1
|
Jacquens A, Csaba Z, Soleimanzad H, Bokobza C, Delmotte PR, Userovici C, Boussemart P, Chhor V, Bouvier D, van de Looij Y, Faivre V, Diao S, Lemoine S, Blugeon C, Schwendimann L, Young-Ten P, Naffaa V, Laprevote O, Tanter M, Dournaud P, Van Steenwinckel J, Degos V, Gressens P. Deleterious effect of sustained neuroinflammation in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:99-116. [PMID: 38705494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite improved management of traumatic brain injury (TBI), it still leads to lifelong sequelae and disability, particularly in children. Chronic neuroinflammation (the so-called tertiary phase), in particular, microglia/macrophage and astrocyte reactivity, is among the main mechanisms suspected of playing a role in the generation of lesions associated with TBI. The role of acute neuroinflammation is now well understood, but its persistent effect and impact on the brain, particularly during development, are not. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of pediatric TBI on the brain in a mouse model. METHODS Pediatric TBI was induced in mice on postnatal day (P) 7 by weight-drop trauma. The time course of neuroinflammation and myelination was examined in the TBI mice. They were also assessed by magnetic resonance, functional ultrasound, and behavioral tests at P45. RESULTS TBI induced robust neuroinflammation, characterized by acute microglia/macrophage and astrocyte reactivity. The long-term consequences of pediatric TBI studied on P45 involved localized scarring astrogliosis, persistent microgliosis associated with a specific transcriptomic signature, and a long-lasting myelination defect consisting of the loss of myelinated axons, a decreased level of myelin binding protein, and severe thinning of the corpus callosum. These results were confirmed by reduced fractional anisotropy, measured by diffusion tensor imaging, and altered inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity, measured by functional ultrasound imaging. In addition, adolescent mice with pediatric TBI showed persistent social interaction deficits and signs of anxiety and depressive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS We show that pediatric TBI induces tertiary neuroinflammatory processes associated with white matter lesions and altered behavior. These results support our model as a model for preclinical studies for tertiary lesions following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Haleh Soleimanzad
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cindy Bokobza
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Vibol Chhor
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Damien Bouvier
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Yohan van de Looij
- Université de Genève, Service Développement et Croissance, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, 1211 Genève, Suisse; Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Section Technologie d'Imagerie Animale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Suisse
| | - Valérie Faivre
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Siaho Diao
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Genomics Core Facility, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomics Core Facility, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Vanessa Naffaa
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprevote
- Université de Paris, CNRS, CiTCoM, 75006 Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Degos
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Logsdon AF, Erickson MA, Herbert MJ, Noonan C, Foresi BD, Qiu J, Lim YP, Banks WA, Stonestreet BS. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in neonatal mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114563. [PMID: 37806514 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of information regarding efficacious pharmacological neuroprotective strategies to attenuate or reduce brain injury in neonates. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in adult rodents and increases inflammation in adults and neonates. Human blood-derived Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are neuroprotective, improve neonatal survival after LPS, and attenuate LPS-induced disruption of the BBB in adult male mice. We hypothesized that LPS also disrupts the function of the BBB in neonatal mice and that IAIPs attenuate the LPS-induced BBB disruption in male and female neonatal mice. IAIPs were administered to neonatal mice after LPS and BBB permeability quantified with intravenous 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin. Although repeated high doses (3 mg/kg) of LPS in neonates resulted in high mortality rates and a robust increase in BBB permeability, repeated lower doses (1 mg/kg) of LPS resulted in lower mortality rates and disruption of the BBB in both male and female neonates. IAIP treatment attenuated disruption of the BBB similarly to sucrose and albumin after exposure to low-dose LPS in neonatal mice. Exposure to low-dose LPS elevated IAIP concentrations in blood, but it did not appear to increase the systemic levels of Pre-alpha inhibitor (PaI), one of the family members of the IAIPs that contains heavy chain 3. We conclude that IAIPs attenuate LPS-related disruption of the BBB in both male and female neonatal mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melanie J Herbert
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Brian D Foresi
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Joseph Qiu
