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Jiang H, Yuan L, Ma L, Qi K, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Ma G, Qi J. Histone H3 N-Terminal Lysine Acetylation Governs Fungal Growth, Conidiation, and Pathogenicity through Regulating Gene Expression in Fusarium pseudograminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:379. [PMID: 38921366 PMCID: PMC11204548 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The acetylation of histone lysine residues regulates multiple life processes, including growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in filamentous pathogenic fungi. However, the specific function of each lysine residue at the N-terminus of histone H3 in phytopathogenic fungi remains unclear. In this study, we mutated the N-terminal lysine residues of histone H3 in Fusarium pseudograminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium crown rot of wheat in China, which also produces deoxynivalenol (DON) toxins harmful to humans and animals. Our findings reveal that all the FpH3K9R, FpH3K14R, FpH3K18R, and FpH3K23R mutants are vital for vegetative growth and conidiation. Additionally, FpH3K14 regulates the pathogen's sensitivity to various stresses and fungicides. Despite the slowed growth of the FpH3K9R and FpH3K23R mutants, their pathogenicity towards wheat stems and heads remains unchanged. However, the FpH3K9R mutant produces more DON. Furthermore, the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants exhibit significantly reduced virulence, with the FpH3K18R mutant producing minimal DON. In the FpH3K9R, FpH3K14R, FpH3K18R, and FpH3K23R mutants, there are 1863, 1400, 1688, and 1806 downregulated genes, respectively, compared to the wild type. These downregulated genes include many that are crucial for growth, conidiation, pathogenicity, and DON production, as well as some essential genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicates that genes downregulated in the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants are enriched for ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, and rRNA metabolic process. This suggests that the translation machinery is abnormal in the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants. Overall, our findings suggest that H3 N-terminal lysine residues are involved in regulating the expression of genes with important functions and are critical for fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Lifang Yuan
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Liguo Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Kai Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Yueli Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Bo Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Guoping Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Junshan Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
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Yu CK, Stephenson CJ, Villamor TC, Dyba TG, Schulz BL, Fraser JA. SAGA Complex Subunit Hfi1 Is Important in the Stress Response and Pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1198. [PMID: 38132798 PMCID: PMC10744473 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Spt-Ada-Gcn Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex is a highly conserved co-activator found across eukaryotes. It is composed of a number of modules which can vary between species, but all contain the core module. Hfi1 (known as TADA1 in Homo sapiens) is one of the proteins that forms the core module, and has been shown to play an important role in maintaining complex structural integrity in both brewer's yeast and humans. In this study we successfully identified the gene encoding this protein in the important fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, and named it HFI1. The hfi1Δ mutant is highly pleiotropic in vitro, influencing phenotypes, ranging from temperature sensitivity and melanin production to caffeine resistance and titan cell morphogenesis. In the absence of Hfi1, the transcription of several other SAGA genes is impacted, as is the acetylation and deubiquination of several histone residues. Importantly, loss of the gene significantly impacts virulence in a murine inhalation model of cryptococcosis. In summary, we have established that Hfi1 modulates multiple pathways that directly affect virulence and survival in C. neoformans, and provided deeper insight into the importance of the non-enzymatic components of the SAGA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - James A. Fraser
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.K.Y.); (C.J.S.); (T.C.V.); (T.G.D.); (B.L.S.)
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Xu C, Wang J, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Ma Z. The transcription factor FgStuA regulates virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis via recruiting the SAGA complex in Fusarium graminearum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2455-2467. [PMID: 37799006 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The conserved Spt-Ada-Gcn5-Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex controls eukaryotic transcription by modifying acetylation of histones. However, the mechanisms for this complex in regulating the transcription of target-specific genes remain largely unknown in phytopathogenic fungi. A filamentous fungal-specific transcription factor FgStuA was identified to interact with the SAGA complex physically. The coordinative mechanisms of FgStuA with the SAGA complex in regulating secondary metabolism and virulence were investigated in Fusarium graminearum with genetic, biochemical and molecular techniques. The transcription factor FgStuA binds to a 7-bp cis-element (BVTGCAK) of its target gene promoter. Under mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) induction conditions, FgStuA recruits the SAGA complex into the promoter of TRI6, a core regulator of the DON biosynthesis gene cluster, leading to enhanced transcription of TRI6. During this process, we found that FgStuA is subject to acetylation by the SAGA complex, and acetylation of FgStuA plays a critical role for its enrichment in the TRI6 promoter. In addition, FgStuA together with the SAGA complex modulates fungal virulence. This study uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism of a transcription factor, which recruits and interacts with the SAGA complex to activate specific gene expression in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuming Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Huang YH, Lee YH, Lin CJ, Hsu LH, Chen YL. Deubiquitination module is critical for oxidative stress response and biofilm formation in Candida glabrata. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad099. [PMID: 37844959 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is one of the most important fungal diseases and generally refers to diseases of the skin or mucosal tissues caused by Candida species. Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. Infection with C. glabrata has significantly increased due to innate antifungal drug tolerance and the ability to adhere to mucocutaneous surfaces. Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex contains two different post-translational modifications, histone acetylation (HAT) module and deubiquitination (DUB) module, which are decisive in gene regulation and highly conserved in eukaryotes. Previous research in our laboratory found that the HAT module ADA2 could regulate C. glabrata oxidative stress tolerance, drug tolerance, cell wall integrity, and virulence. However, the roles of the DUB module that is comprised of UBP8, SGF11, SGF73, and SUS1 genes in those phenotypes are not yet understood. In this study, we found that DUB module genes UBP8, SGF11, and SUS1, but not SGF73 positively regulate histone H2B DUB. Furthermore, ubp8, sgf11, and sus1 mutants exhibited decreased biofilm formation and sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agent sodium dodecyl sulfate and antifungal drug amphotericin B. In addition, the sgf73 mutant showed increased biofilm formation but was susceptible to oxidative stresses, antifungal drugs, and cell wall perturbing agents. The ubp8, sgf11, and sus1 mutants showed marginal hypovirulence, whereas the sgf73 mutant exhibited virulence similar to the wild type in a murine systemic infection model. In conclusion, the C. glabrata DUB module plays distinct roles in H2B ubiquitination, oxidative stress response, biofilm formation, cell wall integrity, and drug tolerance, but exhibits minor roles in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Han Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hang Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hang Hsu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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Hu SJ, Zheng H, Li XP, Li ZX, Xu C, Li J, Liu JH, Hu WX, Zhao XY, Wang JJ, Qiu L. Ada2 and Ada3 Regulate Hyphal Growth, Asexual Development, and Pathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana by Maintaining Gcn5 Acetyltransferase Activity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0028123. [PMID: 37052485 PMCID: PMC10269768 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00281-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Gcn5 ortholog is essential for a variety of fungi. Here, we characterize the roles of Ada2 and Ada3, which are functionally linked to Gcn5, in the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Loss of Ada2 and Ada3 led to severe hyphal growth defects on rich and minimal media and drastic decreases in blastospore yield and conidiation capacity, with abnormal conidia-producing structures. ΔAda2 and ΔAda3 exhibited a delay in conidial germination and increased sensitivity to multiple chemical stresses and heat shock. Nearly all their pathogenicity was lost, and their ability to secrete extracellular enzymes, Pr1 proteases and chitinases for cuticle degradation was reduced. A yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that Ada2 binds to Ada3 and directly interacts with Gcn5, confirming the existence of a yeast-like Ada3-Ada2-Gcn5 HAT complex in this fungus. Additionally, deletion of the Ada genes reduced the activity of Gcn5, especially in the ΔAda2 strain, which was consistent with the acetylation level of histone H3 determined by Western blotting. These results illustrate the dependence of Gcn5 enzyme activity on Ada2 and Ada3 in fungal hyphal growth, asexual development, multiple stress responses, and pathogenicity in B. bassiana. IMPORTANCE The histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 ortholog contributes significantly to the growth and development of various fungi. In this study, we found that Ada2 and Ada3 have critical regulatory effects on Gcn5 enzyme activity and influence the acetylation of histone H3. Deletion of Ada2 or Ada3 decreased the fungal growth rate and asexual conidial yield and increased susceptibility to multiple stresses in Beauveria bassiana. Importantly, Ada genes are vital virulence factors, and their deletion caused the most virulence loss, mainly by inhibiting the activity of a series of hydrolytic enzymes and the dimorphic transition ability. These findings provide a new perspective on the function of the Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xian-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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6
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Lin CJ, Yang SY, Hsu LH, Yu SJ, Chen YL. The Gcn5-Ada2-Ada3 histone acetyltransferase module has divergent roles in pathogenesis of Candida glabrata. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad004. [PMID: 36715154 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the second most prevalent species isolated from candidiasis patients. C. glabrata has intrinsic tolerance to antifungal drugs and oxidative stresses and the ability to adhere to mucocutaneous surfaces. However, knowledge about the regulation of its virulence traits is limited. The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex modulates gene transcription by histone acetylation through the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module comprised of Gcn5-Ada2-Ada3. Previously, we showed that the ada2 mutant was hypervirulent but displayed decreased tolerance to antifungal drugs and cell wall perturbing agents. In this study, we further characterized the functions of Ada3 and Gcn5 in C. glabrata. We found that single, double, or triple deletions of the HAT module, as expected, resulted in a decreased level of acetylation on histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and defective growth. These mutants were more susceptible to antifungal drugs, oxidative stresses, and cell wall perturbing agents compared with the wild-type. In addition, HAT module mutants exhibited enhanced agar invasion and upregulation of adhesin and proteases encoding genes, whereas the biofilm formation of those mutants was impaired. Interestingly, HAT module mutants exhibited enhanced induction of catalases (CTA1) expression upon treatment with H2O2 compared with the wild-type. Lastly, although ada3 and gcn5 exhibited marginal hypervirulence, the HAT double and triple mutants were hypervirulent in a murine model of candidiasis. In conclusion, the HAT module of the SAGA complex plays unique roles in H3K9 acetylation, drug tolerance, oxidative stress response, adherence, and virulence in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yung Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hang Hsu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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Mapook A, Hyde KD, Hassan K, Kemkuignou BM, Čmoková A, Surup F, Kuhnert E, Paomephan P, Cheng T, de Hoog S, Song Y, Jayawardena RS, Al-Hatmi AMS, Mahmoudi T, Ponts N, Studt-Reinhold L, Richard-Forget F, Chethana KWT, Harishchandra DL, Mortimer PE, Li H, Lumyong S, Aiduang W, Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Bhunjun CS, Yu FM, Zhao Q, Schaefer D, Stadler M. Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022; 116:547-614. [PMID: 36123995 PMCID: PMC9476466 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of -OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward many new fungal and fungus-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausana Mapook
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510225 China
| | - Khadija Hassan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Surup
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pathompong Paomephan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - K. W. Thilini Chethana
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Dulanjalee L. Harishchandra
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Huili Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Saisamorm Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
| | - Worawoot Aiduang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Feng-Ming Yu
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Doug Schaefer
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
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8
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Sun P, Ma Q, Zhang L. Comprehensive acetyl-proteomic analysis of Cytospora mali provides insight into its response to the biocontrol agent Bacillus velezensis L-1. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.999510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytospora mali is an important factor for apple valsa canker, and Bacillus veleznesis L-1 is an effective biocontrol agent against apple valsa canker. Quantitative acetyl-proteomics is known to regulate transcriptional activity in different organisms; limited knowledge is available for acetylation modification in C. mali, and its response to biocontrol agents. In this study, using Tandem Mass tag proteomic strategies, we identified 733 modification sites on 416 proteins in C. mali, functions of these proteins were analyzed using GO enrichment and KEGG pathway. Some lysine acetylated proteins are found to be important to the fungal pathogenicity of C. mali, and also the response of fungi to biostress. B. velezensis L-1 suppressed the C. mali QH2 by causing the energy shortage and reduced virulence. Correspondingly, the C. mali QH2 could alleviate the suppression of biostress by upregulation of autophagy, peroxidase, cytochrome P450, ABC transporter and Heat shock protein 70. In summary, our results provided the first lysine acetylome of C. mali and its response to B. velezensis L-1.
