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Ma F, Huang X, Zhou J, Zhang N, Deng M, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Chen W, Zhou W, Zhai L, Zhong L, Pang K, Liu X, Zhong X, Ren Y, Liu Y, Sun Q, Sun J. The 'Candidatus phytoplasma ziziphi' effectors SJP1 and SJP2 destabilise the bifunctional regulator ZjTCP7 to modulate floral transition and shoot branching. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2895-2910. [PMID: 38623040 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmic SAP11 effectors alter host plant architecture and flowering time. However, the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Two SAP11-like effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, from 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' induce shoot branching proliferation. Here, the transcription factor ZjTCP7 was identified as a central target of these two effectors to regulate floral transition and shoot branching. Ectopic expression of ZjTCP7 resulted in enhanced bolting and earlier flowering than did the control. Interaction and expression assays demonstrated that ZjTCP7 interacted with the ZjFT-ZjFD module, thereby enhancing the ability of these genes to directly bind to the ZjAP1 promoter. The effectors SJP1 and SJP2 unravelled the florigen activation complex by specifically destabilising ZjTCP7 and ZjFD to delay floral initiation. Moreover, the shoot branching of the ZjTCP7-SRDX transgenic Arabidopsis lines were comparable to those of the SJP1/2 lines, suggesting the involvement of ZjTCP7 in the regulation of shoot branching. ZjTCP7 interacted with the branching repressor ZjBRC1 to enhance suppression of the auxin efflux carrier ZjPIN3 expression. ZjTCP7 also directly bound to and upregulated the auxin biosynthesis gene ZjYUCCA2, thereby promoting auxin accumulation. Our findings confirm that ZjTCP7 serves as a bifunctional regulator destabilised by the effectors SJP1 and SJP2 to modulate plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Junyong Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunyan Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenmin Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liping Zhai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Kaixue Pang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyue Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Zhang XF, Li Z, Lin H, Cheng Y, Wang H, Jiang Z, Ji Z, Huang Z, Chen H, Wei T. A phytoplasma effector destabilizes chloroplastic glutamine synthetase inducing chlorotic leaves that attract leafhopper vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402911121. [PMID: 38776366 PMCID: PMC11145293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402911121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf yellowing is a well-known phenotype that attracts phloem-feeding insects. However, it remains unclear how insect-vectored plant pathogens induce host leaf yellowing to facilitate their own transmission by insect vectors. Here, we report that an effector protein secreted by rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis and induces leaf yellowing to attract leafhopper vectors, thereby presumably promoting pathogen transmission. This effector, designated secreted ROLP protein 1 (SRP1), first secreted into rice phloem by ROLP, was subsequently translocated to chloroplasts by interacting with the chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (GS2). The direct interaction between SRP1 and GS2 disrupts the decamer formation of the GS2 holoenzyme, attenuating its enzymatic activity, thereby suppressing the synthesis of chlorophyll precursors glutamate and glutamine. Transgenic expression of SRP1 in rice plants decreased GS2 activity and chlorophyll precursor accumulation, finally inducing leaf yellowing. This process is correlated with the previous evidence that the knockout of GS2 expression in rice plants causes a similar yellow chlorosis phenotype. Consistently, these yellowing leaves attracted higher numbers of leafhopper vectors, caused the vectors to probe more frequently, and presumably facilitate more efficient phytoplasma transmission. Together, these results uncover the mechanism used by phytoplasmas to manipulate the leaf color of infected plants for the purpose of enhancing attractiveness to insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhanpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hanbin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Huanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhoumian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhenxi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhejun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
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Ma F, Zheng Y, Zhang N, Deng M, Zhao M, Fu G, Zhou J, Guo C, Li Y, Huang J, Sun Q, Sun J. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' effectors SJP1/2 negatively control leaf size by stabilizing the transcription factor ZjTCP2 in jujube. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3054-3069. [PMID: 38320293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas manipulate host plant development to benefit insect vector colonization and their own invasion. However, the virulence factors and mechanisms underlying small-leaf formation caused by jujube witches' broom (JWB) phytoplasmas remain largely unknown. Here, effectors SJP1 and SJP2 from JWB phytoplasmas were identified to induce small-leaf formation in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). In vivo interaction and expression assays showed that SJP1 and SJP2 interacted with and stabilized the transcription factor ZjTCP2. Overexpression of SJP1 and SJP2 in jujube induced ZjTCP2 accumulation. In addition, the abundance of miRNA319f_1 was significantly reduced in leaves of SJP1 and SJP2 transgenic jujube plants and showed the opposite pattern to the expression of its target, ZjTCP2, which was consistent with the pattern in diseased leaves. Overexpression of ZjTCP2 in Arabidopsis promoted ectopic leaves arising from the adaxial side of cotyledons and reduced leaf size. Constitutive expression of the miRNA319f_1 precursor in the 35S::ZjTCP2 background reduced the abundance of ZjTCP2 mRNA and reversed the cotyledon and leaf defects in Arabidopsis. Therefore, these observations suggest that effectors SJP1 and SJP2 induced small-leaf formation, at least partly, by interacting with and activating ZjTCP2 expression both at the transcriptional and the protein level, providing new insights into small-leaf formation caused by phytoplasmas in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyan Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongyu Fu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyong Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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Toth R, Ilic AM, Huettel B, Duduk B, Kube M. Divergence within the Taxon ' Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' Confirmed by Comparative Genome Analysis of Carrot Strains. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1016. [PMID: 38792845 PMCID: PMC11123874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are linked to diseases in hundreds of economically important crops, including carrots. In carrots, phytoplasmosis is associated with leaf chlorosis and necrosis, coupled with inhibited root system development, ultimately leading to significant economic losses. During a field study conducted in Baden-Württemberg (Germany), two strains of the provisional taxon 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' were identified within a carrot plot. For further analysis, strains M8 and M33 underwent shotgun sequencing, utilising single-molecule-real-time (SMRT) long-read sequencing and sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) paired-end short-read sequencing techniques. Hybrid assemblies resulted in complete de novo assemblies of two genomes harboring circular chromosomes and two plasmids. Analyses, including average nucleotide identity and sequence comparisons of established marker genes, confirmed the phylogenetic divergence of 'Ca. P. asteris' and a different assignment of strains to the 16S rRNA subgroup I-A for M33 and I-B for M8. These groups exhibited unique features, encompassing virulence factors and genes, associated with the mobilome. In contrast, pan-genome analysis revealed a highly conserved gene set related to metabolism across these strains. This analysis of the Aster Yellows (AY) group reaffirms the perception of phytoplasmas as bacteria that have undergone extensive genome reduction during their co-evolution with the host and an increase of genome size by mobilome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toth
- Department of Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (R.T.); (A.-M.I.)
| | - Anna-Marie Ilic
- Department of Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (R.T.); (A.-M.I.)
| | | | - Bojan Duduk
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Michael Kube
- Department of Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (R.T.); (A.-M.I.)
