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Shen J, Jiang Y, Pan J, Sun L, Li Q, He W, Sun P, Zhao B, Zhao H, Ke X, Guo Y, Yang T, Li Z. The GRAS transcription factor CsTL regulates tendril formation in cucumber. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2818-2833. [PMID: 38630900 PMCID: PMC11289639 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus, Cs) tendrils are slender vegetative organs that typically require manual removal to ensure orderly growth during greenhouse cultivation. Here, we identified cucumber tendril-less (tl), a Tnt1 retrotransposon-induced insertion mutant lacking tendrils. Map-based cloning identified the mutated gene, CsaV3_3G003590, which we designated as CsTL, which is homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (AtLAS). Knocking out CsTL repressed tendril formation but did not affect branch initiation, whereas overexpression (OE) of CsTL resulted in the formation of two or more tendrils in one leaf axil. Although expression of two cucumber genes regulating tendril formation, Tendril (CsTEN) and Unusual Floral Organs (CsUFO), was significantly decreased in CsTL knockout lines, these two genes were not direct downstream targets of CsTL. Instead, CsTL physically interacted with CsTEN, an interaction that further enhanced CsTEN-mediated expression of CsUFO. In Arabidopsis, the CsTL homolog AtLAS acts upstream of REVOLUTA (REV) to regulate branch initiation. Knocking out cucumber CsREV inhibited branch formation without affecting tendril initiation. Furthermore, genomic regions containing CsTL and AtLAS were not syntenic between the cucumber and Arabidopsis genomes, whereas REV orthologs were found on a shared syntenic block. Our results revealed not only that cucumber CsTL possesses a divergent function in promoting tendril formation but also that CsREV retains its conserved function in shoot branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanxin Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jian Pan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Linhan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Qingqing Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjing He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Piaoyun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bosi Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongjiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xubo Ke
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tongwen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Jiao Q, Mu Y, Deng J, Yao X, Zhao X, Liu X, Li X, Jiang X, Zhang F. Direct toxicity of the herbicide florasulam against Chlorella vulgaris: An integrated physiological and metabolomic analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114135. [PMID: 36201917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are the agents of choice for use in weed control; however, they can enter the aquatic environment, with potentially serious consequences for non-target organisms. Despite the possible deleterious effects, little information is available regarding the ecotoxicity of the herbicide florasulam toward aquatic organisms. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the toxic effect of florasulam on the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris and sought to identify the underlying mechanisms. For this, we employed a growth inhibition toxicity test, and then assessed the changes in physiological and metabolomic parameters, including photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant system, intracellular structure and complexity, and metabolite levels. The results showed that treatment with florasulam for 96 h at the concentration of 2 mg/L, 2.84 mg/L, and 6 mg/L in medium significantly inhibited algal growth and photosynthetic pigment content. Moreover, the levels of reactive oxygen species were also increased, resulting in oxidative damage and the upregulation of the activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Transmission electron microscopic and flow cytometric analysis further demonstrated that exposure to florasulam (6 mg/L) for 96 h disrupted the cell structure of C. vulgaris, characterized by the loss of cell membrane integrity and alterations in cell morphology. Changes in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and the antioxidant system were also observed and contributed to the suppressive effect of florasulam on the growth of this microalga. Our findings regarding the potential risks of florasulam in aquatic ecosystems provide a reference for the safe application of this herbicide in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Yuelin Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xingyin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Borghi M, Perez de Souza L, Tohge T, Mi J, Melandri G, Proost S, Martins MCM, Al-Babili S, Bouwmeester HJ, Fernie AR. High-energy-level metabolism and transport occur at the transition from closed to open flowers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:319-339. [PMID: 35640120 PMCID: PMC9434183 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the maturation phase of flower development, the onset of anthesis visibly marks the transition from buds to open flowers, during which petals stretch out, nectar secretion commences, and pollination occurs. Analysis of the metabolic changes occurring during this developmental transition has primarily focused on specific classes of metabolites, such as pigments and scent emission, and far less on the whole network of primary and secondary metabolites. To investigate the metabolic changes occurring at anthesis, we performed multi-platform metabolomics alongside RNA sequencing in individual florets harvested from the main inflorescence of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Col-0. To trace metabolic fluxes at the level of the whole inflorescence and individual florets, we further integrated these studies with radiolabeled experiments. These extensive analyses revealed high-energy-level metabolism and transport of carbohydrates and amino acids, supporting intense metabolic rearrangements occurring at the time of this floral transition. These comprehensive data are discussed in the context of our current understanding of the metabolic shifts underlying flower opening. We envision that this analysis will facilitate the introgression of floral metabolic traits promoting pollination in crop species for which a comprehensive knowledge of flower metabolism is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321-5305, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jianing Mi
- The Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Melandri
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon 33140, France
| | - Sebastian Proost
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marina C M Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- In Press—Consultoria e Comunicação Científica, São Paulo 05089-030, Brazil
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The Bioactives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Krawczyk HE, Rotsch AH, Herrfurth C, Scholz P, Shomroni O, Salinas-Riester G, Feussner I, Ischebeck T. Heat stress leads to rapid lipid remodeling and transcriptional adaptations in Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:490-515. [PMID: 35302599 PMCID: PMC9157110 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
After reaching the stigma, pollen grains germinate and form a pollen tube that transports the sperm cells to the ovule. Due to selection pressure between pollen tubes, pollen grains likely evolved mechanisms to quickly adapt to temperature changes to sustain elongation at the highest possible rate. We investigated these adaptions in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes grown in vitro under 22°C and 37°C by a multi-omics approach including lipidomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analysis. Both glycerophospholipids and galactoglycerolipids increased in saturated acyl chains under heat stress (HS), while triacylglycerols (TGs) changed less in respect to desaturation but increased in abundance. Free sterol composition was altered, and sterol ester levels decreased. The levels of sterylglycosides and several sphingolipid classes and species were augmented. Most amino acid levels increased during HS, including the noncodogenic amino acids γ-amino butyrate and pipecolate. Furthermore, the sugars sedoheptulose and sucrose showed higher levels. Also, the transcriptome underwent pronounced changes with 1,570 of 24,013 genes being differentially upregulated and 813 being downregulated. Transcripts coding for heat shock proteins and many transcriptional regulators were most strongly upregulated but also transcripts that have so far not been linked to HS. Transcripts involved in TG synthesis increased, while the modulation of acyl chain desaturation seemed not to be transcriptionally controlled, indicating other means of regulation. In conclusion, we show that tobacco pollen tubes are able to rapidly remodel their lipidome under HS likely by post-transcriptional and/or post-translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Elisa Krawczyk
