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Ural C, Celik A, Ozbal S, Guneli E, Arslan S, Ergur BU, Cavdar C, Akdoğan G, Cavdar Z. The renoprotective effects of taurine against diabetic nephropathy via the p38 MAPK and TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathways. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1665-1677. [PMID: 37805666 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a severe diabetes complication, causes kidney morphological and structural changes due to extracellular matrix accumulation. This accumulation is caused mainly by oxidative stress. Semi-essential amino acid derivative taurine has powerful antioxidant and antifibrotic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effects of taurine through its possible roles in oxidative stress, extracellular matrix proteins, and the signaling pathways associated with the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in DN rats. 29 Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into control, taurine, diabetes, and diabetes + taurine groups. Diabetes animals were injected 45 mg/kg streptozosine. Taurine is given by adding to drinking water as 1% (w/v). Urine, serum, and kidney tissue were collected from rats for biochemical and histological analysis after 12 weeks. According to the studies, taurine significantly reduces the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), and protein expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) that increase in diabetic kidney tissue. Also, decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels significantly increased with taurine in diabetic rats. Moreover, increased mRNA and protein levels of fibronectin decreased with taurine. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities and their mRNA levels increased significantly, and this increase was significantly summed with taurine. There was a decrease in mRNA expression of Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). Taurine significantly increased this decrease. Diabetes increased mRNA expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and Smad2/3. Taurine significantly reduced this induction. TGF-β protein expression, p38, and Smad2/3 activations were also inhibited, but taurine was suppressed significantly. All these findings indicate that taurine may be an effective practical strategy to prevent renal diabetic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemre Ural
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asli Celik
- Multidisciplinary Experimental Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seda Ozbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ensari Guneli
- Multidisciplinary Experimental Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevki Arslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Bekir Ugur Ergur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus
| | - Caner Cavdar
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gül Akdoğan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zahide Cavdar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
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2
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Talukdar A, Basumatary M. Rodent models to study type 1 and type 2 diabetes induced human diabetic nephropathy. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7759-7782. [PMID: 37458869 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an outcome of prolonged diabetes, has affected millions of people worldwide and every year the incidence and prevalence increase substantially. The symptoms may start with mild manifestations of the disease such as increased albuminuria, serum creatinine levels, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, expansion of mesangial matrix to severe pathological symptoms such as glomerular lesions and tubulointerstitial fibrosis which may further proceed to cardiovascular dysfunction or end-stage renal disease. PERSPECTIVE Numerous therapeutic interventions are being explored for the management of DN, however, these interventions do not completely halt the progression of this disease and hence animal models are being explored to identify critical genetic and molecular parameters which could help in tackling the disease. Rodent models which mostly include mice and rats are commonly used experimental animals which provide a wide range of advantages in understanding the onset and progression of disease in humans and also their response to a wide range of interventions helps in the development of effective therapeutics. Rodent models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes induced DN have been developed utilizing different platforms and interventions during the last few decades some of which mimic various stages of diabetes ranging from early to later stages. However, a rodent model which replicates all the features of human DN is still lacking. This review tries to evaluate the rodent models that are currently available and understand their features and limitations which may help in further development of more robust models of human DN. CONCLUSION Using these rodent models can help to understand different aspects of human DN although further research is required to develop more robust models utilizing diverse genetic platforms which may, in turn, assist in developing effective interventions to target the disease at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Talukdar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
| | - Mandira Basumatary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
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3
