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Yugueros SI, Peláez J, Stajich JE, Fuertes-Rabanal M, Sánchez-Vallet A, Largo-Gosens A, Mélida H. Study of fungal cell wall evolution through its monosaccharide composition: An insight into fungal species interacting with plants. Cell Surf 2024; 11:100127. [PMID: 38873189 PMCID: PMC11170279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Every fungal cell is encapsulated in a cell wall, essential for cell viability, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. Most knowledge of the cell wall composition in fungi has focused on ascomycetes, especially human pathogens, but considerably less is known about early divergent fungal groups, such as species in the Zoopagomycota and Mucoromycota phyla. To shed light on evolutionary changes in the fungal cell wall, we studied the monosaccharide composition of the cell wall of 18 species including early diverging fungi and species in the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota phyla with a focus on those with pathogenic lifestyles and interactions with plants. Our data revealed that chitin is the most characteristic component of the fungal cell wall, and was found to be in a higher proportion in the early divergent groups. The Mucoromycota species possess few glucans, but instead have other monosaccharides such as fucose and glucuronic acid that are almost exclusively found in their cell walls. Additionally, we observed that hexoses (glucose, mannose and galactose) accumulate in much higher proportions in species belonging to Dikarya. Our data demonstrate a clear relationship between phylogenetic position and fungal cell wall carbohydrate composition and lay the foundation for a better understanding of their evolution and their role in plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I. Yugueros
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Jorge Peláez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - María Fuertes-Rabanal
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Zhang H, Wen SH, Li PH, Lu LY, Yang X, Zhang CJ, Guo LY, Wang D, Zhu XQ. LysM protein BdLM1 of Botryosphaeria dothidea plays an important role in full virulence and inhibits plant immunity by binding chitin and protecting hyphae from hydrolysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1320980. [PMID: 38259918 PMCID: PMC10800735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1320980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dothidea infects hundreds of woody plants and causes a severe economic loss to apple production. In this study, we characterized BdLM1, a protein from B. dothidea that contains one LysM domain. BdLM1 expression was dramatically induced at 6 h post-inoculation in wounded apple fruit, strongly increased at 7 d post-inoculation (dpi), and peaked at 20 dpi in intact shoots. The knockout mutants of BdLM1 had significantly reduced virulence on intact apple shoots (20%), wounded apple shoots (40%), and wounded apple fruit (40%). BdLM1 suppressed programmed cell death caused by the mouse protein BAX through Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, reduced H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition, downregulated resistance gene expression, and promoted Phytophthora nicotianae infection in N. benthamiana. Moreover, BdLM1 inhibited the active oxygen burst induced by chitin and flg22, bound chitin, and protected fungal hyphae against degradation by hydrolytic enzymes. Taken together, our results indicate that BdLM1 is an essential LysM effector required for the full virulence of B. dothidea and that it inhibits plant immunity. Moreover, BdLM1 could inhibit chitin-triggered plant immunity through a dual role, i.e., binding chitin and protecting fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-hui Wen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-hang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu-yi Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-jie Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-yun Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-qiong Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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Waqar S, Bhat AA, Khan AA. Endophytic fungi: Unravelling plant-endophyte interaction and the multifaceted role of fungal endophytes in stress amelioration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108174. [PMID: 38070242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi colonize interior plant tissue and mostly form mutualistic associations with their host plant. Plant-endophyte interaction is a complex mechanism and is currently a focus of research to understand the underlying mechanism of endophyte asymptomatic colonization, the process of evading plant immune response, modulation of gene expression, and establishment of a balanced mutualistic relationship. Fungal endophytes rely on plant hosts for nutrients, shelter, and transmission and improve the host plant's tolerance against biotic stresses, including -herbivores, nematodes, bacterial, fungal, viral, nematode, and other phytopathogens. Endophytic fungi have been reported to improve plant health by reducing and eradicating the harmful effect of phytopathogens through competition for space or nutrients, mycoparasitism, and through direct or indirect defense systems by producing secondary metabolites as well as by induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally, for efficient crop improvement, practicing them would be a fruitful step for a sustainable approach. This review article summarizes the current research progress in plant-endophyte interaction and the fungal endophyte mechanism to overcome host defense responses, their subsequent colonization, and the establishment of a balanced mutualistic interaction with host plants. This review also highlighted the potential of fungal endophytes in the amelioration of biotic stress. We have also discussed the relevance of various bioactive compounds possessing antimicrobial potential against a variety of agricultural pathogens. Furthermore, endophyte-mediated ISR is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waqar
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Wanke A, van Boerdonk S, Mahdi LK, Wawra S, Neidert M, Chandrasekar B, Saake P, Saur IML, Derbyshire P, Holton N, Menke FLH, Brands M, Pauly M, Acosta IF, Zipfel C, Zuccaro A. A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein enhances colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5071-5084.e7. [PMID: 37977140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions, acting as robust physical and chemical barriers against invaders. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility. Furthermore, plants and fungi secrete glycan hydrolases acting on each other's cell walls. These enzymes release various sugar oligomers into the apoplast, some of which activate host immunity via surface receptors. Recent characterization of cell walls from plant-colonizing fungi has emphasized the abundance of β-glucans in different cell wall layers, which makes them suitable targets for recognition. To characterize host components involved in immunity against fungi, we performed a protein pull-down with the biotinylated β-glucan laminarin. Thereby, we identified a plant glycoside hydrolase family 81-type glucan-binding protein (GBP) as a β-glucan interactor. Mutation of GBP1 and its only paralog, GBP2, in barley led to decreased colonization by the beneficial root endophytes Serendipita indica and S. vermifera, as well as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The reduction of colonization was accompanied by enhanced responses at the host cell wall, including an extension of callose-containing cell wall appositions. Moreover, GBP mutation in barley also reduced fungal biomass in roots by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana and inhibited the penetration success of the obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria hordei. These results indicate that GBP1 is involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi-a role that has potentially been appropriated by barley-adapted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivan F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany.
