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Andrade FFD, Vitório JG, Canuto GAB, Nunes FFC, Rodrigues IA, Almeida APMM, Nascimento FC, Costa AO, Vieira TDS, Silva ACC, André LC, Gontijo CMF, Junqueira C, de Toledo JS, Fernandes AP, Soares RP. Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae versus pathogenic species: comparative evaluation of protease activity, glycoconjugates, resistance to complement and metabolome composition. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230243. [PMID: 38775551 PMCID: PMC11111114 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania tarentolae is a non-pathogenic species found in lizards representing an important model for Leishmania biology. However, several aspects of this Sauroleishmania remain unknown to explain its low level of virulence. OBJECTIVES We reported several aspects of L. tarentolae biology including glycoconjugates, proteolytic activities and metabolome composition in comparison to pathogenic species (Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major). METHODS Parasites were cultured for extraction and purification of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), immunofluorescence probing with anti-gp63 and resistance against complement. Parasite extracts were also tested for proteases activity and metabolome composition. FINDINGS Leishmania tarentolae does not express LPG on its surface. It expresses gp63 at lower levels compared to pathogenic species and, is highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. This species also lacks intracellular/extracellular activities of proteolytic enzymes. It has metabolic differences with pathogenic species, exhibiting a lower abundance of metabolites including ABC transporters, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids, TCA cycle, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism and pentose-phosphate pathways. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The non-pathogenic phenotype of L. tarentolae is associated with alterations in several biochemical and molecular features. This reinforces the need of comparative studies between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virulence during host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Fideles Duarte Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Gardone Vitório
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Fernanda Freire Campos Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Isabela Aurora Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Martins Morais Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Frederico Crepaldi Nascimento
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Tamara da Silva Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Carvalho Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Leiliane Coelho André
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juliano Simões de Toledo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Fairlamb AH, Wyllie S. The critical role of mode of action studies in kinetoplastid drug discovery. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2023; 3:fddsv.2023.1185679. [PMID: 37600222 PMCID: PMC7614965 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2023.1185679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the target and mode of action of compounds identified by phenotypic screening can greatly facilitate the process of drug discovery and development. Here, we outline the tools currently available for target identification against the neglected tropical diseases, human African trypanosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease. We provide examples how these tools can be used to identify and triage undesirable mechanisms, to identify potential toxic liabilities in patients and to manage a balanced portfolio of target-based campaigns. We review the primary targets of drugs that are currently in clinical development that were initially identified via phenotypic screening, and whose modes of action affect protein turnover, RNA trans-splicing or signalling in these protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H. Fairlamb
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Lesani M, Gosmanov C, Paun A, Lewis MD, McCall LI. Impact of Visceral Leishmaniasis on Local Organ Metabolism in Hamsters. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090802. [PMID: 36144206 PMCID: PMC9506185 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular parasite with different species pathogenic to humans and causing the disease leishmaniasis. Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that manifests as hepatosplenomegaly, fever, pancytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. If left without treatment, VL can cause death, especially in immunocompromised people. Current treatments have often significant adverse effects, and resistance has been reported in some countries. Determining the metabolites perturbed during VL can lead us to find new treatments targeting disease pathogenesis. We therefore compared metabolic perturbation between L. donovani-infected and uninfected hamsters across organs (spleen, liver, and gut). Metabolites were extracted, analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and processed with MZmine and molecular networking to annotate metabolites. We found few metabolites commonly impacted by infection across all three sites, including glycerophospholipids, ceramides, acylcarnitines, peptides, purines and amino acids. In accordance with VL symptoms and parasite tropism, we found a greater overlap of perturbed metabolites between spleen and liver compared to spleen and gut, or liver and gut. Targeting pathways related to these metabolite families would be the next focus that can lead us to find more effective treatments for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Lesani
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Camil Gosmanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael D. Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Correspondence:
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Metabolite Biomarkers of Leishmania Antimony Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051063. [PMID: 33946139 PMCID: PMC8146733 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis, one of the most epidemiologically important neglected tropical diseases. Leishmania exhibits a high ability of developing drug resistance, and drug resistance is one of the main threats to public health, as it is associated with increased incidence, mortality, and healthcare costs. The antimonial drug is the main historically implemented drug for leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, even though antimony resistance has been widely documented, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. In this study, we aimed to identify potential metabolite biomarkers of antimony resistance that could improve leishmaniasis treatment. Here, using L. tropica promastigotes as the biological model, we showed that the level of response to antimony can be potentially predicted using 1H-NMR-based metabolomic profiling. Antimony-resistant parasites exhibited differences in metabolite composition at the intracellular and extracellular levels, suggesting that a metabolic remodeling is required to combat the drug. Simple and time-saving exometabolomic analysis can be efficiently used for the differentiation of sensitive and resistant parasites. Our findings suggest that changes in metabolite composition are associated with an optimized response to the osmotic/oxidative stress and a rearrangement of carbon-energy metabolism. The activation of energy metabolism can be linked to the high energy requirement during the antioxidant stress response. We also found that metabolites such as proline and lactate change linearly with the level of resistance to antimony, showing a close relationship with the parasite's efficiency of drug resistance. A list of potential metabolite biomarkers is described and discussed.
