterm birth (AOR = 6.33; 1.25-31.97), short birth length (AOR = 4.31; 1.11-16.78), maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) below 23.5 cm, and female infants (AOR = 3.27; 95%CI: 1.04-10.27) were associated with stunting at six months. This study highlights that stunting in the first six months is present at birth, with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) as a strong predictor. In addition, there was a trend to improved growth (-0.30 [-0.79 to 0.18]) in infants born to mothers who received MMS supplementation pre-pregnancy rather than during pregnancy, although it was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Imam Arundhana Thahir
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Mu Li
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
| | - Andrew Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Adrienne Gordon
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA), Newborn Care, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney 2050, Australia
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Yohana S, Indriyanti R, Suryanti N, Rahayuwati L, Juniarti N, Setiawan AS. Caries Experience among Children with History of Neonatal Stunting. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:687-692. [PMID: 36075267 PMCID: PMC10569887 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with neonatal growth retardation (defined as birth length <48cm) are at risk for chronic malnutrition that begins before birth and continues into infancy. Stunting can adversely affect a child's growth and development, including oral health itself, and especially the experience of dental caries. This study analyzed the dental caries experience in children with neonatal growth retardation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a baseline and 1-year follow-up analysis of a cohort of stunted children in a potential stunting site in Bandung City. Annual data collection included interviews with mothers and dental and anthropometric examinations of children. Descriptive analysis was performed in SPSS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were recorded on paper forms and manually entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for later analysis using IBM SPSS (version 23.0). After assessment, descriptive statistics was generated prior to bivariate analysis. RESULTS Fifty-five children met the inclusion criteria and participated in the 1-year study. Decay, missing, filling teeth (Dmft) was in the intermediate category (4.13) at baseline and fell into the high category (5.16) at 1-year follow-up, although the increase in caries remained in the low category. CONCLUSION Dysplastic children with a history of neonatal developmental delay experience dental caries beginning in the first year of life and may become more severe later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siska Yohana
- Dentist Education Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Indriyanti
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Netty Suryanti
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Laili Rahayuwati
- Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Neti Juniarti
- Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Arlette S. Setiawan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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24
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Mamun AA, Mahmudiono T, Yudhastuti R, Triatmaja NT, Chen HL. Effectiveness of Food-Based Intervention to Improve the Linear Growth of Children under Five: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112430. [PMID: 37299393 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-based interventions to improve linear growth are most often applied in low- and middle-income countries. However, not all food interventions have been proven to be effective in promoting linear growth. This study aimed to assess the impact and effectiveness of food interventions for improving linear growth in children under five years old. This study was conducted by following the PRISMA guidelines and the data were extracted and presented following the PRISMA recommendations. Studies were identified through a literature search of the SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest databases from 2000 to 2022. Only randomized control studies were included in this review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 1125 studies identified, a total of 15 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The review result indicated that food-based intervention can help to improve linear growth (MD: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.35, p = 0.01) among children under five. However, there was no significant difference in changes in underweight status (MD: 0.25; CI: -0.15 to 0.64; p = 0.22) and wasting status (MD: 0.09; CI: -0.02 to 0.20; p = 0.12) between the intervention and control groups. Overall, food-based interventions were found to be helpful for improving children's linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Doctorate Degree Program in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ririh Yudhastuti
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Nining Tyas Triatmaja
- Doctorate Degree Program in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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25
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Herman H, Mansur AR, Chang YJ. Factors associated with appropriate complementary feeding: A scoping review. J Pediatr Nurs 2023:S0882-5963(23)00107-0. [PMID: 37150632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Childhood stunting becomes a vital point of an underlying problem in early life. Appropriate and adequate complementary feeding is necessary for children to prevent malnutrition and introduce healthy eating habits. Knowledge of factors related to complementary feeding practices is needed to design strategies that improve optimal complementary feeding and avoid malnutrition in children. However, factors related to appropriate complementary feeding practices have not been systematically examined; hence, the present study aims to synthesize the available evidence on factors associated with proper complementary feeding practices. METHODS A scoping review was conducted. Five databases were searched for relevant studies, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Web of Science. The studies selected for review were those published in English from 2009 to 2022 on complementary feeding practices and related factors, measuring at least three complementary feeding indicators, and available in full text. The criteria resulted in 30 eligible articles that were selected, extracted, and then analyzed using descriptive and content analysis. FINDING Factors associated with complementary feeding practice include maternal factors (knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, parity, antenatal care visit, place of delivery, and postnatal check-up), socio-environmental factors (age, educational level, income, employment status, residence, household size, mother's ethnicity, and support) and informational factors (exposure to media, source of information and intervention). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION Maternal, socio-environmental, and informational factors are associated with appropriate complementary feeding in infants and young children. Further research is necessary to identify causal relationships between the three groups of factors and complementary feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermalinda Herman
- Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia; PhD Candidate, Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Arif Rohman Mansur
- Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Ying-Ju Chang
- Professor, Institution of Allied Health Science & Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Director of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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26
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Muliadi T, Ahmad A, Nur A, Marissa N, Reynaldi F, Fitriyaningsih E, Naufal I, Damanik MRM, Adji A, Arifin SR, Annisa D. The coverage of indicators of sensitive and specific intervention programs and prevalence of stunting under-five children: A cross-sectional study in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231164664. [PMID: 37013728 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231164664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of stunting children under-five in Aceh Province is still high due to multiple factors, including the sub-optimal coverage of intervention programs. Aim: This study aimed at finding out the correlation between the coverage of indicators of sensitive and specific intervention programs with prevalence of stunting in Aceh. Methods: A cross-sectional design analyzed secondary data from the Indonesia nutritional status survey and program coverage data in 13 regencies/cities in Aceh Province. The dependent variable was the prevalence of stunting. Meanwhile, the independent variable covered 20 sensitive and specific intervention program indicators. We apply STATA 16 to analyze the correlation between sensitive and specific coverage and stunting prevalence. Results: The coverage of indicators of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency (CED) receiving supplementary feeding, young children with diarrhea receiving zinc supplementation, parents taking parenting classes, and participation in the health insurance program had a significant correlation with prevalence stunting in Aceh (r = -0.57; r = -0.50; r = -0.65; and r = -0.60). Conclusion: Intervention measures to avert childhood stunting in Aceh should include strengthening supplementary feeding programs for mothers and toddlers, supplementation to prevent toddler diarrhea, and counseling parents on parenting and health insurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teuku Muliadi
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Teuku Umar, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Aripin Ahmad
- Department of Nutrition and Centre of Excellent for Community Nutrition and Disaster Emergency (CNDE), Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Aceh Besar, Indonesia
| | - Abidah Nur
- Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Nelly Marissa
- Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Fitrah Reynaldi
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Teuku Umar, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Eva Fitriyaningsih
- Department of Nutrition and Centre of Excellent for Community Nutrition and Disaster Emergency (CNDE), Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Aceh Besar, Indonesia
| | - Iflan Naufal
- Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | - Ardi Adji
- Policy Working Group at the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K), Administrative Office of the Vice President, and Researcher at Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Syuja' Rafiqi Arifin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Devita Annisa
- Department of Nutrition and Centre of Excellent for Community Nutrition and Disaster Emergency (CNDE), Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Aceh Besar, Indonesia
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27
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Atamou L, Rahmadiyah DC, Hassan H, Setiawan A. Analysis of the Determinants of Stunting among Children Aged below Five Years in Stunting Locus Villages in Indonesia. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060810. [PMID: 36981466 PMCID: PMC10048221 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Determinants of stunting are a concern in stunting locus villages, especially in East Nusa Tenggara, the province with the highest prevalence of stunting in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the determinants of stunting in such villages. A cross-sectional research design was conducted on a sample of 166 mothers of children aged 24–59 months selected using a proportional random sampling method in four stunting locus villages in East Nusa Tenggara province, from January to March 2022. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the determinants of stunting with a significance level of p < 0.05. The prevalence of stunting among children aged below five years in the villages was 22.3%. Lack of maternal knowledge (AOR: 5.310; 95% CI: 0.671–41.997) and negative parenting (AOR: 3.026; 95% CI: 1.191–7.871) were associated with higher risk of stunting. Meanwhile, children aged below five years with close birth spacing (AOR: 0.304; 95% CI: 0.087–1.063) had a low risk of stunting. The prevalence of stunting in stunting locus villages needs special attention from the Indonesian government. Maternal knowledge should be enhanced by distributing information related to stunting through formal and non-formal education and teaching good parenting to reduce the prevalence of stunting among children aged below five years in stunting locus villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasarus Atamou
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Cahya Rahmadiyah
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Hamidah Hassan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Unversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 4300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agus Setiawan
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
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28
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Suratri MAL, Putro G, Rachmat B, Nurhayati, Ristrini, Pracoyo NE, Yulianto A, Suryatma A, Samsudin M, Raharni. Risk Factors for Stunting among Children under Five Years in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1640. [PMID: 36674391 PMCID: PMC9865789 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, 42.6% of children under five had stunted growth in 2018, which affects both individual and communal levels. The first step in creating effective interventions is identifying the risk factors for stunting. This study aims to pinpoint the stunting risk factors in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, by incorporating secondary data from the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS). This study implemented a cross-sectional design by utilizing the data of individuals who were successfully visited during the survey. Initial data screening in East Nusa Tenggara Province based on the criteria for children aged 0−59 months and stunting showed as many as 1643. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between children’s characteristics and stunting. There was a significant relationship between age group variables for younger children (aged 12−23, 24−35, and 36−47 months), mothers with low education, and children living in rural areas with the incidence of stunting in children (p-value < 0.05). The dominant factors that caused stunting in this study were the children’s age of 24−35 months (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.12−3.86), mothers with low education (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18−2.08), and children living in rural areas (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01−1.91). The highest prevalence of stunting was in the group of children aged 12−23 months (45.2%). To prevent child stunting, the government must intervene for mothers with low education and those living in rural areas. Intervention includes intensive socialization about improving nutritional status during pregnancy and practicing complementary feeding and breastfeeding habits until the child is 24 months old.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurendro Putro
