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Chebbah D, Elissa N, Nicolas P, Levy V, Vingataramin Y, Bennouna A, Jan J, Izri A, Akhoundi M. Effectiveness of heat treatment in rapid control of bed bugs in environmental conditions resembling their natural habitats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1147-1155. [PMID: 37115096 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2205106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated lethal temperatures and times for killing bed bugs in diverse covered and uncovered conditions simulating their natural habitats. A total of 5400 adult bed bugs were collected alive from 17 infested locations in Paris. They were morphologically identified in laboratory as Cimex lectularius. They were then distributed in multiple sets of 30 specimens to examine in covered (tissue, furniture, mattress or blanket) and uncovered (direct exposure) conditions and in diverse step-function temperatures (50, 55 and 60°C) and times (15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes), replicated three times. Effective mortality was observed in 1080 specimens exposed directly to 50°C for 60 minutes. In specimens covered by tissue (1080 specimens), furniture (1080) or mattress (1080), all were dead at 60°C within 60 minutes. The specimens covered by blanket (1080) at the same temperature were dead after 120 minutes. A 60-minutes delay in reaching to lethal temperature within blanket compared to uncovered thermometer was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Chebbah
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale, Sous-direction de la Santé (SPSE), Mairie de Paris, France
| | - Nohal Elissa
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale, Sous-direction de la Santé (SPSE), Mairie de Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nicolas
- Biochemical Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Levy
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, CHU Avicenne, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Seine Saint-Denis, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Amal Bennouna
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Julie Jan
- Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) Île-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE : RAix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
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Leung AKC, Lam JM, Barankin B, Leong KF, Hon KL. Bed Bug Infestation: An Updated Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2024; 20:137-149. [PMID: 37038684 DOI: 10.2174/1573396320666230406084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been a global resurgence of bed bug infestations, especially in developed countries. Proper awareness and identification of bed bug infestations are essential to guide treatment and eradication. The purpose of this article is to familiarize physicians with bed bug bites so that they can effectively diagnose, treat, and address questions about bed bug bites and infestations. Bed bug bites are often painless. Typical reactions include pruritic, erythematous maculopapules occurring in clusters or in a linear or curvilinear distribution in exposed areas of the body. A small red punctum may be visualized at the center of the bite mark. Lesions that appear three in a row and papules on the upper eyelid associated with erythema and edema are highly suggestive of bites from bed bugs. Exaggerated local reactions such as vesicles, urticarial wheals, urticarial perilesional plaques, diffuse urticaria, bullae, and nodules may occur in previously sensitized individuals. Reactions to bed bug bites are self-limited. As such, treatment is mainly symptomatic. Topical pramoxine and oral antihistamines can be used to alleviate pruritus. Topical corticosteroids can be used for significant eruptions to control inflammation and pruritus, and to hasten resolution of the lesions. Integrated pest management, an approach for the eradication of bed bugs, includes monitoring devices (active monitors include the use of heat or carbon dioxide attractants and passive monitors include the use of sticky pads for trapping), and judicious use of nonchemical and chemical treatments known to be effective. Nonchemical interventions include keeping affected areas clean and free of clutter, vacuuming, washing linens with hot water, caulking wall holes and cracks where bugs can hide, proper disposal of highly infested items, and placement of bed bug traps/interceptors at the base of beds and furniture. Chemical interventions involve the use of insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids, silicates, insect growth disruptors, carbamates, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, diethyl-meta-toluamide, chlorfenapyr, fipronil and plant essential oils. Insecticides should be used with caution to prevent over-exposure and toxicity (in particular, cardiovascular and neurologic toxicity), especially if there are young children around. It is important to note that multiple mechanisms of insecticide resistance exist and as such, chemical treatment should only be undertaken by trained professionals who understand the current literature on resistance. Both nonchemical and chemical technologies should be combined for optimal results. Bed bug infestations may cause diverse dermal reactions, stigmatization, poor self-esteem, emotional stress, anxiety, significant adverse effect on quality of life, and substantial socioeconomic burden to society. As such, their rapid detection and eradication are of paramount importance. Consultation with a professional exterminator is recommended to fully eradicate an infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kin Fon Leong