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Pan KL, Hsu YC, Chang ST, Chung CM, Lin CL. The Role of Cardiac Fibrosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Diagnostic Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108604. [PMID: 37239956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to inadequate insulin secretion, resistance, or both. The cardiovascular complications of DM are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. There are three major types of pathophysiologic cardiac remodeling including coronary artery atherosclerosis, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, and DM cardiomyopathy in patients with DM. DM cardiomyopathy is a distinct cardiomyopathy characterized by myocardial dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease. Cardiac fibrosis, defined as the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, is a hallmark of DM cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology of cardiac fibrosis in DM cardiomyopathy is complex and involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Cardiac fibrosis contributes to the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which increases mortality and the incidence of hospitalizations. As medical technology advances, the severity of cardiac fibrosis in DM cardiomyopathy can be evaluated by non-invasive imaging modalities such as echocardiography, heart computed tomography (CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging. In this review article, we will discuss the pathophysiology of cardiac fibrosis in DM cardiomyopathy, non-invasive imaging modalities to evaluate the severity of cardiac fibrosis, and therapeutic strategies for DM cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Li Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tai Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
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4
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Aykac I, Podesser BK, Kiss A. Reverse remodelling in diabetic cardiomyopathy: the role of extracellular matrix. Minerva Cardiol Angiol 2021; 70:385-392. [PMID: 34713679 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5683.21.05794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are prone to suffer from cardiovascular disease, specifically from ischemic heart disease and diabetic cardiomyopathy, which have a huge impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cardiac fibrosis due to alteration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is often observed in diabetes and myocardial fibrosis is an important part of cardiac remodeling that leads to heart failure and death. At single-cell level, the ECM govern, metabolism, motility, orientation and proliferation. However, in pathological condition such as diabetes, changes in ECM lead to fibrosis and subsequently cardiac stiffness and cardiomyocytes dysfunction. Anti-diabetic drugs, particularly sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have anti-fibrotic effects, and may promote ECM reverse remodelling. In this mini-review, the mechanisms and the role of ECM remodelling and reverse remodelling as a potential therapeutic targets for diabetic cardiomyopathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aykac
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria -
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5
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Tuleta I, Frangogiannis NG. Fibrosis of the diabetic heart: Clinical significance, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113904. [PMID: 34331987 PMCID: PMC8444077 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In patients with diabetes, myocardial fibrosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure and arrhythmogenesis, increasing ventricular stiffness and delaying conduction. Diabetic myocardial fibrosis involves effects of hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance on cardiac fibroblasts, directly resulting in increased matrix secretion, and activation of paracrine signaling in cardiomyocytes, immune and vascular cells, that release fibroblast-activating mediators. Neurohumoral pathways, cytokines, growth factors, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and matricellular proteins have been implicated in diabetic fibrosis; however, the molecular links between the metabolic perturbations and activation of a fibrogenic program remain poorly understood. Although existing therapies using glucose- and lipid-lowering agents and neurohumoral inhibition may act in part by attenuating myocardial collagen deposition, specific therapies targeting the fibrotic response are lacking. This review manuscript discusses the clinical significance, molecular mechanisms and cell biology of diabetic cardiac fibrosis and proposes therapeutic targets that may attenuate the fibrotic response, preventing heart failure progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Tuleta
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
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6
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Tuleta I, Frangogiannis NG. Diabetic fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166044. [PMID: 33378699 PMCID: PMC7867637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-associated morbidity and mortality is predominantly due to complications of the disease that may cause debilitating conditions, such as heart and renal failure, hepatic insufficiency, retinopathy or peripheral neuropathy. Fibrosis, the excessive and inappropriate deposition of extracellular matrix in various tissues, is commonly found in patients with advanced type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and may contribute to organ dysfunction. Hyperglycemia, lipotoxic injury and insulin resistance activate a fibrotic response, not only through direct stimulation of matrix synthesis by fibroblasts, but also by promoting a fibrogenic phenotype in immune and vascular cells, and possibly also by triggering epithelial and endothelial cell conversion to a fibroblast-like phenotype. High glucose stimulates several fibrogenic pathways, triggering reactive oxygen species generation, stimulating neurohumoral responses, activating growth factor cascades (such as TGF-β/Smad3 and PDGFs), inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, generating advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and stimulating the AGE-RAGE axis, and upregulating fibrogenic matricellular proteins. Although diabetes-activated fibrogenic signaling has common characteristics in various tissues, some organs, such as the heart, kidney and liver develop more pronounced and clinically significant fibrosis. This review manuscript summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular pathways involved in diabetic fibrosis, discussing the fundamental links between metabolic perturbations and fibrogenic activation, the basis for organ-specific differences, and the promises and challenges of anti-fibrotic therapies for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Tuleta