- Center for Public Health and Nutrition Research, Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
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29
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Kusumajaya AAN, Mubasyiroh R, Sudikno S, Nainggolan O, Nursanyoto H, Sutiari NK, Adhi KT, Suarjana IM, Januraga PP. Sociodemographic and Healthcare Factors Associated with Stunting in Children Aged 6-59 Months in the Urban Area of Bali Province, Indonesia 2018. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020389. [PMID: 36678259 PMCID: PMC9863855 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunting is a worldwide public health concern, including in Indonesia. Even when living in an urban area with urban characteristics, it is still possible for children to be at risk of stunting. The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic and healthcare factors associated with stunting in a province experiencing tourism growth, namely, Bali. Cross-sectional data on Bali Province from the Indonesian Basic Health Research Survey (Riskesdas, 2018) were used as the basis for the research analysis. A total of 846 respondents under five years of age were analyzed, indicating a stunting prevalence of 19.0%. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated low maternal educational attainment (adjustedOR = 1.92; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.24-2.97), the inadequate consumption of iron tablets during pregnancy (adjustedOR = 1.56; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.08-2.24), and no extended family (adjustedOR = 1.55; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.07-2.26) as being significantly associated with stunting. According to these findings, sociodemographic and healthcare factors are associated with stunting in urban Bali. Improving women's education, ensuring sufficient iron tablets are consumed during pregnancy, and encouraging the involvement of the extended family in childcare are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rofingatul Mubasyiroh
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sudikno Sudikno
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Olwin Nainggolan
- Health Development Policy Agency, Ministry of Health, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | | | - Ni Ketut Sutiari
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty, Udayana University, Denpasar 80361, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Tresna Adhi
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty, Udayana University, Denpasar 80361, Indonesia
| | - I Made Suarjana
- Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health, Denpasar 80224, Indonesia
| | - Pande Putu Januraga
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty, Udayana University, Denpasar 80361, Indonesia
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30
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Yani DI, Rahayuwati L, Sari CWM, Komariah M, Fauziah SR. Family Household Characteristics and Stunting: An Update Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010233. [PMID: 36615889 PMCID: PMC9824547 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunting remains a public health concern in developing countries. Factors related to stunting have been categorized using various frameworks. Family plays an important role in providing nutrients for children; however, no review specifies this aspect for identifying family characteristics related to stunting. This study aimed to identify family household characteristics related to stunting among children aged less than 5 years. A scoping review was undertaken with sources from PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, using the keywords "family characteristics" AND "growth". Inclusion criteria were (1) correlational study; (2) published between 2018 and 31 July 2022; (3) families with children under the age of 5 years; and (4) independent variable any measure of stunting factors from family and household factors. Of 376 articles, only 20 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The family household characteristics included individual factors (sex age, history of diarrhea, and birthplace), family factors (family headship, primary caregiver/mother, social-cultural orientation, and family system factors), and environmental factors. Various child variables, family factors, and environmental factors (the type of home, floor type, water access, source of drinking water, and household electricity) were identified as being associated with stunting. Therefore, these factors should be evaluated to prevent and control stunting, and they should be incorporated into health programs targeting stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desy Indra Yani
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-227796647
| | - Laili Rahayuwati
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Citra Windani Mambang Sari
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Maria Komariah
- Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sherllina Rizqi Fauziah
- Study Program of Bachelor of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
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31
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Samosir OB, Radjiman DS, Aninditya F. Food consumption diversity and nutritional status among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia: The analysis of the results of the 2018 Basic Health Research. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281426. [PMID: 36927979 PMCID: PMC10019667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stunting among children under five years of age is among the highest in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food consumption diversity and nutritional status among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia. METHODS The data used came from the results of the 2018 Basic Health Research. The main independent variable was the diversity of food consumption. Control variables included breastfeeding practices and demographic and socioeconomic factors. Using ordinal logistic regression, the role of food consumption diversity in influencing nutritional status was examined after controlling for breastfeeding practices and demographic and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS The results of the study showed that the diversity of food consumption (AOR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.07-1.24) significantly and statistically influenced nutritional status of children age 6-23 months in Indonesia even after controlling for the effects of breastfeeding practices and demographic and socioeconomic factors. Higher odds of having normal nutritional status compared to being stunted or severely stunted was associated with consuming food according to the dietary diversity. Higher odds of having normal nutritional status compared to being stunted or severely stunted was also significantly and statistically associated with being ever breastfed (AOR = 1.33; 95%CI: 1.22-1.46), aged 6-11 months (AOR = 3.07; 95%CI: 2.79-3.38), female (AOR = 1.35; 95%CI: 1.25-1.46), children of non-working mothers (AOR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.04-1.21), children of higher educated mothers (AOR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.30-1.72), children from higher wealth quintile households (AOR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.44-1.85), children from smaller size family (AOR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.05-1.10), and urban children (AOR = 1.16; 95%CI:1.08-1.25). CONCLUSION A profound percentage of children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia experienced stunting and severely stunting. Children who did not receive minimum dietary diversity were more likely to suffer from stunting. The findings from this study suggest that to ensure the achievement of national goal of preventing stunting and sustainable development goal of ending all forms of malnutrition in Indonesia, the strategy should promote the fulfillment of minimum food consumption diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omas Bulan Samosir
- Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dinda Srikandi Radjiman
- Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Flora Aninditya
- Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
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32
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Veiga GRS, da Silva GAP, Padilha BM, Lima MDC. Determining factors of child linear growth from the viewpoint of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2022; 99:205-218. [PMID: 36572387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with children's linear growth, according to the different subsystems of the 6Cs model and Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory. DATA SOURCES Narrative review, carried out in the Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed, and Science Direct databases, based on research using the terms Bioecological Theory, child growth, and risk factors, combined with the use of Boolean operators. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS According to the 6Cs model, proposed based on Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory, the determining factors of children's linear growth are in six interrelated subsystems - cell, child, clan, community, country/state and culture. The empirical studies included in this review made it possible to analyze protection and risk factors within the subsystems. Among the protective factors: are adequate birth weight and satisfactory weight gain, breastfeeding for six months or more; proper hygienic habit of hand washing, proper elimination of feces, and access to clean water. As risk factors: low, birth weight and size, prematurity, multiple deliveries, short interval between deliveries, non-exclusive breastfeeding until the 3rd month, frequency and severity of infectious processes and anemia, little parental education, short maternal statur, inadequate maternal nutritional status, domestic violence, family poverty, food, and nutritional insecurity, living in rural areas or at high altitudes. CONCLUSION Children's linear growth is determined by interrelated factors that encompass aspects prior to the child's birth, as well as socioeconomic, political, family and community issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rossiter Stux Veiga
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Recife, PE, Brazil; Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Marilia de Carvalho Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Presty MR, Situmorang DDB. The Importance of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine in Rural Areas in Indonesia: A Viewpoint on Health Issues for Rural Societies. Prehosp Disaster Med 2022; 38:1-2. [PMID: 36540933 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x22002412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominikus David Biondi Situmorang
- Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Education and Language, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, South Jakarta, Indonesia
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Salindeho N, Mokolensang JF, Manu L, Taslim NA, Nurkolis F, Gunawan WB, Yusuf M, Mayulu N, Tsopmo A. Fish scale rich in functional compounds and peptides: A potential nutraceutical to overcome undernutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1072370. [PMID: 36570154 PMCID: PMC9780470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Netty Salindeho
- Fishery Products Technology Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia,*Correspondence: Netty Salindeho
| | - Jeffrie F. Mokolensang
- Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Lusia Manu
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | | | - Fahrul Nurkolis
- Biological Sciences, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - William Ben Gunawan
- Nutrition Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Medical Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Nelly Mayulu
- Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
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Darniadi S, Luna P, Juniawati, Sunarmani, Widowati S. Effect of zinc-rice grit flour on the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of gluten-free biscuits. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.29.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The utilisation of rice flour to produce gluten-free food applications is highly popular as consumers become more aware of celiac disease and safety for baby-led weaning products. The present work investigated the development of gluten-free biscuits made from rice grits flour (RGF).The physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of the products were also evaluated. Rice grits used were from the Inpari 32 and Inpari IR Nutri Zinc types. Results showed that incorporating RGF into biscuit ingredients showed a lot of potential since RGF retained its nutritional value, especially vitamin A and microminerals such as zinc and iron, as well as protein (8.4 - 9.6%), which are all needed to prevent stunting. The Inpari IR Nutri Zinc flour had less amylose (21.12%) and smaller particles than the Inpari 32 flour (amylose: 23.42%) and commercial flour, which resulted in lower hardness level and lower final viscosity. Vitamin A content of biscuits produced from the Inpari IR Nutri Zinc was lower (367 IU/100 g) as compared to the Inpari 32 (412 IU/100 g). The amounts of zinc in the final product were 15 and 12 ppm for the Inpari IR Nutri Zinc and Inpari 32, respectively. Both the Inpari IR Nutri Zinc (19 ppm) and Inpari 32 (73 ppm), which were RGF biscuits, had less iron than commercial biscuit (119 ppm). There were no significant differences among biscuit products in terms of sensory analysis.
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Prasadajudio M, Devaera Y, Noormanto N, Kuswiyanto RB, Sudarmanto B, Andriastuti M, Lanang Sidiartha IG, Sitorus NL, Basrowi RW. Disease-Related Malnutrition in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Disease: A Developing Country Perspective. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2022.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Masita ED, Amalia R, Rahayu EP, Fernandes AP, Costa AD, Freitas AFDC, Hasina SN. Analysis of Factors that affect Events and Interventions of Stunting through the E-Stunting Android Application. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Based on the Indonesian Toddler Nutrition Status Survey in 2021, it was found that the stunting rate in Indonesia reached 24.4%, which means there were 5.33 million indicated stunting.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to detect the causative factors and effectiveness of stunting interventions in the E stunting application.