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Gutierrez Guarnizo SA, Tikhonova EB, Zabet-Moghaddam M, Zhang K, Muskus C, Karamyshev AL, Karamysheva ZN. Drug-Induced Lipid Remodeling in Leishmania Parasites. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040790. [PMID: 33918954 PMCID: PMC8068835 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites efficiently develop resistance against several types of drugs including antimonials, the primary antileishmanial drug historically implemented. The resistance to antimonials is considered to be a major risk factor for effective leishmaniasis treatment. To detect biomarkers/biopatterns for the differentiation of antimony-resistant Leishmania strains, we employed untargeted global mass spectrometry to identify intracellular lipids present in antimony sensitive and resistant parasites before and after antimony exposure. The lipidomic profiles effectively differentiated the sensitive and resistant phenotypes growing with and without antimony pressure. Resistant phenotypes were characterized by significant downregulation of phosphatidylcholines, sphingolipid decrease, and lysophosphatidylcholine increase, while sensitive phenotypes were characterized by the upregulation of triglycerides with long-chain fatty acids and a tendency toward the phosphatidylethanolamine decrease. Our findings suggest that the changes in lipid composition in antimony-resistant parasites contribute to the physiological response conducted to combat the oxidative stress unbalance caused by the drug. We have identified several lipids as potential biomarkers associated with the drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneider Alexander Gutierrez Guarnizo
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.A.G.G.); (E.B.T.)
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Elena B. Tikhonova
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.A.G.G.); (E.B.T.)
| | | | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Carlos Muskus
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Andrey L. Karamyshev
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.A.G.G.); (E.B.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.K.); (Z.N.K.); Tel.: +1-806-743-4102 (A.L.K.); +1-806-834-5075 (Z.N.K.)
| | - Zemfira N. Karamysheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.L.K.); (Z.N.K.); Tel.: +1-806-743-4102 (A.L.K.); +1-806-834-5075 (Z.N.K.)
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Muraca G, Berti IR, Sbaraglini ML, Fávaro WJ, Durán N, Castro GR, Talevi A. Trypanosomatid-Caused Conditions: State of the Art of Therapeutics and Potential Applications of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Front Chem 2020; 8:601151. [PMID: 33324615 PMCID: PMC7726426 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.601151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid-caused conditions (African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis) are neglected tropical infectious diseases that mainly affect socioeconomically vulnerable populations. The available therapeutics display substantial limitations, among them limited efficacy, safety issues, drug resistance, and, in some cases, inconvenient routes of administration, which made the scenarios with insufficient health infrastructure settings inconvenient. Pharmaceutical nanocarriers may provide solutions to some of these obstacles, improving the efficacy-safety balance and tolerability to therapeutic interventions. Here, we overview the state of the art of therapeutics for trypanosomatid-caused diseases (including approved drugs and drugs undergoing clinical trials) and the literature on nanolipid pharmaceutical carriers encapsulating approved and non-approved drugs for these diseases. Numerous studies have focused on the obtention and preclinical assessment of lipid nanocarriers, particularly those addressing the two currently most challenging trypanosomatid-caused diseases, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. In general, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that delivering the drugs using such type of nanocarriers could improve the efficacy-safety balance, diminishing cytotoxicity and organ toxicity, especially in leishmaniasis. This constitutes a very relevant outcome, as it opens the possibility to extended treatment regimens and improved compliance. Despite these advances, last-generation nanosystems, such as targeted nanocarriers and hybrid systems, have still not been extensively explored in the field of trypanosomatid-caused conditions and represent promising opportunities for future developments. The potential use of nanotechnology in extended, well-tolerated drug regimens is particularly interesting in the light of recent descriptions of quiescent/dormant stages of Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi, which have been linked to therapeutic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Muraca
- Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development (LIDeB), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Rivero Berti
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) -CONICET (CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - María L. Sbaraglini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development (LIDeB), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Wagner J. Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R. Castro
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) -CONICET (CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development (LIDeB), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Pinho N, Wiśniewski JR, Dias-Lopes G, Saboia-Vahia L, Bombaça ACS, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Menna-Barreto R, Cupolillo E, de Jesus JB, Padrón G, Cuervo P. In-depth quantitative proteomics uncovers specie-specific metabolic programs in Leishmania (Viannia) species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008509. [PMID: 32804927 PMCID: PMC7451982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania species are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, denominated Leishmaniasis, affecting over 12 million people worldwide. During the last decade, there have been impressive efforts for sequencing the genome of most of the pathogenic Leishmania spp. as well as hundreds of strains, but large-scale proteomics analyses did not follow these achievements and the Leishmania proteome remained mostly