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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7
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Conway BR, O'Sullivan ED, Cairns C, O'Sullivan J, Simpson DJ, Salzano A, Connor K, Ding P, Humphries D, Stewart K, Teenan O, Pius R, Henderson NC, Bénézech C, Ramachandran P, Ferenbach D, Hughes J, Chandra T, Denby L. Kidney Single-Cell Atlas Reveals Myeloid Heterogeneity in Progression and Regression of Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2833-2854. [PMID: 32978267 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the roles of myeloid cell subsets in kidney injury and in the limited ability of the organ to repair itself. Characterizing these cells based only on surface markers using flow cytometry might not provide a full phenotypic picture. Defining these cells at the single-cell, transcriptomic level could reveal myeloid heterogeneity in the progression and regression of kidney disease. METHODS Integrated droplet- and plate-based single-cell RNA sequencing were used in the murine, reversible, unilateral ureteric obstruction model to dissect the transcriptomic landscape at the single-cell level during renal injury and the resolution of fibrosis. Paired blood exchange tracked the fate of monocytes recruited to the injured kidney. RESULTS A single-cell atlas of the kidney generated using transcriptomics revealed marked changes in the proportion and gene expression of renal cell types during injury and repair. Conventional flow cytometry markers would not have identified the 12 myeloid cell subsets. Monocytes recruited to the kidney early after injury rapidly adopt a proinflammatory, profibrotic phenotype that expresses Arg1, before transitioning to become Ccr2 + macrophages that accumulate in late injury. Conversely, a novel Mmp12 + macrophage subset acts during repair. CONCLUSIONS Complementary technologies identified novel myeloid subtypes, based on transcriptomics in single cells, that represent therapeutic targets to inhibit progression or promote regression of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin D O'Sullivan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolynn Cairns
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James O'Sullivan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Simpson
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Salzano
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Connor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Ding
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Humphries
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Stewart
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Teenan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Riinu Pius
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Bénézech
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Ferenbach
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tamir Chandra
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Denby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Giralt-López A, Molina-Van den Bosch M, Vergara A, García-Carro C, Seron D, Jacobs-Cachá C, Soler MJ. Revisiting Experimental Models of Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103587. [PMID: 32438732 PMCID: PMC7278948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence is constantly increasing and, nowadays, it affects more than 350 million people worldwide. Therefore, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has also increased, becoming the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the developed world. DN is characterized by albuminuria, a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hypertension, mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The therapeutic advances in the last years have been able to modify and delay the natural course of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Nevertheless, there is still an urgent need to characterize the pathways that are involved in DN, identify risk biomarkers and prevent kidney failure in diabetic patients. Rodent models provide valuable information regarding how DN is set and its progression through time. Despite the utility of these models, kidney disease progression depends on the diabetes induction method and susceptibility to diabetes of each experimental strain. The classical DN murine models (Streptozotocin-induced, Akita, or obese type 2 models) do not develop all of the typical DN features. For this reason, many models have been crossed to a susceptible genetic background. Knockout and transgenic strains have also been created to generate more robust models. In this review, we will focus on the description of the new DN rodent models and, additionally, we will provide an overview of the available methods for renal phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giralt-López
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
| | - Mireia Molina-Van den Bosch
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
| | - Ander Vergara
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara García-Carro
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Seron
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxita Jacobs-Cachá
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.J.-C.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Maria José Soler
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.J.-C.); (M.J.S.)