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9
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Schüller A, Studt-Reinhold L, Strauss J. How to Completely Squeeze a Fungus-Advanced Genome Mining Tools for Novel Bioactive Substances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1837. [PMID: 36145585 PMCID: PMC9505985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have the capability of producing an overwhelming diversity of bioactive substances that can have beneficial but also detrimental effects on human health. These so-called secondary metabolites naturally serve as antimicrobial "weapon systems", signaling molecules or developmental effectors for fungi and hence are produced only under very specific environmental conditions or stages in their life cycle. However, as these complex conditions are difficult or even impossible to mimic in laboratory settings, only a small fraction of the true chemical diversity of fungi is known so far. This also implies that a large space for potentially new pharmaceuticals remains unexplored. We here present an overview on current developments in advanced methods that can be used to explore this chemical space. We focus on genetic and genomic methods, how to detect genes that harbor the blueprints for the production of these compounds (i.e., biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs), and ways to activate these silent chromosomal regions. We provide an in-depth view of the chromatin-level regulation of BGCs and of the potential to use the CRISPR/Cas technology as an activation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Strauss
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-3430 Tulln/Donau, Austria
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10
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RimO (SrrB) is required for carbon starvation signaling and production of secondary metabolites in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 162:103726. [PMID: 35843417 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the prevailing environmental, developmental and nutritional conditions, fungi activate biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) to produce condition-specific secondary metabolites (SMs). For activation, global chromatin-based de-repression must be integrated with pathway-specific induction signals. Here we describe a new global regulator needed to activate starvation-induced SMs. In our transcriptome dataset, we found locus AN7572 strongly transcribed solely under conditions of starvation-induced SM production. The predicted AN7572 protein is most similar to the stress and nutritional regulator Rim15 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and to STK-12 of Neurospora crassa. Based on this similarity and on stress and nutritional response phenotypes of A. nidulans knock-out and overexpression strains, AN7572 is designated rimO. In relation to SM production, we found that RimO is required for the activation of starvation-induced BGCs, including the sterigmatocystin (ST) gene cluster. Here, RimO regulates the pathway-specific transcription factor AflR both at the transcriptional and post-translational level. At the transcriptional level, RimO mediates aflR induction following carbon starvation and at the post-translational level, RimO is required for nuclear accumulation of the AflR protein. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling showed that cells lacking rimO fail to adapt to carbon starvation that, in the wild type, leads to down-regulation of genes involved in basic metabolism, membrane biogenesis and growth. Consistently, strains overexpressing rimO are more resistant to oxidative and osmotic stress, largely insensitive to glucose repression and strongly overproduce several SMs. Our data indicate that RimO is a positive regulator within the SM and stress response network, but this requires nutrient depletion that triggers both, rimO gene transcription and activation of the RimO protein.
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11
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Recent advances in metabolic regulation and bioengineering of gibberellic acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:131. [PMID: 35689127 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plant growth hormone gibberellic acid (GA3), as one of the representative secondary metabolites, is widely used in agriculture, horticulture and brewing industry. GA3 is detected in both plants and several fungi with the ability to stimulate plant growth. Currently, the main mode of industrial production of GA3 is depended on the microbial fermentation via long-period submerged fermentation using Fusarium fujikuroi as the only producing strain, qualified for its natural productivity. However, the demand of large-sale industrialization of GA3 was still restricted by the low productivity. The biosynthetic route of GA3 in F. fujikuroi is now well-defined. Furthermore, the multi-level regulation mechanisms involved in the whole network of GA3 production have also been gradually unveiled by the past two decades based on the identification and characterization of several global regulators and their mutual functions. Combined with the quick development of genetic manipulation techniques, the rational modification of producing strain F. fujikuroi development become practical for higher productivity achievement. Herein, we review the latest advances in the molecular regulation of GA3 biosynthesis in F. fujikuroi and conclude a comprehensive network involving nitrogen depression, global regulator, histone modification and G protein signaling pathway. Correspondingly, the bioengineering strategies covering conventional random mutation, genetic manipulating platform development, metabolic edition and fermentation optimization were also systematically proposed.
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12
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Gu Q, Wang Y, Zhao X, Yuan B, Zhang M, Tan Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wu H, Luo Y, Keller NP, Gao X, Ma Z. Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase GCN5 by a transcription factor FgPacC controls fungal adaption to host-derived iron stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6190-6210. [PMID: 35687128 PMCID: PMC9226496 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poaceae plants can locally accumulate iron to suppress pathogen infection. It remains unknown how pathogens overcome host-derived iron stress during their successful infections. Here, we report that Fusarium graminearum (Fg), a destructive fungal pathogen of cereal crops, is challenged by host-derived high-iron stress. Fg infection induces host alkalinization, and the pH-dependent transcription factor FgPacC undergoes a proteolytic cleavage into the functional isoform named FgPacC30 under alkaline host environment. Subsequently FgPacC30 binds to a GCCAR(R = A/G)G element at the promoters of the genes involved in iron uptake and inhibits their expression, leading to adaption of Fg to high-iron stress. Mechanistically, FgPacC30 binds to FgGcn5 protein, a catalytic subunit of Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, leading to deregulation of histone acetylation at H3K18 and H2BK11, and repression of iron uptake genes. Moreover, we identified a protein kinase FgHal4, which is highly induced by extracellular high-iron stress and protects FgPacC30 against 26S proteasome-dependent degradation by promoting FgPacC30 phosphorylation at Ser2. Collectively, this study uncovers a novel inhibitory mechanism of the SAGA complex by a transcription factor that enables a fungal pathogen to adapt to dynamic microenvironments during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingqin Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengxuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuming Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Gao J, Song C, Zhang J, Hu Y, Shao Y. Mrada3 is required for sexual reproduction and secondary metabolite production in industrial fungi Monascus strain. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:591-606. [PMID: 35451171 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Monascus spp. are valuable industrial fungi for producing beneficial compounds. Since sporulation is often coupled with the production of secondary metabolites, the current study was performed to investigate how Mrada3 regulated asexual and sexual development and the production of edible pigments and mycotoxin. METHODS AND RESULTS The functional characteristics of Mrada3 were identified by gene deletion and overexpression in Monascus ruber M7 (the wild-type, WT). The results revealed that the ΔMrada3 strain aborted sexual development, but it produced many more conidia than WT. RNA-Seq data showed the deletion of Mrada3 altered the expression levels of partial genes involved in sexual and asexual development. In addition, the deletion of Mrada3 also resulted in slower growth, lower pigment production, and increased citrinin yield at the late period. For the Mrada3-overexpressed strain, the number of ascospores and pigment content were significantly higher than those of WT, but citrinin was slightly lower than that of WT. CONCLUSIONS The Mrada3 gene plays a vital role in the sporulation development and secondary metabolism of Monascus species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Mrada3 is first identified as an essential regulator for sexual development in Monascus species, enriching the regulatory knowledge of sexual development in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cuina Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditionally Fermented Foods, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditionally Fermented Foods, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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14
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Geng Q, Li H, Wang D, Sheng RC, Zhu H, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY, Chen FM, Zhang DD. The Verticillium dahliae Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit Ada1 Is Essential for Conidia and Microsclerotia Production and Contributes to Virulence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852571. [PMID: 35283850 PMCID: PMC8905346 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a destructive soil-borne pathogen of many economically important dicots. The genetics of pathogenesis in V. dahliae has been extensively studied. Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex (SAGA) is an ATP-independent multifunctional chromatin remodeling complex that contributes to diverse transcriptional regulatory functions. As members of the core module in the SAGA complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ada1, together with Spt7 and Spt20, play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the complex. In this study, we identified homologs of the SAGA complex in V. dahliae and found that deletion of the Ada1 subunit (VdAda1) causes severe defects in the formation of conidia and microsclerotia, and in melanin biosynthesis and virulence. The effect of VdAda1 on histone acetylation in V. dahliae was confirmed by western blot analysis. The deletion of VdAda1 resulted in genome-wide alteration of the V. dahliae transcriptome, including genes encoding transcription factors and secreted proteins, suggesting its prominent role in the regulation of transcription and virulence. Overall, we demonstrated that VdAda1, a member of the SAGA complex, modulates multiple physiological processes by regulating global gene expression that impinge on virulence and survival in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Geng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Team of Crop Verticillium Wilt, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Cheng Sheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Zhu
