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Guinea J, Alcoceba E, Padilla E, Ramírez A, De Carolis E, Sanguinetti M, Muñoz-Algarra M, Durán-Valle T, Quiles-Melero I, Merino P, González-Romo F, Sánchez-García A, Gómez-García-de-la-Pedrosa E, Pérez-Ayala A, Mantecón-Vallejo MÁ, Pemán J, Cuétara MS, Zurita ND, García-Esteban C, Martínez-Jiménez MDC, Sánchez Castellano MÁ, Reigadas E, Muñoz P, Escribano P. Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis: fast detection of the Y132F ERG11p substitution, and a proposed microsatellite genotyping scheme. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00313-6. [PMID: 39002661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We propose fast and accurate molecular detection of the Y132F ERG11p substitution directly on pure-cultured Candida parapsilosis isolates. We also assessed a discriminative genotyping scheme to track circulating genotypes. METHODS A total of 223 C. parapsilosis isolates (one patient each) from 20 hospitals, located in Spain and Italy were selected. Isolates were fluconazole-resistant (n = 94; harbouring the Y132F ERG11p substitution [n = 85], the G458S substitution [n = 6], the R398I substitution [n = 2], or the wild-type ERG11 gene sequence) or fluconazole-susceptible (n = 129). Two targeted-A395T-mutation PCR formats (conventional and real-time) were engineered and optimized on fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant pure-cultured isolates, thus skipping DNA extraction. Two genotyping schemes were compared: Scheme 1 (CP1, CP4a, CP6, and B markers), and Scheme 2 (6A, 6B, 6C, CP1, CP4a, and CP6 markers). RESULTS The screening performed using both PCR formats showed 100% specificity (fluconazole-susceptible isolates; n = 129/129) and sensitivity (Y132F isolates; n = 85/85) values; however, results were available in 3 and 1.5 hours with the conventional and real-time PCR formats, respectively. Overall, Scheme 1 showed higher genetic diversity than Scheme 2, as shown by the number of alleles detected (n = 98; mean 23, range 13-38), the significantly higher observed and expected heterozygosity, and the probability of identity index (2.5 × 10-6). Scheme 2 markers did not provide further genotypic discrimination of Y132F fluconazole-resistant genotypes. CONCLUSION Both proposed PCR formats allow us to speed up the accurate detection of substitution Y132F ERG11p in C. parapsilosis isolates with 100% specificity and sensitivity. In addition, we recommend CP1, CP4a, CP6, and B microsatellite markers for genotyping fluconazole-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Guinea
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences - HM Hospitals, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Alcoceba
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Aída Ramírez
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena De Carolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - María Muñoz-Algarra
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Durán-Valle
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Merino
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Romo
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aída Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio Central de la CAM-URSalud-Hospital Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elia Gómez-García-de-la-Pedrosa
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Ayala
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Pemán
- Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fé, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Soledad Cuétara
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Spain
| | - Nelly Daniela Zurita
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral García-Esteban
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Reigadas
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences - HM Hospitals, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
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Mesquida A, Alcoceba E, Padilla E, Ramírez A, Merino P, González-Romo F, De Carolis E, Sanguinetti M, Mantecón-Vallejo MDLÁ, Muñoz-Algarra M, Durán-Valle T, Pérez-Ayala A, Gómez-García-de-la-Pedrosa E, Del Carmen Martínez-Jiménez M, Sánchez-Castellano MÁ, Quiles-Melero I, Cuétara MS, Sánchez-García A, Muñoz P, Escribano P, Guinea J. Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis genotypes from hospitals located in five Spanish cities and one in Italy: Description of azole-resistance profiles associated with the Y132F ERG11p substitution. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13706. [PMID: 38438313 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis is a matter of concern. OBJECTIVES To describe fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis genotypes circulating across hospitals in Spain and Rome and to study their azole-resistance profile associated with ERG11p substitutions. PATIENTS/METHODS We selected fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates (n = 528 from 2019 to 2023; MIC ≥8 mg/L according to EUCAST) from patients admitted to 13 hospitals located in five Spanish cities and Rome. Additionally, we tested voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, amphotericin B, micafungin, anidulafungin and ibrexafungerp susceptibility. RESULTS Of the 53 genotypes found, 49 harboured the Y132F substitution, five of which were dominating city-specific genotypes involving almost half the isolates. Another genotype involved isolates harbouring the G458S substitution. Finally, we found two genotypes with the wild-type ERG11 gene sequence and one with the R398I substitution. All isolates were fully susceptible/wild-type to amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin and ibrexafungerp. The azole-resistance patterns found were: voriconazole-resistant (74.1%) or voriconazole-intermediate (25.2%), posaconazole-resistant (10%) and isavuconazole non-wild-type (47.5%). Fluconazole-resistant and voriconazole non-wild-type isolates were likely to harbour substitution Y132F if posaconazole was wild type; however, if posaconazole was non-wild type, substitution G458S was indicated if isavuconazole MIC was >0.125 mg/L or substitution Y132F if isavuconazole MIC was ≤0.125 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS We detected a recent clonal spread of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis across some cities in Spain, mostly driven by dominating city-specific genotypes, which involved a large number of isolates harbouring the Y132F ERG11p substitution. Isolates harbouring substitution Y132F can be suspected because they are non-susceptible to voriconazole and rarely posaconazole-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Mesquida
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Alcoceba
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Aída Ramírez
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Merino
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Romo
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena De Carolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - María Muñoz-Algarra
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Teresa Durán-Valle