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Alexander Helmut Rotsch
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- NGS—Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Institute of Human Genetics, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- NGS—Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Institute of Human Genetics, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Green Biotechnology, Münster 48143, Germany
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Cox Jr KL, Gurazada SGR, Duncan KE, Czymmek KJ, Topp CN, Meyers BC. Organizing your space: The potential for integrating spatial transcriptomics and 3D imaging data in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:703-712. [PMID: 34726737 PMCID: PMC8825300 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells communicate information for the regulation of development and responses to external stresses. A key form of this communication is transcriptional regulation, accomplished via complex gene networks operating both locally and systemically. To fully understand how genes are regulated across plant tissues and organs, high resolution, multi-dimensional spatial transcriptional data must be acquired and placed within a cellular and organismal context. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) typically provides a two-dimensional spatial analysis of gene expression of tissue sections that can be stacked to render three-dimensional data. For example, X-ray and light-sheet microscopy provide sub-micron scale volumetric imaging of cellular morphology of tissues, organs, or potentially entire organisms. Linking these technologies could substantially advance transcriptomics in plant biology and other fields. Here, we review advances in ST and 3D microscopy approaches and describe how these technologies could be combined to provide high resolution, spatially organized plant tissue transcript mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Cox Jr
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Sai Guna Ranjan Gurazada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
| | - Keith E Duncan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | - Blake C Meyers
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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6
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Duncan KE, Czymmek KJ, Jiang N, Thies AC, Topp CN. X-ray microscopy enables multiscale high-resolution 3D imaging of plant cells, tissues, and organs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:831-845. [PMID: 34618094 PMCID: PMC8825331 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Capturing complete internal anatomies of plant organs and tissues within their relevant morphological context remains a key challenge in plant science. While plant growth and development are inherently multiscale, conventional light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy platforms are typically limited to imaging of plant microstructure from small flat samples that lack a direct spatial context to, and represent only a small portion of, the relevant plant macrostructures. We demonstrate technical advances with a lab-based X-ray microscope (XRM) that bridge the imaging gap by providing multiscale high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) volumes of intact plant samples from the cell to the whole plant level. Serial imaging of a single sample is shown to provide sub-micron 3D volumes co-registered with lower magnification scans for explicit contextual reference. High-quality 3D volume data from our enhanced methods facilitate sophisticated and effective computational segmentation. Advances in sample preparation make multimodal correlative imaging workflows possible, where a single resin-embedded plant sample is scanned via XRM to generate a 3D cell-level map, and then used to identify and zoom in on sub-cellular regions of interest for high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. In total, we present the methodologies for use of XRM in the multiscale and multimodal analysis of 3D plant features using numerous economically and scientifically important plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Duncan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Ni Jiang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | - Christopher N Topp
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Author for communication:
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Papazoglou AS, Karagiannidis E, Moysidis DV, Sofidis G, Bompoti A, Stalikas N, Panteris E, Arvanitidis C, Herrmann MD, Michaelson JS, Sianos G. Current clinical applications and potential perspective of micro-computed tomography in cardiovascular imaging: A systematic scoping review. Hellenic J Cardiol 2021; 62:399-407. [PMID: 33991670 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) constitutes an emerging imaging technique, which can be utilized in cardiovascular medicine to study in-detail the microstructure of heart and vessels. This paper aims to systematically review the clinical utility of micro-CT in cardiovascular imaging and propose future applications of micro-CT imaging in cardiovascular research. A systematic scoping review was conducted by searching for original studies written in English according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. Medline, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane library were systematically searched through December 11, 2020 to identify publications concerning micro-CT applications in cardiovascular imaging. Preclinical-animal studies and case reports were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa assessment scale for observational studies was used to evaluate study quality. In total, the search strategy identified 30 studies that report on micro-CT-based cardiovascular imaging and satisfy our eligibility criteria. Across all included studies, the total number of micro-CT scanned specimens was 1,227. Six studies involved postmortem 3D-reconstruction of congenital heart defects, while eleven studies described atherosclerotic vessel (coronary or carotid) characteristics. Thirteen other studies employed micro-CT for the assessment of medical devices (mainly stents or prosthetic valves). In conclusion, micro-CT is a novel imaging modality, effectively adapted for the 3D visualization and analysis of cardiac soft tissues and devices at high spatial resolution. Its increasing use could make significant contributions to our improved understanding of the histopathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, and, thus, has the potential to optimize interventional procedures and technologies, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Papazoglou
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Karagiannidis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios V Moysidis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Sofidis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Stalikas
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Panteris
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Christos Arvanitidis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Crete, 70013, Greece; LifeWatch ERIC, Sector II-II, Plaza de España, 41071, Seville, Spain
| | - Markus D Herrmann
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - James S Michaelson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Georgios Sianos