uncharacterized. Here, we report a comprehensive comparative study of the proteomes of strains representing L. braziliensis, L. panamensis and L. guyanensis species. Proteins extracted by SDS-mediated lysis were processed following the multi-enzyme digestion-filter aided sample preparation (FASP) procedure and analysed by high accuracy mass spectrometry. "Total Protein Approach" and "Proteomic Ruler" were applied for absolute quantification of proteins. Principal component analysis demonstrated very high reproducibility among biological replicates and a very clear differentiation of the three species. Our dataset comprises near 7000 proteins, representing the most complete Leishmania proteome yet known, and provides a comprehensive quantitative picture of the proteomes of the three species in terms of protein concentration and copy numbers. Analysis of the abundance of proteins from the major energy metabolic processes allow us to highlight remarkably differences among the species and suggest that these parasites depend on distinct energy substrates to obtain ATP. Whereas L. braziliensis relies the more on glycolysis, L. panamensis and L. guyanensis seem to depend mainly on mitochondrial respiration. These results were confirmed by biochemical assays showing opposite profiles for glucose uptake and O2 consumption in these species. In addition, we provide quantitative data about different membrane proteins, transporters, and lipids, all of which contribute for significant species-specific differences and provide rich substrate for explore new molecules for diagnosing purposes. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Pinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jacek R. Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rubem Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose Batista de Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina–Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Padrón
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Douanne N, Wagner V, Roy G, Leprohon P, Ouellette M, Fernandez-Prada C. MRPA-independent mechanisms of antimony resistance in Leishmania infantum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 13:28-37. [PMID: 32413766 PMCID: PMC7225602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Control of both human and canine leishmaniasis is based on a very short list of chemotherapeutic agents, headed by antimonial derivatives (Sb). The utility of these molecules is severely threatened by high rates of drug resistance. The ABC transporter MRPA is one of the few key Sb resistance proteins described to date, whose role in detoxification has been thoroughly studied in Leishmania parasites. Nonetheless, its rapid amplification during drug selection complicates the discovery of other mechanisms potentially involved in Sb resistance. In this study, stepwise drug-resistance selection and next-generation sequencing were combined in the search for novel Sb-resistance mechanisms deployed by parasites when MRPA is abolished by targeted gene disruption. The gene mrpA is not essential in L. infantum, and its disruption leads to an Sb hypersensitive phenotype in both promastigotes and amastigotes. Five independent mrpA-/- mutants were selected for antimony resistance. These mutants displayed major changes in their ploidy, as well as extrachromosomal linear amplifications of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 23, which includes the genes coding for ABCC1 and ABCC2. Overexpression of ABCC2, but not of ABCC1, resulted in increased Sb tolerance in the mrpA-/- mutant. SNP analyses revealed three different heterozygous mutations in the gene coding for a serine acetyltransferase (SAT) involved in de novo cysteine synthesis in Leishmania. Overexpression of satQ390K, satG321R and satG325R variants led to a 2-3.2 -fold increase in Sb resistance in mrpA-/- parasites. Only satG321R and satG325R induced increased Sb resistance in wild-type parasites. These results reinforce and expand knowledge on the complex nature of Sb resistance in Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Douanne
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Victoria Wagner
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaetan Roy
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Veronica J, Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Devender M, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, Maurya R. Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in
Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2019; 286:3488-3503. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Veronica
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | | | - Alti Dayakar
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine IMS Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
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Importance of secondary screening with clinical isolates for anti-leishmania drug discovery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11765. [PMID: 30082744 PMCID: PMC6078976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing drug resistance (DR) raises major concerns for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected disease lethal in 95 percent of the cases if left untreated. Resistance has rendered antimonials (SSG) obsolete in the Indian Sub-Continent (ISC) and the first miltefosine-resistant Leishmania donovani were isolated. New chemotherapeutic options are needed and novel compounds are being identified by high-throughput screening (HTS). HTS is generally performed with old laboratory strains such as LdBOB and we aimed here to validate the activity of selected compounds against recent clinical isolates. In this academic/industrial collaboration, 130 compounds from the GSK “Leishbox” were screened against one SSG-sensitive and one SSG-resistant strain of L. donovani recently isolated from ISC patients, using an intracellular assay of L. donovani-infected THP1-derived macrophages. We showed that only 45% of the compounds were active in both clinical isolates and LdBOB. There were also different compound efficiencies linked to the SSG susceptibility background of the strains. In addition, our results suggested that the differential susceptibility profiles were chemical series-dependent. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential value of including clinical isolates (as well as resistant strains) in the HTS progression cascade.
