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Launay N, Lopez-Erauskin J, Bianchi P, Guha S, Parameswaran J, Coppa A, Torreni L, Schlüter A, Fourcade S, Paredes-Fuentes AJ, Artuch R, Casasnovas C, Ruiz M, Pujol A. Imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics contributes to the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain 2024; 147:2069-2084. [PMID: 38763511 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The peroxisomal disease adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by loss of the transporter of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), ABCD1. An excess of VLCFAs disrupts essential homeostatic functions crucial for axonal maintenance, including redox metabolism, glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. As mitochondrial function and morphology are intertwined, we set out to investigate the role of mitochondrial dynamics in X-ALD models. Using quantitative 3D transmission electron microscopy, we revealed mitochondrial fragmentation in corticospinal axons in Abcd1- mice. In patient fibroblasts, an excess of VLCFAs triggers mitochondrial fragmentation through the redox-dependent phosphorylation of DRP1 (DRP1S616). The blockade of DRP1-driven fission by the peptide P110 effectively preserved mitochondrial morphology. Furthermore, mRNA inhibition of DRP1 not only prevented mitochondrial fragmentation but also protected axonal health in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of X-ALD, underscoring DRP1 as a potential therapeutic target. Elevated levels of circulating cell-free mtDNA in patients' CSF align this leukodystrophy with primary mitochondrial disorders. Our findings underscore the intricate interplay between peroxisomal dysfunction, mitochondrial dynamics and axonal integrity in X-ALD, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Launay
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jone Lopez-Erauskin
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrizia Bianchi
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sanjib Guha
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Nautilus Biotechnology, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Janani Parameswaran
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrea Coppa
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Torreni
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abraham J Paredes-Fuentes
- Division of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Casasnovas
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neurology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Lhospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Liu BH, Xu CZ, Liu Y, Lu ZL, Fu TL, Li GR, Deng Y, Luo GQ, Ding S, Li N, Geng Q. Mitochondrial quality control in human health and disease. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38812059 PMCID: PMC11134732 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the most crucial energy-generating organelles in eukaryotic cells, play a pivotal role in regulating energy metabolism. However, their significance extends beyond this, as they are also indispensable in vital life processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, and redox balance. In response to various physiological signals or external stimuli, a sophisticated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanism has evolved, encompassing key processes like mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy, which have garnered increasing attention from researchers to unveil their specific molecular mechanisms. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the primary mechanisms and functions of key regulators involved in major components of MQC. Furthermore, the critical physiological functions regulated by MQC and its diverse roles in the progression of various systemic diseases have been described in detail. We also discuss agonists or antagonists targeting MQC, aiming to explore potential therapeutic and research prospects by enhancing MQC to stabilize mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chen-Zhen Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zi-Long Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ting-Lv Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guo-Rui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guo-Qing Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Mu Q, Hou X, Yu W, Guo J. Histone H3 Acetylation Is Involved in Retinoid Acid-Induced Neural Differentiation through Increasing Mitochondrial Function. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3251. [PMID: 38137472 PMCID: PMC10741432 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation and mitochondrial function contribute importantly to neural differentiation, which is critically associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as Down Syndrome (DS). However, whether and how histone acetylation regulates mitochondrial function and further affects neural differentiation has not been well described. In this study, when treated with retinoid acid (RA), the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was used as a neural differentiation model. We found that the acetylation of histone H3, especially H3 lysine 14 acetylation (H3K14ac), and mitochondrial function, including biogenesis and electron transport chain, were enhanced during neural differentiation. Specific inhibition of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) induced neural differentiation deficits, accompanied by downregulation of mitochondrial function. Furthermore, RA receptors (RARs) interacting with HATs were involved in the increased H3K14ac and the enhanced mitochondrial function during the neural differentiation process. Finally, receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140), a co-repressor of RARs, was also involved in regulating histone acetylation. RIP140 overexpression inhibited histone acetylation and mediated negative feedback on target genes which are involved in RA signaling. These findings evidenced that when interacting with RARs which had been negatively regulated by RIP140, RA promoted neural differentiation by promoting H3K14ac and enhanced mitochondrial function. This provides a molecular foundation for further investigations into abnormal neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xinjuan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qing Mu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xueyu Hou
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jingzhu Guo
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Jiang T, Xia T, Qiao F, Wang N, Jiang Y, Xin H. Role and Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16175. [PMID: 38003376 PMCID: PMC10671247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bones serve mechanical and defensive functions, as well as regulating the balance of calcium ions and housing bone marrow.. The qualities of bones do not remain constant. Instead, they fluctuate throughout life, with functions increasing in some situations while deteriorating in others. The synchronization of osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is critical for maintaining bone mass and microstructure integrity in a steady state. This equilibrium, however, can be disrupted by a variety of bone pathologies. Excessive osteoclast differentiation can result in osteoporosis, Paget's disease, osteolytic bone metastases, and rheumatoid arthritis, all of which can adversely affect people's health. Osteoclast differentiation is regulated by transcription factors NFATc1, MITF, C/EBPα, PU.1, NF-κB, and c-Fos. The transcriptional activity of osteoclasts is largely influenced by developmental and environmental signals with the involvement of co-factors, RNAs, epigenetics, systemic factors, and the microenvironment. In this paper, we review these themes in regard to transcriptional regulation in osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Tianshuang Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fangliang Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