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5
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Correa Marrero M, Capdevielle S, Huang W, Al-Subhi AM, Busscher M, Busscher-Lange J, van der Wal F, de Ridder D, van Dijk ADJ, Hogenhout SA, Immink RGH. Protein interaction mapping reveals widespread targeting of development-related host transcription factors by phytoplasma effectors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1281-1297. [PMID: 37965720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that reprogram plant host development for their own benefit. Previous studies have characterized a few different phytoplasma effector proteins that destabilize specific plant transcription factors. However, these are only a small fraction of the potential effectors used by phytoplasmas; therefore, the molecular mechanisms through which phytoplasmas modulate their hosts require further investigation. To obtain further insights into the phytoplasma infection mechanisms, we generated a protein-protein interaction network between a broad set of phytoplasma effectors and a large, unbiased collection of Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors and transcriptional regulators. We found widespread, but specific, interactions between phytoplasma effectors and host transcription factors, especially those related to host developmental processes. In particular, many unrelated effectors target specific sets of TCP transcription factors, which regulate plant development and immunity. Comparison with other host-pathogen protein interaction networks shows that phytoplasma effectors have unusual targets, indicating that phytoplasmas have evolved a unique and unusual infection strategy. This study contributes a rich and solid data source that guides further investigations of the functions of individual effectors, as demonstrated for some herein. Moreover, the dataset provides insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of phytoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Correa Marrero
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Capdevielle
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ali M Al-Subhi
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, 11 Al Khod 123, al-Seeb, Oman
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Busscher-Lange
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Froukje van der Wal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wang R, Bai B, Li D, Wang J, Huang W, Wu Y, Zhao L. Phytoplasma: A plant pathogen that cannot be ignored in agricultural production-Research progress and outlook. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13437. [PMID: 38393681 PMCID: PMC10887288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are phloem-restricted plant-pathogenic bacteria transmitted by insects. They cause diseases in a wide range of host plants, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses worldwide. Research on phytoplasmas has a long history, with significant progress being made in the past 30 years. Notably, with the rapid development of phytoplasma research, scientists have identified the primary agents involved in phytoplasma transmission, established classification and detection systems for phytoplasmas, and 243 genomes have been sequenced and assembled completely or to draft quality. Multiple possible phytoplasma effectors have been investigated, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which phytoplasmas manipulate their hosts. This review summarizes recent advances in phytoplasma research, including identification techniques, host range studies, whole- or draft-genome sequencing, effector pathogenesis and disease control methods. Additionally, future research directions in the field of phytoplasma research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jingke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weijie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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7
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Chen P, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Li Q, Chen L, Chen Y, Ye X, Tan B, Zheng X, Cheng J, Wang W, Li J, Feng J. Jujube Witches' Broom Phytoplasma Effector Zaofeng3, a Homologous Effector of SAP54, Induces Abnormal Floral Organ Development and Shoot Proliferation. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:200-210. [PMID: 37435950 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0448-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic phytoplasmas secrete specific virulence proteins into a host plant to modulate plant function for their own benefit. Identification of phytoplasmal effectors is a key step toward clarifying the pathogenic mechanisms of phytoplasma. In this study, Zaofeng3, also known as secreted jujube witches' broom phytoplasma protein 3 (SJP3), was a homologous effector of SAP54 and induced a variety of abnormal phenotypes, such as phyllody, malformed floral organs, witches' broom, and dwarfism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Zaofeng3 can also induce small leaves, dwarfism, and witches' broom in Ziziphus jujuba. Further experiments showed that the three complete α-helix domains predicted in Zaofeng3 were essential for induction of disease symptoms in jujube. Yeast two-hybrid library screening showed that Zaofeng3 mainly interacts with proteins involved in flower morphogenesis and shoot proliferation. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays confirmed that Zaofeng3 interacted with these proteins in the whole cell. Overexpression of zaofeng3 in jujube shoot significantly altered the expression patterns of ZjMADS19, ZjMADS47, ZjMADS48, ZjMADS77, and ZjTCP7, suggesting that overexpressing zaofeng3 might induce floral organ malformation and witches' broom by altering the expression of the transcriptional factors involved in jujube morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yonghua Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiqi Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qicheng Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lichuan Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yun Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xia Ye
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bin Tan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xianbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiancan Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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8
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Carreón-Anguiano KG, Vila-Luna SE, Sáenz-Carbonell L, Canto-Canche B. PhyEffector, the First Algorithm That Identifies Classical and Non-Classical Effectors in Phytoplasmas. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:550. [PMID: 37999191 PMCID: PMC10669590 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are the causal agents of more than 100 plant diseases in economically important crops. Eleven genomes have been fully sequenced and have allowed us to gain a better understanding of the biology and evolution of phytoplasmas. Effectors are key players in pathogenicity and virulence, and their identification and description are becoming an essential practice in the description of phytoplasma genomes. This is of particular importance because effectors are possible candidates for the development of new strategies for the control of plant diseases. To date, the prediction of effectors in phytoplasmas has been a great challenge; the reliable comparison of effectoromes has been hindered because research teams have used the combination of different programs in their predictions. This is not trivial since significant differences in the results can arise, depending on the predictive pipeline used. Here, we tested different predictive pipelines to create the PhyEffector algorithm; the average value of the F1 score for PhyEffector was 0.9761 when applied to different databases or genomes, demonstrating its robustness as a predictive tool. PhyEffector can recover both classical and non-classical phytoplasma effectors, making it an invaluable tool to accelerate effectoromics in phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Blondy Canto-Canche
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico (S.E.V.-L.); (L.S.-C.)
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9
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Ma F, Zhang S, Yao Y, Chen M, Zhang N, Deng M, Chen W, Ma C, Zhang X, Guo C, Huang X, Zhang Z, Li Y, Li T, Zhou J, Sun Q, Sun J. Jujube witches' broom phytoplasmas inhibit ZjBRC1-mediated abscisic acid metabolism to induce shoot proliferation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad148. [PMID: 37691966 PMCID: PMC10483173 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Jujube witches' broom (JWB) phytoplasmas parasitize the sieve tubes of diseased phloem and cause an excessive proliferation of axillary shoots from dormant lateral buds to favour their transmission. In previous research, two JWB effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, were identified to induce lateral bud outgrowth by disrupting ZjBRC1-mediated auxin flux. However, the pathogenesis of JWB disease remains largely unknown. Here, tissue-specific transcriptional reprogramming was examined to gain insight into the genetic mechanisms acting inside jujube lateral buds under JWB phytoplasma infection. JWB phytoplasmas modulated a series of plant signalling networks involved in lateral bud development and defence, including auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. JWB-induced bud outgrowth was accompanied by downregulation of ABA synthesis within lateral buds. ABA application rescued the bushy appearances of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing SJP1 and SJP2 in Col-0 and ZjBRC1 in the brc1-2 mutant. Furthermore, the expression of ZjBRC1 and ABA-related genes ZjHB40 and ZjNCED3 was negatively correlated with lateral main bud outgrowth in decapitated healthy jujube. Molecular evidence showed that ZjBRC1 interacted with ZjBRC2 via its N-terminus to activate ZjHB40 and ZjNCED3 expression and ABA accumulation in transgenic jujube calli. In addition, ZjBRC1 widely regulated differentially expressed genes related to ABA homeostasis and ABA signalling, especially by binding to and suppressing ABA receptors. Therefore, these results suggest that JWB phytoplasmas hijack the ZjBRC1-mediated ABA pathways to stimulate lateral bud outgrowth and expansion, providing a strategy to engineer plants resistant to JWB phytoplasma disease and regulate woody plant architecture to promote crop yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ma