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Cuypers B, Berg M, Imamura H, Dumetz F, De Muylder G, Domagalska MA, Rijal S, Bhattarai NR, Maes I, Sanders M, Cotton JA, Meysman P, Laukens K, Dujardin JC. Integrated genomic and metabolomic profiling of ISC1, an emerging Leishmania donovani population in the Indian subcontinent. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 62:170-178. [PMID: 29679745 PMCID: PMC6261844 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is the responsible agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent (ISC). The disease is lethal without treatment and causes 0.2 to 0.4 million cases each year. Recently, reports of VL in Nepalese hilly districts have increased as well as VL cases caused by L. donovani from the ISC1 genetic group, a new and emerging genotype. In this study, we perform for the first time an integrated, untargeted genomics and metabolomics approach to characterize ISC1, in comparison with the Core Group (CG), main population that drove the most recent outbreak of VL in the ISC. We show that the ISC1 population is very different from the CG, both at genome and metabolome levels. The genomic differences include SNPs, CNV and small indels in genes coding for known virulence factors, immunogens and surface proteins. Both genomic and metabolic approaches highlighted dissimilarities related to membrane lipids, the nucleotide salvage pathway and the urea cycle in ISC1 versus CG. Many of these pathways and molecules are important for the interaction with the host/extracellular environment. Altogether, our data predict major functional differences in ISC1 versus CG parasites, including virulence. Therefore, particular attention is required to monitor the fate of this emerging ISC1 population in the ISC, especially in a post-VL elimination context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Cuypers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maya Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Franck Dumetz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Géraldine De Muylder
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Suman Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Ilse Maes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Molecular Preadaptation to Antimony Resistance in Leishmania donovani on the Indian Subcontinent. mSphere 2018; 3:3/2/e00548-17. [PMID: 29669889 PMCID: PMC5907651 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00548-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The “antibiotic resistance crisis” is a major challenge for scientists and medical professionals. This steady rise in drug-resistant pathogens also extends to parasitic diseases, with antimony being the first anti-Leishmania drug that fell in the Indian subcontinent (ISC). Leishmaniasis is a major but neglected infectious disease with limited therapeutic options. Therefore, understanding how parasites became resistant to antimonials is of commanding importance. In this study, we experimentally characterized the dynamics of this resistance acquisition and show for the first time that some Leishmania populations of the ISC were preadapted to antimony resistance, likely driven by environmental factors or by drugs used in the 19th century. Antimonials (Sb) were used for decades for chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Now abandoned in the Indian subcontinent (ISC) because of Leishmania donovani resistance, this drug offers a unique model for understanding drug resistance dynamics. In a previous phylogenomic study, we found two distinct populations of L. donovani: the core group (CG) in the Gangetic plains and ISC1 in the Nepalese highlands. Sb resistance was only encountered within the CG, and a series of potential markers were identified. Here, we analyzed the development of resistance to trivalent antimonials (SbIII) upon experimental selection in ISC1 and CG strains. We observed that (i) baseline SbIII susceptibility of parasites was higher in ISC1 than in the CG, (ii) time to SbIII resistance was higher for ISC1 parasites than for CG strains, and (iii) untargeted genomic and metabolomic analyses revealed molecular changes along the selection process: these were more numerous in ISC1 than in the CG. Altogether these observations led to the hypothesis that CG parasites are preadapted to SbIII resistance. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed by showing that only wild-type CG strains could survive a direct exposure to the maximal concentration of SbIII. The main driver of this preadaptation was shown to be MRPA, a gene involved in SbIII sequestration and amplified in an intrachromosomal amplicon in all CG strains characterized so far. This amplicon emerged around 1850 in the CG, well before the implementation of antimonials for VL chemotherapy, and we discuss here several hypotheses of selective pressure that could have accompanied its emergence. IMPORTANCE The “antibiotic resistance crisis” is a major challenge for scientists and medical professionals. This steady rise in drug-resistant pathogens also extends to parasitic diseases, with antimony being the first anti-Leishmania drug that fell in the Indian subcontinent (ISC). Leishmaniasis is a major but neglected infectious disease with limited therapeutic options. Therefore, understanding how parasites became resistant to antimonials is of commanding importance. In this study, we experimentally characterized the dynamics of this resistance acquisition and show for the first time that some Leishmania populations of the ISC were preadapted to antimony resistance, likely driven by environmental factors or by drugs used in the 19th century.
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13
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Jara M, Berg M, Caljon G, de Muylder G, Cuypers B, Castillo D, Maes I, Orozco MDC, Vanaerschot M, Dujardin JC, Arevalo J. Macromolecular biosynthetic parameters and metabolic profile in different life stages of Leishmania braziliensis: Amastigotes as a functionally less active stage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180532. [PMID: 28742826 PMCID: PMC5526552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently hypothesized that Leishmania amastigotes could constitute a semi-quiescent stage characterized by low replication and reduced metabolic activity. This concept developed with Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana and Leishmania (Leishmania) major models might explain numerous clinical and sub-clinical features of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections, like reactivation of the disease, non-response to chemotherapy or asymptomatic infections. We compared here in vitro the proliferative capability of L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes and promastigotes, assessed the expression of key molecular parameters and performed metabolomic analysis. We found that contrary to the highly proliferative promastigotes, amastigotes (axenic and intracellular) do not show evidence of extensive proliferation. In parallel, amastigotes showed a significant decrease of (i) the kDNA mini-circle abundance, (ii) the intracellular ATP level, (iii) the ribosomal components: rRNA subunits 18S and 28S α and ribosomal proteins RPS15 and RPL19, (iv) total RNA and protein levels. An untargeted metabolomic study identified clear differences between the different life stages: in comparison to logarithmic promastigotes, axenic amastigotes showed (a) a strong decrease of 14 essential and non-essential amino acids and eight metabolites involved in polyamine synthesis, (b) extensive changes in the phospholipids composition and (c) increased levels of several endogenous and exogenous sterols. Altogether, our results show that L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes can show a phenotype with negligible rate of proliferation, a lower capacity of biosynthesis, a reduced bio-energetic level and a strongly altered metabolism. Our results pave the way for further exploration of quiescence among amastigotes of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Jara
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maya Berg