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim S, Jo Y, Im GH, Lee C, Oh C, Kook G, Kim SG, Lee HJ. Miniaturized MR-compatible ultrasound system for real-time monitoring of acoustic effects in mice using high-resolution MRI. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120201. [PMID: 37269955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualization of focused ultrasound in high spatial and temporal resolution is crucial for accurately and precisely targeting brain regions noninvasively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most widely used noninvasive tool for whole-brain imaging. However, focused ultrasound studies employing high-resolution (> 9.4 T) MRI in small animals are limited by the small size of the radiofrequency (RF) volume coil and the noise sensitivity of the image to external systems such as bulky ultrasound transducers. This technical note reports a miniaturized ultrasound transducer system packaged directly above a mouse brain for monitoring ultrasound-induced effects using high-resolution 9.4 T MRI. Our miniaturized system integrates MR-compatible materials with electromagnetic (EM) noise reduction techniques to demonstrate echo-planar imaging (EPI) signal changes in the mouse brain at various ultrasound acoustic intensities. The proposed ultrasound-MRI system will enable extensive research in the expanding field of ultrasound therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subeen Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yehhyun Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Geun Ho Im
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chanhee Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chaerin Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Geon Kook
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hyunjoo J Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; KAIST Institute for Nano Century (KINC), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dubayle D, Vanden-Bossche A, Peixoto T, Morel JL. Hypergravity Increases Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability to Fluorescent Dextran and Antisense Oligonucleotide in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050734. [PMID: 36899870 PMCID: PMC10000817 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The earliest effect of spaceflight is an alteration in vestibular function due to microgravity. Hypergravity exposure induced by centrifugation is also able to provoke motion sickness. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the crucial interface between the vascular system and the brain to ensure efficient neuronal activity. We developed experimental protocols of hypergravity on C57Bl/6JRJ mice to induce motion sickness and reveal its effects on the BBB. Mice were centrifuged at 2× g for 24 h. Fluorescent dextrans with different sizes (40, 70 and 150 kDa) and fluorescent antisense oligonucleotides (AS) were injected into mice retro-orbitally. The presence of fluorescent molecules was revealed by epifluorescence and confocal microscopies in brain slices. Gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR from brain extracts. Only the 70 kDa dextran and AS were detected in the parenchyma of several brain regions, suggesting an alteration in the BBB. Moreover, Ctnnd1, Gja4 and Actn1 were upregulated, whereas Jup, Tjp2, Gja1, Actn2, Actn4, Cdh2 and Ocln genes were downregulated, specifically suggesting a dysregulation in the tight junctions of endothelial cells forming the BBB. Our results confirm the alteration in the BBB after a short period of hypergravity exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dubayle
- CNRS, INCC, UMR 8002, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (J.-L.M.)
| | - Arnaud Vanden-Bossche
- INSERM, SAINBIOSE U1059, Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Tom Peixoto
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Morel
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (J.-L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Csaba Z, Dournaud P. Internalization of somatostatin receptors in brain and periphery. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:43-57. [PMID: 36813365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) is a neuropeptide that acts as an important regulator of both endocrine and exocrine secretion and modulates neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). SRIF also regulates cell proliferation in normal tissues and tumors. The physiological actions of SRIF are mediated by a family of five G protein-coupled receptors, called somatostatin receptor (SST) SST1, SST2, SST3, SST4, SST5. These five receptors share similar molecular structure and signaling pathways but they display marked differences in their anatomical distribution, subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking. The SST subtypes are widely distributed in the CNS and peripheral nervous system, in many endocrine glands and tumors, particularly of neuroendocrine origin. In this review, we focus on the agonist-dependent internalization and recycling of the different SST subtypes in vivo in the CNS, peripheral organs and tumors. We also discuss the physiological, pathophysiological and potential therapeutic effects of the intracellular trafficking of SST subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Csaba