| | - Nani Wang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China;
| | - Yiping Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
| | - Hailiang Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
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Kakehashi A, Suzuki S, Wanibuchi H. Recent Insights into the Biomarkers, Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Driven Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4566. [PMID: 37760534 PMCID: PMC10527326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are chronic hepatic conditions leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. According to the recent "multiple-parallel-hits hypothesis", NASH could be caused by abnormal metabolism, accumulation of lipids, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses and is found in obese and non-obese patients. Recent translational research studies have discovered new proteins and signaling pathways that are involved not only in the development of NAFLD but also in its progression to NASH, cirrhosis, and HCC. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of HCC developing from precancerous lesions have not yet been fully elucidated. Now, it is of particular importance to start research focusing on the discovery of novel molecular pathways that mediate alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, which leads to the development of liver steatosis. The role of mTOR signaling in NASH progression to HCC has recently attracted attention. The goals of this review are (1) to highlight recent research on novel genetic and protein contributions to NAFLD/NASH; (2) to investigate how recent scientific findings might outline the process that causes NASH-associated HCC; and (3) to explore the reliable biomarkers/targets of NAFLD/NASH-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (H.W.)
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Ribeiro-dos-Santos A, de Brito LM, de Araújo GS. The fusiform gyrus exhibits differential gene-gene co-expression in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1138336. [PMID: 37255536 PMCID: PMC10225579 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1138336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by the presence of β-amyloid plaques and tau deposits in various regions of the brain. However, the underlying factors that contribute to the development of AD remain unclear. Recently, the fusiform gyrus has been identified as a critical brain region associated with mild cognitive impairment, which may increase the risk of AD development. In our study, we performed gene co-expression and differential co-expression network analyses, as well as gene-expression-based prediction, using RNA-seq transcriptome data from post-mortem fusiform gyrus tissue samples collected from both cognitively healthy individuals and those with AD. We accessed differential co-expression networks in large cohorts such as ROSMAP, MSBB, and Mayo, and conducted over-representation analyses of gene pathways and gene ontology. Our results comprise four exclusive gene hubs in co-expression modules of Alzheimer's Disease, including FNDC3A, MED23, NRIP1, and PKN2. Further, we identified three genes with differential co-expressed links, namely FAM153B, CYP2C8, and CKMT1B. The differential co-expressed network showed moderate predictive performance for AD, with an area under the curve ranging from 0.71 to 0.76 (+/- 0.07). The over-representation analysis identified enrichment for Toll-Like Receptors Cascades and signaling pathways, such as G protein events, PIP2 hydrolysis and EPH-Epherin mechanism, in the fusiform gyrus. In conclusion, our findings shed new light on the molecular pathophysiology of AD by identifying new genes and biological pathways involved, emphasizing the crucial role of gene regulatory networks in the fusiform gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Miranda de Brito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gilderlanio Santana de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Kocherlakota S, Swinkels D, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Mouse Models to Study Peroxisomal Functions and Disorders: Overview, Caveats, and Recommendations. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:469-500. [PMID: 36952207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
During the last three decades many mouse lines were created or identified that are deficient in one or more peroxisomal functions. Different methodologies were applied to obtain global, hypomorph, cell type selective, inducible, and knockin mice. Whereas some models closely mimic pathologies in patients, others strongly deviate or no human counterpart has been reported. Often, mice, apparently endowed with a stronger transcriptional adaptation, have to be challenged with dietary additions or restrictions in order to trigger phenotypic changes. Depending on the inactivated peroxisomal protein, several approaches can be taken to validate the loss-of-function. Here, an overview is given of the available mouse models and their most important characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Yu J, Chen T, Guo X, Zafar MI, Li H, Wang Z, Zheng J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in X-Link Adrenoleukodystrophy. Front Nutr 2022; 9:864358. [PMID: 35463999 PMCID: PMC9024313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.864358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disease caused by a mutation in the ABCD1 gene encoding a peroxisomal transmembrane protein. It is characterized by the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in body fluids and tissues, leading to progressive demyelination and adrenal insufficiency. ALD has various phenotypes, among which the most common and severe is childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD). The pathophysiological mechanisms of ALD remain unclear, but some in vitro/in vivo research showed that VLCFA could induce oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to damage. In addition, the evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation are increased in patients with X-ALD also proves that it is a potential mechanism of brain and adrenal damage. Therefore, normalizing the redox balance becomes a critical therapeutic target. This study focuses on the possible predictors of the severity and progression of X-ALD, the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the promising targeted drugs involved in oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mohammad Ishraq Zafar
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Zheng,
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