Methods: The type of the research is quantitative analytic with cross sectional approach using double linear regression analytic test with p = 0.05. The difference test used an unpaired sample test analytic by looking at the difference in mean in the control and treatment groups. The population uses totality sampling with the rule of thumb technique. This research instrument uses a minimum diet diversity questionnaire, diet diversity, parenting model, as well as a questionnaire with a Likert scale and has been through validity and reliability tests.
Results: The results of the determinant coefficient test have a relationship between the independent and dependent variables, while Adjusted R2 = 0.803 which means 80.3% of all variables affect the z score in children, while the difference test result obtained a result of sig 2 tailed = 0.001 and the value of Sig Levene's test for equality variance of 0.44 > 0.001
Conclusion: There is an effect of frequency of eating, number of types of food, eating culture, history of breastfeeding, complementary feeding, perception, knowledge of the z score (stunting events). And E stunting is effective in assessing the causative factors and treatment in cases of infants with stunting
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Friska D, Kekalih A, Runtu F, Rahmawati A, Ibrahim NAA, Anugrapaksi E, Utami NPBS, Wijaya AD, Ayuningtyas R. Health cadres empowerment program through smartphone application-based educational videos to promote child growth and development. Front Public Health 2022; 10:887288. [PMID: 36311610 PMCID: PMC9611201 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.887288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Indonesia's health care system relies on non-health professionals called cadres to operate child health promotion programs in the Public Health Center (Puskesmas). Despite this effort, the child malnutrition rate remains high. This study aimed to identify and develop health promotion media that can assist health cadres in promoting child health. This study was divided into three-phase. The first phase was the need assessment using focus group discussion and knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP); the second phase is video development, which involves medical students, general practitioners, pediatricians, and health promotion experts; and the third phase was video viewing by cadres and post-viewing tests for health cadres. A comparison of pre-test and post-test participants' total scores was performed with the student's T-test. Need assessment showed that the knowledge of the cadres needs improvement and there was a need for proper educational media material that can be used by the Puskesmas. Five videos were produced, four videos were about children's nutritional intake recommendations during four different age groups and one video was about the information and invitation to come to Integrated Health Service Post (Posyandu). There was a significant improvement from pre-test total scores to post-test total scores (p < 0.001). Smartphone application-based educational videos are effective and reliable child health promotion media for Puskesmas staff and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Friska
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aria Kekalih
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fergie Runtu
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Mahriani Y, Indriyanti R, Musnamirwan IA, Setiawan AS. A cross-sectional study on dietary assessment, oral hygiene behavior, and oral health status of adolescent girls. Front Nutr 2022; 9:973241. [PMID: 36276832 PMCID: PMC9579310 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.973241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are a population group that is vulnerable to nutritional problems other than toddlers, especially young women. Special attention to the dietary issues of adolescent girls needs to be obtained along with the increase in the adolescent population in Indonesia because this affects the growth and development of the body and will impact adult nutrition problems. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between diet assessment and oral health status of adolescent girls, the relationship between oral hygiene behavior and oral health status of adolescent girls, and the simultaneous relationship between dietary assessment and oral hygiene behavior with the oral health status of adolescent girls. Analytical research using the survey method was conducted on 96 young women in two junior high schools in Bandung. Assessment of diet seen from eating behavior and anthropometric examination. Eating behavior using the Adolescent Food Habit Checklist Index questionnaire and anthropometric investigations were carried out by looking at body height, body weight, and Mid Upper Arm Circumference using the standards from the Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation 2020. Oral hygiene behavior using the Oral Hygiene Behavior Index questionnaire. Oral health status using the Dental Health Status Assessment. The results were statistically analyzed with Spearman's Rank Correlation, and Multiple Linear Regression tests showed no significant relationship between dietary assessment and oral health status (eating behavior with a p-value = 0.429 and anthropometric examination with a p-value = 0.262). A significant association between oral hygiene behavior and oral health status, with a p-value of 0.003, while there is no simultaneous relationship between diet assessment and oral hygiene behavior with oral health status, with multiple r 2 = 13.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Mahriani
- Resident of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Indriyanti