- Pediatric Institute, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Aak A, Hage M, Rukke BA. Biological control of Cimex lectularius with Beauveria bassiana: Effects of substrate, dosage, application strategy, and bed bug physiology. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4599-4606. [PMID: 37432134 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cimex lectularius L. (bed bug) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) is a serious indoor pest worldwide, and this nuisance needs to be controlled using different methods in integrated pest management (IPM). Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) kills bed bugs, and insect pathogenic fungi may be utilized to control bed bugs in IPM. To increase knowledge of this methodology, forced exposure experiments were conducted with different formulations, doses, and substrates, using bed bugs in variable physiological states. RESULTS Both oil- and water-formulated fungal products showed significant improvement when conidial concentrations were raised in five steps from 0.02 to 2.0%. At low concentrations (0.02% in water) effects from substrate and application strategy were observed. Application on soft substrates (cotton and polyester) yielded significantly higher bed bug mortality rates than on harder substrates (paper, wood, and linoleum) with a final mortality of 35-63% against 8-10%. Multiple applications over time also improved B. bassiana's ability to kill bed bugs, and at low concentrations only a triple application on cotton showed 100% final mortality. Bed bug age and reproductive status significantly affected survival. Older and reproducing individuals showed higher mortality compared to newly emerged adults. Differences in feeding status also yielded differences in mortality timing, but only minor differences in final mortality rates. Egg production and hatching success were significantly reduced by some treatments. CONCLUSION B. bassiana appears to be an asset in the fight against bed bugs. Substrate, dosage, application strategy, and bed bug physiology are important factors to consider for optimal efficacy and safe indoor control with insect pathogenic fungi. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hage
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Youngsteadt E, Prado SG, Keleher KJ, Kirchner M. Can behaviour and physiology mitigate effects of warming on ectotherms? A test in urban ants. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:568-579. [PMID: 36642830 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to have pervasive effects on the diversity and distribution of species, particularly ectotherms whose body temperatures depend on environmental temperatures. However, these impacts remain difficult to predict, in part because ectotherms may adapt or acclimate to novel conditions or may use behavioural thermoregulation to reduce their exposure to stressful microclimates. Here we examine the potential for physiological and behavioural changes to mitigate effects of environmental warming on five species of ants in a temperate forest habitat subject to urban warming. We worked in eight urban and eight non-urban forest sites in North Carolina, USA; sites experienced a 1.1°C range of mean summer air temperatures. At each site, we documented species-specific microclimates (ant operative temperatures, Te ) and ant activity on a transect of 14 bait stations at three times of day. In the laboratory, we measured upper thermal tolerance (CTmax ) and thermal preference (Tpref ) for each focal species. We then asked whether thermal traits shifted at hotter sites, and whether ants avoided non-preferred microclimates in the field. CTmax and Tpref did not increase at warmer sites, indicating that these populations did not adapt or acclimate to urban warming. Consistent with behavioural thermoregulation, four of the five species were less likely to occupy baits where Te departed from Tpref . Apparent thermoregulation resulted from fixed diel activity patterns that helped ants avoid the most inappropriate temperatures but did not compensate for daily or spatial temperature variation: Hotter sites had hotter ants. This study uses a novel approach to detect behavioural thermoregulation and sublethal warming in foraging insects. The results suggest that adaptation and behaviour may not protect common temperate forest ants from a warming climate, and highlight the need to evaluate effects of chronic, sublethal warming on small ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Youngsteadt
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara Guiti Prado
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kirsten Joanna Keleher
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Kirchner