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm UMR, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm UMR, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor PJ34 Reduces Brain Damage after Stroke in the Neonatal Mouse Brain. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:301-312. [PMID: 34200155 PMCID: PMC8929080 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor PJ34 has recently been reported to increase cerebral blood flow, via the endothelial NO synthase, in the naive mouse brain throughout life. We addressed here the benefits of PJ34 after neonatal ischemia on hemodynamics and components of the neurovascular unit including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), microglia, and astrocytes. Nine-day-old mice were subjected to permanent MCA occlusion (pMCAo), and treated with either PBS or PJ34 (10 mg/kg). Mean blood-flow velocities (mBFV) were measured in both internal carotid arteries (ICA) and basilar trunk (BT) using Doppler-ultrasonography. BBB opening was assessed through somatostatin-receptor type-2 internalization and immunohistochemistry at 24 and 48 h. Lesion areas were measured 8 days after ischemia. In PBS-treated mice, pMCAo involved a drop in mBFV in the left ICA (p < 0.001 vs. basal), whereas mBFV remained stable in both right ICA and BT. PJ34 prevented this drop in the left ICA (NS vs. basal) and increased mBFV in the right ICA (p = 0.0038 vs. basal). No modification was observed in the BT. In contrast to PBS, BBB disruption extent and astrocyte demise were reduced in PJ34 mice only in the rostral brain at 48 h and 8 days post-pMCAo, respectively. Accordingly, 8 days after pMCAo, affected areas were reduced in the rostral brain (Bregma +0.86 and +0.14 mm), whereas total tissue loss was not reduced after PJ34 (4.0 ± 3.1%) vs. PBS (5.8 ± 3.4%). These results show that PJ34 reduced BBB permeability, astrocyte demise, and tissue loss (particularly in the rostral territories), suggesting that collateral supply mainly proceeds from the anterior ICA’s branches in the ischemic neonatal mouse brain.
Collapse
|
7
|
Csaba Z, Vitalis T, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Margaill I, Coqueran B, Leger PL, Parente I, Jacquens A, Titomanlio L, Constans C, Demene C, Santin MD, Lehericy S, Perrière N, Glacial F, Auvin S, Tanter M, Ghersi-Egea JF, Adle-Biassette H, Aubry JF, Gressens P, Dournaud P. A simple novel approach for detecting blood-brain barrier permeability using GPCR internalization. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 47:297-315. [PMID: 32898926 PMCID: PMC7891648 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims Impairment of blood–brain barrier (BBB) is involved in numerous neurological diseases from developmental to aging stages. Reliable imaging of increased BBB permeability is therefore crucial for basic research and preclinical studies. Today, the analysis of extravasation of exogenous dyes is the principal method to study BBB leakage. However, these procedures are challenging to apply in pups and embryos and may appear difficult to interpret. Here we introduce a novel approach based on agonist‐induced internalization of a neuronal G protein‐coupled receptor widely distributed in the mammalian brain, the somatostatin receptor type 2 (SST2). Methods The clinically approved SST2 agonist octreotide (1 kDa), when injected intraperitoneally does not cross an intact BBB. At sites of BBB permeability, however, OCT extravasates and induces SST2 internalization from the neuronal membrane into perinuclear compartments. This allows an unambiguous localization of increased BBB permeability by classical immunohistochemical procedures using specific antibodies against the receptor. Results We first validated our approach in sensory circumventricular organs which display permissive vascular permeability. Through SST2 internalization, we next monitored BBB opening induced by magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound in murine cerebral cortex. Finally, we proved that after intraperitoneal agonist injection in pregnant mice, SST2 receptor internalization permits analysis of BBB integrity in embryos during brain development. Conclusions This approach provides an alternative and simple manner to assess BBB dysfunction and development in different physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Csaba
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - T Vitalis
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - I Margaill
- Research Team "Pharmacology of Cerebral Circulation" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - B Coqueran
- Research Team "Pharmacology of Cerebral Circulation" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - P-L Leger
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - I Parente
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Jacquens
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - L Titomanlio
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Constans
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Demene
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M D Santin
- Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Center for NeuroImaging Research - CENIR, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - S Lehericy
- Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Center for NeuroImaging Research - CENIR, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - N Perrière
- BrainPlotting, Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Paris, France
| | - F Glacial
- BrainPlotting, Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Paris, France
| | - S Auvin
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Tanter
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J-F Ghersi-Egea
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Inserm U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - H Adle-Biassette
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - J-F Aubry
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - P Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - P Dournaud
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|