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Sustained Control of Pyruvate Carboxylase by the Essential Second Messenger Cyclic di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis. mBio 2021; 13:e0360221. [PMID: 35130724 PMCID: PMC8822347 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03602-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-positive bacteria, cyclic di-AMP is an essential second messenger that signals potassium availability by binding to a variety of proteins. In some bacteria, c-di-AMP also binds to the pyruvate carboxylase to inhibit its activity. We have discovered that in B. subtilis the c-di-AMP target protein DarB, rather than c-di-AMP itself, specifically binds to pyruvate carboxylase both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction stimulates the activity of the enzyme, as demonstrated by in vitro enzyme assays and in vivo metabolite determinations. Both the interaction and the activation of enzyme activity require apo-DarB and are inhibited by c-di-AMP. Under conditions of potassium starvation and corresponding low c-di-AMP levels, the demand for citric acid cycle intermediates is increased. Apo-DarB helps to replenish the cycle by activating both pyruvate carboxylase gene expression and enzymatic activity via triggering the stringent response as a result of its interaction with the (p)ppGpp synthetase Rel and by direct interaction with the enzyme, respectively. IMPORTANCE If bacteria experience a starvation for potassium, by far the most abundant metal ion in every living cell, they have to activate high-affinity potassium transporters, switch off growth activities such as translation and transcription of many genes or replication, and redirect the metabolism in a way that the most essential functions of potassium can be taken over by metabolites. Importantly, potassium starvation triggers a need for glutamate-derived amino acids. In many bacteria, the responses to changing potassium availability are orchestrated by a nucleotide second messenger, cyclic di-AMP. c-di-AMP binds to factors involved directly in potassium homeostasis and to dedicated signal transduction proteins. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis, the c-di-AMP receptor protein DarB can bind to and, thus, activate pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme responsible for replenishing the citric acid cycle. This interaction takes place under conditions of potassium starvation if DarB is present in the apo form and the cells are in need of glutamate. Thus, DarB links potassium availability to the control of central metabolism.
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Borghi M, Fernie AR. Outstanding questions in flower metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1275-1288. [PMID: 32410253 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The great diversity of flowers, their color, odor, taste, and shape, is mostly a result of the metabolic processes that occur in this reproductive organ when the flower and its tissues develop, grow, and finally die. Some of these metabolites serve to advertise flowers to animal pollinators, other confer protection towards abiotic stresses, and a large proportion of the molecules of the central metabolic pathways have bioenergetic and signaling functions that support growth and the transition to fruits and seeds. Although recent studies have advanced our general understanding of flower metabolism, several questions still await an answer. Here, we have compiled a list of open questions on flower metabolism encompassing molecular aspects, as well as topics of relevance for agriculture and the ecosystem. These questions include the study of flower metabolism through development, the biochemistry of nectar and its relevance to promoting plant-pollinator interaction, recycling of metabolic resources after flowers whiter and die, as well as the manipulation of flower metabolism by pathogens. We hope with this review to stimulate discussion on the topic of flower metabolism and set a reference point to return to in the future when assessing progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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10
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Patel MK, Mishra A, Jaiswar S, Jha B. Metabolic profiling and scavenging activities of developing circumscissile fruit of psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk.) reveal variation in primary and secondary metabolites. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:116. [PMID: 32171251 PMCID: PMC7071626 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing fruit is considered as an excellent model to study the complex network of metabolites which are altered rapidly during development. RESULTS Metabolomics revealed that developing psyllium fruit is a rich source of primary metabolites (ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and amino-acids), secondary metabolites and natural antioxidants. Eidonomy and anatomy confirmed that psyllium fruit followed five stages of development. Total lipids and fatty acids were synthesized differentially; saturated fatty acids (FAs) increased, whereas total polyunsaturated FAs decreased with increasing developmental stage. The unsaturation index and degree of unsaturation showed a catenary curve. Principal component analysis confirmed a significant shift in the FA profile from bud initiation to the maturation stage. Similarly, a similar level of total amino acids was present at different developmental stage following a temporal biosynthesis pathway. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased in tandem with fruit development. Twenty-two different metabolites were identified, and metabolic changes were also observed during fruit development. Six metabolites were detected exclusively in the flowering stage, whereas two were detected in each of early and maturity stages of development. The metabolites apigenin and kaempferol were detected ubiquitously in all developmental stages. Time-dependent metabolomics revealed a shift in metabolite biosynthesis. CONCLUSION During fruit development, metabolites, FAs, amino acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidants and scavenging activities changed progressively and were co-ordinately linked to each other. As a future perspective, further studies will focus on the validation of identified metabolites, which integrated with transcriptomics data and will reveal the metabolic regulatory network of development psyllium fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Patel
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
- Present address: Department of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organization, HaMaccabim Road 68, 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
| | - Santlal Jaiswar
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002 India
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11
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Götz A, Nikzad-Langerodi R, Staedler Y, Bellaire A, Saukel J. Apparent penetration depth in attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy of Allium cepa L. epidermis and cuticle. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 224:117460. [PMID: 31422338 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, ATR-FTIR has emerged as promising tool for the identification of plants at the genus and (sub-) species level through surface measurements of intact leaves. Theoretical considerations regarding the penetration depth of the evanescent wave into the sample and the thickness of plant leaf cuticles suggest that the structure and composition of the cuticle represent universal taxonomic markers. However, experimental evidence for this hypothesis is scarce. In the current contribution, we present results of a series of simple experiments on epidermal monolayers derived from the bulbs of Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae) as a model system to study the effect of an IR active probe located beyond the theoretical penetration depth of the evanescent wave. We found that this probe had a significant influence on the ATR-FTIR spectra for up to 4 epidermal layers stacked on top of each other corresponding to a total thickness of around 60 μm, exceeding the theoretical penetration depth of the evanescent wave by a factor of around 20. Altogether, our data indicate a major discrepancy between theory and practice in ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in general and provide strong evidence that in general plant leaf spectra cannot be fully explained by the structure and composition of the cuticle alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Götz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramin Nikzad-Langerodi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Non Destructive Testing, RECENDT GmbH, Linz, Austria.