- National Cotton Industry Technology System Liaohe Comprehensive Experimental Station, The Cotton Research Center of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Institute of Economic Crops, Liaoyang, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Team of Crop Verticillium Wilt, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Mao Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Team of Crop Verticillium Wilt, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Studt L. Secondary Metabolite Gene Regulation in Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species: A Focus on Chromatin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:96. [PMID: 35202124 PMCID: PMC8880415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a species-rich group of mycotoxigenic plant pathogens that ranks as one of the most economically important fungal genera in the world. During growth and infection, they are able to produce a vast spectrum of low-molecular-weight compounds, so-called secondary metabolites (SMs). SMs often comprise toxic compounds (i.e., mycotoxins) that contaminate precious food and feed sources and cause adverse health effects in humans and livestock. In this context, understanding the regulation of their biosynthesis is crucial for the development of cropping strategies that aim at minimizing mycotoxin contamination in the field. Nevertheless, currently, only a fraction of SMs have been identified, and even fewer are considered for regular monitoring by regulatory authorities. Limitations to exploit their full chemical potential arise from the fact that the genes involved in their biosynthesis are often silent under standard laboratory conditions and only induced upon specific stimuli mimicking natural conditions in which biosynthesis of the respective SM becomes advantageous for the producer. This implies a complex regulatory network. Several components of these gene networks have been studied in the past, thereby greatly advancing the understanding of SM gene regulation and mycotoxin biosynthesis in general. This review aims at summarizing the latest advances in SM research in these notorious plant pathogens with a focus on chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Studt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
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16
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Liu J, An B, Luo H, He C, Wang Q. The histone acetyltransferase FocGCN5 regulates growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity of the banana wilt disease causal agent Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4. Res Microbiol 2021; 173:103902. [PMID: 34838989 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin structure modifications by histone acetyltransferase are involved in multiple biological processes in eukaryotes. In the present study, the GCN5 homologue FocGCN5 was identified in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). The coding gene was then knocked out to investigate the roles of FocGNC5. The mutant ΔFocGCN5 was found significantly reduced in growth rate and conidiation, and almost completely lost pathogenicity to banana plantlets. The RNA-seq analysis provide an insight into the underlying mechanism. Firstly, transcription of the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and fungal cell wall synthesis was reduced in ΔFocGCN5, leading to the impairment of apical deposition of cell-wall material. Secondly, FocabaA, one of the pivotal regulators of conidiation, was significantly reduced in expression in ΔFocGCN5, which might be the main cause of the conidiation reduction. Thirdly, the pathogenicity-associated factors, including effectors and plant cell wall degrading enzymes, were almost all down-regulated in ΔFocGCN5, which accounts for the decrease of pathogenicity. In addition, the stress tolerance to salt, heat, and cell wall inhibitors was slightly increased in ΔFocGCN5. Taken together, our studies clarify the roles of FocGCN5 in growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity of Foc TR4, and explore the possible mechanism behind its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Liu W, Triplett L, Chen XL. Emerging Roles of Posttranslational Modifications in Plant-Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:99-124. [PMID: 33909479 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021320-010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles in regulating protein function and thereby control many cellular processes and biological phenotypes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several recent studies illustrate how plant fungal and bacterial pathogens use these PTMs to facilitate development, stress response, and host infection. In this review, we discuss PTMs that have key roles in the biological and infection processes of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The emerging roles of PTMs during pathogen-plant interactions are highlighted. We also summarize traditional tools and emerging proteomics approaches for PTM research. These discoveries open new avenues for investigating the fundamental infection mechanisms of plant pathogens and the discovery of novel strategies for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lindsay Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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18
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Wang J, Liu C, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Protein acetylation and deacetylation in plant-pathogen interactions. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4841-4855. [PMID: 34398483 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein acetylation and deacetylation catalysed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and deacetylases (KDACs), respectively, are major mechanisms regulating various cellular processes. During the fight between microbial pathogens and host plants, both apply a set of measures, including acetylation interference, to strengthen themselves while suppressing the other. In this review, we first summarize KATs and KDACs in plants and their pathogens. Next, we introduce diverse acetylation and deacetylation mechanisms affecting protein functions, including the regulation of enzyme activity and specificity, protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, subcellular localization and protein stability. We then focus on the current understanding of acetylation and deacetylation in plant-pathogen interactions. Additionally, we also discuss potential acetylation-related approaches for controlling plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Zhang W, Huang J, Cook DE. Histone modification dynamics at H3K27 are associated with altered transcription of in planta induced genes in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009376. [PMID: 33534835 PMCID: PMC7886369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional dynamic in response to environmental and developmental cues are fundamental to biology, yet many mechanistic aspects are poorly understood. One such example is fungal plant pathogens, which use secreted proteins and small molecules, termed effectors, to suppress host immunity and promote colonization. Effectors are highly expressed in planta but remain transcriptionally repressed ex planta, but our mechanistic understanding of these transcriptional dynamics remains limited. We tested the hypothesis that repressive histone modification at H3-Lys27 underlies transcriptional silencing ex planta, and that exchange for an active chemical modification contributes to transcription of in planta induced genes. Using genetics, chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing and RNA-sequencing, we determined that H3K27me3 provides significant local transcriptional repression. We detail how regions that lose H3K27me3 gain H3K27ac, and these changes are associated with increased transcription. Importantly, we observed that many in planta induced genes were marked by H3K27me3 during axenic growth, and detail how altered H3K27 modification influences transcription. ChIP-qPCR during in planta growth suggests that H3K27 modifications are generally stable, but can undergo dynamics at specific genomic locations. Our results support the hypothesis that dynamic histone modifications at H3K27 contributes to fungal genome regulation and specifically contributes to regulation of genes important during host infection. Fungal pathogens of crops and humans pose annual threats to our food and health. There are many steps to the host infection process, during which fungal pathogens display unique growth, and use specific genes to cause disease. Despite this knowledge, many aspects of how pathogens regulate their genome to enact this process remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate how chemical modification of lysine residues on the histone H3, which helps organize and control DNA usage, play an important regulatory role in the model fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease. Our analysis shows a significant association between genes important for host infection and H3 lysine 27 methylation. We show that by experimentally changing histone modifications, many fungal genes normally used during plant infection are turned on outside of the host. Furthermore, we detail how histone modifications can change naturally in the fungus during plant infection. These findings help broaden our knowledge of genome regulation for these pathogens, and advances the goal of a more comprehensive understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jun Huang
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David E. Cook
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Lin CJ, Hou YH, Chen YL. The histone acetyltransferase GcnE regulates conidiation and biofilm formation in Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 2020; 58:248-259. [PMID: 31100153 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications play a crucial role in eukaryotic gene regulation. The Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex controls histone acetylation, with Gcn5 (GcnE) acting as the acetyltransferase. In the Aspergillus species, GcnE has been shown to regulate asexual development and secondary metabolism. Apart from this, GcnE is required for pathogenicity in plant fungal pathogen A. flavus; however, the role of GcnE in the pathogenicity of human pathogenic fungus A. fumigatus is unknown. In this study, we uncovered the key roles of GcnE in A. fumigatus conidiation, stress responses, and biofilm formation. We observed that deletion of gcnE resulted in aberrant conidiation in which conidiophores displayed abnormal phialide formation. In addition, the ΔgcnE mutant grew slightly faster under limited nitrogen sources (1 mM of ammonium or nitrate) compared to the wild type. The ΔgcnE mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to cell wall-perturbing agents, H2O2 and menadione but enhanced tolerance to LiCl. Furthermore, we showed that GcnE is involved in biofilm formation, and overexpression of adherence-related genes such as somA or uge3 partially rescued biofilm formation defects in the ΔgcnE mutant background. Interestingly, GcnE was not required for virulence in a neutropenic murine model of invasive aspergillosis. These results suggest that GcnE is critical for conidiation and biofilm formation but not virulence in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jan Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hou
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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Cornelio-Parra DV, Goswami R, Costanzo K, Morales-Sosa P, Mohan RD. Function and regulation of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-Acetyltransferase (SAGA) deubiquitinase module. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1864:194630. [PMID: 32911111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) chromatin modifying complex is a critical regulator of gene expression and is highly conserved across species. Subunits of SAGA arrange into discrete modules with lysine aceyltransferase and deubiquitinase activities housed separately. Mutation of the SAGA deubiquitinase module can lead to substantial biological misfunction and diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and blindness. Here, we review the structure and functions of the SAGA deubiquitinase module and regulatory mechanisms acting to control these.