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Ayala
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elia Gómez-García-de-la-Pedrosa
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María Soledad Cuétara
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Spain
| | - Aída Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio Central de la CAM-UR Salud-Hospital Infanta Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences - HM Hospitals, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Guinea
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences - HM Hospitals, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
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Glushakova A, Tepeeva A, Prokof'eva T, Kachalkin A. Culturable yeast diversity in urban topsoil influenced by various anthropogenic impacts. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00482-1. [PMID: 38263536 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In urban ecosystems, processes associated with anthropogenic influences almost always lead to changes in soil micromycete complexes. The taxonomic structure of soil micromycete complexes is an important informative parameter of soil bioindication in the ecological control of urban environments. Unicellular fungi, such as culturable yeasts, are a very suitable and promising object of microbiological research for monitoring urban topsoil. This review aims to give an overview of the yeast communities in urban topsoil in different areas of Moscow (heating main area, household waste storage and disposal area, highway area) and to discuss the changes in the taxonomic structure of culturable yeast complexes depending on the type and intensity of anthropogenic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glushakova
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Tepeeva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Tatiana Prokof'eva
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Kachalkin
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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4
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Govrins M, Lass-Flörl C. Candida parapsilosis complex in the clinical setting. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:46-59. [PMID: 37674021 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Representatives of the Candida parapsilosis complex are important yeast species causing human infections, including candidaemia as one of the leading diseases. This complex comprises C. parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis, and causes a wide range of clinical presentations from colonization to superficial and disseminated infections with a high prevalence in preterm-born infants and the potential to cause outbreaks in hospital settings. Compared with other Candida species, the C. parapsilosis complex shows high minimal inhibitory concentrations for echinocandin drugs due to a naturally occurring FKS1 polymorphism. The emergence of clonal outbreaks of strains with resistance to commonly used antifungals, such as fluconazole, is causing concern. In this Review, we present the latest medical data covering epidemiology, diagnosis, resistance and current treatment approaches for the C. parapsilosis complex. We describe its main clinical manifestations in adults and children and highlight new treatment options. We compare the three sister species, examining key elements of microbiology and clinical characteristics, including the population at risk, disease manifestation and colonization status. Finally, we provide a comprehensive resource for clinicians and researchers focusing on Candida species infections and the C. parapsilosis complex, aiming to bridge the emerging translational knowledge and future therapeutic challenges associated with this human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Govrins
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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5
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Franconi I, Lupetti A. In Vitro Susceptibility Tests in the Context of Antifungal Resistance: Beyond Minimum Inhibitory Concentration in Candida spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1188. [PMID: 38132789 PMCID: PMC10744879 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a matter of rising concern, especially in fungal diseases. Multiple reports all over the world are highlighting a worrisome increase in azole- and echinocandin-resistance among fungal pathogens, especially in Candida species, as reported in the recently published fungal pathogens priority list made by WHO. Despite continuous efforts and advances in infection control, development of new antifungal molecules, and research on molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance made by the scientific community, trends in invasive fungal diseases and associated antifungal resistance are on the rise, hindering therapeutic options and clinical cures. In this context, in vitro susceptibility testing aimed at evaluating minimum inhibitory concentrations, is still a milestone in the management of fungal diseases. However, such testing is not the only type at a microbiologist's disposal. There are other adjunctive in vitro tests aimed at evaluating fungicidal activity of antifungal molecules and also exploring tolerance to antifungals. This plethora of in vitro tests are still left behind and performed only for research purposes, but their role in the context of invasive fungal diseases associated with antifungal resistance might add resourceful information to the clinical management of patients. The aim of this review was therefore to revise and explore all other in vitro tests that could be potentially implemented in current clinical practice in resistant and difficult-to-treat cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Franconi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Mycology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Lupetti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Mycology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Doorley LA, Barker KS, Zhang Q, Rybak JM, Rogers PD. Mutations in TAC1 and ERG11 are major drivers of triazole antifungal resistance in clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1602.e1-1602.e7. [PMID: 37666448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine how mutations in CpERG11 and CpTAC1 contribute to fluconazole resistance in a collection of clinical isolates. METHODS Sequences of CpERG11 and CpTAC1 were determined for 35 resistant Candida parapsilosis clinical isolates. A plasmid-based CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to introduce mutations leading to amino acid substitution in CpTac1 and CpErg11. Triazole susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution and E-test. Differential expression of genes mediated by CpTAC1 mutation was determined by RNA sequencing, and relative expression of individual transporter genes was assessed with RT-qPCR. RESULTS Six isolates carried a mutation in CpTAC1 in combination with the CpERG11 mutation, leading to the CpErg11Y132F substitution. When introduced into susceptible isolates, this CpERG11 mutation led to a 4- to 8-fold increase in fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC; 0.125 μg/mL vs. 0.5 μg/mL, 0.125 μg/mL vs. 0.5 μg/mL, and 0.5 μg/mL vs. 4 μg/mL). When introduced into a susceptible isolate, the CpTAC1 mutation leading to the G650E substitution resulted in an 8-fold increase in fluconazole MIC (0.25 μg/mL vs. 2 μg/mL), whereas correction of this mutation in resistant isolates led to a 16-fold reduction in MIC (32 μg/mL vs. 2 μg/mL). CpCDR1, CpCDR1B, and CpCDR1C were overexpressed in the presence CpTac1G650E. Disruption of these genes in combination resulted in a 4-fold reduction in fluconazole MIC (32 μg/mL vs. 8 μg/mL). DISCUSSION These results define the specific contribution made by the Y132F substitution in CpERG11 and demonstrate a role for activating mutations in CpTAC1 in triazole resistance in C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Doorley