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shanqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Yao
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chenglong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yamei Li
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tingyi Li
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Junyong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, China
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10
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Bai B, Zhang G, Pei B, Song Q, Hao X, Zhao L, Wu Y. The function of the phytoplasma effector SWP12 depends on the properties of two key amino acids. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103052. [PMID: 36813236 PMCID: PMC10040895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-borne bacterial pathogens capable of secreting effectors into host cells and interfering with host plant defense response processes. Previous studies have found that the Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici effector SWP12 binds to and destabilizes the wheat transcription factor TaWRKY74, increasing wheat susceptibility to phytoplasmas. Here, we used a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system to identify two key functional sites of SWP12 and screened a series of truncated mutants and amino acid substitution mutants to determine whether they inhibit Bax-induced cell death. Using a subcellular localization assay and online structure analysis websites, we found that structure rather than intracellular localization probably affects the function of SWP12. D33A and P85H are two inactive substitution mutants, neither of which interacts with TaWRKY74, and P85H does not inhibit Bax-induced cell death, suppress flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, degrade TaWRKY74, or promote phytoplasma accumulation. D33A can weakly suppress Bax-induced cell death and flg22-triggered ROS bursts and degrade a portion of TaWRKY74 and weakly promote phytoplasma accumulation. S53L, CPP, and EPWB are three SWP12 homolog proteins from other phytoplasmas. Sequence analysis revealed that D33 was conserved in these proteins, and they exhibited the same polarity at P85. Transient expression in N. benthamiana showed that these proteins could inhibit Bax-induced cell death and suppress ROS bursts. Our findings clarified that P85 and D33 of SWP12 play critical and minor roles, respectively, in suppressing the plant defense response and that they play a preliminary role in determining the functions of homologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing'an Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Mittelberger C, Hause B, Janik K. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' effector protein SAP11CaPm interacts with MdTCP16, a class II CYC/TB1 transcription factor that is highly expressed during phytoplasma infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272467. [PMID: 36520844 PMCID: PMC9754288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', is a bacterial pathogen associated with the so-called apple proliferation disease in Malus × domestica. The pathogen manipulates its host with a set of effector proteins, among them SAP11CaPm, which shares similarity to SAP11AYWB from 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'. SAP11AYWB interacts and destabilizes the class II CIN transcription factors of Arabidopsis thaliana, namely AtTCP4 and AtTCP13 as well as the class II CYC/TB1 transcription factor AtTCP18, also known as BRANCHED1 being an important factor for shoot branching. It has been shown that SAP11CaPm interacts with the Malus × domestica orthologues of AtTCP4 (MdTCP25) and AtTCP13 (MdTCP24), but an interaction with MdTCP16, the orthologue of AtTCP18, has never been proven. The aim of this study was to investigate this potential interaction and close a knowledge gap regarding the function of SAP11CaPm. A Yeast two-hybrid test and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in planta revealed that SAP11CaPm interacts with MdTCP16. MdTCP16 is known to play a role in the control of the seasonal growth of perennial plants and an increase of MdTCP16 gene expression has been detected in apple leaves in autumn. In addition to this, MdTCP16 is highly expressed during phytoplasma infection. Binding of MdTCP16 by SAP11CaPm might lead to the induction of shoot proliferation and early bud break, both of which are characteristic symptoms of apple proliferation disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Research Centre Laimburg, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Katrin Janik
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Research Centre Laimburg, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, Italy
- * E-mail:
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12
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Bai B, Zhang G, Li Y, Wang Y, Sujata S, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhao L, Wu Y. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici' effector SWP12 degrades the transcription factor TaWRKY74 to suppress wheat resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1473-1488. [PMID: 36380696 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici' ('Ca. P. tritici') is an insect-borne obligate pathogen that infects wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing wheat blue dwarf disease, and leads to yield losses. SWP12 is a potential effector secreted by 'Ca. P. tritici' that manipulates host processes to create an environment conducive to phytoplasma colonization, but the detailed mechanism of action remains to be investigated. In this study, the expression of SWP12 weakened the basal immunity of Nicotiana benthamiana and promoted leaf colonization by Phytophthora parasitica, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and tobacco mild green mosaic virus. Moreover, the expression of SWP12 in wheat plants promoted phytoplasma colonization. Triticum aestivum WRKY74 and N. benthamiana WRKY17 were identified as host targets of SWP12. The expression of TaWRKY74 triggered reactive oxygen species bursts, upregulated defense-related genes, and decreased TaCRR6 transcription, leading to reductions in NADH dehydrogenase complex (NDH) activity. Expression of TaWRKY74 in wheat increased plant resistance to 'Ca. P. tritici', and silencing of TaWRKY74 enhanced plant susceptibility, which indicates that TaWRKY74 is a positive regulator of wheat resistance to 'Ca. P. tritici'. We showed that SWP12 weakens plant resistance and promotes 'Ca. P. tritici' colonization by destabilizing TaWRKY74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shrestha Sujata
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Wang N, Yin Z, Zhao Y, Wang J, Pei Y, Ji P, Daly P, Li Z, Dou D, Wei L. An F-box protein attenuates fungal xylanase-triggered immunity by destabilizing LRR-RLP NbEIX2 in a SOBIR1-dependent manner. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2202-2215. [PMID: 36151918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) lacking the cytoplasmic kinase domain play crucial roles in plant growth, development and immunity. However, what remains largely elusive is whether RLP protein levels are fine-tuned by E3 ubiquitin ligases, which are employed by receptor-like kinases for signaling attenuation. Nicotiana benthamiana NbEIX2 is a leucine-rich repeat RLP (LRR-RLP) that mediates fungal xylanase-triggered immunity. Here we show that NbEIX2 associates with an F-box protein NbPFB1, which promotes NbEIX2 degradation likely by forming an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and negatively regulates NbEIX2-mediated immune responses. NbEIX2 undergoes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in planta. Interestingly, NbEIX2 without its cytoplasmic tail is still associated with and destabilized by NbPFB1. In addition, NbPFB1 also associates with and destabilizes NbSOBIR1, a co-receptor of LRR-RLPs, and fails to promote NbEIX2 degradation in the sobir1 mutant. Our findings reveal a distinct model of NbEIX2 degradation, in which an F-box protein destabilizes NbEIX2 indirectly in a SOBIR1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaning Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Paul Daly
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, 223300, Huaian, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, China
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14
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Boonrod K, Strohmayer A, Schwarz T, Braun M, Tropf T, Krczal G. Beyond Destabilizing Activity of SAP11-like Effector of Candidatus Phytoplasma mali Strain PM19. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071406. [PMID: 35889125 PMCID: PMC9317525 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown that the SAP11 effector of different Candidatus Phytoplasma can destabilize some TEOSINE BRANCHES/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORs (TCPs), resulting in plant phenotypes such as witches’ broom and crinkled leaves. Some SAP11 exclusively localize in the nucleus, while the others localize in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The SAP11-like effector of Candidatus Phytoplasma mali strain PM19 (SAP11PM19) localizes in both compartments of plant cells. We show here that SAP11PM19 can destabilize TCPs in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. However, expression of SAP11PM19 exclusively in the nucleus resulted in the disappearance of leaf phenotypes while still showing the witches’ broom phenotype. Moreover, we show that SAP11PM19 can not only destabilize TCPs but also relocalizes these proteins in the nucleus. Interestingly, three different transgenic Nicotiana species expressing SAP11PM19 show all the same witches’ broom phenotype but different leaf phenotypes. A possible mechanism of SAP11-TCP interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajohn Boonrod
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6321-671-1333; Fax: +49-6321-671-1313