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What do the structures of GCN5-containing complexes teach us about their function? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1864:194614. [PMID: 32739556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcription initiation is a major regulatory step in eukaryotic gene expression. It involves the assembly of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II into a functional pre-initiation complex at core promoters. The degree of chromatin compaction controls the accessibility of the transcription machinery to template DNA. Co-activators have critical roles in this process by actively regulating chromatin accessibility. Many transcriptional coactivators are multisubunit complexes, organized into distinct structural and functional modules and carrying multiple regulatory activities. The first nuclear histone acetyltransferase (HAT) characterized was General Control Non-derepressible 5 (Gcn5). Gcn5 was subsequently identified as a subunit of the HAT module of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, which is an experimental paradigm for multifunctional co-activators. We know today that Gcn5 is the catalytic subunit of multiple distinct co-activator complexes with specific functions. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the structure of Gcn5-containing co-activator complexes, most notably SAGA, and discuss how these new structural insights contribute to better understand their functions.
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Szabó Z, Pákozdi K, Murvai K, Pusztahelyi T, Kecskeméti Á, Gáspár A, Logrieco AF, Emri T, Ádám AL, Leiter É, Hornok L, Pócsi I. FvatfA regulates growth, stress tolerance as well as mycotoxin and pigment productions in Fusarium verticillioides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7879-7899. [PMID: 32719911 PMCID: PMC7447684 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
FvatfA from the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides putatively encodes the Aspergillus nidulans AtfA and Schizasaccharomyces pombe Atf1 orthologous bZIP-type transcription factor, FvAtfA. In this study, a ΔFvatfA deletion mutant was constructed and then genetically complemented with the fully functional FvatfA gene. Comparing phenotypic features of the wild-type parental, the deletion mutant and the restored strains shed light on the versatile regulatory functions played by FvAtfA in (i) the maintenance of vegetative growth on Czapek-Dox and Potato Dextrose agars and invasive growth on unwounded tomato fruits, (ii) the preservation of conidiospore yield and size, (iii) the orchestration of oxidative (H2O2, menadione sodium bisulphite) and cell wall integrity (Congo Red) stress defences and (iv) the regulation of mycotoxin (fumonisins) and pigment (bikaverin, carotenoid) productions. Expression of selected biosynthetic genes both in the fumonisin (fum1, fum8) and the carotenoid (carRA, carB) pathways were down-regulated in the ΔFvatfA strain resulting in defected fumonisin production and considerably decreased carotenoid yields. The expression of bik1, encoding the polyketide synthase needed in bikaverin biosynthesis, was not up-regulated by the deletion of FvatfA meanwhile the ΔFvatfA strain produced approximately ten times more bikaverin than the wild-type or the genetically complemented strains. The abolishment of fumonisin production of the ΔFvatfA strain may lead to the development of new-type, biology-based mycotoxin control strategies. The novel information gained on the regulation of pigment production by this fungus can be interesting for experts working on new, Fusarium-based biomass and pigment production technologies.Key points • FvatfA regulates vegetative and invasive growths of F. verticillioides. • FvatfA also orchestrates oxidative and cell wall integrity stress defenses. • The ΔFvatfA mutant was deficient in fumonisin production. • FvatfA deletion resulted in decreased carotenoid and increased bikaverin yields. |
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szabó
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Pákozdi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Murvai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kecskeméti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Gáspár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila L Ádám
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Née G, Tilak P, Finkemeier I. A Versatile Workflow for the Identification of Protein-Protein Interactions Using GFP-Trap Beads and Mass Spectrometry-Based Label-Free Quantification. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2139:257-271. [PMID: 32462592 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0528-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein functions often rely on protein-protein interactions. Hence, knowledge about the protein interaction network is essential for an understanding of protein functions and plant physiology. A major challenge of the postgenomic era is the mapping of protein-protein interaction networks. This chapter describes a mass spectrometry-based label-free quantification approach to identify in vivo protein interaction networks. The procedure starts with the extraction of intact protein complexes from transgenic plants expressing the protein of interest fused to a GFP-Tag (bait-GFP), as well as plants expressing a free GFP as background control. Enrichment of the GFP-tagged protein together with its interaction partners, as well as the free GFP, is performed by immunoaffinity purification. The pull-down quality can be evaluated by simple gel-based techniques. In parallel, the captured proteins are trypsin-digested and relatively quantified by label-free mass spectrometry-based quantification. The relative quantification approach largely relies on the normalization of protein abundances of background-binding proteins, which occur in both bait-GFP and free GFP pull-downs. Therefore, relative quantification of the protein pull-down is superior over methods that solely rely on protein identifications and removal of often copurified high-abundance proteins from the bait-GFP pull-downs, which might remove real interaction partners. A further strength of this method is that it can be applied to any soluble GFP-tagged protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Née
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Priyadarshini Tilak
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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25
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Qin J, Wu M, Zhou S. FgEaf6 regulates virulence, asexual/sexual development and conidial septation in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:517-529. [PMID: 31728616 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen and a major cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) which results in severe grain yield losses and quality reduction. Additionally, the pathogen produces mycotoxins during plant infection, which are harmful to the health of humans and livestock. As it is well known that lysine acetyltransferase complexes play important roles in pathogenesis, the roles of the Eaf6 homolog-containing complex have not been reported in fungal pathogen. In this study, a Eaf6 homolog FgEaf6 was identified in F. graminearum. To investigate the functions of FgEaf6, the gene was deleted using the split-marker method. ΔFgEaf6 mutant exhibited manifold defects in hyphal growth, conidial septation, asexual and sexual reproduction. Moreover, the virulence of the ΔFgEaf6 mutant was drastically reduced in both wheat heads and wheat coleoptiles. However, the FgEaf6 gene deletion did not impact DON production. An FgEaf6-gfp fusion localized to the nucleus and a conserved coiled-coil (C-C) domain was predicted in the sequence. Mutants with deletions in the C-C domain displayed similar defects during development and virulence as observed in the ΔFgEaf6 mutant. Moreover, the truncated gene was cytoplasm localized. In conclusion, the FgEaf6 encodes a nuclear protein, which plays key regulatory roles in hyphal growth, conidial septation, asexual/sexual reproduction, and the virulence of F. graminearum. The C-C is an indispensable domain in the gene. This is the first report on Eaf6 homolog functioning in virulence of fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Qin
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pests Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Mengchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Aeras, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanyue Zhou
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pests Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.
