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Bylemans J, Marques da Cunha L, Wilkins LGE, Nusbaumer D, Uppal A, Wedekind C. Growth of brown trout in the wild predicted by embryo stress reaction in the laboratory. Ecology 2024; 105:e4303. [PMID: 38754864 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory studies on embryos of salmonids, such as the brown trout (Salmo trutta), have been extensively used to study environmental stress and how responses vary within and between natural populations. These studies are based on the implicit assumption that early life-history traits are relevant for stress tolerance in the wild. Here we test this assumption by combining two data sets from studies on the same 60 families. These families had been experimentally produced from wild breeders to determine, in separate samples, (1) stress tolerances of singly kept embryos in the laboratory and (2) growth of juveniles during 6 months in the wild. We found that growth in the wild was well predicted by the larval size of their full sibs in the laboratory, especially if these siblings had been experimentally exposed to a pathogen. Exposure to the pathogen had not caused elevated mortality among the embryos but induced early hatching. The strength of this stress-induced change of life history was a significant predictor of juvenile growth in the wild: the stronger the response in the laboratory, the slower the growth in the wild. We conclude that embryo performance in controlled environments can be a useful predictor of juvenile performance in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bylemans
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anshu Uppal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Lokesh J, Siriyappagouder P, Fernandes JMO. Unravelling the temporal and spatial variation of fungal phylotypes from embryo to adult stages in Atlantic salmon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:981. [PMID: 38200059 PMCID: PMC10781754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Early microbial colonization has a profound impact on host physiology during different stages of ontogeny. Although several studies have focused on early bacterial colonization and succession, the composition and role of fungal communities are poorly known in fish. Here, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of fungi to profile the mycobiome associated with the eggs, hatchlings and intestine of Atlantic salmon at various freshwater and marine stages. In most of the stages studied, fungal diversity was lower than bacterial diversity. There were several stage-specific fungal phylotypes belonging to different stages of ontogeny but some groups, such as Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Alternaria metachromatica, Davidiella tassiana and Humicola nigrescens, persisted during successive stages of ontogeny. We observed significant changes in the intestinal fungal communities during the first feeding. Prior to first feeding, Humicola nigrescens dominated, but Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10 weeks post hatch) and Candida tropicalis (12 weeks post hatch) became dominant subsequently. Seawater transfer resulted in a decrease in alpha diversity and an increase in Candida tropicalis abundance. We also observed notable variations in beta diversity and composition between the different farms. Overall, the present study sheds light on the fungal communities of Atlantic salmon from early ontogeny to adulthood. These novel findings will also be useful in future studies investigating host-microbiota interactions in the context of developing better nutritional and health management strategies for Atlantic salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jep Lokesh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France.
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3
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Byrne PG, Gaitan‐Espitia JD, Silla AJ. Genetic benefits of extreme sequential polyandry in a terrestrial‐breeding frog. Evolution 2019; 73:1972-1985. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G. Byrne
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia 2522
| | - Juan Diego Gaitan‐Espitia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Rd Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Aimee J. Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia 2522
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4
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Selmoni OM, Maitre D, Roux J, Wilkins LGE, Marques da Cunha L, Vermeirssen ELM, Knörr S, Robinson-Rechavi M, Wedekind C. Sex-specific changes in gene expression in response to estrogen pollution around the onset of sex differentiation in grayling (Salmonidae). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:583. [PMID: 31307399 PMCID: PMC6631537 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a common estrogenic pollutant that has been suspected to affect the demography of river-dwelling salmonids. One possibility is that exposure to EE2 tips the balance during initial steps of sex differentiation, so that male genotypes show female-specific gene expression and gonad formation. Here we study EE2 effects on gene expression around the onset of sex differentiation in a population of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) that suffers from sex ratio distortions. We exposed singly-raised embryos to one dose of 1 ng/L EE2, studied gene expression 10 days before hatching, at the day of hatching, and around the end of the yolk-sac stage, and related it to genetic sex (sdY genotype). We found that exposure to EE2 affects expression of a large number of genes, especially around hatching. These effects were strongly sex-dependent. We then raised fish for several months after hatching and found no evidence of sex reversal in the EE2-exposed fish. We conclude that ecologically relevant (i.e. low) levels of EE2 pollution do not cause sex reversal by simply tipping the balance at early stages of sex differentiation, but that they interfere with sex-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Selmoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Present Address: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diane Maitre
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Present Address: Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Present Address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Susanne Knörr
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group Center of Organismic Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Consumption of carotenoids not increased by bacterial infection in brown trout embryos (Salmo trutta). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198834. [PMID: 29897970 PMCID: PMC5999266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are organic pigment molecules that play important roles in signalling, control of oxidative stress, and immunity. Fish allocate carotenoids to their eggs, which gives them the typical yellow to red colouration and supports their resistance against microbial infections. However, it is still unclear whether carotenoids act mainly as a shield against infection or are used up during the embryos' immune defence. We investigated this question with experimental families produced from wild-caught brown trout (Salmo trutta). Singly raised embryos were either exposed to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens or sham-treated at one of two stages during their development. A previous study on these experimental families reported positive effects of egg carotenoids on embryo growth and resistance against the infection. Here, we quantified carotenoid consumption, i.e. the active metabolization of carotenoids into compounds that are not other carotenoid types, in these infected and sham-infected maternal sib groups. We found that carotenoid contents mostly decreased during embryogenesis. However, these decreases were neither linked to the virulence induced by the pathogen nor dependent on the time point of infection. We conclude that egg carotenoids are not significantly used up by the embryos' immune defence.