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geraldine de Muylder
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Denis Castillo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Ilse Maes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - María del Carmen Orozco
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorge Arevalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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14
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Dos Reis PG, do Monte-Neto RL, Melo MN, Frézard F. Biophysical and Pharmacological Characterization of Energy-Dependent Efflux of Sb in Laboratory-Selected Resistant Strains of Leishmania ( Viannia) Subgenus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:24. [PMID: 28393067 PMCID: PMC5364148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing resistance of leishmaniasis to first-line drugs like antimonials in some regions limits the control of this parasitic disease. The precise mechanisms involved in Leishmania antimony resistance are still subject to debate. The reduction of intracellular SbIII accumulation is a common change observed in both laboratory-selected and field isolated resistant Leishmania strains, but the exact transport pathways involved in antimony resistance have not yet been elucidated. In order to functionally characterize the antimony transport routes responsible for resistance, we performed systematic transport studies of SbIII in wild-type and resistant strains of L. (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis. Those include influx and efflux assays and the influence of ABC transporters and metabolism inhibitors: prochlorperazine, probenecid, verapamil, BSO, and sodium azide. The mRNA levels of genes associated with antimony resistance (MRPA, GSH1, ODC, AQP1, ABCI4, and ARM58) were also investigated in addition to intracellular thiol levels. A strong reduction of Sb influx was observed in L. guyanensis resistant mutant (LgSbR), but not in L. braziliensis (LbSbR). Both mutants showed increased energy-dependent efflux of SbIII, when compared to their respective parental strains. In LgSbR, BSO and prochlorperazine inhibited antimony efflux and resistance was associated with increased MRPA and GSH1 mRNA levels, while in LbSbR antimony efflux was inhibited by probenicid and prochlorperazine in absence of resistance-associated gene modulation. Intracellular thiol levels were increased in both Sb-resistant mutants. An energy-dependent SbIII efflux pathway sensitive to prochlorperazine was clearly evidenced in both Sb-resistant mutants. In conclusion, the present study allowed the biophysical and pharmacological characterization of energy-dependent Sb efflux pathway apparently independent of MRPA, ABCI4, and ARM58 upregulation, in Leishmania (Vianna) mutant selected in vitro for resistance to SbIII. Prochlorperazine has also been identified as an effective chemosensitizer in both Sb resistant mutants, which acts through inhibition of the active efflux of Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila G Dos Reis
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil; Departamento de Farmácia/Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital João XXIII - Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rubens L do Monte-Neto
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - CPqRR/FIOCRUZ Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria N Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Singh K, Ali V, Pratap Singh K, Gupta P, Suman SS, Ghosh AK, Bimal S, Pandey K, Das P. Deciphering the interplay between cysteine synthase and thiol cascade proteins in modulating Amphotericin B resistance and survival of Leishmania donovani under oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2017; 12:350-366. [PMID: 28288415 PMCID: PMC5349463 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is the causative organism of the neglected human disease known as visceral leishmaniasis which is often fatal, if left untreated. The cysteine biosynthesis pathway of Leishmania may serve as a potential drug target because it is different from human host and regulates downstream components of redox metabolism of the parasites; essential for their survival, pathogenicity and drug resistance. However, despite the apparent dependency of redox metabolism of cysteine biosynthesis pathway, the role of L. donovani cysteine synthase (LdCS) in drug resistance and redox homeostasis has been unexplored. Herein, we report that over-expression of LdCS in Amphotericin B (Amp B) sensitive strain (S1-OE) modulates resistance towards oxidative stress and drug pressure. We observed that antioxidant enzyme activities were up-regulated in S1-OE parasites and these parasites alleviate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently by maintaining the reduced thiol pool. In contrast to S1-OE parasites, Amp B sensitive strain (S1) showed higher levels of ROS which was positively correlated with the protein carbonylation levels and negatively correlated with cell viability. Moreover, further investigations showed that LdCS over-expression also augments the ROS-primed induction of LdCS-GFP as well as endogenous LdCS and thiol pathway proteins (LdTryS, LdTryR and LdcTXN) in L. donovani parasites; which probably aids in stress tolerance and drug resistance. In addition, the expression of LdCS was found to be up-regulated in Amp B resistant isolates and during infective stationary stages of growth and consistent with these observations, our ex vivo infectivity studies confirmed that LdCS over-expression enhances the infectivity of L. donovani parasites. Our results reveal a novel crosstalk between LdCS and thiol metabolic pathway proteins and demonstrate the crucial role of LdCS in drug resistance and redox homeostasis of Leishmania. Over-expression of CS in L. donovani modulates oxidative stress & Amp B resistance. Over-expressing parasite possess higher thiol to counteract the oxidative stress. Over-expressing parasites showed increased activity of TXNPx, GST, SOD, and APx. Expression/activity of LdCS is up-regulated in Amp B resistant clinical isolates. Ex vivo results confirm that LdCS over-expression enhance the parasites infectivity. Over-expressing parasites survived long time under oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Parool Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Shashi S Suman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Ayan K Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
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16
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Abstract
For decades antimonials were the drugs of choice for the treatment of visceral
leishmaniasis (VL), but the recent emergence of resistance has made them redundant as
first-line therapy in the endemic VL region in the Indian subcontinent. The application of
other drugs has been limited due to adverse effects, perceived high cost, need for
parenteral administration and increasing rate of treatment failures. Liposomal
amphotericin B (AmB) and miltefosine (MIL) have been positioned as the effective
first-line treatments; however, the number of monotherapy MIL-failures has increased after
a decade of use. Since no validated molecular resistance markers are yet available,
monitoring and surveillance of changes in drug sensitivity and resistance still depends on
standard phenotypic in vitro promastigote or amastigote susceptibility
assays. Clinical isolates displaying defined MIL- or AmB-resistance are still fairly
scarce and fundamental and applied research on resistance mechanisms and dynamics remains
largely dependent on laboratory-generated drug resistant strains. This review addresses
the various challenges associated with drug susceptibility and -resistance monitoring in
VL, with particular emphasis on the choice of strains, susceptibility model selection and
standardization of procedures with specific read-out parameters and well-defined threshold
criteria. The latter are essential to support surveillance systems and safeguard the
limited number of currently available antileishmanial drugs.