| | - Yannik Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anke Bellaire
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Saukel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Li S, He Q, Peng Q, Fang X, Zhu T, Qiao T, Han S. Metabolomics responses of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis varieties to Biotic (pathogenic fungus) stress. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 167:112087. [PMID: 31437664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis blight, caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum, is one of the most common and serious diseases in bamboo and occurs in the newly born twigs. Bamboo has suffered large dead areas, including more than 3000 hm2, which greatly threatens the process of returning farmlands to forests and the construction of ecological barriers. To identify differential metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with B. pervariabilis × D. grandis to A. phaeospermum, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) combined with a data-dependent acquisition method was used to analyse the entire sample spectrum. In total, 13223 positive ion peaks and 10616 negative ion peaks were extracted. OPLS-DA and several other analyses were performed using the original data. The OPLS-DA models showed good quality and had strong predictive power, indicating clear trends in the analyses of the treatment and control groups. Clustering and KEGG pathway analyses were used to screen the differential metabolites in the treatment and control groups from the three B. pervariabilis × D. grandis varieties and reflected their metabolic responses induced by A. phaeospermum infection. The results showed that the three B. pervariabilis × D. grandis varieties mode showed significant changes in the following six resistance-related metabolites after A. phaeospermum invasion in positive and negative ion modes: proline, glutamine, dictamnine, apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside, glutamate, and cis-Aconitate. The following four main metabolic pathways are involved: Arginine and proline metabolism, Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from shikimate pathway, and Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. This study lays a foundation for the later detection of differential metabolites and metabolic pathways for targeting, and provides a theoretical basis for disease-resistant breeding and the control of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Qianqian He
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Qi Peng
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Xinmei Fang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Tianmin Qiao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Shan Han
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
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13
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Wicke D, Schulz LM, Lentes S, Scholz P, Poehlein A, Gibhardt J, Daniel R, Ischebeck T, Commichau FM. Identification of the first glyphosate transporter by genomic adaptation. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1287-1305. [PMID: 30666812 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis can get into contact with growth-inhibiting substances, which may be of anthropogenic origin. Glyphosate is such a substance serving as a nonselective herbicide. Glyphosate specifically inhibits the 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, which generates an essential precursor for de novo synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea. Inhibition of the EPSP synthase by glyphosate results in depletion of the cellular levels of aromatic amino acids unless the environment provides them. Here, we have assessed the potential of B. subtilis to adapt to glyphosate at the genome level. In contrast to Escherichia coli, which evolves glyphosate resistance by elevating the production and decreasing the glyphosate sensitivity of the EPSP synthase, B. subtilis primarily inactivates the gltT gene encoding the high-affinity glutamate/aspartate symporter GltT. Further adaptation of the gltT mutants to glyphosate led to the inactivation of the gltP gene encoding the glutamate transporter GltP. Metabolome analyses confirmed that GltT is the major entryway of glyphosate into B. subtilis. GltP, the GltT homologue of E. coli also transports glyphosate into B. subtilis. Finally, we found that GltT is involved in uptake of the herbicide glufosinate, which inhibits the glutamine synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wicke
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa M Schulz
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Lentes
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Gibhardt
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Touraine B, Vignols F, Przybyla-Toscano J, Ischebeck T, Dhalleine T, Wu HC, Magno C, Berger N, Couturier J, Dubos C, Feussner I, Caffarri S, Havaux M, Rouhier N, Gaymard F. Iron-sulfur protein NFU2 is required for branched-chain amino acid synthesis in Arabidopsis roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1875-1889. [PMID: 30785184 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous proteins require a metallic co-factor for their function. In plastids, the maturation of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins necessitates a complex assembly machinery. In this study, we focused on Arabidopsis thaliana NFU1, NFU2, and NFU3, which participate in the final steps of the maturation process. According to the strong photosynthetic defects observed in high chlorophyll fluorescence 101 (hcf101), nfu2, and nfu3 plants, we determined that NFU2 and NFU3, but not NFU1, act immediately upstream of HCF101 for the maturation of [Fe4S4]-containing photosystem I subunits. An additional function of NFU2 in the maturation of the [Fe2S2] cluster of a dihydroxyacid dehydratase was obvious from the accumulation of precursors of the branched-chain amino acid synthesis pathway in roots of nfu2 plants and from the rescue of the primary root growth defect by supplying branched-chain amino acids. The absence of NFU3 in roots precluded any compensation. Overall, unlike their eukaryotic and prokaryotic counterparts, which are specific to [Fe4S4] proteins, NFU2 and NFU3 contribute to the maturation of both [Fe2S2] and [Fe4S4] proteins, either as a relay in conjunction with other proteins such as HCF101 or by directly delivering Fe-S clusters to client proteins. Considering the low number of Fe-S cluster transfer proteins relative to final acceptors, additional targets probably await identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Touraine
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Vignols
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Hui-Chen Wu
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Magno
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Berger
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christian Dubos
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA Cadarache, CNRS UMR 7265, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- CEA Cadarache, CNRS UMR 7265, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Frédéric Gaymard
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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15