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9
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Cairns C, Conway B. Modeling Human Diabetic Kidney Disease by Combining Hyperglycemia and Hypertension in a Transgenic Rodent Model. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2067:41-52. [PMID: 31701444 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9841-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional animal models mimic only the earliest stages of human diabetic nephropathy (DN), which limits their utility to dissect the pathogenesis of progressive disease or test novel therapeutics. In this chapter we describe in detail the experimental procedures required to conduct the Cyp1a1mRen2 rodent model, in which hyperglycemia and renin-dependent hypertension synergize to promote moderate proteinuria, renal fibrosis, and induction of many of the transcriptomic changes observed in the kidney of patients with progressive DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolynn Cairns
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bryan Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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10
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Wu W, Jin Y, Teng L, Shao X, Wang Y, Feng S, Wang C, Jiang H, Wu J. Mitochondria-related reversal of early-stage diabetic nephropathy in donor kidney after transplantation in mice. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:801. [PMID: 32042817 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Renal diabetic changes are frequent in kidney transplantation (KTx) donors. Whether these diabetic changes are reversible remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to test the hypothesized reversibility of diabetic changes after KTx. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, early-stage group (ESG), and advanced-stage group (ASG). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 50 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days. Blood glucose levels ≥16.7 mmol/L were indicative of diabetic mice. The kidneys from ESG and ASG were transplanted to control mice 12 or 32 weeks after STZ injection. Kidney tissue, blood, and 24-hour urine specimens of donor and recipient mice were collected before KTx and 28 days after KTx, respectively. We measured the body weight, blood glucose, histological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis. Electron microscopy was also performed to evaluate the mitochondrial morphology. The expression of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results Kidneys from early-stage diabetic mice showed evidence of lesion reversal four weeks after KTx, including decreased urinary albumin and reversal of histological changes. Besides, mitochondrial swelling, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and overexpression of NOXs in the kidneys were also suppressed. Conversely, no changes were observed in kidneys from advanced-stage diabetic mice after KTx. Conclusions We confirmed that early-stage but not advanced-stage diabetic nephropathy (DN) is reversible, which is related to reduced NOX expression and improvement in mitochondrial function. These results indicated that kidneys with early-stage DN could be used for KTx in clinical practice, as the disease may be reversed following KTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Wu
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yiming Jin
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Nephropathy, Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Lisha Teng
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xue Shao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Cuili Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Wu
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Kidney Disease Immunology Laboratory, the Third-Grade Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health of China, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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11
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Mullins LJ, Conway BR, Menzies RI, Denby L, Mullins JJ. Renal disease pathophysiology and treatment: contributions from the rat. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1419-1433. [PMID: 27935823 PMCID: PMC5200898 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has classically been the species of choice for pharmacological studies and disease modeling, providing a source of high-quality physiological data on cardiovascular and renal pathophysiology over many decades. Recent developments in genome engineering now allow us to capitalize on the wealth of knowledge acquired over the last century. Here, we review rat models of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and acute and chronic kidney disease. These models have made important contributions to our understanding of renal diseases and have revealed key genes, such as Ace and P2rx7, involved in renal pathogenic processes. By targeting these genes of interest, researchers are gaining a better understanding of the etiology of renal pathologies, with the promised potential of slowing disease progression or even reversing the damage caused. Some, but not all, of these target genes have proved to be of clinical relevance. However, it is now possible to generate more sophisticated and appropriate disease models in the rat, which can recapitulate key aspects of human renal pathology. These advances will ultimately be used to identify new treatments and therapeutic targets of much greater clinical relevance. Summary: This Review highlights the key role that the rat continues to play in improving our understanding of the etiologies of renal pathologies, and how these insights have opened up new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bryan R Conway
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Robert I Menzies
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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12