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17
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Abstract
Eukaryotic microbial pathogens are major contributors to illness and death globally. Although much of their impact can be controlled by drug therapy as with prokaryotic microorganisms, the emergence of drug resistance has threatened these treatment efforts. Here, we discuss the challenges posed by eukaryotic microbial pathogens and how these are similar to, or differ from, the challenges of prokaryotic antibiotic resistance. The therapies used for several major eukaryotic microorganisms are then detailed, and the mechanisms that they have evolved to overcome these therapies are described. The rapid emergence of resistance and the restricted pipeline of new drug therapies pose considerable risks to global health and are particularly acute in the developing world. Nonetheless, we detail how the integration of new technology, biological understanding, epidemiology and evolutionary analysis can help sustain existing therapies, anticipate the emergence of resistance or optimize the deployment of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H. Fairlamb
- Dundee Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Wellcome Trust Strategic Award in Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Keith R. Matthews
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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18
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Genomic Appraisal of the Multifactorial Basis for In Vitro Acquisition of Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4089-100. [PMID: 27114280 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00478-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of leishmaniasis, with high rates of mortality if left untreated. Leishmania parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotominae), and approximately 500,000 new cases of VL are reported each year. In the absence of a safe human vaccine, chemotherapy, along with vector control, is the sole tool with which to fight the disease. Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphatidylcholine [HePC]), an antitumoral drug, is the only successful oral treatment for VL. In the current study, we describe the phenotypic traits of L. donovani clonal lines that have acquired resistance to HePC. We performed whole-genome and RNA sequencing of these resistant lines to provide an inclusive overview of the multifactorial acquisition of experimental HePC resistance, circumventing the challenge of identifying changes in membrane-bound proteins faced by proteomics. This analysis was complemented by assessment of the in vitro infectivity of HePC-resistant parasites. Our work underscores the importance of complementary "omics" to acquire the most comprehensive insight for multifaceted processes, such as HePC resistance.
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19
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Shaw CD, Lonchamp J, Downing T, Imamura H, Freeman TM, Cotton JA, Sanders M, Blackburn G, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, Khanal B, Illingworth CJR, Coombs GH, Carter KC. In vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in promastigotes of Leishmania donovani from Nepal: genomic and metabolomic characterization. Mol Microbiol 2016; 99:1134-48. [PMID: 26713880 PMCID: PMC4832254 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we followed the genomic, lipidomic and metabolomic changes associated with the selection of miltefosine (MIL) resistance in two clinically derived Leishmania donovani strains with different inherent resistance to antimonial drugs (antimony sensitive strain Sb-S; and antimony resistant Sb-R). MIL-R was easily induced in both strains using the promastigote-stage, but a significant increase in MIL-R in the intracellular amastigote compared to the corresponding wild-type did not occur until promastigotes had adapted to 12.2 μM MIL. A variety of common and strain-specific genetic changes were discovered in MIL-adapted parasites, including deletions at the LdMT transporter gene, single-base mutations and changes in somy. The most obvious lipid changes in MIL-R promastigotes occurred to phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines and results indicate that the Kennedy pathway is involved in MIL resistance. The inherent Sb resistance of the parasite had an impact on the changes that occurred in MIL-R parasites, with more genetic changes occurring in Sb-R compared with Sb-S parasites. Initial interpretation of the changes identified in this study does not support synergies with Sb-R in the mechanisms of MIL resistance, though this requires an enhanced understanding of the parasite's biochemical pathways and how they are genetically regulated to be verified fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Shaw
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - J Lonchamp
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - T Downing
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- College of Science, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - H Imamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde Nationalestraat, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - T M Freeman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Blackburn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - J C Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde Nationalestraat, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - S Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - B Khanal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - G H Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - K C Carter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
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20