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katherine S Barker
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rybak
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P David Rogers
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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7
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Glushakova A, Kachalkin A, Rodionova E. The role of fruits as reservoirs for resistant and virulent strains of opportunistic yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:313. [PMID: 37733093 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Strains of the Candida parapsilosis and Meyerozyma guilliermondii species complexes isolated from the internal tissues of 26 fruit species from 21 countries were evaluated for their susceptibility to conventional antifungal compounds (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B) and hydrolytic activity. A total of 144 strains were studied. Resistance to at least one of the antifungal compounds tested was found in 26.4% of the endophytic strains examined. Most of the strains were insensitive to fluconazole. Multiresistance was detected only in two strains of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto from tropical apples. Phospholipase production and proteolytic and hemolytic activities were significantly higher in endophytes from tropical fruits. Resistant and virulent strains of opportunistic yeasts can thus spread worldwide via purchased fruit, which can harm people with a weakened immune status and children whose immune systems are not yet fully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glushakova
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.
| | - Aleksey Kachalkin
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Evgenia Rodionova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
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Kregiel D, Czarnecka-Chrebelska KH, Schusterová H, Vadkertiová R, Nowak A. The Metschnikowia pulcherrima Clade as a Model for Assessing Inhibition of Candida spp. and the Toxicity of Its Metabolite, Pulcherrimin. Molecules 2023; 28:5064. [PMID: 37446724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is one of the most frequent infections worldwide. In this study, the antimicrobial properties of six strains belonging to the Metschnikowia pulcherrima clade were evaluated against twenty Candida and Candida-related Filobasidiella neoformans var. bacillispora (syn. Cryptococcus neoformans) of different origins, employing the agar cross method. The toxic effect of pulcherrimin, a red metabolite that is responsible for the antimicrobial activities of Metschnikowia spp., was evaluated in various experimental models. The results of agar tests showed that the selected M. pulcherrima strains inhibited the growth of the Candida and non-Candida strains. However, inhibition was dependent on the strain and the environment. The presence of peptone, sodium silicate, and a higher incubation temperature decreased the antifungal action of the M. pulcherrima strains. Pulcherrimin showed cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity, with oxidative stress in cells leading to apoptosis. More research is needed on the mechanism of action of pulcherrimin on somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kregiel
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
- Culture Collection of Yeasts, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Hana Schusterová
- Culture Collection of Yeasts, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Renáta Vadkertiová
- Culture Collection of Yeasts, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
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Zhang W, Zhan M, Wang N, Fan J, Han X, Li C, Liu J, Li J, Hou Y, Wang X, Zhang Z. In vitro susceptibility profiles of Candida parapsilosis species complex subtypes from deep infections to nine antifungal drugs. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36920840 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The Candida parapsilosis complex can be divided into C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis subtypes. It is uncommon for drug sensitivity tests to type them.Gap Statement. In routine susceptibility reports, drug susceptibility of C. parapsilosis complex subtypes is lacking.Aim. The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal susceptibility and clinical distribution characteristics of the C. parapsilosis complex subtypes causing deep infection in patients.Methodology. Non-repetitive strains of C. parapsilosis complex isolated from deep infection from 2017 to 2019 were collected. Species-level identification was performed using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer and confirmed using ITS gene sequencing, when necessary. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the Sensititre YeastOne system method.Results. A total of 244 cases were included in the study, including 176 males (72.13 %, 60.69±13.43 years) and 68 females (27.87 %, 60.21±10.59 years). The primary diseases were cancer (43.44 %), cardiovascular disease (25.00 %), digestive system diseases, (18.44 %), infection (6.97 %), and nephropathy (6.15 %). Strains were isolated from the bloodstream (63.11 %), central venous catheters (15.16 %), pus (6.56 %), ascites (5.74 %), sterile body fluid (5.33 %), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF, 4.09 %). Of the 244 C. parapsilosis complex strains, 179 (73.26 %) were identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 62 (25.41 %) were C. orthopsilosis, and three (1.23 %) were C. metapsilosis. Only one C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strain was resistant to anidulafungin, micafungin, caspofungin, and voriconazole, and it was non-wild-type (NWT) to amphotericin B. Furthermore, six C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains were resistant to fluconazole, and one was dose-dependent susceptible. Five C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains were NWT to posaconazole. Only one C. orthopsilosis strain was NWT for anidulafungin, micafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and posaconazole, while the rest of the strains were wild-type.Conclusion. C. parapsilosis sensu stricto was the main clinical isolate from the C. parapsilosis complex in our hospital. Most strains were isolated from the bloodstream. The susceptibility rate to commonly used antifungal drugs was more than 96 %. Furthermore, most of the infected patients were elderly male cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.,Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PR China, Beijing, 100730