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26
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Hautbergue T, Jamin EL, Debrauwer L, Puel O, Oswald IP. From genomics to metabolomics, moving toward an integrated strategy for the discovery of fungal secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:147-173. [PMID: 29384544 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are defined by bioactive properties that ensure adaptation of the fungus to its environment. Although some of these natural products are promising sources of new lead compounds especially for the pharmaceutical industry, others pose risks to human and animal health. The identification of secondary metabolites is critical to assessing both the utility and risks of these compounds. Since fungi present biological specificities different from other microorganisms, this review covers the different strategies specifically used in fungal studies to perform this critical identification. Strategies focused on the direct detection of the secondary metabolites are firstly reported. Particularly, advances in high-throughput untargeted metabolomics have led to the generation of large datasets whose exploitation and interpretation generally require bioinformatics tools. Then, the genome-based methods used to study the entire fungal metabolic potential are reported. Transcriptomic and proteomic tools used in the discovery of fungal secondary metabolites are presented as links between genomic methods and metabolomic experiments. Finally, the influence of the culture environment on the synthesis of secondary metabolites by fungi is highlighted as a major factor to consider in research on fungal secondary metabolites. Through this review, we seek to emphasize that the discovery of natural products should integrate all of these valuable tools. Attention is also drawn to emerging technologies that will certainly revolutionize fungal research and to the use of computational tools that are necessary but whose results should be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hautbergue
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
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27
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Elías-Villalobos A, Barrales RR, Ibeas JI. Chromatin modification factors in plant pathogenic fungi: Insights from Ustilago maydis. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 129:52-64. [PMID: 30980908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to the environment is a requirement for the survival of every organism. For pathogenic fungi this also implies coping with the different conditions that occur during the infection cycle. After detecting changes to external media, organisms must modify their gene expression patterns in order to accommodate the new circumstances. Control of gene expression is a complex process that involves the coordinated action of multiple regulatory elements. Chromatin modification is a well-known mechanism for controlling gene expression in response to environmental changes in all eukaryotes. In pathogenic fungi, chromatin modifications are known to play crucial roles in controlling host interactions and their virulence capacity, yet little is known about the specific genes they directly target and to which signals they respond. The smut fungus Ustilago maydis is an excellent model system in which multiple molecular and cellular approaches are available to study biotrophic interactions. Many target genes regulated during the infection process have been well studied, however, how they are controlled and specifically how chromatin modifications affect gene regulation in the context of infection is not well known in this organism. Here, we analyse the presence of chromatin modifying enzymes and complexes in U. maydis and discuss their putative roles in this plant pathogen in the context of findings from other organisms, including other plant pathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium graminearum. We propose U. maydis as a remarkable organism with interesting chromatin features, which would allow finding new functions of chromatin modifications during plant pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Elías-Villalobos
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), UMR5237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Ramón R Barrales
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José I Ibeas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
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28
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Pfannenstiel BT, Keller NP. On top of biosynthetic gene clusters: How epigenetic machinery influences secondary metabolism in fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107345. [PMID: 30738111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi produce an abundance of bioactive secondary metabolites which can be utilized as antibiotics and pharmaceutical drugs. The genes encoding secondary metabolites are contiguously arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which supports co-regulation of all genes required for any one metabolite. However, an ongoing challenge to harvest this fungal wealth is the finding that many of the BGCs are 'silent' in laboratory settings and lie in heterochromatic regions of the genome. Successful approaches allowing access to these regions - in essence converting the heterochromatin covering BGCs to euchromatin - include use of epigenetic stimulants and genetic manipulation of histone modifying proteins. This review provides a comprehensive look at the chromatin remodeling proteins which have been shown to regulate secondary metabolism, the use of chemical inhibitors used to induce BGCs, and provides future perspectives on expansion of epigenetic tools and concepts to mine the fungal metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Pfannenstiel
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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29
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Yeast two-hybrid screening reveals a dual function for the histone acetyltransferase GcnE by controlling glutamine synthesis and development in Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr Genet 2018; 65:523-538. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Janevska S, Güldener U, Sulyok M, Tudzynski B, Studt L. Set1 and Kdm5 are antagonists for H3K4 methylation and regulators of the major conidiation-specific transcription factor gene ABA1 in Fusarium fujikuroi. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3343-3362. [PMID: 30047187 PMCID: PMC6175112 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the identification and characterization of the H3K4‐specific histone methyltransferase Set1 and its counterpart, the Jumonji C demethylase Kdm5, in the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. While Set1 is responsible for all detectable H3K4me2/me3 in this fungus, Kdm5 antagonizes the H3K4me3 mark. Notably, deletion of both SET1 and KDM5 mainly resulted in the upregulation of genome‐wide transcription, also affecting a large set of secondary metabolite (SM) key genes. Although H3K4 methylation is a hallmark of actively transcribed euchromatin, several SM gene clusters located in subtelomeric regions were affected by Set1 and Kdm5. While the regulation of many of them is likely indirect, H3K4me2 levels at gibberellic acid (GA) genes correlated with GA biosynthesis in the wild type, Δkdm5 and OE::KDM5 under inducing conditions. Whereas Δset1 showed an abolished GA3 production in axenic culture, phytohormone biosynthesis was induced in planta, so that residual amounts of GA3 were detected during rice infection. Accordingly, Δset1 exhibited a strongly attenuated, though not abolished, virulence on rice. Apart from regulating secondary metabolism, Set1 and Kdm5 function as activator and repressor of conidiation respectively. They antagonistically regulate H3K4me3 levels and expression of the major conidiation‐specific transcription factor gene ABA1 in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Chen Y, Wang J, Yang N, Wen Z, Sun X, Chai Y, Ma Z. Wheat microbiome bacteria can reduce virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3429. [PMID: 30143616 PMCID: PMC6109063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between bacteria and fungi have great environmental, medical, and agricultural importance, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we study the interactions between the bacterium Pseudomonas piscium, from the wheat head microbiome, and the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. We show that a compound secreted by the bacteria (phenazine-1-carboxamide) directly affects the activity of fungal protein FgGcn5, a histone acetyltransferase of the SAGA complex. This leads to deregulation of histone acetylation at H2BK11, H3K14, H3K18, and H3K27 in F. graminearum, as well as suppression of fungal growth, virulence, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. Therefore, an antagonistic bacterium can inhibit growth and virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by manipulating fungal histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ziyue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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32