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6
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Wilkins LGE, Marques da Cunha L, Menin L, Ortiz D, Vocat-Mottier V, Hobil M, Nusbaumer D, Wedekind C. Maternal allocation of carotenoids increases tolerance to bacterial infection in brown trout. Oecologia 2017; 185:351-363. [PMID: 28894954 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts that iteroparous females allocate their resources differently among different breeding seasons depending on their residual reproductive value. In iteroparous salmonids there is typically much variation in egg size, egg number, and in the compounds that females allocate to their clutch. These compounds include various carotenoids whose functions are not sufficiently understood yet. We sampled 37 female and 35 male brown trout from natural streams, collected their gametes for in vitro fertilizations, experimentally produced 185 families in 7 full-factorial breeding blocks, raised the developing embryos singly (n = 2960), and either sham-treated or infected them with Pseudomonas fluorescens. We used female redness (as a measure of carotenoids stored in the skin) and their allocation of carotenoids to clutches to infer maternal strategies. Astaxanthin contents largely determined egg colour. Neither egg weight nor female size was correlated with the content of this carotenoid. However, astaxanthin content was positively correlated with larval growth and with tolerance against P. fluorescens. There was a negative correlation between female skin redness and the carotenoid content of their eggs. Although higher astaxanthin contents in the eggs were associated with an improvement of early fitness-related traits, some females appeared not to maximally support their current offspring as revealed by the negative correlation between female red skin colouration and egg carotenoid content. This correlation was not explained by female size and supports the prediction of a maternal trade-off between current and future reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering ISIC, Batochime, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering ISIC, Batochime, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Vocat-Mottier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matay Hobil
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Wood CW, Brodie ED. Environmental effects on the structure of the G-matrix. Evolution 2016; 69:2927-40. [PMID: 26462609 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic correlations between traits determine the multivariate response to selection in the short term, and thereby play a causal role in evolutionary change. Although individual studies have documented environmentally induced changes in genetic correlations, the nature and extent of environmental effects on multivariate genetic architecture across species and environments remain largely uncharacterized. We reviewed the literature for estimates of the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix in multiple environments, and compared differences in G between environments to the divergence in G between conspecific populations (measured in a common garden). We found that the predicted evolutionary trajectory differed as strongly between environments as it did between populations. Between-environment differences in the underlying structure of G (total genetic variance and the relative magnitude and orientation of genetic correlations) were equal to or greater than between-population differences. Neither environmental novelty, nor the difference in mean phenotype predicted these differences in G. Our results suggest that environmental effects on multivariate genetic architecture may be comparable to the divergence that accumulates over dozens or hundreds of generations between populations. We outline avenues of future research to address the limitations of existing data and characterize the extent to which lability in genetic correlations shapes evolution in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corlett W Wood
- Mountain Lake Biological Station, and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904.