| | - Minghua Zhan
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Na Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, 15 Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Xuying Han
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Caiqing Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Jinlu Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Yongwang Hou
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China
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10
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Caicedo-Bejarano LD, Osorio-Vanegas LS, Ramírez-Castrillón M, Castillo JE, Martínez-Garay CA, Chávez-Vivas M. Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3428. [PMID: 36834128 PMCID: PMC9968106 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments could be reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts with acquired antifungal resistance. The susceptibility to antifungal agents of yeasts present in the wastewater and natural waters of the city of Cali was evaluated. Samples were taken from two types of water: drinking water (Meléndez River, drinking water treatment plant "Puerto Mallarino" in the Cauca River) and wastewater (South Channel of the Cauca River, "Cañaveralejo-PTAR" wastewater treatment plant). Physico-chemical parameters, heavy metal concentration, and yeast levels were determined using standard procedures. Yeasts were identified using API 20 C AUX (BioMérieux) and sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D1/D2 regions of the large subunit of the ribosome. Susceptibility assays against fluconazole and amphotericin B using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test were determined using the microdilution method. The influence of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals was established using principal component analysis (PCA). Yeast counts were higher at WWTP "PTAR" and lower at Melendez River, as expected. A total of 14 genera and 21 yeast species was identified, and the genus Candida was present at all locations. Susceptibility tests showed a 32.7% resistance profile to fluconazole in the order DWTP "Puerto Mallarino = WWTP "PTAR" > South Channel "Navarro". There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters/concentration of heavy metals and yeast levels between the aquatic systems under study. A positive association was observed between yeast levels and total dissolved solids, nitrate levels, and Cr at the "PTAR" WWTP; conductivity, Zn, and Cu in the South Channel; and the presence of Pb in the "Puerto Mallarino" DWTP. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida sp. 1 were influenced by Cr and Cd, and Diutina catelunata was influenced by Fe (p < 0.05). The water systems explored in this study showed different yeast levels and susceptibility profiles, and, therefore, possible genetic differences among populations of the same species, and different physico-chemical and heavy metals concentrations, which were probably modulating the antifungal-resistant yeasts. All these aquatic systems discharge their content into the Cauca River. We highlight the importance to further investigate if these resistant communities continue to other locations in the second largest river of Colombia and to determine the risk posed to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Dary Caicedo-Bejarano
- Research Group in Mycology (GIM/CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760035, Colombia
| | - Lizeth Stefania Osorio-Vanegas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Universidad Icesi, Santiago de Cali 760031, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Ramírez-Castrillón
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Universidad Icesi, Santiago de Cali 760031, Colombia
| | - Jorge Enrique Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Electroquímica y Ambiente (GIEMA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760035, Colombia
| | - Carlos Andrés Martínez-Garay
- Research Group in Mycology (GIM/CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760035, Colombia
| | - Mónica Chávez-Vivas
- Grupo de Investigación GIMMEIN, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Cali, Santiago de Cali 760031, Colombia
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11
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Savin N, Erofeev A, Kolmogorov V, Salikhov S, Efremov Y, Timashev P, Grammatikova N, Levshin I, Edwards C, Korchev Y, Gorelkin P. Scanning ion-conductance microscopy technique for studying the topography and mechanical properties of Candida parapsilosis yeast microorganisms. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:611-617. [PMID: 36477151 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy is widely used in the development of novel antimicrobial testing in vitro. In the presented work, a scanning protocol was developed by the method of scanning ion-conducting microscopy (SICM), which makes it possible to study microorganisms without rigid fixation and in saline, obtaining an index map of nanosized structures. The effect of azole and echinocandins drugs on the morphology and mechanical properties of Candida parapsilosis yeast was studied. The findings are consistent with previously proposed drug mechanisms and reports that have examined antifungal agents using AFM, SEM, and TEM. We have shown that the SICM method is capable of scanning and detecting the nanomechanical properties of yeast non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- NUST MISiS, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vasilii Kolmogorov
- NUST MISiS, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Yuri Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine I. M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine I. M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation.,World-class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Chemistry department Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Igor Levshin
- G. F. Gauze Research Institute for New Antibiotics, Moscow, Russian Federation
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12