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Kong X, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang H, Chen W, Feng J. The Fusarium graminearum Histone Acetyltransferases Are Important for Morphogenesis, DON Biosynthesis, and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:654. [PMID: 29755419 PMCID: PMC5932188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin structure by histone acetyltransferase (HATs) play a central role in the regulation of gene expression and various biological processes in eukaryotes. Although HAT genes have been studied in many fungi, few of them have been functionally characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized four putative HATs (FgGCN5, FgRTT109, FgSAS2, FgSAS3) in the plant pathogenic ascomycete Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. We replaced the genes and all mutant strains showed reduced growth of F. graminearum. The ΔFgSAS3 and ΔFgGCN5 mutant increased sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Additionally, ΔFgSAS3 showed reduced conidia sporulation and perithecium formation. Mutant ΔFgGCN5 was unable to generate any conidia and lost its ability to form perithecia. Our data showed also that FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 are pathogenicity factors required for infecting wheat heads as well as tomato fruits. Importantly, almost no Deoxynivalenol (DON) was produced either in ΔFgSAS3 or ΔFgGCN5 mutants, which was consistent with a significant downregulation of TRI genes expression. Furthermore, we discovered for the first time that FgSAS3 is indispensable for the acetylation of histone site H3K4, while FgGCN5 is essential for the acetylation of H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27. H3K14 can be completely acetylated when FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 were both present. The RNA-seq analyses of the two mutant strains provide insight into their functions in development and metabolism. Results from this study clarify the functional divergence of HATs in F. graminearum, and may provide novel targeted strategies to control secondary metabolite expression and infections of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Cai Q, Wang JJ, Fu B, Ying SH, Feng MG. Gcn5-dependent histone H3 acetylation and gene activity is required for the asexual development and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1484-1497. [PMID: 29417710 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gcn5 is a core histone acetyltransferase that catalyzes histone H3 acetylation on N-terminal lysine residues in yeasts and was reported to catalyze H3K9/K14 acetylation required for activating asexual development in Aspergillus. Here, we report a localization of Gcn5 ortholog in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Beauveria bassiana, a fungal insect pathogen. Deletion of gcn5 led to hypoacetylated H3 at K9/14/18/27 and 97% reduction in conidiation capacity as well as severe defects in colony growth and conidial thermotolerance. Two master conidiation genes, namely brlA and abaA, were transcriptionally repressed to undetectable level in Δgcn5, but sharply upregulated in wild-type, at the beginning time of conidiation. Based on chromatin immunoprecipitation, both DNA and acetylation levels of the distal and proximal fragments of the brlA promoter bound by acetylated H3K14 alone were upregulated in wild-type, but not in Δgcn5, at the mentioned time. In Δgcn5, normal cuticle infection was abolished while virulence through cuticle-bypassing infection was greatly attenuated, accompanied by drastically reduced activities of putative cuticle-degrading enzymes, retarded dimorphic transition and transcriptional repression of associated genes. These findings unveil a novel mechanism by which Gcn5 activates asexual development pathway by acetylating H3K14 and regulates the virulence-related cellular events in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cai
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China.,School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Fu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Deletion of ADA2 Increases Antifungal Drug Susceptibility and Virulence in Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01924-17. [PMID: 29311082 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01924-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata, the second most frequent cause of candidiasis after Candida albicans, is an emerging human fungal pathogen that is intrinsically drug tolerant. Currently, studies of C. glabrata genes involved in drug tolerance are limited. Ada2, a component serving as a transcription adaptor of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, is required for antifungal drug tolerance and virulence in C. albicans However, its roles in C. glabrata remain elusive. In this study, we found that ada2 mutants demonstrated severe growth defects at 40°C but only mild defects at 37°C or 25°C. In addition, C. glabrata ada2 mutants exhibited pleiotropic phenotypes, including susceptibility to three classes of antifungal drugs (i.e., azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes) and cell wall-perturbing agents but resistance to the endoplasmic reticulum stressor tunicamycin. According to RNA sequence analysis, the expression of 43 genes was downregulated and the expression of 442 genes was upregulated in the ada2 mutant compared to their expression in the wild type. C. glabrata ADA2, along with its downstream target ERG6, controls antifungal drug tolerance and cell wall integrity. Surprisingly, ada2 mutants were hypervirulent in a murine model of systemic infection, possibly due to the upregulation of multiple adhesin-like genes, increased agar invasion, and overstimulation of murine tumor necrosis factor alpha production.
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Janevska S, Tudzynski B. Secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi: strategies to unravel the function of biosynthetic pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:615-630. [PMID: 29204899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi causes bakanae disease of rice due to its ability to produce the plant hormones, the gibberellins. The fungus is also known for producing harmful mycotoxins (e.g., fusaric acid and fusarins) and pigments (e.g., bikaverin and fusarubins). However, for a long time, most of these well-known products could not be linked to biosynthetic gene clusters. Recent genome sequencing has revealed altogether 47 putative gene clusters. Most of them were orphan clusters for which the encoded natural product(s) were unknown. In this review, we describe the current status of our research on identification and functional characterizations of novel secondary metabolite gene clusters. We present several examples where linking known metabolites to the respective biosynthetic genes has been achieved and describe recent strategies and methods to access new natural products, e.g., by genetic manipulation of pathway-specific or global transcritption factors. In addition, we demonstrate that deletion and over-expression of histone-modifying genes is a powerful tool to activate silent gene clusters and to discover their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Munster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Munster, Germany.