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Koç MM, Aslan N, Kao AP, Barber AH. Evaluation of X-ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:812-848. [PMID: 30786098 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography is a strong tool that finds many applications both in medical applications and in the investigation of biological and nonbiological samples. In the clinics, X-ray tomography is widely used for diagnostic purposes whose three-dimensional imaging in high resolution helps physicians to obtain detailed image of investigated regions. Researchers in biological sciences and engineering use X-ray tomography because it is a nondestructive method to assess the structure of their samples. In both medical and biological applications, visualization of soft tissues and structures requires special treatment, in which special contrast agents are used. In this detailed report, molecule-based and nanoparticle-based contrast agents used in biological applications to enhance the image quality were compiled and reported. Special contrast agent applications and protocols to enhance the contrast for the biological applications and works to develop nanoparticle contrast agents to enhance the contrast for targeted drug delivery and general imaging applications were also assessed and listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Mehmet Koç
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Naim Aslan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Alexander P Kao
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Asa H Barber
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Zhang F, Liu X, Zhang A, Jiang Z, Chen L, Zhang X. Genome-wide dynamic network analysis reveals a critical transition state of flower development in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 30616516 PMCID: PMC6323737 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flowering transition which is controlled by a complex and intricate gene regulatory network plays an important role in the reproduction for offspring of plants. It is a challenge to identify the critical transition state as well as the genes that control the transition of flower development. With the emergence of massively parallel sequencing, a great number of time-course transcriptome data greatly facilitate the exploration of the developmental phase transition in plants. Although some network-based bioinformatics analyses attempted to identify the genes that control the phase transition, they generally overlooked the dynamics of regulation and resulted in unreliable results. In addition, the results of these methods cannot be self-explained. RESULTS In this work, to reveal a critical transition state and identify the transition-specific genes of flower development, we implemented a genome-wide dynamic network analysis on temporal gene expression data in Arabidopsis by dynamic network biomarker (DNB) method. In the analysis, DNB model which can exploit collective fluctuations and correlations of different metabolites at a network level was used to detect the imminent critical transition state or the tipping point. The genes that control the phase transition can be identified by the difference of weighted correlations between the genes interested and the other genes in the global network. To construct the gene regulatory network controlling the flowering transition, we applied NARROMI algorithm which can reduce the noisy, redundant and indirect regulations on the expression data of the transition-specific genes. In the results, the critical transition state detected during the formation of flowers corresponded to the development of flowering on the 7th to 9th day in Arabidopsis. Among of 233 genes identified to be highly fluctuated at the transition state, a high percentage of genes with maximum expression in pollen was detected, and 24 genes were validated to participate in stress reaction process, as well as other floral-related pathways. Composed of three major subnetworks, a gene regulatory network with 150 nodes and 225 edges was found to be highly correlated with flowering transition. The gene ontology (GO) annotation of pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the identified genes are enriched in the catalytic activity, metabolic process and cellular process. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel insight to identify the real causality of the phase transition with genome-wide dynamic network analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specially Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049 China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specially Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Zhonglin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specially Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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17
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Staedler YM, Kreisberger T, Manafzadeh S, Chartier M, Handschuh S, Pamperl S, Sontag S, Paun O, Schönenberger J. Novel computed tomography-based tools reliably quantify plant reproductive investment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:525-535. [PMID: 29294036 PMCID: PMC5853293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The flower is a bisexual reproductive unit where both genders compete for resources. Counting pollen and ovules in flowers is essential to understand how much is invested in each gender. Classical methods to count very numerous pollen grains and ovules are inefficient when pollen grains are tightly aggregated, and when fertilization rates of ovules are unknown. In this study we have therefore developed novel counting techniques based on computed tomography. In order to demonstrate the potential of our methods in very difficult cases, we counted pollen and ovules across inflorescences of deceptive and rewarding species of European orchids, which possess both very large numbers of pollen grains (tightly aggregated) and ovules. Pollen counts did not significantly vary across inflorescences and pollination strategies, whereas deceptive flowers had significantly more ovules than rewarding flowers. The within-inflorescence variance of pollen-to-ovule ratios in rewarding flowers was four times higher than in deceptive flowers, possibly demonstrating differences in the constraints acting on both pollination strategies. We demonstrate the inaccuracies and limitations of previously established methods, and the broad applicability of our new techniques: they allow measurement of reproductive investment without restriction on object number or aggregation, and without specimen destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - T Kreisberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Manafzadeh
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Handschuh
- VetCORE – Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Pamperl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Sontag
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - O Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - J Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
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18
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Rotsch AH, Kopka J, Feussner I, Ischebeck T. Central metabolite and sterol profiling divides tobacco male gametophyte development and pollen tube growth into eight metabolic phases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:129-146. [PMID: 28685881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While changes in the transcriptome and proteome of developing pollen have been investigated in tobacco and other species, the metabolic consequences remain rather unclear. Here, a broad range of metabolites was investigated in close succession of developmental stages. Thirteen stages of tobacco male gametophyte development were collected, ranging from tetrads to pollen tubes. Subsequently, the central metabolome and sterol composition were analyzed by GC-mass spectrometry (MS), monitoring 77 metabolites and 29 non-identified analytes. The overall results showed that development and tube growth could be divided into eight metabolic phases with the phase including mitosis I being most distinct. During maturation, compounds such as sucrose and proline accumulated. These were degraded after rehydration, while γ-aminobutyrate transiently increased, possibly deriving from proline breakdown. Sterol analysis revealed that tetrads harbor similar sterols as leaves, but throughout maturation unusual sterols increased. Lastly, two further sterols exclusively accumulated in pollen tubes. This study allows a deeper look into metabolic changes during the development of a quasi-single cell type. Metabolites accumulating during maturation might accelerate pollen germination and tube growth, protect from desiccation, and feed pollinators. Future studies of the underlying processes orchestrating the changes in metabolite levels might give valuable insights into cellular regulation of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Rotsch