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Guner Ozenen G, Sahbudak Bal Z, Avcu G, Ozkaya Yazici P, Karakoyun M, Metin DY, Hilmioglu Polat S. Evaluation of candidemia in children at a university hospital: A retrospective cohort. Mycoses 2023; 66:367-377. [PMID: 36597951 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidemia is a life-threatening infection in hospitalied children. This study aimed to evaluate candidemia's demographic and clinical characteristics and identify the risk factors and outcomes of Candida albicans (CA) and non-albicans Candida (NAC) spp. METHODS A retrospective cohort was designed to evaluate paediatric patients with candidemia between January 2008 and December 2020. RESULTS A total of 342 episodes in 311 patients were evaluated. The median age of the patients was 2.1 years (1 month-17 years and 6 months), and 59.6% were male. The prevalence of NAC (67.5%) candidemia was higher than that of CA (32.5%). The most commonly isolated Candida species was Candida parapsilosis (43.3%), followed by C. albicans (32.5%), Candida glabrata (6.1%) and Candida tropicalis (5.0%). The length of hospital stay prior to the positive culture and the total length of hospital stay were longer in the NAC group (p = .003 and p = .006). The neutrophil count was lower in the NAC group (p = .007). In the multivariate analysis, total parenteral nutrition, antifungal prophylaxis and a history of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) culture positivity in the past month were risk factors for developing candidemia due to NAC (p values were .003, .003 and .045). C. albicans and C. parapsilosis fluconazole resistance were 9.5% and 46.6%, respectively. The rates of amphotericin B resistance were 1.1% and 7.6% in C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, respectively. Mortality (14-day and 30-day) rates did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS A history of CoNS culture positivity in the past month, total parenteral nutrition, and antifungal prophylaxis increases the risk of NAC candidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Guner Ozenen
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zumrut Sahbudak Bal
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulhadiye Avcu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ozkaya Yazici
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Miray Karakoyun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yesim Metin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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13
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Trevijano-Contador N, Torres-Cano A, Carballo-González C, Puig-Asensio M, Martín-Gómez MT, Jiménez-Martínez E, Romero D, Nuvials FX, Olmos-Arenas R, Moretó-Castellsagué MC, Fernández-Delgado L, Rodríguez-Sevilla G, Aguilar-Sánchez MM, Ayats-Ardite J, Ardanuy-Tisaire C, Sanchez-Romero I, Muñoz-Algarra M, Merino-Amador P, González-Romo F, Megías-Lobón G, García-Campos JA, Mantecón-Vallejo MÁ, Alcoceba E, Escribano P, Guinea J, Durán-Valle MT, Fraile-Torres AM, Roiz-Mesones MP, Lara-Plaza I, de Ayala AP, Simón-Sacristán M, Collazos-Blanco A, Nebreda-Mayoral T, March-Roselló G, Alcázar-Fuoli L, Zaragoza O. Global Emergence of Resistance to Fluconazole and Voriconazole in Candida parapsilosis in Tertiary Hospitals in Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac605. [PMID: 36467290 PMCID: PMC9709632 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida parapsilosis is a frequent cause of candidemia worldwide. Its incidence is associated with the use of medical implants, such as central venous catheters or parenteral nutrition. This species has reduced susceptibility to echinocandins, and it is susceptible to polyenes and azoles. Multiple outbreaks caused by fluconazole-nonsusceptible strains have been reported recently. A similar trend has been observed among the C. parapsilosis isolates received in the last 2 years at the Spanish Mycology Reference Laboratory. METHODS Yeast were identified by molecular biology, and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing protocol. The ERG11 gene was sequenced to identify resistance mechanisms, and strain typing was carried out by microsatellite analysis. RESULTS We examined the susceptibility profile of 1315 C. parapsilosis isolates available at our reference laboratory between 2000 and 2021, noticing an increase in the number of isolates with acquired resistance to fluconazole, and voriconazole has increased in at least 8 different Spanish hospitals in 2020-2021. From 121 recorded clones, 3 were identified as the most prevalent in Spain (clone 10 in Catalonia and clone 96 in Castilla-Leon and Madrid, whereas clone 67 was found in 2 geographically unrelated regions, Cantabria and the Balearic Islands). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that concurrently with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a selection of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates has occurred in Spain, and the expansion of specific clones has been noted across centers. Further research is needed to determine the factors that underlie the successful expansion of these clones and their potential genetic relatedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Trevijano-Contador
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Torres-Cano
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Carballo-González
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Puig-Asensio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC, CB21/13/00009), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Martín-Gómez
- Department of Microbiology, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Jiménez-Martínez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Nuvials
- Intensive Care Unit, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Olmos-Arenas
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Josefina Ayats-Ardite
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ardanuy-Tisaire
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES-CB06/06/0037), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sanchez-Romero
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Muñoz-Algarra
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Merino-Amador
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Romo
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregoria Megías-Lobón
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Jose Angel García-Campos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Castilla y León, Spain
| | | | - Eva Alcoceba
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Guinea
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES-CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - María Pía Roiz-Mesones
- Microbiology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla Universitary Hospital and Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria,Spain
| | - Isabel Lara-Plaza
- Microbiology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla Universitary Hospital and Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria,Spain
| | | | - María Simón-Sacristán
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Collazos-Blanco
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Nebreda-Mayoral
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Universitary Clinic Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Gabriel March-Roselló
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Universitary Clinic Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Alcázar-Fuoli
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC-CB21/13/00105), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Zaragoza