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Ahmad Musnamirwan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Arlette Suzy Setiawan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Wiliyanarti PF, Wulandari Y, Nasrullah D. Behavior in fulfilling nutritional needs for Indonesian children with stunting: Related culture, family support, and mother’s knowledge. J Public Health Res 2022; 11:22799036221139938. [DOI: 10.1177/22799036221139938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stunting in children has adverse consequences such as a decrease in cognition, language, and academic performance. Most of the children in Indonesia were diagnosed with stunting. The aim of this study was to measure factors affecting behavior in fulfilling nutritional needs among children under the age of 5 years with stunting. Design and method: This study used a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from mothers who had children under the age of 5 years (6–48 months) in Talang village, Pamekasan Regency, Madura using a self-report questionnaire. The total sample in this study was 120, selected using a random sampling technique. The independent variables were maternal characteristics, culture, family support, and mother’s knowledge, while the dependent variable was the behavior in fulfilling nutritional needs among children. We used a self-report questionnaire to measure variables. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors affecting the behavior of fulfilling nutrition interventions. We used a statistical significance p < 0.05. Results: Culture, family support, and knowledge were factors that affecting behavior of fulfilling nutritional needs among children under the age of 5 years with stunting, 0.279 (OR = 0.279, 95% CI: 0.084-0.920, p = 0.036); (OR = 2.435, 95% CI: 1.270-4.667, p = 0.007; OR = 4.860, 95% CI: 1.548-15.261, p = 0.724), respectively. Conclusion: Behavioral in Fulfilling nutritional needs determines the health status of children. Therefore, the awareness of parents, knowledge, and multisectoral is needed to prevent stunting among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipit Festi Wiliyanarti
- Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yuanita Wulandari
- Department of Maternity Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dede Nasrullah
- Department of Gerontological Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Indonesia
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Gall B, Wang H, Dira SJ, Helfrecht C. Effects of Family Demographics and Household Economics on Sidama Children's Nutritional Status. HUMAN NATURE (HAWTHORNE, N.Y.) 2022; 33:304-328. [PMID: 36370328 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-022-09432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Weight- (WAZ), height- (HAZ), and BMI-for-age (BMIZ) are frequently used to assess malnutrition among children. These measures represent different categories of risk and are usually hypothesized to be affected by distinct factors, despite their inherent relatedness. Life history theory suggests weight should be sacrificed before height, indicating a demonstrable relationship among them. Here we evaluate impact of family composition and household economics on these measures of nutritional status and explore the role of WAZ as a factor in HAZ. Anthropometrics, family demographics, and measures of household economy were collected from Sidama agropastoralist children in a peri-urban village in southwestern Ethiopia (n = 157; 79 girls). Just over half of the sample (50.9%) had z-scores of - 2SD or below on at least one measure, indicating an elevated risk of morbidity/mortality; 30% were at or below - 2SD on two or more measures. We used hierarchical linear regression with random intercept analysis to model WAZ and HAZ. Siblings and crop sales significantly decrease WAZ while electricity, agriculture, and polygyny improve z-scores; however, an interaction between polygyny and siblings indicates negative effects of siblings in polygynous families and positive effects in nonpolygynous ones (adj. R2 = 66.5%). For HAZ, agriculture and electricity are positively associated with z-scores whereas siblings have a negative effect; the interaction term again indicates that effects of siblings vary in polygynous and nonpolygynous families (adj. R2 = 74.2%). A mediation model exploring the role of weight in height outcomes suggests not only that WAZ has direct effects on HAZ but also that effects of electricity and agriculture on HAZ are partially mediated by WAZ. Our findings indicate that WAZ and HAZ are primarily affected by shared variables, but effects of siblings vary by polygyny status. Long-term outcomes (HAZ) among Sidama children would likely benefit from interventions focused on stabilizing WAZ across family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baili Gall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- University of Alabama, Institute for Rural Health Research, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Samuel J Dira
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Yefri R, Lipoeto NI, Putra AE, Kadim M. Parental Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Stunted Children below 5 Years of Age in Kampar Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of stunted children under 5 years in Riau Province exceeds 27.35% and Kampar District contributed the highest prevalence rate (32.05%) compared to other districts in Riau Province.
AIM: This study aims to analyze the parental sociodemographic factors of parents associated with stunting children in Kampar District, Riau Province in Indonesia.
METHODS: This type of research is a case-control study on stunted children in Kampar Regency aged under 5 years. Control group was selected by matching process include age, gender, residence, and socioeconomic status. Anthropometric measurements performed and calculated using the World Health Organization Anthro (version 3.2.2, October 2020) include weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and body mass index. The analysis carried out includes univariate and bivariate analysis to find the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
RESULTS: Approximately 139 children aged 2 to 59 months consist of stunted (68) and nonstunted (71) groups. Among the 68 stunted children, 31 (41.3%) were very stunted. The stunted group had decreased in WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ, but only HAZ was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Lower mother’s height and education were determined of parental sociodemographic factors associated with stunting and increased risk of stunted children in Kampar (odds ratio [OR] 3.02 and OR 2.50, 95% confidence interval, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Lower maternal’s height and education were determine parental sociodemographic factors associated with stunting in Kampar.