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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19
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Tracy SR, Gómez JF, Sturrock CJ, Wilson ZA, Ferguson AC. Non-destructive determination of floral staging in cereals using X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT). PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:9. [PMID: 28261319 PMCID: PMC5331626 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate floral staging is required to aid research into pollen and flower development, in particular male development. Pollen development is highly sensitive to stress and is critical for crop yields. Research into male development under environmental change is important to help target increased yields. This is hindered in monocots as the flower develops internally in the pseudostem. Floral staging studies therefore typically rely on destructive analysis, such as removal from the plant, fixation, staining and sectioning. This time-consuming analysis therefore prevents follow up studies and analysis past the point of the floral staging. RESULTS This study focuses on using X-ray µCT scanning to allow quick and detailed non-destructive internal 3D phenotypic information to allow accurate staging of Arabidopsis thaliana L. and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) flowers. X-ray µCT has previously relied on fixation methods for above ground tissue, therefore two contrast agents (Lugol's iodine and Bismuth) were observed in Arabidopsis and Barley in planta to circumvent this step. 3D models and 2D slices were generated from the X-ray µCT images providing insightful information normally only available through destructive time-consuming processes such as sectioning and microscopy. Barley growth and development was also monitored over three weeks by X-ray µCT to observe flower development in situ. By measuring spike size in the developing tillers accurate non-destructive staging at the flower and anther stages could be performed; this staging was confirmed using traditional destructive microscopic analysis. CONCLUSION The use of X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) scanning of living plant tissue offers immense benefits for plant phenotyping, for successive developmental measurements and for accurate developmental timing for scientific measurements. Nevertheless, X-ray µCT remains underused in plant sciences, especially in above-ground organs, despite its unique potential in delivering detailed non-destructive internal 3D phenotypic information. This work represents a novel application of X-ray µCT that could enhance research undertaken in monocot species to enable effective non-destructive staging and developmental analysis for molecular genetic studies and to determine effects of stresses at particular growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoirse R. Tracy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - José Fernández Gómez
- Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Craig J. Sturrock
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Zoe A. Wilson
- Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Alison C. Ferguson
- Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
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20
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Popko J, Herrfurth C, Feussner K, Ischebeck T, Iven T, Haslam R, Hamilton M, Sayanova O, Napier J, Khozin-Goldberg I, Feussner I. Metabolome Analysis Reveals Betaine Lipids as Major Source for Triglyceride Formation, and the Accumulation of Sedoheptulose during Nitrogen-Starvation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164673. [PMID: 27736949 PMCID: PMC5063337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleaginous microalgae are considered as a promising resource for the production of biofuels. Especially diatoms arouse interest as biofuel producers since they are most productive in carbon fixation and very flexible to environmental changes in the nature. Naturally, triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in algae only occurs under stress conditions like nitrogen-limitation. We focused on Phaeodactylum strain Pt4 (UTEX 646), because of its ability to grow in medium with low salinity and therefore being suited when saline water is less available or for wastewater cultivation strategies. Our data show an increase in neutral lipids during nitrogen-depletion and predominantly 16:0 and 16:1(n-7) accumulated in the TAG fraction. The molecular species composition of TAG suggests a remodeling primarily from the betaine lipid diacylglyceroltrimethylhomoserine (DGTS), but a contribution of the chloroplast galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) cannot be excluded. Interestingly, the acyl-CoA pool is rich in 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) in all analyzed conditions, but these fatty acids are almost excluded from TAG. Other metabolites most obviously depleted under nitrogen-starvation were amino acids, lyso-phospholipids and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, whereas sulfur-containing metabolites as dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfoniobutyrate and methylsulfate as well as short acyl chain carnitines, propanoyl-carnitine and butanoyl-carnitine increased upon nitrogen-starvation. Moreover, the Calvin cycle may be de-regulated since sedoheptulose accumulated after nitrogen-depletion. Together the data provide now the basis for new strategies to improve lipid production and storage in Phaeodactylum strain Pt4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Popko
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Iven
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Haslam
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Hamilton
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Napier
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 8499000, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-University, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-University, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Jia S, Wang Y, Hu J, Ding Z, Liang Q, Zhang Y, Wang H. Mineral and metabolic profiles in tea leaves and flowers during flower development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:316-326. [PMID: 27372442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops in the world, and the physiological processes and gene regulations involved in development in tea plants have been well characterized. However, relatively little is known about the metabolic changes combined with mineral distributions that occur during flower development. Here we detected the contents of 11 elements in tea leaves and flowers and found that, some of them, especially phosphorus, sulfur and copper, showed significant changes during tea flowering. We also detected 122 metabolites in tea leaves and flowers and found that, 72 of them showed significant differences between flowers and leaves, of which sugars, organic acids, and flavonoids dominated. The sugars, such as trehalose and galactose, all accumulated in tea flowers, and the organic acids, such as malic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid involved in TCA cycle. The flavonoids, like epicatechin, catechin gallate and epigallocatechin, were more abundant in leaves. Furthermore, we found that the contents of 33 metabolites changed during the development of flowers. Especially, citric acid, phenylalanine and most flavonoids decreased while fructose and galactose increased during flowering stages in flowers. We also analyzed the correlations between the ions and metabolites and found that, some mineral nutrients including phosphorus, sulfur, manganese and zinc had close relations to organic acids, flavonoids, sugars and several amino acids during flowering. We mapped the metabolic pathway according to the KEGG database. This work will serve as the foundation for a systems biology approach to the understanding of mineral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Jia