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC-CB21/13/00105), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Escribano P, Guinea J. Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis: A new emerging threat in the fungi arena. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1010782. [PMID: 37746202 PMCID: PMC10512360 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1010782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is a leading cause of invasive candidiasis in southern Europe, Latin America and Asia. C. parapsilosis has been mostly considered susceptible to triazoles, but fluconazole resistance is on the rise in some countries. The main mechanism related to fluconazole resistance is the presence of ERG11p substitutions, dominated by the Y132F amino acid substitution. Isolates harbouring this substitution mimic C. auris given that they may cause hospital outbreaks, become endemic, and emerge simultaneously in distant areas around the world. At the moment, Spain is experiencing a brusque emergence of fluconazole resistance in C. parapsilosis; isolates harbouring the Y132F substitution were detected for the first time in 2019. A recent study on Candida spp isolates from blood cultures collected in 16 hospitals located in the Madrid metropolitan area (2019 to 2021) reported that fluconazole resistance in C. parapsilosis reached as high as 13.6%. Resistance rates rose significantly during those three years: 3.8% in 2019, 5.7% in 2020, and 29.1% in 2021; resistant isolates harboured either the dominant Y132F substitution (a single clone found in four hospitals) or G458S (another clone found in a fifth hospital). The COVID-19 pandemic may have increased the number of candidaemia cases. The reason for such an increase might be a consequence of uncontrolled intra-hospital patient-to-patient transmission in some hospitals, as an increase not only in C. parapsilosis candidaemia episodes but also in the spread of clonal fluconazole-resistant isolates might have occurred in other hospitals during the pandemic period. Patients affected with fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis harbouring the Y132F substitution presented a mortality rate ranging from 9% to 78%, were mainly admitted to intensive care wards but did not have differential risk factors compared to those infected by susceptible isolates. With scarce exceptions, few patients (≤20%) infected with fluconazole-resistant isolates had previously received fluconazole, thus supporting the fact that, although fluconazole might have been a key factor to promote resistance, the main driver promoting the spread of fluconazole-resistant isolates was patient-to-patient transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Escribano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Guinea
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Yamin D, Akanmu MH, Al Mutair A, Alhumaid S, Rabaan AA, Hajissa K. Global Prevalence of Antifungal-Resistant Candida parapsilosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080188. [PMID: 36006280 PMCID: PMC9416642 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable estimate of Candida parapsilosis antifungal susceptibility in candidemia patients is increasingly important to track the spread of C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections and define the true burden of the ongoing antifungal resistance. A systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) were conducted aiming to estimate the global prevalence and identify patterns of antifungal resistance. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar electronic databases was conducted on published studies that employed antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) on clinical C. parapsilosis isolates globally. Seventy-nine eligible studies were included. Using meta-analysis of proportions, the overall pooled prevalence of three most important antifungal drugs; Fluconazole, Amphotericin B and Voriconazole resistant C. parapsilosis were calculated as 15.2% (95% CI: 9.2–21.2), 1.3% (95% CI: 0.0–2.9) and 4.7% (95% CI: 2.2–7.3), respectively. Based on study enrolment time, country/continent and AFST method, subgroup analyses were conducted for the three studied antifungals to determine sources of heterogeneity. Timeline and regional differences in C. parapsilosis prevalence of antifungal resistance were identified with the same patterns among the three antifungal drugs. These findings highlight the need to conduct further studies to assess and monitor the growing burden of antifungal resistance, to revise treatment guidelines and to implement regional surveillance to prevent further increase in C. parapsilosis drug resistance emerging recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Yamin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mutiat Hammed Akanmu
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Nursing Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 33048, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hajissa
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 16150, Malaysia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
- Correspondence:
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Evidence of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis Genotypes Spreading across Hospitals Located in Madrid, Spain and Harboring the Y132F ERG11p Substitution. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0071022. [PMID: 35852369 PMCID: PMC9380585 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00710-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We have been monitoring the antifungal resistance in Candida parapsilosis isolates collected from inpatients at Madrid metropolitan area hospitals for the last 3 years. The study aimed to elucidate the presence of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis genotypes in Madrid. From January 2019 to December 2021, a total of 354 C. parapsilosis isolates (n = 346 patients) from blood (76.6%) or intraabdominal samples were collected and genotyped using species-specific microsatellite markers. Antifungal susceptibilities to amphotericin B, the triazoles, micafungin, anidulafungin, and ibrexafungerp were performed according to EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2; the ERG11 gene was sequenced in fluconazole-resistant isolates. A total of 13.6% (n = 48/354) isolates (one per patient) were found to be resistant to fluconazole and non-wild-type to voriconazole but fully susceptible to ibrexafungerp. Resistant isolates were mostly sourced from blood (n = 45/48, 93.8%) and were detected in five hospitals. Two hospitals accounted for a high proportion of resistant isolates (n = 41/48). Resistant isolates harbored either the Y132F ERG11p amino acid substitution (n = 43) or the G458S substitution (n = 5). Isolates harboring the Y132F substitution clustered into a clonal complex involving three genotypes (one genotype accounted for n = 39/43 isolates) that were found in four hospitals. Isolates harboring the G458S substitution clustered into another genotype found in a fifth hospital. C. parapsilosis genotypes demonstrating resistance to fluconazole have been spreading across hospitals in Madrid, Spain. Over the last 3 years, the frequency of isolation of such isolates and the number of hospitals affected is on the rise.