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Elucidation of the Two H3K36me3 Histone Methyltransferases Set2 and Ash1 in Fusarium fujikuroi Unravels Their Different Chromosomal Targets and a Major Impact of Ash1 on Genome Stability. Genetics 2017; 208:153-171. [PMID: 29146582 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of the H3K36 histone methyltransferases Set2 and Ash1 in the filamentous ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one single methyltransferase, Set2, confers all H3K36 methylation, while there are two members of the Set2 family in filamentous fungi, and even more H3K36 methyltransferases in higher eukaryotes. Whereas the yeast Set2 homolog has been analyzed in fungi previously, the second member of the Set2 family, designated Ash1, has not been described for any filamentous fungus. Western blot and ChIP-Seq analyses confirmed that F. fujikuroi Set2 and Ash1 are H3K36-specific histone methyltransferases that deposit H3K36me3 at specific loci: Set2 is most likely responsible for H3K36 methylation of euchromatic regions of the genome, while Ash1 methylates H3K36 at the subtelomeric regions (facultative heterochromatin) of all chromosomes, including the accessory chromosome XII. Our data indicate that H3K36me3 cannot be considered a hallmark of euchromatin in F. fujikuroi, and likely also other filamentous fungi, making them different to what is known about nuclear characteristics in yeast and higher eukaryotes. We suggest that the H3K36 methylation mark exerts specific functions when deposited at euchromatic or subtelomeric regions by Set2 or Ash1, respectively. We found an enhanced level of H3K27me3, an increased instability of subtelomeric regions and losses of the accessory chromosome XII over time in Δash1 mutants, indicating an involvement of Ash1 in DNA repair processes. Further phenotypic analyses revealed a role of H3K36 methylation in vegetative growth, sporulation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and virulence in F. fujikuroi.
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Niehaus EM, Rindermann L, Janevska S, Münsterkötter M, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. Analysis of the global regulator Lae1 uncovers a connection between Lae1 and the histone acetyltransferase HAT1 in Fusarium fujikuroi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:279-295. [PMID: 29080998 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi causes "bakanae" disease of rice due to its ability to produce gibberellins (GAs), a family of plant hormones. Recent genome sequencing revealed the genetic capacity for the biosynthesis of 46 additional secondary metabolites besides the industrially produced GAs. Among them are the pigments bikaverin and fusarubins, as well as mycotoxins, such as fumonisins, fusarin C, beauvericin, and fusaric acid. However, half of the potential secondary metabolite gene clusters are silent. In recent years, it has been shown that the fungal specific velvet complex is involved in global regulation of secondary metabolism in several filamentous fungi. We have previously shown that deletion of the three components of the F. fujikuroi velvet complex, vel1, vel2, and lae1, almost totally abolished biosynthesis of GAs, fumonisins and fusarin C. Here, we present a deeper insight into the genome-wide regulatory impact of Lae1 on secondary metabolism. Over-expression of lae1 resulted in de-repression of GA biosynthetic genes under otherwise repressing high nitrogen conditions demonstrating that the nitrogen repression is overcome. In addition, over-expression of one of five tested histone acetyltransferase genes, HAT1, was capable of returning GA gene expression and GA production to the GA-deficient Δlae1 mutant. Deletion and over-expression of HAT1 in the wild type resulted in downregulation and upregulation of GA gene expression, respectively, indicating that HAT1 together with Lae1 plays an essential role in the regulation of GA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Rindermann
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Chair of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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Niehaus EM, Studt L, von Bargen KW, Kummer W, Humpf HU, Reuter G, Tudzynski B. Sound of silence: the beauvericin cluster in Fusarium fujikuroi is controlled by cluster-specific and global regulators mediated by H3K27 modification. Environ Microbiol 2017; 18:4282-4302. [PMID: 27750383 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the secondary metabolite profile of Fusarium fujikuroi and the histone deacetylase mutant ΔHDA1. We identified a novel peak in ΔHDA1, which was identified as beauvericin (BEA). Going in line with a 1000-fold increased BEA production, the respective non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-encoding gene (BEA1), as well as two adjacent genes (BEA2-BEA3), were significantly up-regulated in ΔHDA1 compared to the wild type. A special role was revealed for the ABC transporter Bea3: deletion of the encoding gene resulted in significant up-regulation of BEA1 and BEA2 and drastically elevated product yields. Furthermore, mutation of a conserved sequence motif in the promoter of BEA1 released BEA repression and resulted in elevated product levels. Candidate transcription factors (TFs) that could bind to this motif are the cluster-specific TF Bea4 as well as a homolog of the global mammalian Kruppel-like TF Yin Yang 1 (Yy1), both acting as repressors of BEA biosynthesis. In addition to Hda1, BEA biosynthesis is repressed by the activity of the H3K27 methyltransferase Kmt6. Consistently, Western blot analyses revealed a genome-wide enrichment of H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) in the ΔHDA1 and KMT6 knock-down mutants. Subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed elevated H3K27ac modification levels at the BEA cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, D-48143
| | - Lena Studt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, D-48143
| | - Katharina W von Bargen
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, Münster, D-48149
| | - Wiebke Kummer
- Institut für Genetik, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), D-06120
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, Münster, D-48149
| | - Gunter Reuter
- Institut für Genetik, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), D-06120
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, D-48143
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SAGA complex mediates the transcriptional up-regulation of antiviral RNA silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3499-E3506. [PMID: 28400515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701196114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition and transcriptional activation of defense-related genes are crucial steps in cellular defense responses. RNA silencing (RNAi) functions as an antiviral defense in eukaryotic organisms. Several RNAi-related genes are known to be transcriptionally up-regulated upon virus infection in some host organisms, but little is known about their induction mechanism. A phytopathogenic ascomycete, Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight fungus), provides a particularly advantageous system to study RNAi activation, because its infection by certain RNA viruses induces the transcription of dicer-like 2 (dcl2) and argonaute-like 2 (agl2), two major RNAi players. To identify cellular factors governing activation of antiviral RNAi in C. parasitica, we developed a screening protocol entailing multiple transformations of the fungus with cDNA of a hypovirus mutant lacking the RNAi suppressor (CHV1-Δp69), a reporter construct with a GFP gene driven by the dcl2 promoter, and a random mutagenic construct. Screening for GFP-negative colonies allowed the identification of sgf73, a component of the SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase) complex, a well-known transcriptional coactivator. Knockout of other SAGA components showed that the histone acetyltransferase module regulates transcriptional induction of dcl2 and agl2, whereas histone deubiquitinase mediates regulation of agl2 but not dcl2 Interestingly, full-scale induction of agl2 and dcl2 by CHV1-Δp69 required both DCL2 and AGL2, whereas that by another RNA virus, mycoreovirus 1, required only DCL2, uncovering additional roles for DCL2 and AGL2 in viral recognition and/or RNAi activation. Overall, these results provide insight into the mechanism of RNAi activation.
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