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15
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Verma P, Singh A, Purru S, Bhat KV, Lakhanpaul S. Comparative DNA Methylome of Phytoplasma Associated Retrograde Metamorphosis in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070954. [PMID: 36101335 PMCID: PMC9311523 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasma-associated diseases such as phyllody and little leaf are critical threats to sesame cultivation worldwide. The mechanism of the dramatic conversion of flowers to leafy structures leading to yield losses and the drastic reduction in leaf size due to Phytoplasma infection remains yet to be identified. Cytosine methylation profiles of healthy and infected sesame plants studied using Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) and Quantitative analysis of DNA methylation with the real-time PCR (qAMP) technique revealed altered DNA methylation patterns upon infection. Phyllody was associated with global cytosine hypomethylation, though predominantly in the CHH (where H = A, T or C) context. Interestingly, comparable cytosine methylation levels were observed between healthy and little leaf-affected plant samples in CG, CHG and CHH contexts. Among the different genomic fractions, the highest number of differentially methylated Cytosines was found in the intergenic regions, followed by promoter, exonic and intronic regions in decreasing order. Further, most of the differentially methylated genes were hypomethylated and were mainly associated with development and defense-related processes. Loci for STOREKEEPER protein-like, a DNA-binding protein and PP2-B15, an F-Box protein, responsible for plugging sieve plates to maintain turgor pressure within the sieve tubes were found to be hypomethylated by WGBS, which was confirmed by methylation-dependent restriction digestion and qPCR. Likewise, serine/threonine-protein phosphatase-7 homolog, a positive regulator of cryptochrome signaling involved in hypocotyl and cotyledon growth and probable O-methyltransferase 3 locus were determined to be hypermethylated. Phytoplasma infection-associated global differential methylation as well as the defense and development-related loci reported here for the first time significantly elucidate the mechanism of phytoplasma-associated disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Verma
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India;
| | - Supriya Purru
- ICAR-NAARM, Rajender Nagar, Hyderabad 500030, India;
| | | | - Suman Lakhanpaul
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9868375756
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16
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The Jujube TCP Transcription Factor ZjTCP16 Regulates Plant Growth and Cell Size by Affecting the Expression of Genes Involved in Plant Morphogenesis. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Jujube production is threatened by jujube witches’ broom (JWB) disease, which is caused by JWB phytoplasma. The jujube TCP transcription factor (TF) ZjTCP16 may be involved in the interaction of jujube plants with JWB phytoplasma. In this study, qRT-PCR proved that the expression pattern of ZjTCP16 was altered by JWB phytoplasma. The gene functions of ZjTCP16 were analyzed by its overexpression in Arabidopsis and jujube, as well as knock-down in. The overexpression of ZjTCP16 in Arabidopsis and jujube resulted in dwarfism and small leaves, while the zjtcp16 CRISPR mutants were higher than the WT. Microscopic observation of paraffin sections of jujube stems showed that ZjTCP16 affected the size of cells. The interactions of ZjTCP16 with ZjAS2 and ZjLOB in both the cytoplasm and nucleus were demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays and qRT-PCR further confirmed that ZjTCP16 affected the expression of genes involved in leaf morphogenesis and cell proliferation (ZjAS1, ZjKNAT1, ZjKNAT2 and ZjKNAT6) at the mRNA level through the ZjAS2 and ZjLOB pathways. In conclusion, ZjTCP16 regulates plant growth and cell size by altering the expression pattern of morphogenesis-related genes in jujube.
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17
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Maejima K, Sasano M, Matsumoto O, Koinuma H, Tokuda R, Suzuki M, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. A phytoplasma effector acts as a ubiquitin-like mediator between floral MADS-box proteins and proteasome shuttle proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1709-1723. [PMID: 35234248 PMCID: PMC9048881 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria have developed effectors to manipulate host cell functions to facilitate infection. A certain number of effectors use the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome system in eukaryotic to proteolyze targets. The proteasome utilization mechanism is mainly mediated by ubiquitin interaction with target proteins destined for degradation. Phyllogens are a family of protein effectors produced by pathogenic phytoplasmas that transform flowers into leaves in diverse plants. Here, we present a noncanonical mechanism for phyllogen action that involves the proteasome and is ubiquitin-independent. Phyllogens induce proteasomal degradation of floral MADS-box transcription factors (MTFs) in the presence of RADIATION-SENSITIVE23 (RAD23) shuttle proteins, which recruit ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. Intracellular localization analysis revealed that phyllogen induced colocalization of MTF with RAD23. The MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 ternary protein complex was detected not only in planta but also in vitro in the absence of ubiquitin, showing that phyllogen directly mediates interaction between MTF and RAD23. A Lys-less nonubiquitinated phyllogen mutant induced degradation of MTF or a Lys-less mutant of MTF. Furthermore, the method of sequential formation of the MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 protein complex was elucidated, first by MTF/phyllogen interaction and then RAD23 recruitment. Phyllogen recognized both the evolutionarily conserved tetramerization region of MTF and the ubiquitin-associated domain of RAD23. Our findings indicate that phyllogen functionally mimics ubiquitin as a mediator between MTF and RAD23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Oki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tokuda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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18
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Huang CT, Cho ST, Lin YC, Tan CM, Chiu YC, Yang JY, Kuo CH. Comparative Genome Analysis of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma luffae’ Reveals the Influential Roles of Potential Mobile Units in Phytoplasma Evolution. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:773608. [PMID: 35300489 PMCID: PMC8923039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.773608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted plant pathogens that cause substantial losses in agriculture. In addition to economic impact, phytoplasmas induce distinct disease symptoms in infected plants, thus attracting attention for research on molecular plant-microbe interactions and plant developmental processes. Due to the difficulty of establishing an axenic culture of these bacteria, culture-independent genome characterization is a crucial tool for phytoplasma research. However, phytoplasma genomes have strong nucleotide composition biases and are repetitive, which make it challenging to produce complete assemblies. In this study, we utilized Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing technologies to obtain the complete genome sequence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma luffae’ strain NCHU2019 that is associated with witches’ broom disease of loofah (Luffa aegyptiaca) in Taiwan. The fully assembled circular chromosome is 769 kb in size and is the first representative genome sequence of group 16SrVIII phytoplasmas. Comparative analysis with other phytoplasmas revealed that NCHU2019 has a remarkably repetitive genome, possessing a pair of 75 kb repeats and at least 13 potential mobile units (PMUs) that account for ∼25% of its chromosome. This level of genome repetitiveness is exceptional for bacteria, particularly among obligate pathogens with reduced genomes. Our genus-level analysis of PMUs demonstrated that these phytoplasma-specific mobile genetic elements can be classified into three major types that differ in gene organization and phylogenetic distribution. Notably, PMU abundance explains nearly 80% of the variance in phytoplasma genome sizes, a finding that provides a quantitative estimate for the importance of PMUs in phytoplasma genome variability. Finally, our investigation found that in addition to horizontal gene transfer, PMUs also contribute to intra-genomic duplications of effector genes, which may provide redundancy for subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization. Taken together, this work improves the taxon sampling for phytoplasma genome research and provides novel information regarding the roles of mobile genetic elements in phytoplasma evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ting Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Choon-Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jun-Yi Yang,
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chih-Horng Kuo,
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19