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Alcoceba E, Gómez A, Lara-Esbrí P, Oliver A, Beltrán AF, Ayestarán I, Muñoz P, Escribano P, Guinea J. Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis clonally related genotypes: first report proving the presence of endemic isolates harbouring the Y132F ERG11 gene substitution in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1113-1119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mamali V, Siopi M, Charpantidis S, Samonis G, Tsakris A, Vrioni G. Increasing Incidence and Shifting Epidemiology of Candidemia in Greece: Results from the First Nationwide 10-Year Survey. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020116. [PMID: 35205870 PMCID: PMC8879520 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, candidemia displays geographical variety in terms of epidemiology and incidence. In that respect, a nationwide Greek study was conducted, reporting the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections and susceptibility of isolates to antifungal agents providing evidence for empirical treatment. All microbiologically confirmed candidemia cases in patients hospitalized in 28 Greek centres during the period 2009–2018 were recorded. The study evaluated the incidence of infection/100,000 inhabitants, species distribution, and antifungal susceptibilities of isolated strains. Overall, 6057 candidemic episodes occurred during the study period, with 3% of them being mixed candidemias. The average annual incidence was 5.56/100,000 inhabitants, with significant increase over the years (p = 0.0002). C. parapsilosis species complex (SC) was the predominant causative agent (41%), followed by C. albicans (37%), C. glabrata SC (10%), C. tropicalis (7%), C. krusei (1%), and other rare Candida spp. (4%). C. albicans rates decreased from 2009 to 2018 (48% to 31%) in parallel with a doubling incidence of C. parapsilosis SC rates (28% to 49%, p < 0.0001). Resistance to amphotericin B and flucytosine was not observed. Resistance to fluconazole was detected in 20% of C. parapsilosis SC isolates, with a 4% of them being pan-azole-resistant. A considerable rising rate of resistance to this agent was observed over the study period (p < 0.0001). Echinocandin resistance was found in 3% of C. glabrata SC isolates, with 70% of them being pan-echinocandin-resistant. Resistance rate to this agent was stable over the study period. This is the first multicentre nationwide study demonstrating an increasing incidence of candidemia in Greece with a species shift toward C. parapsilosis SC. Although the overall antifungal resistance rates remain relatively low, fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis SC raises concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Mamali
- Department of Microbiology, Tzaneio General Hospital, 18536 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Maria Siopi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, “Attikon” University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stefanos Charpantidis
- Department of Microbiology, “Elena Venizelou” Maternity Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Samonis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-746-2129
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Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Identifies the Abdominal Cavity as a Source of Candida glabrata-Resistant Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0124921. [PMID: 34570649 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01249-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify unrecognized niches of resistant Candida isolates and compartmentalization, we retrospectively studied the antifungal susceptibility of 1,103 Candida spp. isolates from blood cultures, nonblood sterile samples, and nonsterile samples. Antifungal susceptibility was assessed by EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2; sequencing and genotyping of the fks1-2 and erg11 genes were carried out for non-wild-type isolates. Resistance compartmentalization (presence of resistant and susceptible isogenic isolates in different anatomical sites of a given patient) was studied. Clinical charts of patients carrying non-wild-type isolates were reviewed. Most isolates (63%) were Candida albicans, regardless the clinical source; Candida glabrata (27%) was the second most frequently found species in abdominal cavity samples. Fluconazole and echinocandin resistance rates were 1.5 and 1.3%, respectively, and were highest in C. glabrata. We found 22 genotypes among non-wild-type isolates, none of them widespread across the hospital. Fluconazole/echinocandin resistance rates of isolates from the abdominal cavity (3.2%/3.2%) tended to be higher than those from blood cultures (0.7%/1.3%). Overall, 15 patients with different forms of candidiasis were infected by resistant isolates, 80% of whom had received antifungals before or at the time of isolate collection; resistance compartmentalization was found in six patients, mainly due to C. glabrata. The highest antifungal resistance rate was detected in isolates from the abdominal cavity, mostly C. glabrata. Resistance was not caused by the spread of resistant clones but because of antifungal treatment. Resistance compartmentalization illustrates how resistance might be overlooked if susceptibility testing is restricted to bloodstream isolates.