| | - Edmund D Brodie
- Mountain Lake Biological Station, and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
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Wilkins LGE, Fumagalli L, Wedekind C. Effects of host genetics and environment on egg-associated microbiotas in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4930-45. [PMID: 27507800 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies found fish egg-specific bacterial communities that changed over the course of embryogenesis, suggesting an interaction between the developing host and its microbiota. Indeed, single-strain infections demonstrated that the virulence of opportunistic bacteria is influenced by environmental factors and host immune genes. However, the interplay between a fish embryo host and its microbiota has not been studied yet at the community level. To test whether host genetics affects the assemblage of egg-associated bacteria, adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) were sampled from a natural population. Their gametes were used for full-factorial in vitro fertilizations to separate sire from dam effects. In total, 2520 embryos were singly raised under experimental conditions that differently support microbial growth. High-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was applied to characterize bacterial communities on milt and fertilized eggs across treatments. Dam and sire identity influenced embryo mortality, time until hatching and composition of egg-associated microbiotas, but no link between bacterial communities on milt and on fertilized eggs could be found. Elevated resources increased embryo mortality and modified bacterial communities with a shift in their putative functional potential. Resource availability did not significantly affect any parental effects on embryo performance. Sire identity affected bacterial diversity that turned out to be a significant predictor of hatching time: embryos associated with high bacterial diversity hatched later. We conclude that both host genetics and the availability of resources define diversity and composition of egg-associated bacterial communities that then affect the life history of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Fumagalli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Clark ES, Pompini M, Uppal A, Wedekind C. Genetic correlations and little genetic variance for reaction norms may limit potential for adaptation to pollution by ionic and nanoparticulate silver in a whitefish (Salmonidae). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2751-62. [PMID: 27066251 PMCID: PMC4798832 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For natural populations to adapt to anthropogenic threats, heritable variation must persist in tolerance traits. Silver nanoparticles, the most widely used engineered nanoparticles, are expected to increase in concentrations in freshwaters. Little is known about how these particles affect wild populations, and whether genetic variation persists in tolerance to permit rapid evolutionary responses. We sampled wild adult whitefish and crossed them in vitro full factorially. In total, 2896 singly raised embryos of 48 families were exposed to two concentrations (0.5 μg/L; 100 μg/L) of differently sized silver nanoparticles or ions (silver nitrate). These doses were not lethal; yet higher concentrations prompted embryos to hatch earlier and at a smaller size. The induced hatching did not vary with nanoparticle size and was stronger in the silver nitrate group. Additive genetic variation for hatching time was significant across all treatments, with no apparent environmental dependencies. No genetic variation was found for hatching plasticity. We found some treatment‐dependent heritable variation for larval length and yolk volume, and one instance of additive genetic variation for the reaction norm on length at hatching. Our assessment suggests that the effects of silver exposure on additive genetic variation vary according to trait and silver source. While the long‐term fitness consequences of low‐level silver exposure on whitefish embryos must be further investigated to determine whether it is, in fact, detrimental, our results suggest that the evolutionary potential for adaptation to these types of pollutants may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Clark
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pompini
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anshu Uppal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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10
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Wilkins LGE, Clark ES, Farinelli L, Wedekind C, Fumagalli L. Embryonic gene expression of Coregonus palaea (whitefish) under pathogen stress as analyzed by high-throughput RNA-sequencing. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:130-140. [PMID: 26340848 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most fishes produce free-living embryos that are exposed to environmental stressors immediately following fertilization, including pathogenic microorganisms. Initial immune protection of embryos involves the chorion, as a protective barrier, and maternally-allocated antimicrobial compounds. At later developmental stages, host-genetic effects influence susceptibility and tolerance, suggesting a direct interaction between embryo genes and pathogens. So far, only a few host genes could be identified that correlate with embryonic survival under pathogen stress in salmonids. Here, we utilized high-throughput RNA-sequencing in order to describe the transcriptional response of a non-model fish, the Alpine whitefish Coregonus palaea, to infection, both in terms of host genes that are likely manipulated by the pathogen, and those involved in an early putative immune response. Embryos were produced in vitro, raised individually, and exposed at the late-eyed stage to a virulent strain of the opportunistic fish pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens. The pseudomonad increased embryonic mortality and affected gene expression substantially. For example, essential, upregulated metabolic pathways in embryos under pathogen stress included ion binding pathways, aminoacyl-tRNA-biosynthesis, and the production of arginine and proline, most probably mediated by the pathogen for its proliferation. Most prominently downregulated transcripts comprised the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, the citrate cycle, and various isoforms of b-cell transcription factors. These factors have been shown to play a significant role in host blood cell differentiation and renewal. With regard to specific immune functions, differentially expressed transcripts mapped to the complement cascade, MHC class I and II, TNF-alpha, and T-cell differentiation proteins. The results of this study reveal insights into how P. fluorescens impairs the development of whitefish embryos and set a foundation for future studies investigating host pathogen interactions in fish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Emily S Clark
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Fumagalli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Stelkens RB, Pompini M, Wedekind C. Testing the effects of genetic crossing distance on embryo survival within a metapopulation of brown trout (Salmo trutta). CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-013-0545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Clark ES, Pompini M, Marques da Cunha L, Wedekind C. Maternal and paternal contributions to pathogen resistance dependent on development stage in a whitefish (
S
almonidae). Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Clark
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pompini
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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