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Chen P, Chen L, Ye X, Tan B, Zheng X, Cheng J, Wang W, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Li J, Feng J. Phytoplasma effector Zaofeng6 induces shoot proliferation by decreasing the expression of ZjTCP7 in Ziziphus jujuba. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6510945. [PMID: 35043187 PMCID: PMC8769037 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The jujube witches' broom (JWB) phytoplasma is associated with witches' broom, dwarfism, and smaller leaves in jujube, resulting in yield losses. In this study, eight putative JWB effector proteins were identified from potential mobile units of the JWB genome. Among them, Zaofeng6 induced witches' broom symptoms in Arabidopsis and jujube. Zaofeng6-overexpressing Arabidopsis and unrooted jujube transformants displayed witches' broom-like shoot proliferation. Transient expression of Zaofeng6 induced hypersensitive response like cell death and expression of hypersensitive response marker genes, like harpin-induced gene 1 (H1N1), and the pathogenesis-related genes PR1, PR2, and PR3 in transformed Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, suggesting that Zaofeng6 could be a virulence effector. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed that Zaofeng6 interacts with ZjTCP7 through its first two α-helix domains in the cell nuclei. ZjTCP7 mRNA and protein abundance decreased in Zaofeng6 transgenic jujube seedlings. The expression of some genes in the strigolactone signaling pathway (ZjCCD7, ZjCCD8, and CYP711A1) were down-regulated in jujube shoots overexpressing Zaofeng6 and in zjtcp7 CRISPR/Cas9 mutants. Zaofeng6 induces shoot proliferation through decreased expression of ZjTCP7 at the transcriptional and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lichuan Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xia Ye
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bin Tan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xianbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiqi Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Corresponding author. E-mail: ;
| | - Jiancan Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Corresponding author. E-mail: ;
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20
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Omenge KM, Rümpler F, Kathalingam SS, Furch ACU, Theißen G. Studying the Function of Phytoplasma Effector Proteins Using a Chemical-Inducible Expression System in Transgenic Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413582. [PMID: 34948378 PMCID: PMC8703313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are bacterial pathogens that live mainly in the phloem of their plant hosts. They dramatically manipulate plant development by secreting effector proteins that target developmental proteins of their hosts. Traditionally, the effects of individual effector proteins have been studied by ectopic overexpression using strong, ubiquitously active promoters in transgenic model plants. However, the impact of phytoplasma infection on the host plants depends on the intensity and timing of infection with respect to the developmental stage of the host. To facilitate investigations addressing the timing of effector protein activity, we have established chemical-inducible expression systems for the three most well-characterized phytoplasma effector proteins, SECRETED ASTER YELLOWS WITCHES’ BROOM PROTEIN 11 (SAP11), SAP54 and TENGU in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. We induced gene expression either continuously, or at germination stage, seedling stage, or flowering stage. mRNA expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, protein accumulation by confocal laser scanning microscopy of GFP fusion proteins. Our data reveal tight regulation of effector gene expression and strong upregulation after induction. Phenotypic analyses showed differences in disease phenotypes depending on the timing of induction. Comparative phenotype analysis revealed so far unreported similarities in disease phenotypes, with all three effector proteins interfering with flower development and shoot branching, indicating a surprising functional redundancy of SAP54, SAP11 and TENGU. However, subtle but mechanistically important differences were also observed, especially affecting the branching pattern of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keziah M. Omenge
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Florian Rümpler
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Subha Suvetha Kathalingam
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Tan CM, Lin YC, Li JR, Chien YY, Wang CJ, Chou L, Wang CW, Chiu YC, Kuo CH, Yang JY. Accelerating Complete Phytoplasma Genome Assembly by Immunoprecipitation-Based Enrichment and MinION-Based DNA Sequencing for Comparative Analyses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:766221. [PMID: 34858377 PMCID: PMC8632452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are uncultivated plant-pathogenic bacteria with agricultural importance. Those belonging to the 16SrII group, represented by 'Candidatus P. aurantifolia', have a wide range of plant hosts and cause significant yield losses in valuable crops, such as pear, sweet potato, peanut, and soybean. In this study, a method that combines immunoprecipitation-based enrichment and MinION long-read DNA sequencing was developed to solve the challenge of phytoplasma genome studies. This approach produced long reads with high mapping rates and high genomic coverage that can be combined with Illumina reads to produce complete genome assemblies with high accuracy. We applied this method to strain NCHU2014 and determined its complete genome sequence, which consists of one circular chromosome with 635,584 bp and one plasmid with 4,224 bp. Although 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' NCHU2014 has a small chromosome with only 471 protein-coding genes, it contains 33 transporter genes and 27 putative effector genes, which may contribute to obtaining nutrients from hosts and manipulating host developments for their survival and multiplication. Two effectors, the homologs of SAP11 and SAP54/PHYL1 identified in 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' NCHU2014, have the biochemical activities in destabilizing host transcription factors, which can explain the disease symptoms observed in infected plants. Taken together, this study provides the first complete genome available for the 16SrII phytoplasmas and contributes to the understanding of phytoplasma pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yu Chien
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jui Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lin Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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22
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Zhou J, Ma F, Yao Y, Deng M, Chen M, Zhang S, Li Y, Yang J, Zhang N, Huang J, Sun Q, Sun J. Jujube witches' broom phytoplasma effectors SJP1 and SJP2 induce lateral bud outgrowth by repressing the ZjBRC1-controlled auxin efflux channel. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3257-3272. [PMID: 34189742 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensively controlling phytoplasma-associated jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease is extremely challenging for the jujube industry. Although the pathogenesis of phytoplasma disease has been highlighted in many plant species, the release of lateral buds from dormancy under JWB phytoplasma infection has not been characterized in woody perennial jujube. Here, two 16SrV-B group phytoplasma effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, were experimentally determined to induce witches' broom with increased lateral branches. In vivo interaction and subcellular localization analyses showed that both SJP1 and SJP2 were translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to target the CYC/TB1-TCP transcription factor ZjBRC1. The N- and C-terminal coiled-coil domains of SJP1 and SJP2 were required for the TCP-binding ability. ZjBRC1 bound directly to the auxin efflux carrier ZjPIN1c/3 promoters and down-regulated their expression to promote the accumulation of endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid in jujube calli. Furthermore, JWB phytoplasma infection suppressed ZjBRC1 accumulation and induced ZjPIN1c/3 expression to stimulate lateral bud outgrowth. Therefore, SJP1 and SJP2 stimulate lateral bud outgrowth, at least partly, by repressing the ZjBRC1-controlled auxin efflux channel in jujube, representing a potential strategy for comprehensive phytoplasma-associated disease control and a resource for gene editing breeding to create new cultivars with varying degrees of shoot branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei City, China
| | - Fuli Ma
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Yu Yao
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Shanqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Yamei Li
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Jingqiu Huang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei City, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, China
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23
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Huang W, MacLean AM, Sugio A, Maqbool A, Busscher M, Cho ST, Kamoun S, Kuo CH, Immink RGH, Hogenhout SA. Parasitic modulation of host development by ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. Cell 2021; 184:5201-5214.e12. [PMID: 34536345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Certain obligate parasites induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favor their transmission to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate how SAP05 protein effectors from insect-vectored plant pathogenic phytoplasmas take control of several plant developmental processes. These effectors simultaneously prolong the host lifespan and induce witches' broom-like proliferations of leaf and sterile shoots, organs colonized by phytoplasmas and vectors. SAP05 acts by mediating the concurrent degradation of SPL and GATA developmental regulators via a process that relies on hijacking the plant ubiquitin receptor RPN10 independent of substrate ubiquitination. RPN10 is highly conserved among eukaryotes, but SAP05 does not bind insect vector RPN10. A two-amino-acid substitution within plant RPN10 generates a functional variant that is resistant to SAP05 activities. Therefore, one effector protein enables obligate parasitic phytoplasmas to induce a plethora of developmental phenotypes in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Allyson M MacLean
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Akiko Sugio
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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24