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Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Amaliah N, Wisnuwardani RW. Stunting among children under two years in Indonesia: Does maternal education matter? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271509. [PMID: 35877770 PMCID: PMC9312392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring height for age is one of the essential indicators for evaluating children's growth. The study analyzes the association between maternal education and stunting among children under two years in Indonesia. METHODS The study employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Nutritional Status Monitoring Survey. The unit of analysis was children under two years, and the study obtained weighted samples of 70,293 children. Besides maternal education, other independent variables analyzed in this study were residence, maternal age, maternal marital status, maternal employment, children's age, and gender. In the final stage, the study occupied a multivariate test by binary logistic regression test. RESULTS The results show the proportion of stunted children under two years in Indonesia nationally is 20.1%. Mothers in primary school and under education categories are 1.587 times more likely than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.576-1.598). Meanwhile, mothers with a junior high school education have a chance of 1.430 times more than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.420-1.440). Moreover, mothers with education in the senior high school category have 1.230 times more chances than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.222-1.238). CONCLUSION The study concluded that the maternal education level was associated with stunting children under two years in Indonesia. The lower the mother's level of education, the higher the chances of a mother having stunted children under two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nurillah Amaliah
- Center for Research and Development of Public Health Efforts, Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Randell M, Li M, Rachmi CN, Jusril H, Fox O, Wibowo L, Rah JH, Pronyk P, Harmiko M, Phebe N, Ahmad A, Ariawan I, Negin J, Raynes-Greenow C. Prevalence of, and factors associated with anaemia in children aged 1-3 years in Aceh, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221116195. [PMID: 35876347 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Child anaemia continues to represent a major public health challenge in lower-and-middle income countries. It has serious long-term consequences for child growth and development. In Indonesia, there was a 10% increase in the national prevalence of child anaemia between 2013 and 2018. Aim: This study aims to assess the prevalence of, and factors associated with anaemia among children aged one to three years in eight districts in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1148 mother-child dyads aged one to three years between November and December 2018. The sampling process involved a three-stage cluster sampling design using the probability proportionate to size methodology. Anaemia status was determined using haemoglobin level (Hb < 11.0 g/dL). Data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for associated factors. Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia was 76.1% (869/1142). 44.7% (510/1142) and 28.6% (327/1142) had moderate and mild anaemia, respectively. Child aged 12-24 months (aOR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.26-3.17), not receiving routine immunisation (aOR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.34-5.10), and maternal anaemia (aOR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.59-2.90) were significantly associated with anaemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of anaemia among the children in this study was high, and was associated with child age, immunisation status, and maternal anaemia. These findings provide further insight into anaemia as a public health issue at a sub-national level in Indonesia and for development of targeted programmes to address associated risk factors of child anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Randell
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Mu Li
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | | | - Olivia Fox
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul Pronyk
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Department, Singapore
| | | | | | - Aripin Ahmad
- Nutrition Department of 483792Aceh Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Ariawan
- 608659Reconstra Utama Integra, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Joel Negin
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Mahjabin T, Nowar A, Islam MH, Jubayer A. Effect of Mother's Nutritional Knowledge and Hygiene Practices on School-Going Adolescents Living in Dhaka City of Bangladesh. Indian J Community Med 2022; 47:391-395. [PMID: 36438528 PMCID: PMC9693945 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_1240_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence which is a critical stage for growth and development is influenced by various issues along with maternal nutritional knowledge, control over their earnings, freedom of movement, and participation in household decision-making over child's health care. OBJECTIVE This study focused on assessing mothers' nutritional knowledge and hygiene practices and their effect on dietary diversity as well as the nutritional status of school-going adolescents of Dhaka city. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at 44 schools in Dhaka city. A total of 710 school-going adolescents aged 10-17 years were randomly selected and their mothers were interviewed for assessing their knowledge on nutrition and hygiene practices. One-way ANOVA and multivariate linear regression were used to examine the association between dietary diversity and the nutritional status of the adolescents with their mother's nutritional knowledge and hygiene practices. RESULTS About one-third (35.8%) of the mothers maintained hygiene and sanitation satisfactorily. Although 53.1% of them had satisfactory general knowledge about a healthy diet, only 6.5% showed good knowledge of the nutritional value of food. The prevalence of stunting, thin, and overweight was 8, 4.6, and 5.8%, respectively. Fair hygiene practices were positively associated (P = 0.048) with height for age z-score. Maternal knowledge on the nutritional value of food was positively associated (P = 0.027) with the dietary diversity of the adolescents. CONCLUSION Adequate nutritional knowledge and hygiene practices of the mothers have positive effects on children's dietary diversity and nutritional status. Providing nutrition education to mothers would ensure better nutritional status and improved dietary practices for their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnima Mahjabin
- Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abira Nowar
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Hafizul Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Jubayer
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Haque MA, Wahid BZ, Tariqujjaman M, Khanam M, Farzana FD, Ali M, Naz F, Sanin KI, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T. Stunting Status of Ever-Married Adolescent Mothers and Its Association with Childhood Stunting with a Comparison by Geographical Region in Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116748. [PMID: 35682329 PMCID: PMC9180893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The adolescence period is considered a life stage worthy of strategic health investments since it is a critical period of physical and neuro-maturational development. Adolescent girls face different health difficulties in that phase of life. Children born to adolescent mothers are at a higher risk of undernutrition. This paper aims to estimate the prevalence of stunting among adolescent mothers and their children in Bangladesh by time period and determine the associated factors of adolescent maternal stunting status. We also sought to establish the relationship between maternal and childhood stunting by comparing the geographical regions in Bangladesh. We derived data from the nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, which was conducted between 2007 and 2017/18. The outcome variables of this study were ever-married adolescent girls’ stunting status and their children’s stunting status. Interaction analysis between administrative division and maternal stunting status was conducted with childhood stunting as the outcome variable to investigate the impact of maternal stunting status on their children’s stunting compared to geographical location. Our results indicated that in comparison to other divisions, the frequency of stunting among children and adolescent mothers was higher in the Sylhet region. It also revealed that children whose mothers were stunted had a 2.36 times increased chance of being stunted. Our study suggests that education for women could help them attain self-sufficiency and, as a result, reduce the prevalence of poor childhood nutrition, especially stunting.