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Almeida-Paes R, de Andrade IB, Ramos MLM, Rodrigues MVDA, do Nascimento VA, Bernardes-Engemann AR, Frases S. Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID Box: a source for repurposing drugs with antifungal activity against human pathogenic fungi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210207. [PMID: 34755820 PMCID: PMC8577065 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of mycoses is often ineffective, usually prolonged, and has some side effects. These facts highlight the importance of discovering new molecules to treat fungal infections. OBJECTIVES To search the Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID Box for drugs with antifungal activity. METHODS Fourteen human pathogenic fungi were tested against the 160 drugs of this collection at 1.0 µM concentration. We evaluated the ability of the drugs to impair fungal growth, their fungicidal nature, and morphological changes caused to cells. FINDINGS Thirty-four molecules (21.25%) presented antifungal activity. Seven are antifungal drugs and one is the agricultural fungicide cycloheximide. The other drugs with antifungal activity included antibiotics (n = 3), antimalarials (n = 4), antivirals (n = 2), antiparasitcs (n = 3), antitumor agents (n = 5), nervous system agents (n = 3), immunosuppressants (n = 3), antivomiting (n = 1), antiasthmatic (n = 1), and a genetic disorder agent (n = 1). Several of these drugs inhibited Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis growth (15 and 20, respectively), while Fusarium solani was not affected by the drugs tested. Most drugs were fungistatic, but niclosamide presented fungicidal activity against the three dimorphic fungi tested. Cyclosporine affected morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These drugs represent new alternatives to the development of more accessible and effective therapies to treat human fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana Lucy Mesquita Ramos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcus Vinícius de Araújo Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vinícius Alves do Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Andréa Reis Bernardes-Engemann
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Susana Frases
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Adam KM, Osthoff M, Lamoth F, Conen A, Erard V, Boggian K, Schreiber PW, Zimmerli S, Bochud PY, Neofytos D, Fleury M, Fankhauser H, Goldenberger D, Mühlethaler K, Riat A, Zbinden R, Kronenberg A, Quiblier C, Marchetti O, Khanna N. Trends of the Epidemiology of Candidemia in Switzerland: A 15-Year FUNGINOS Survey. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab471. [PMID: 34660836 PMCID: PMC8514178 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing incidence of candidemia and emergence of drug-resistant Candida species are major concerns worldwide. Long-term surveillance studies are needed. Methods The Fungal Infection Network of Switzerland (FUNGINOS) conducted a 15-year (2004–2018), nationwide, epidemiological study of candidemia. Hospital-based incidence of candidemia, Candida species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and consumption were stratified in 3 periods (2004–2008, 2009–2013, 2014–2018). Population-based incidence over the period 2009–2018 derived from the Swiss Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System (ANRESIS). Results A total of 2273 Candida blood isolates were studied. Population and hospital-based annual incidence of candidemia increased from 2.96 to 4.20/100 000 inhabitants (P = .022) and 0.86 to 0.99/10 000 patient-days (P = .124), respectively. The proportion of Candida albicans decreased significantly from 60% to 53% (P = .0023), whereas Candida glabrata increased from 18% to 27% (P < .0001). Other non-albicans Candida species remained stable. Candida glabrata bloodstream infections occurred predominantly in the age group 18–40 and above 65 years. A higher proportional increase of C glabrata was recorded in wards (18% to 29%, P < .0001) versus intensive care units (19% to 24%, P = .22). According to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, nonsusceptibility to fluconazole in C albicans was observed in 1% of isolates, and anidulafungin and micafungin nonsusceptibility was observed in 2% of C albicans and C glabrata. Fluconazole consumption, the most frequently used antifungal, remained stable, whereas use of mold-active triazoles and echinocandins increased significantly in the last decade (P < .0001). Conclusions Over the 15-year period, the incidence of candidemia increased. A species shift toward C glabrata was recently observed, concurring with increased consumption of mold-active triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Manuel Adam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Osthoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Lamoth
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Conen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital of Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Erard
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Katia Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter W Schreiber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zimmerli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios Neofytos
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mapi Fleury
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans Fankhauser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Goldenberger
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Mühlethaler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Riat
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Zbinden
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kronenberg
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Quiblier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Marchetti
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Ensemble Hospitalier de la Côte, Morges, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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