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Harada S, Ushigome H, Nishimura A, Nakao T, Nakamura T, Koshino K, Suzuki T, Itoh T, Nobori S, Yoshimura N. Histological reversibility of diabetic nephropathy after kidney transplantation from diabetic donor to non-diabetic recipient. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 20 Suppl 2:40-4. [PMID: 26031585 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Given the recent increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, it is not uncommon for kidney transplantation donors to have diabetes. We perform kidney transplantation in our hospital if the diabetic donors are receiving oral hypoglycaemic agents, but not insulin, and their haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) is below 6.5%. There are few reports about histological changes to diabetic nephropathy after transplantation of kidney grafts from donors with diabetes mellitus to non-diabetic recipients. Therefore, we studied the histological diabetic changes in grafts from diabetic donors at protocol biopsies (1 hour, 1 month, 1 year), and evaluated whether they improved under the recipient's good glycaemic control. METHODS Three cases of kidney transplantation from donors with diabetes mellitus to non-diabetic recipients were selected. We used a pathological classification established by the Renal Pathology Society for evaluating histological improvements in diabetic nephropathy. RESULTS The results revealed that early diabetic changes found at the 1-hour and 1-month protocol biopsies were reversed and improved at the 1-year biopsy. CONCLUSION We concluded that early diabetic changes in grafts from diabetic donors may improve if the graft recipient has good glycaemic control after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Harada
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ushigome
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Nakamura
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Koshino
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Suzuki
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Itoh
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shuji Nobori
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Norio Yoshimura
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, 602-8566, Japan
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Abstract
In the current review, we discuss limitations and recent advances in animal models of diabetic nephropathy (DN). As in human disease, genetic factors may determine disease severity with the murine FVB and DBA/2J strains being more susceptible to DN than C57BL/6J mice. On the black and tan, brachyuric (BTBR) background, leptin deficient (ob/ob) mice develop many of the pathological features of human DN. Hypertension synergises with hyperglycemia to promote nephropathy in rodents. Moderately hypertensive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS(-/-)) deficient diabetic mice develop hyaline arteriosclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis and induction of renin-dependent hypertension in diabetic Cyp1a1mRen2 rats mimics moderately severe human DN. In addition, diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice and Cyp1a1mRen2 rats recapitulate many of the molecular pathways activated in the human diabetic kidney. However, no model exhibits all the features of human DN; therefore, researchers should consider biochemical, pathological, and transcriptomic data in selecting the most appropriate model to study their molecules and pathways of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Betz
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bryan R Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland.
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14
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Russo I, Frangogiannis NG. Diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis: Cellular effectors, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 90:84-93. [PMID: 26705059 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with cardiac fibrosis that may reduce myocardial compliance, contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure, and trigger arrhythmic events. Diabetes-associated fibrosis is mediated by activated cardiac fibroblasts, but may also involve fibrogenic actions of macrophages, cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. The molecular basis responsible for cardiac fibrosis in diabetes remains poorly understood. Hyperglycemia directly activates a fibrogenic program, leading to accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, and transduce fibrogenic signals through reactive oxygen species generation, or through activation of Receptor for AGEs (RAGE)-mediated pathways. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines may recruit fibrogenic leukocyte subsets in the cardiac interstitium. Activation of transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling may activate fibroblasts inducing deposition of structural extracellular matrix proteins and matricellular macromolecules. Adipokines, endothelin-1 and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have also been implicated in the diabetic myocardium. This manuscript reviews our current understanding of the cellular effectors and molecular pathways that mediate fibrosis in diabetes. Based on the pathophysiologic mechanism, we propose therapeutic interventions that may attenuate the diabetes-associated fibrotic response and discuss the challenges that may hamper clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Russo
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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15
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MMP-9- and NMDA receptor-mediated mechanism of diabetic renovascular remodeling and kidney dysfunction: hydrogen sulfide is a key modulator. Nitric Oxide 2015; 46:172-85. [PMID: 25659756 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in diabetic kidney. Induction of NMDA-R and dysregulation of connexins (Cxs) were also observed. We concluded that this was due to decreased H2S production by downregulation of CBS and CSE enzymes. However, the potential role of H2S to mitigate ECM dysregulation and renal dysfunction was not clearly understood. The present study was undertaken to determine whether H2S supplementation reduces MMP-9-induced ECM remodeling and dysfunction in diabetic kidney. Wild type (C57BL/6J), diabetic (Akita, C57BL/6J-Ins2(Akita)), MMP-9 knockout (MMP-9(-/-), M9KO) and double KO of Akita/MMP-9(-/-) (DKO) mice were treated without or with 0.005 g/l of NaHS (as a source of H2S) in drinking water for 30 days. Decreased tissue production and plasma content of H2S in Akita mice were ameliorated with H2S supplementation. Dysregulated expression of MMP-9, CBS, CSE, NMDA-R1 and Cxs-40, -43 was also normalized in Akita mice treated with H2S. In addition, increased renovascular resistive index (RI), ECM deposition, plasma creatinine, and diminished renal vascular density and cortical blood flow in Akita mice were normalized with H2S treatment. We conclude that diminished H2S production in renal tissue and plasma levels in diabetes mediates adverse renal remodeling, and H2S therapy improves renal function through MMP-9- and NMDA-R1-mediated pathway.
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