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Huang W, MacLean AM, Sugio A, Maqbool A, Busscher M, Cho ST, Kamoun S, Kuo CH, Immink RGH, Hogenhout SA. Parasitic modulation of host development by ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. Cell 2021; 184:5201-5214.e12. [PMID: 34536345 PMCID: PMC8525514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain obligate parasites induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favor their transmission to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate how SAP05 protein effectors from insect-vectored plant pathogenic phytoplasmas take control of several plant developmental processes. These effectors simultaneously prolong the host lifespan and induce witches' broom-like proliferations of leaf and sterile shoots, organs colonized by phytoplasmas and vectors. SAP05 acts by mediating the concurrent degradation of SPL and GATA developmental regulators via a process that relies on hijacking the plant ubiquitin receptor RPN10 independent of substrate ubiquitination. RPN10 is highly conserved among eukaryotes, but SAP05 does not bind insect vector RPN10. A two-amino-acid substitution within plant RPN10 generates a functional variant that is resistant to SAP05 activities. Therefore, one effector protein enables obligate parasitic phytoplasmas to induce a plethora of developmental phenotypes in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Allyson M MacLean
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Akiko Sugio
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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25
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Wang L, Chen W, Ma H, Li J, Hao X, Wu Y. Identification of RNA silencing suppressor encoded by wheat blue dwarf (WBD) phytoplasma. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:843-849. [PMID: 33749977 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an innate immune system for defence against pathogens. In turn, pathogens have various strategies to overcome complex plant defences. Among diverse pathogens, phytoplasmas are associated with serious diseases in a range of species. RNA silencing serves as an efficient defence system against pathogens in eukaryotes but can be interrupted by RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) encoded by pathogens. Currently, many RSSs have been identified in viruses, bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. Phytoplasmas are pathogens in several hundred plant species. In this research, 37 candidate effectors of wheat blue dwarf (WBD) phytoplasma were screened for presence of RSS. Agro-infiltration assay, yeast expression system, floral-dip method for constructing transgenic A. thaliana, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used for identification of RNA silencing suppressors. SWP16 encoded by WBD phytoplasma was found to be a secretory protein that inhibited accumulation of GFP siRNA and led to the accumulation of GPF mRNA in systemic N. benthamiana 16c. Furthermore, in A. thaliana SWP16 inhibited production of miRNAs, which are components of RNA silencing. SWP16 also promoted infection of potato virus X. We conclude that SWP16 encoded by WBD phytoplasma was an RSS, suppressing systemic RNA silencing. This is the first evidence that a phytoplasma encodes an RSS and provides a theoretical basis for research on the interaction mechanisms between pathogens and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - W Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - H Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - X Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
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The Effect of the Anticipated Nuclear Localization Sequence of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' SAP11-like Protein on Localization of the Protein and Destabilization of TCP Transcription Factor. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081756. [PMID: 34442835 PMCID: PMC8401217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SAP11 is an effector protein that has been identified in various phytoplasma species. It localizes in the plant nucleus and can bind and destabilize TEOSINE BRANCHES/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors. Although SAP11 of different phytoplasma species share similar activities, their protein sequences differ greatly. Here, we demonstrate that the SAP11-like protein of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ (‘Ca. P. mali’) strain PM19 localizes into the plant nucleus without requiring the anticipated nuclear localization sequence (NLS). We show that the protein induces crinkled leaves and siliques, and witches’ broom symptoms, in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) plants and binds to six members of class I and all members of class II TCP transcription factors of A. thaliana in yeast two-hybrid assays. We also identified a 17 amino acid stretch previously predicted to be a nuclear localization sequence that is important for the binding of some of the TCPs, which results in a crinkled leaf and silique phenotype in transgenic A. thaliana. Moreover, we provide evidence that the SAP11-like protein has a destabilizing effect on some TCPs in vivo.
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27
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Lee S, Chu CY, Chu CC. Variability of Phytoplasma Infection Density in Poinsettia and Evaluation of its Association with the Level of Branching in Host Plants. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1539-1545. [PMID: 33356443 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2304-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has long been established that phytoplasma infection is the cause of the free-branching phenotype in poinsettia. However, relatively little is known about the ecology of the pathogen in planta. The present study evaluated the infection pattern of poinsettia branch-inducing phytoplasma (PoiBI) and its association with the poinsettia phenotype during cutting propagation. The presence of this pathogen in the poinsettia variety Luv U Pink was determined using PCR and sequence analysis. The infection density of PoiBI in distinct tissue types of different plant segments were then determined using quantitative PCR coupled with plasmid-based standard curves. Both vegetative-stage and flowering-stage plants were tested. The results showed that, despite being considerably variable among plants, the infection densities of PoiBI tend to be higher in source leaves located in the lower parts of the plant. The densities were consistently lower in tissues located at the top of the plants, regardless of the tissue type. Analysis of the infection densities among samples collected from six stock plants used in commercial production also revealed significantly different levels of PoiBI load. An association between PoiBI infection density in the stock plants and the level of branching in cutting-propagated plants (derived from the stock plants) was also observed; stock plants with low infection densities tended to produce smaller proportions of plants exhibiting higher degrees of branching both before and after pinching. These data suggest that uneven distribution of PoiBI within and among stock plants may lead to the production of cuttings with variable phytoplasma densities which may, in turn, affect the phenotypic uniformity of the plants produced. Overall, findings from the present work add to the understanding of PoiBI's ecology and could provide implications to commercial poinsettia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Young Chu
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Chu
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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28
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Garcion C, Béven L, Foissac X. Comparison of Current Methods for Signal Peptide Prediction in Phytoplasmas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661524. [PMID: 33841387 PMCID: PMC8026896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although phytoplasma studies are still hampered by the lack of axenic cultivation methods, the availability of genome sequences allowed dramatic advances in the characterization of the virulence mechanisms deployed by phytoplasmas, and highlighted the detection of signal peptides as a crucial step to identify effectors secreted by phytoplasmas. However, various signal peptide prediction methods have been used to mine phytoplasma genomes, and no general evaluation of these methods is available so far for phytoplasma sequences. In this work, we compared the prediction performance of SignalP versions 3.0, 4.0, 4.1, 5.0 and Phobius on several sequence datasets originating from all deposited phytoplasma sequences. SignalP 4.1 with specific parameters showed the most exhaustive and consistent prediction ability. However, the configuration of SignalP 4.1 for increased sensitivity induced a much higher rate of false positives on transmembrane domains located at N-terminus. Moreover, sensitive signal peptide predictions could similarly be achieved by the transmembrane domain prediction ability of TMHMM and Phobius, due to the relatedness between signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Beyond the results presented herein, the datasets assembled in this study form a valuable benchmark to compare and evaluate signal peptide predictors in a field where experimental evidence of secretion is scarce. Additionally, this study illustrates the utility of comparative genomics to strengthen confidence in bioinformatic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Garcion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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29
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Meisrimler C, Allan C, Eccersall S, Morris RJ. Interior design: how plant pathogens optimize their living conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2514-2524. [PMID: 33098094 PMCID: PMC7898814 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens use effectors to suppress host defence mechanisms, promote the derivation of nutrients, and facilitate infection within the host plant. Much is now known about effectors that target biotic pathways, particularly those that interfere with plant innate immunity. By contrast, an understanding of how effectors manipulate nonimmunity pathways is only beginning to emerge. Here, we focus on exciting new insights into effectors that target abiotic stress adaptation pathways, tampering with key functions within the plant to promote colonization. We critically assess the role of various signalling agents in linking different pathways upon perturbation by pathogen effectors. Additionally, this review provides a summary of currently known bacterial, fungal, and oomycete pathogen effectors that induce biotic and abiotic stress responses in the plant, as a first step towards establishing a comprehensive picture for linking effector targets to pathogenic lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Allan