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Tay JW. Highlights of Urban Entomology 2021: Chemical, Nonchemical, and Alternative Approaches to Urban Pest Management as We Adapt, Advance, Transform. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1-6. [PMID: 36421061 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America with the theme of "Adapt. Advance. Transform" guided the highlight compilation of urban entomology papers. Integrated pest management of urban pests relies on techniques and tools that adapt, advance, and transform over time to develop into new usable tactics and technologies; the review covers the following three themes: first, how science, researchers, and pest management professionals adapt to the changing environments; second, how urban pest management approaches and technologies advance using conventional and alternative strategies; and last, how transformation happens, leading to technological advances and sustainable pest management success. I selected papers on four groups of urban pests-ants, termites, bed bugs, and cockroaches-that were in the context of pest management in this highlights publication. Emphasis was placed on research regarding the efficacy of chemical (e.g., conventional pesticides, insect growth regulators), nonchemical, and alternative approaches (e.g., the use of heat, naturally derived compounds) for urban pests that help improve and implement sustainable pest management plans. These papers demonstrate the achievements of the urban entomology community while emphasizing the current challenges that we face from the far-reaching impact of climate change and insect pest adaptation and what should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Tay
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, , University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 310, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Guo PL, Guo ZQ, Liu XD. Cuticular protein genes involve heat acclimation of insect larvae under global warming. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:519-532. [PMID: 35403301 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular proteins (CPs) play important roles in insect growth and development. However, it is unknown whether CPs are related to heat tolerance. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, a serious pest of rice, occurs in summer and exhibits strong adaptability to high temperature, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, the role of CP genes in heat acclimation was studied. Heat tolerance of the heat-acclimated larvae was significantly stronger than the unacclimated larvae. The cuticular protein content in the heat-acclimated larvae was higher than that of the unacclimated larvae. 191 presumed CP genes of C. medinalis (CmCPs) were identified. Expression patterns of 14 CmCPs were different between the heat acclimated (S39) and unacclimated (S27) larvae under heat stress. CmCPs were specifically expressed in epidermis and the head except CmCPR20 mainly expressed in Malpighian tubules. CmCPR20 was upregulated in S39 while downregulated in S27, but CmTweedle1 and CmCPG1 were upregulated in S27 and downregulated in S39. RNAi CmTweedle1 or CmCPG1 remarkably decreased heat tolerance and cuticular protein content of the heat-acclimated larvae but not the unacclimated larvae. RNAi CmCPR20 decreased heat tolerance and cuticular protein content of the unacclimated larvae but not the heat-acclimated larvae. CmTweedle1 and CmCPG1 genes involve heat acclimation of C. medinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Long Guo
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Qian Guo
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ko AE. Urban Entomology Highlights From 2020-Monitoring and Control of Urban Pests. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2012-2015. [PMID: 34342356 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pest management professionals aim to answer two primary questions for their customers: 1) 'Where/What is the pest?' and 2) 'How do I kill it?'. These two questions drive at the core of any pest management program. 2020 was an exciting year for entomology research, with much work being done on novel technologies and methods for detecting and controlling pests. The objectives of the current publication were to discuss papers published in 2020 that addressed the key pest management objectives of 1) monitoring and 2) controlling pest populations.
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Effects of Chemical Insecticide Residues and Household Surface Type on a Beauveria bassiana-Based Biopesticide (Aprehend ®) for Bed Bug Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030214. [PMID: 33802315 PMCID: PMC7998477 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biopesticide Aprehend, containing spores of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, is a biological control agent for the management of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). The spores are applied in strategically placed barriers, which bed bugs walk across as they search for a bloodmeal. Application of chemical insecticides by the general public and professional pest managers is common, which means that Aprehend may be sprayed on existing insecticide residues. We evaluated the effect of chemical residues, of 22 different chemical insecticides on different household surface types. We found that residues from 12 chemical pesticides significantly reduced spore viability measured 5 weeks after application in comparison to the control. However, efficacy of Aprehend, as measured by bed bug mortality and mean survival time after exposure to sprayed surfaces, seven weeks after application was not impacted detrimentally. Furthermore, in some cases, efficacy of old chemical residues was enhanced by the combination of chemical and Aprehend seven weeks after application. Surface type also played a role in the relative efficacy of all products and combinations, particularly as the residues aged.
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