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Hendrickx S, Leemans A, Mondelaers A, Rijal S, Khanal B, Dujardin JC, Delputte P, Cos P, Maes L. Comparative Fitness of a Parent Leishmania donovani Clinical Isolate and Its Experimentally Derived Paromomycin-Resistant Strain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140139. [PMID: 26469696 PMCID: PMC4607421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paromomycin has recently been introduced for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis and emergence of drug resistance can only be appropriately judged upon its long term routine use in the field. Understanding alterations in parasite behavior linked to paromomycin-resistance may be essential to assess the propensity for emergence and spread of resistant strains. A standardized and integrated laboratory approach was adopted to define and assess parasite fitness of both promastigotes and amastigotes using an experimentally induced paromomycin-resistant Leishmania donovani strain and its paromomycin-susceptible parent wild-type clinical isolate. Primary focus was placed on parasite growth and virulence, two major components of parasite fitness. The combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches enabled detailed comparison of wild-type and resistant strains for which no differences could be demonstrated with regard to promastigote growth, metacyclogenesis, in vitro infectivity, multiplication in primary peritoneal mouse macrophages and infectivity for Balb/c mice upon infection with 2 x 107 metacyclic promastigotes. Monitoring of in vitro intracellular amastigote multiplication revealed a consistent decrease in parasite burden over time for both wild-type and resistant parasites, an observation that was subsequently also confirmed in a larger set of L. donovani clinical isolates. Though the impact of these findings should be further explored, the study results suggest that the epidemiological implications of acquired paromomycin-resistance may remain minimal other than the loss of one of the last remaining drugs effective against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Mondelaers
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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McConville MJ, Saunders EC, Kloehn J, Dagley MJ. Leishmania carbon metabolism in the macrophage phagolysosome- feast or famine? F1000Res 2015; 4:938. [PMID: 26594352 PMCID: PMC4648189 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of medically important microbial pathogens target and proliferate within macrophages and other phagocytic cells in their mammalian hosts. While the majority of these pathogens replicate within the host cell cytosol or non-hydrolytic vacuolar compartments, a few, including protists belonging to the genus
Leishmania, proliferate long-term within mature lysosome compartments. How these parasites achieve this feat remains poorly defined. In this review, we highlight recent studies that suggest that
Leishmania virulence is intimately linked to programmed changes in the growth rate and carbon metabolism of the obligate intra-macrophage stages. We propose that activation of a slow growth and a stringent metabolic response confers resistance to multiple stresses (oxidative, temperature, pH), as well as both nutrient limitation and nutrient excess within this niche. These studies highlight the importance of metabolic processes as key virulence determinants in
Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor C Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Dagley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3010, Australia
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Westrop GD, Williams RAM, Wang L, Zhang T, Watson DG, Silva AM, Coombs GH. Metabolomic Analyses of Leishmania Reveal Multiple Species Differences and Large Differences in Amino Acid Metabolism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136891. [PMID: 26368322 PMCID: PMC4569581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic analyses of Leishmania species have revealed relatively minor heterogeneity amongst recognised housekeeping genes and yet the species cause distinct infections and pathogenesis in their mammalian hosts. To gain greater information on the biochemical variation between species, and insights into possible metabolic mechanisms underpinning visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, we have undertaken in this study a comparative analysis of the metabolomes of promastigotes of L. donovani, L. major and L. mexicana. The analysis revealed 64 metabolites with confirmed identity differing 3-fold or more between the cell extracts of species, with 161 putatively identified metabolites differing similarly. Analysis of the media from cultures revealed an at least 3-fold difference in use or excretion of 43 metabolites of confirmed identity and 87 putatively identified metabolites that differed to a similar extent. Strikingly large differences were detected in their extent of amino acid use and metabolism, especially for tryptophan, aspartate, arginine and proline. Major pathways of tryptophan and arginine catabolism were shown to be to indole-3-lactate and arginic acid, respectively, which were excreted. The data presented provide clear evidence on the value of global metabolomic analyses in detecting species-specific metabolic features, thus application of this technology should be a major contributor to gaining greater understanding of how pathogens are adapted to infecting their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D. Westrop
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick A. M. Williams
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Lijie Wang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tong Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Marta Silva
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graham H. Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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A Multiplatform Metabolomic Approach to the Basis of Antimonial Action and Resistance in Leishmania infantum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130675. [PMID: 26161866 PMCID: PMC4498920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising resistance against antimony drugs, the gold-standard for treatment until some years ago. That is a serious problem due to the paucity of drugs in current clinical use. In a research to reveal how these drugs affect the parasite during treatment and to unravel the underlying basis for their resistance, we have employed metabolomics to study treatment in Leishmania infantum promastigotes. This was accomplished first through the untargeted analysis of metabolic snapshots of treated and untreated parasites both resistant and responders, utilizing a multiplatform approach to give the widest as possible coverage of the metabolome, and additionally through novel monitoring of the origin of the detected alterations through a 13C traceability experiment. Our data stress a multi-target metabolic alteration with treatment, affecting in particular the cell redox system that is essential to cope with detoxification and biosynthetic processes. Additionally, relevant changes were noted in amino acid metabolism. Our results are in agreement with other authors studying other Leishmania species.