- School of Biological ScienceUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800Christchurch8041New Zealand
| | - Sophie Eccersall
- School of Biological ScienceUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800Christchurch8041New Zealand
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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30
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Wang N, Yin Z, Duan W, Zhang X, Pi L, Zhang Y, Dou D. sORF-Encoded Polypeptide SEP1 Is a Novel Virulence Factor of Phytophthora Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:157-167. [PMID: 33103962 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0160-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by the notorious Phytophthora spp. result in enormous economic losses to crops and forests. Increasing evidence suggests that small open reading frame-encoded polypeptides (SEPs) participate in environmental responses of animals, plants, and fungi. However, it remains largely unknown whether Phytophthora pathogens produce SEPs. Here, we systematically predicted and identified 96 SEP candidates in P. capsici. Among them, three may induce stable cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Phytophthora-specific and conserved SEP1 facilitated P. capsici infection. PcSEP1-induced cell death is BAK1 and SOBIR1 independent and is correlated with its virulence function. Finally, PcSEP1 may be targeted to the apoplast for carrying out its functions, for which the C terminus is indispensable. Together, our results demonstrated that SEP1 is a new virulence factor, and previously unknown SEPs may act as effector proteins in Phytophthora pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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31
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Huang W, Reyes-Caldas P, Mann M, Seifbarghi S, Kahn A, Almeida RPP, Béven L, Heck M, Hogenhout SA, Coaker G. Bacterial Vector-Borne Plant Diseases: Unanswered Questions and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1379-1393. [PMID: 32835885 PMCID: PMC7769051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant diseases have significant ecological and economic impacts, affecting farm profitability and forest composition throughout the world. Bacterial vector-borne pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to interact with their hemipteran insect vectors and plant hosts. These pathogens reside in plant vascular tissue, and their study represents an excellent opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms regulating intracellular pathogenesis and to contribute to the control of some of the world's most invasive emerging diseases. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances and major unanswered questions in the realm of bacterial vector-borne disease, focusing on liberibacters, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and Xylella fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paola Reyes-Caldas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Mann
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shirin Seifbarghi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laure Béven
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Michelle Heck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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32
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Iwabuchi N, Kitazawa Y, Maejima K, Koinuma H, Miyazaki A, Matsumoto O, Suzuki T, Nijo T, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Functional variation in phyllogen, a phyllody-inducing phytoplasma effector family, attributable to a single amino acid polymorphism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1322-1336. [PMID: 32813310 PMCID: PMC7488466 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flower malformation represented by phyllody is a common symptom of phytoplasma infection induced by a novel family of phytoplasma effectors called phyllogens. Despite the accumulation of functional and structural phyllogen information, the molecular mechanisms of phyllody have not yet been integrated with their evolutionary aspects due to the limited data on their homologs across diverse phytoplasma lineages. Here, we developed a novel universal PCR-based approach to identify 25 phytoplasma phyllogens related to nine "Candidatus Phytoplasma" species, including four species whose phyllogens have not yet been identified. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the phyllogen family consists of four groups (phyl-A, -B, -C, and -D) and that the evolutionary relationships of phyllogens were significantly distinct from those of phytoplasmas, suggesting that phyllogens were transferred horizontally among phytoplasma strains and species. Although phyllogens belonging to the phyl-A, -C, and -D groups induced phyllody, the phyl-B group lacked the ability to induce phyllody. Comparative functional analyses of phyllogens revealed that a single amino acid polymorphism in phyl-B group phyllogens prevented interactions between phyllogens and A- and E-class MADS domain transcription factors (MTFs), resulting in the inability to degrade several MTFs and induce phyllody. Our finding of natural variation in the function of phytoplasma effectors provides new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the aetiology of phytoplasma diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Akio Miyazaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ouki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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33
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Cho ST, Kung HJ, Huang W, Hogenhout SA, Kuo CH. Species Boundaries and Molecular Markers for the Classification of 16SrI Phytoplasmas Inferred by Genome Analysis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1531. [PMID: 32754131 PMCID: PMC7366425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are plant-pathogenic bacteria that impact agriculture worldwide. The commonly adopted classification system for phytoplasmas is based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of their 16S rRNA genes. With the increased availability of phytoplasma genome sequences, the classification system can now be refined. This work examined 11 strains in the 16SrI group within the genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ and investigated the possible species boundaries. We confirmed that the RFLP classification method is problematic due to intragenomic variation of the 16S rRNA genes and uneven weighing of different nucleotide positions. Importantly, our results based on the molecular phylogeny, differentiations in chromosomal segments and gene content, and divergence in homologous sequences, all supported that these strains may be classified into multiple operational taxonomic units (OTUs) equivalent to species. Strains assigned to the same OTU share >97% genome-wide average nucleotide identity (ANI) and >78% of their protein-coding genes. In comparison, strains assigned to different OTUs share < 94% ANI and < 75% of their genes. Reduction in homologous recombination between OTUs is one possible explanation for the discontinuity in genome similarities, and these findings supported the proposal that 95% ANI could serve as a cutoff for distinguishing species in bacteria. Additionally, critical examination of these results and the raw sequencing reads led to the identification of one genome that was presumably mis-assembled by combining two sequencing libraries built from phytoplasmas belonging to different OTUs. This finding provided a cautionary tale for working on uncultivated bacteria. Based on the new understanding of phytoplasma divergence and the current genome availability, we developed five molecular markers that could be used for multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). By selecting markers that are short yet highly informative, and are distributed evenly across the chromosome, these markers provided a cost-effective system that is robust against recombination. Finally, examination of the effector gene distribution further confirmed the rapid gains and losses of these genes, as well as the involvement of potential mobile units (PMUs) in their molecular evolution. Future improvements on the taxon sampling of phytoplasma genomes will allow further expansions of similar analysis, and thus contribute to phytoplasma taxonomy and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jui Kung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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The Regulation of CIN-like TCP Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124498. [PMID: 32599902 PMCID: PMC7349945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1 and 2 (TCP) family proteins are the plant-specific transcription factors extensively participating in diverse developmental processes by integrating external cues with internal signals. The roles of CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TCPs are conserved in control of the morphology and size of leaves, petal development, trichome formation and plant flowering. The tight regulation of CIN-like TCP activity at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels are central for plant developmental plasticity in response to the ever-changing environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize recent progresses with regard to the function and regulation of CIN-like TCPs. CIN-like TCPs are regulated by abiotic and biotic cues including light, temperature and pathogens. They are also finely controlled by microRNA319 (miRNA319), chromatin remodeling complexes and auxin homeostasis. The protein degradation plays critical roles in tightly controlling the activity of CIN-like TCPs as well.