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47
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Lead exposure and stunting incidents in children aged 3–5 years in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Taqwin T, Linda L, Kusika SY, Ramadhan K, Radhiah S, Bohari B. The Effectiveness of Baby Massage in Stunting Prevention: Study Based on Body Length Gain in Infants aged 0–3 Months. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Baby massage is a gentle massage for infants aged 0-3 months that is believed to improve the baby's body length. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of baby massage on the increase in body length and weight of infants aged 0-3 months. This type of research was quasi-experimental. The samples were mothers and infants 0-3 months, divided into the treatment and control groups. The number of samples for each group was 35 respondents. Baby massage was carried out by the mother twice a day, in the morning and evening after bathing, for one month. The enumerators collected data on length and weight before and after 1 month in both groups and statistically tested by unpaired t-test. The reduction in stunting prevalence in the treatment group was 22.8%, while the control group was 8.6%. The prevalence of underweight in the treatment group did not significantly change (2.9%), while the control group experienced an increase of 11.7%. The increase in body length of the treatment group was 4.49 cm, and the control group was 3.23 cm; the baby massage significantly affected body length for infants 0-3 months (ρ=0.000). The average weight gain of infants in the treatment group was 825.7 g, and the control group was 702.9 g; the baby massage was not significantly affected the body weight (ρ=0.224). Thus, the baby massage can be an alternative in boosting the length and weight of babies aged 0-3 months
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Inequalities in childhood stunting: evidence from Sudan multiple indicator cluster surveys (2010-2014). BMC Public Health 2022; 22:728. [PMID: 35413912 PMCID: PMC9006604 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leaving no one behind has been an important marker of the Sustainable Development Goals. Closing the gap in malnutrition between children of different backgrounds aligns well with the tenet of this international agenda. To this end, high-quality evidence of the magnitude and trends of socioeconomic and geographic related existing inequalities in the childhood stunting among Sudanese children emanate from this study help for policy maker and planners to design and implement effective interventions to narrow down inequality. Methods We used the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) for our analysis of stunting inequality. Following standard equity analysis methods recommended by the WHO, we performed the disaggregated analysis of stunting across five equity stratifiers: Wealth, education, residence, sex, and sub-national regions. Then, we summarized stunting inequality through four measures of inequality: Difference, Ratio, Slope Index of Inequality (SII), and Relative Index of Inequality (RII). The point estimates of stunting were accompanied by 95% confidence intervals to measure the statistical significance of the findings. Results In this study, the national average childhood stunting prevalence was increased by 4% from 2010 to 2014. The findings revealed stark inequalities in stunting in all the studied dimensions of inequality. Huge inequality has existed along the wealth quintiles. Simple difference measure for education was increased by four points and simple relative measure decreased by one point for economic status. Conclusions Sex, residence and, geographically related inequalities remain unchanged over time, while economic status and educational inequality had seen a change by some inequality measures over the same time period.
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Moelyo AG, Sitaresmi MN, Julia M. Secular trends in Javanese adult height: the roles of environment and educational attainment. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:712. [PMID: 35410153 PMCID: PMC8996584 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since its independence in 1945, Indonesia has undergone rapid socioeconomic development. The fastest changes occurred in Java, which is the main island where more than half of the Indonesian population lives. Objective This study aimed to analyze the secular trend in the height of adults living in Java born between 1953 and 1995 by comparing their residence (rural, small city, or large city) and considering factors that contribute to adult height. Methods The analysis used the following data: birth year, body height, weight, body mass index, sex, educational attainment, share of household food expenditures, and residence of 20- to 40-year-old men and women collected by the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 1 to 5. Multiple linear regression was conducted to analyze several factors that influence adult height. Significance was set at p < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The study included 30,656 measurements of individuals born between 1953 and 1995 (54.9% female). Positive secular trends (95% CI) were observed for men and women: 1.3 (1.1–1.4) cm and 0.9 (0.8–1.0) cm per decade, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that, in addition to the year of birth, the adult height of both males and females was independently associated with level of education and share of household food expenditure. Stratifying the data into residence in rural areas, small cities, and large cities showed that education levels influenced the adult height of men and women living in all regions, whereas the influence of birth year and share of household food expenditure differed between areas and genders. Conclusions We observed positive secular trends in the height of adults living in Java who were born between 1953 and 1995. The birth year, educational attainment, and share of household food expenditure significantly influenced adult height. A higher education level was consistently associated with taller adult height in both men and women living in rural areas, small cities, and large cities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13144-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annang Giri Moelyo
- Doctorate program, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. .,Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine/Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Mei Neni Sitaresmi
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Madarina Julia
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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