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jianhui Hu
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Qing Liang
- Rizhao Vocational and Technical College, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Yinfei Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Rizhao Tea Research Institute of Shandong, Rizhao, Shandong, 276800, China
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22
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Hofvander P, Ischebeck T, Turesson H, Kushwaha SK, Feussner I, Carlsson AS, Andersson M. Potato tuber expression of Arabidopsis WRINKLED1 increase triacylglycerol and membrane lipids while affecting central carbohydrate metabolism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1883-98. [PMID: 26914183 PMCID: PMC5069604 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuber and root crops virtually exclusively accumulate storage products in the form of carbohydrates. An exception is yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in which tubers have the capacity to store starch and triacylglycerols (TAG) in roughly equal amounts. This suggests that a tuber crop can efficiently handle accumulation of energy dense oil. From a nutritional as well as economic aspect, it would be of interest to utilize the high yield capacity of tuber or root crops for oil accumulation similar to yellow nutsedge. The transcription factor WRINKLED1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, which in seed embryos induce fatty acid synthesis, has been shown to be a major factor for oil accumulation. WRINKLED1 was expressed in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers to explore whether this factor could impact tuber metabolism. This study shows that a WRINKLED1 transcription factor could induce triacylglycerol accumulation in tubers of transformed potato plants grown in field (up to 12 nmol TAG/mg dry weight, 1% of dry weight) together with a large increase in polar membrane lipids. The changes in metabolism further affected starch accumulation and composition concomitant with massive increases in sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Helle Turesson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sandeep K Kushwaha
- PlantLink, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anders S Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mariette Andersson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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23
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Großhennig S, Ischebeck T, Gibhardt J, Busse J, Feussner I, Stülke J. Hydrogen sulfide is a novel potential virulence factor of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: characterization of the unusual cysteine desulfurase/desulfhydrase HapE. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:42-54. [PMID: 26711628 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen causing atypical pneumonia with a minimalized and highly streamlined genome. So far, hydrogen peroxide production, cytadherence, and the ADP-ribosylating CARDS toxin have been identified as pathogenicity determinants. We have studied haemolysis caused by M. pneumoniae, and discovered that hydrogen peroxide is responsible for the oxidation of heme, but not for lysis of erythrocytes. This feature could be attributed to hydrogen sulfide, a compound that has previously not been identified as virulence factor in lung pathogens. Indeed, we observed hydrogen sulfide production by M. pneumoniae. The search for a hydrogen sulfide-producing enzyme identified HapE, a protein with similarity to cysteine desulfurases. In contrast to typical cysteine desulfurases, HapE is a bifunctional enzyme: it has both the cysteine desulfurase activity to produce alanine and the cysteine desulfhydrase activity to produce pyruvate and hydrogen sulfide. Experiments with purified HapE showed that the enzymatic activity of the protein is responsible for haemolysis, demonstrating that HapE is a novel potential virulence factor of M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Großhennig
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Gibhardt
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Busse
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Hu X, Ouyang S, Mu L, An J, Zhou Q. Effects of Graphene Oxide and Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes on the Cellular Division, Microstructure, Uptake, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10825-10833. [PMID: 26295980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial oxides are common formations of nanomaterials in the natural environment. Herein, the nanotoxicology of typical graphene oxide (GO) and carboxyl single-walled carbon nanotubes (C-SWCNT) was compared. The results showed that cell division of Chlorella vulgaris was promoted at 24 h and then inhibited at 96 h after nanomaterial exposure. At 96 h, GO and C-SWCNT inhibited the rates of cell division by 0.08-15% and 0.8-28.3%, respectively. Both GO and C-SWCNT covered the cell surface, but the uptake percentage of C-SWCNT was 2-fold higher than that of GO. C-SWCNT induced stronger plasmolysis and mitochondrial membrane potential loss and decreased the cell viability to a greater extent than GO. Moreover, C-SWCNT-exposed cells exhibited more starch grains and lysosome formation and higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels than GO-exposed cells. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant differences in the metabolic profiles among the control, C-SWCNT and GO groups. The metabolisms of alkanes, lysine, octadecadienoic acid and valine was associated with ROS and could be considered as new biomarkers of ROS. The nanotoxicological mechanisms involved the inhibition of fatty acid, amino acid and small molecule acid metabolisms. These findings provide new insights into the effects of GO and C-SWCNT on cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaohu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Mu
- Institute of Agro-environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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25
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Stannek L, Thiele MJ, Ischebeck T, Gunka K, Hammer E, Völker U, Commichau FM. Evidence for synergistic control of glutamate biosynthesis by glutamate dehydrogenases and glutamate inBacillus subtilis. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3379-90. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Stannek
- Department of General Microbiology; Institute of Microbiology and Genetics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Grisebachstr. 8 Göttingen D-37077 Germany
| | - Martin J. Thiele