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Ghosh AK, Sardar AH, Mandal A, Saini S, Abhishek K, Kumar A, Purkait B, Singh R, Das S, Mukhopadhyay R, Roy S, Das P. Metabolic reconfiguration of the central glucose metabolism: a crucial strategy of Leishmania donovani for its survival during oxidative stress. FASEB J 2015; 29:2081-98. [PMID: 25690656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism that allows the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani (Ld) to respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is of increasing therapeutic importance because of the continuing resistance toward antileishmanial drugs and for determining the illusive survival strategy of these parasites. A shift in primary carbon metabolism is the fastest response to oxidative stress. A (14)CO2 evolution study, expression of glucose transporters together with consumption assays, indicated a shift in metabolic flux of the parasites from glycolysis toward pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) when exposed to different oxidants in vitro/ex vivo. Changes in gene expression, protein levels, and enzyme activities all pointed to a metabolic reconfiguration of the central glucose metabolism in response to oxidants. Generation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) (∼5-fold) and transaldolase (TAL) (∼4.2-fold) overexpressing Ld cells reaffirmed that lethal doses of ROS were counterbalanced by effective manipulation of NADPH:NADP(+) ratio and stringent maintenance of reduced thiol content. The extent of protein carbonylation and accumulation of lipid peroxidized products were also found to be less in overexpressed cell lines. Interestingly, the LD50 of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), amphotericin-B (AmB), and miltefosine were significantly high toward overexpressing parasites. Consequently, this study illustrates that Ld strategizes a metabolic reconfiguration for replenishment of NADPH pool to encounter oxidative challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan K Ghosh
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Abul H Sardar
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Savita Saini
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Bidyut Purkait
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Experimental resistance to drug combinations in Leishmania donovani: metabolic and phenotypic adaptations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2242-55. [PMID: 25645828 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04231-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with vector control, chemotherapy is an essential tool for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), but its efficacy is jeopardized by growing resistance and treatment failure against first-line drugs. To delay the emergence of resistance, the use of drug combinations of existing antileishmanial agents has been tested systematically in clinical trials for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In vitro, Leishmania donovani promastigotes are able to develop experimental resistance to several combinations of different antileishmanial drugs after 10 weeks of drug pressure. Using an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics approach, we identified metabolic changes in lines that were experimentally resistant to drug combinations and their respective single-resistant lines. This highlighted both collective metabolic changes (found in all combination therapy-resistant [CTR] lines) and specific ones (found in certain CTR lines). We demonstrated that single-resistant and CTR parasite cell lines show distinct metabolic adaptations, which all converge on the same defensive mechanisms that were experimentally validated: protection against drug-induced and external oxidative stress and changes in membrane fluidity. The membrane fluidity changes were accompanied by changes in drug uptake only in the lines that were resistant against drug combinations with antimonials, and surprisingly, drug accumulation was higher in these lines. Together, these results highlight the importance and the central role of protection against oxidative stress in the different resistant lines. Ultimately, these phenotypic changes might interfere with the mode of action of all drugs that are currently used for the treatment of VL and should be taken into account in drug development.
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Comparative analysis of the omics technologies used to study antimonial, amphotericin B, and pentamidine resistance in leishmania. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014:726328. [PMID: 24900912 PMCID: PMC4036598 DOI: 10.1155/2014/726328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious threat in developing countries due to its endemic nature and debilitating symptoms. Extensive research and investigations have been carried out to learn about the mechanism of drug resistance in Leishmania but results obtained in the laboratory are not in agreement with those obtained from the field. Also the lack of knowledge about the mode of action for a number of drugs makes the study of drug resistance more complex. A major concern in recent times has been regarding the role of parasitic virulence in drug resistance for Leishmania. Researchers have employed various techniques to unravel the facts about resistance and virulence in Leishmania. With advent of advanced and more specific means of detection, further hints about probable mechanisms of conferring resistance are expected. This review aims to provide a consolidated picture along with a comparative account of the work done so far to study the mechanism of antimony, amphotericin B, and pentamidine resistance using various techniques.
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Frézard F, Monte-Neto R, Reis PG. Antimony transport mechanisms in resistant leishmania parasites. Biophys Rev 2014; 6:119-132. [PMID: 28509965 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimonial compounds have been used for more than a century in the treatment of the parasitic disease leishmaniasis. Although pentavalent antimonials are still first-line drugs in several developing countries, this class of drugs is no longer recommended in the Indian sub-continent because of the emergence of drug resistance. The precise mechanisms involved in the resistance of leishmania parasites to antimony are still subject to debate. It is now well documented that drug resistance in leishmania parasites is a multifactorial phenomenon involving multiple genes whose expression pattern synergistically leads to the resistance phenotype. The reduction of intracellular antimony accumulation is a frequent change observed in resistant leishmania cells; however, no comprehensive transport model has been presented so far to explain this change and its contribution to Leishmania resistance. The present review firstly covers the actual knowledge on the metabolism of antimonial drugs, the mechanisms of their transmembrane transport and intracellular processing in Leishmania. It further describes both the functional and molecular changes associated with Sb resistance in this organism. Possible transport models based on the actual knowledge are then presented, as well as their functional implications. Biophysical and pharmacological strategies are finally proposed for the precise identification of the transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rubens Monte-Neto
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, G1V 4G2, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Priscila G Reis
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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