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Potuschak T, Palatnik J, Schommer C, Sierro N, Ivanov NV, Kwon Y, Genschik P, Davière J, Otten L. Inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana CIN-like TCP transcription factors by Agrobacterium T-DNA-encoded 6B proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1303-1317. [PMID: 31659801 PMCID: PMC7187390 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium T-DNA-encoded 6B proteins cause remarkable growth effects in plants. Nicotiana otophora carries two cellular T-DNAs with three slightly divergent 6b genes (TE-1-6b-L, TE-1-6b-R and TE-2-6b) originating from a natural transformation event. In Arabidopsis thaliana, expression of 2×35S:TE-2-6b, but not 2×35S:TE-1-6b-L or 2×35S:TE-1-6b-R, led to plants with crinkly leaves, which strongly resembled mutants of the miR319a/TCP module. This module is composed of MIR319A and five CIN-like TCP (TEOSINTHE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA and PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN BINDING FACTOR) genes (TCP2, TCP3, TCP4, TCP10 and TCP24) targeted by miR319a. The CIN-like TCP genes encode transcription factors and are required for cell division arrest at leaf margins during development. MIR319A overexpression causes excessive growth and crinkly leaves. TE-2-6b plants did not show increased miR319a levels, but the mRNA levels of the TCP4 target gene LOX2 were decreased, as in jaw-D plants. Co-expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged TCPs with native or red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged TE-6B proteins led to an increase in TCP protein levels and formation of numerous cytoplasmic dots containing 6B and TCP proteins. Yeast double-hybrid experiments confirmed 6B/TCP binding and showed that TE-1-6B-L and TE-1-6B-R bind a smaller set of TCP proteins than TE-2-6B. A single nucleotide mutation in TE-1-6B-R enlarged its TCP-binding repertoire to that of TE-2-6B and caused a crinkly phenotype in Arabidopsis. Deletion analysis showed that TE-2-6B targets the TCP4 DNA-binding domain and directly interferes with transcriptional activation. Taken together, these results provide detailed insights into the mechanism of action of the N. otophora TE-encoded 6b genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Potuschak
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Javier Palatnik
- IBR‐CONICETPredio CCTOcampo y Esmeralda s/n2000RosarioArgentina
| | - Carla Schommer
- IBR‐CONICETPredio CCTOcampo y Esmeralda s/n2000RosarioArgentina
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S. A.Quai Jeanrenaud 52000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S. A.Quai Jeanrenaud 52000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yerim Kwon
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Jean‐Michel Davière
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Léon Otten
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
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Singh A, Lakhanpaul S. Detection, characterization and evolutionary aspects of S54LP of SP (SAP54 Like Protein of Sesame Phyllody): a phytoplasma effector molecule associated with phyllody development in sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:445-458. [PMID: 32205922 PMCID: PMC7078397 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SAP54, an effector protein secreted by phytoplasmas has been reported to induce phyllody. S54LP of SP (SAP54 Like Protein of Sesame Phyllody), a SAP54 ortholog from phyllody and witches' broom affected sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) was amplified, cloned and sequenced. Comparative sequence and phylogenetic analysis of diverse phytoplasma strains was carried out to delineate the evolution of S54LP of SP. The degree of polymorphism across SAP54 orthologs and the evolutionary forces acting on this effector protein were ascertained. Site-specific selection across SAP54 orthologs was estimated using Fixed Effects Likelihood (FEL) approach. Nonsynonymous substitutions were detected in the SAP54 orthologs' sequences from phytoplasmas belonging to same (sub) group. Phylogenetic analysis based on S54LP of SP grouped phytoplasmas belonging to same 16SrDNA (sub) groups into different clusters. Analysis of selection forces acting on SAP54 orthologs from nine different phytoplasma (sub)groups, affecting plant species belonging to twelve different families across ten countries showed the orthologs to be under purifying (negative) selection. One amino acid residue was found to be under pervasive diversifying (positive) selection and a total of three amino acid sites were found to be under pervasive purifying (negative) selection. The location of these amino acids in the signal peptide and mature protein was studied with an aim to understand their role in protein-protein interaction. Asparagine residues (at positions 68 and 84) were found to be under pervasive purifying selection suggesting their functional importance in the effector protein. Our study suggests lack of coevolution between SAP54 and 16SrDNA. Signal peptide appears to evolve at a rate slightly higher than the mature protein. Overall, SAP54 and its orthologs are evolving under purifying selection confirming their functional importance in phytoplasma virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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37
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Pecher P, Moro G, Canale MC, Capdevielle S, Singh A, MacLean A, Sugio A, Kuo CH, Lopes JRS, Hogenhout SA. Phytoplasma SAP11 effector destabilization of TCP transcription factors differentially impact development and defence of Arabidopsis versus maize. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008035. [PMID: 31557268 PMCID: PMC6802841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens that colonize a wide range of plant species, including vegetable and cereal crops, and herbaceous and woody ornamentals. Phytoplasma-infected plants often show dramatic symptoms, including proliferation of shoots (witch's brooms), changes in leaf shapes and production of green sterile flowers (phyllody). Aster Yellows phytoplasma Witches' Broom (AY-WB) infects dicots and its effector, secreted AYWB protein 11 (SAP11), was shown to be responsible for the induction of shoot proliferation and leaf shape changes of plants. SAP11 acts by destabilizing TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1-CYCLOIDEA-PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors, particularly the class II TCPs of the CYCLOIDEA/TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (CYC/TB1) and CINCINNATA (CIN)-TCP clades. SAP11 homologs are also present in phytoplasmas that cause economic yield losses in monocot crops, such as maize, wheat and coconut. Here we show that a SAP11 homolog of Maize Bushy Stunt Phytoplasma (MBSP), which has a range primarily restricted to maize, destabilizes specifically TB1/CYC TCPs. SAP11MBSP and SAP11AYWB both induce axillary branching and SAP11AYWB also alters leaf development of Arabidopsis thaliana and maize. However, only in maize, SAP11MBSP prevents female inflorescence development, phenocopying maize tb1 lines, whereas SAP11AYWB prevents male inflorescence development and induces feminization of tassels. SAP11AYWB promotes fecundity of the AY-WB leafhopper vector on A. thaliana and modulates the expression of A. thaliana leaf defence response genes that are induced by this leafhopper, in contrast to SAP11MBSP. Neither of the SAP11 effectors promote fecundity of AY-WB and MBSP leafhopper vectors on maize. These data provide evidence that class II TCPs have overlapping but also distinct roles in regulating development and defence in a dicot and a monocot plant species that is likely to shape SAP11 effector evolution depending on the phytoplasma host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pecher
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Moro
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Canale
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sylvain Capdevielle
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Archana Singh
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Allyson MacLean
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Akiko Sugio
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joao R. S. Lopes
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Saskia A. Hogenhout
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Liu MM, Wang MM, Yang J, Wen J, Guo PC, Wu YW, Ke YZ, Li PF, Li JN, Du H. Evolutionary and Comparative Expression Analyses of TCP Transcription Factor Gene Family in Land Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3591. [PMID: 31340456 PMCID: PMC6679135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-specific Teosinte-branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating (TCP) transcription factor genes are involved in plants' development, hormonal pathways, and stress response but their evolutionary history is uncertain. The genome-wide analysis performed here for 47 plant species revealed 535 TCP candidates in terrestrial plants and none in aquatic plants, and that TCP family genes originated early in the history of land plants. Phylogenetic analysis divided the candidate genes into Classes I and II, and Class II was further divided into CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and CINCINNATA (CIN) clades; CYC is more recent and originated from CIN in angiosperms. Protein architecture, intron pattern, and sequence characteristics were conserved in each class or clade supporting this classification. The two classes significantly expanded through whole-genome duplication during evolution. Expression analysis revealed the conserved expression of TCP genes from lower to higher plants. The expression patterns of Class I and CIN genes in different stages of the same tissue revealed their function in plant development and their opposite effects in the same biological process. Interaction network analysis showed that TCP proteins tend to form protein complexes, and their interaction networks were conserved during evolution. These results contribute to further functional studies on TCP family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mang-Mang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yun-Wen Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yun-Zhuo Ke
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng-Feng Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jia-Na Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hai Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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