- Department of General Microbiology; Institute of Microbiology and Genetics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Grisebachstr. 8 Göttingen D-37077 Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department for Plant Biochemistry; Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Grisebachstr. 8 Göttingen D-37077 Germany
| | - Katrin Gunka
- Department of General Microbiology; Institute of Microbiology and Genetics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Grisebachstr. 8 Göttingen D-37077 Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahnstr. 15a Greifswald D-17475 Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahnstr. 15a Greifswald D-17475 Germany
| | - Fabian M. Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology; Institute of Microbiology and Genetics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Grisebachstr. 8 Göttingen D-37077 Germany
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26
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Kaever A, Landesfeind M, Feussner K, Mosblech A, Heilmann I, Morgenstern B, Feussner I, Meinicke P. MarVis-Pathway: integrative and exploratory pathway analysis of non-targeted metabolomics data. Metabolomics 2015; 11:764-777. [PMID: 25972773 PMCID: PMC4419191 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A central aim in the evaluation of non-targeted metabolomics data is the detection of intensity patterns that differ between experimental conditions as well as the identification of the underlying metabolites and their association with metabolic pathways. In this context, the identification of metabolites based on non-targeted mass spectrometry data is a major bottleneck. In many applications, this identification needs to be guided by expert knowledge and interactive tools for exploratory data analysis can significantly support this process. Additionally, the integration of data from other omics platforms, such as DNA microarray-based transcriptomics, can provide valuable hints and thereby facilitate the identification of metabolites via the reconstruction of related metabolic pathways. We here introduce the MarVis-Pathway tool, which allows the user to identify metabolites by annotation of pathways from cross-omics data. The analysis is supported by an extensive framework for pathway enrichment and meta-analysis. The tool allows the mapping of data set features by ID, name, and accurate mass, and can incorporate information from adduct and isotope correction of mass spectrometry data. MarVis-Pathway was integrated in the MarVis-Suite (http://marvis.gobics.de), which features the seamless highly interactive filtering, combination, clustering, and visualization of omics data sets. The functionality of the new software tool is illustrated using combined mass spectrometry and DNA microarray data. This application confirms jasmonate biosynthesis as important metabolic pathway that is upregulated during the wound response of Arabidopsis plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kaever
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alina Mosblech
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Morgenstern
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Meinicke
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Nägele T. Linking metabolomics data to underlying metabolic regulation. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:22. [PMID: 25988163 PMCID: PMC4428386 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive experimental analysis of a metabolic constitution plays a central role in approaches of organismal systems biology. Quantifying the impact of a changing environment on the homeostasis of cellular metabolism has been the focus of numerous studies applying various metabolomics techniques. It has been proven that approaches which integrate different analytical techniques, e.g., LC-MS, GC-MS, CE-MS and H-NMR, can provide a comprehensive picture of a certain metabolic homeostasis. Identification of metabolic compounds and quantification of metabolite levels represent the groundwork for the analysis of regulatory strategies in cellular metabolism. This significantly promotes our current understanding of the molecular organization and regulation of cells, tissues and whole organisms. Nevertheless, it is demanding to elicit the pertinent information which is contained in metabolomics data sets. Based on the central dogma of molecular biology, metabolite levels and their fluctuations are the result of a directed flux of information from gene activation over transcription to translation and posttranslational modification. Hence, metabolomics data represent the summed output of a metabolic system comprising various levels of molecular organization. As a consequence, the inverse assignment of metabolomics data to underlying regulatory processes should yield information which—if deciphered correctly—provides comprehensive insight into a metabolic system. Yet, the deduction of regulatory principles is complex not only due to the high number of metabolic compounds, but also because of a high level of cellular compartmentalization and differentiation. Motivated by the question how metabolomics approaches can provide a representative view on regulatory biochemical processes, this article intends to present and discuss current metabolomics applications, strategies of data analysis and their limitations with respect to the interpretability in context of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nägele
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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28
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Nakamura Y, Teo NZW, Shui G, Chua CHL, Cheong WF, Parameswaran S, Koizumi R, Ohta H, Wenk MR, Ito T. Transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles of glycerolipids during Arabidopsis flower development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:310-322. [PMID: 24684726 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flower glycerolipids are the yet-to-be discovered frontier of the lipidome. Although ample evidence suggests important roles for glycerolipids in flower development, stage-specific lipid profiling in tiny Arabidopsis flowers is challenging. Here, we utilized a transgenic system to synchronize flower development in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plant PAP1::AP1-GR ap1-1 cal-5 showed synchronized flower development upon dexamethasone treatment, which enabled massive harvesting of floral samples of homogenous developmental stages for glycerolipid profiling. Glycerolipid profiling revealed a decrease in concentrations of phospholipids involved in signaling during the early development stages, such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, and a marked increase in concentrations of nonphosphorous galactolipids during the late stage. Moreover, in the midstage, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration was increased transiently, which suggests the stimulation of the phosphoinositide metabolism. Accompanying transcriptomic profiling of relevant glycerolipid metabolic genes revealed simultaneous induction of multiple phosphoinositide biosynthetic genes associated with the increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration, with a high degree of differential expression patterns for genes encoding other glycerolipid-metabolic genes. The phosphatidic acid phosphatase mutant pah1 pah2 showed flower developmental defect, suggesting a role for phosphatidic acid in flower development. Our concurrent profiling of glycerolipids and relevant metabolic gene expression revealed distinct metabolic pathways stimulated at different stages of flower development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, A-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore city, 117456, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, 117604, Singapore
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