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Rovenich H, Thomma BPHJ. Battle of the bugs: how an oomycete pathogen shapes the microbiota of its host. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2064-2066. [PMID: 37430388 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Gómez‐Pérez et al. (2023), 239: 2320–2334.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Rovenich
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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Rocafort M, Srivastava V, Bowen JK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Guo Y, Bulone V, Plummer KM, Sutherland PW, Anderson MA, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Cell Wall Carbohydrate Dynamics during the Differentiation of Infection Structures by the Apple Scab Fungus, Venturia inaequalis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0421922. [PMID: 37039647 PMCID: PMC10269774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04219-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples. During infection, V. inaequalis colonizes the subcuticular host environment, where it develops specialized infection structures called runner hyphae and stromata. These structures are thought to be involved in nutrient acquisition and effector (virulence factor) delivery, but also give rise to conidia that further the infection cycle. Despite their importance, very little is known about how these structures are differentiated. Likewise, nothing is known about how these structures are protected from host defenses or recognition by the host immune system. To better understand these processes, we first performed a glycosidic linkage analysis of sporulating tubular hyphae from V. inaequalis developed in culture. This analysis revealed that the V. inaequalis cell wall is mostly composed of glucans (44%) and mannans (37%), whereas chitin represents a much smaller proportion (4%). Next, we used transcriptomics and confocal laser scanning microscopy to provide insights into the cell wall carbohydrate composition of runner hyphae and stromata. These analyses revealed that, during subcuticular host colonization, genes of V. inaequalis putatively associated with the biosynthesis of immunogenic carbohydrates, such as chitin and β-1,6-glucan, are downregulated relative to growth in culture, while on the surface of runner hyphae and stromata, chitin is deacetylated to the less-immunogenic carbohydrate chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable the subcuticular differentiation of runner hyphae and stromata by V. inaequalis, as well as to protect these structures from host defenses and recognition by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE Plant-pathogenic fungi are a major threat to food security. Among these are subcuticular pathogens, which often cause latent asymptomatic infections, making them difficult to control. A key feature of these pathogens is their ability to differentiate specialized subcuticular infection structures that, to date, remain largely understudied. This is typified by Venturia inaequalis, which causes scab, the most economically important disease of apples. In this study, we show that, during subcuticular host colonization, V. inaequalis downregulates genes associated with the biosynthesis of two immunogenic cell wall carbohydrates, chitin and β-1,6-glucan, and coats its subcuticular infection structures with a less-immunogenic carbohydrate, chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable host colonization by V. inaequalis and provide a foundation for understanding subcuticular host colonization by other plant-pathogenic fungi. Such an understanding is important, as it may inform the development of novel control strategies against subcuticular plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna K. Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara M. Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Food, Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kim M. Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul W. Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marilyn A. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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De Coninck T, Van Damme EJ. Plant lectins: Handymen at the cell surface. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100091. [PMID: 36465479 PMCID: PMC9713479 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins and are involved in a multitude of biological functions. Lectins at the surface of plant cells often occur as lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLK) anchored to the plasma membrane. These LecRLKs are part of the plant's pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) system enabling the plant to perceive threats and respond adequately. Furthermore, plant lectins also occur as secreted proteins, which are associated with stress signalling and defence. The aim of this short review is to provide a general perspective on plant lectins and their role at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory for Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J.M. Van Damme
- Laboratory for Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Tian H, Fiorin GL, Kombrink A, Mesters JR, Thomma BPHJ. Fungal dual-domain LysM effectors undergo chitin-induced intermolecular, and not intramolecular, dimerization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2033-2044. [PMID: 35997573 PMCID: PMC9614474 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a homopolymer of β-(1,4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and a major structural component of fungal cell walls. In plants, chitin acts as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) that is recognized by lysin motif (LysM)-containing plant cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that activate a plethora of downstream immune responses. To deregulate chitin-induced plant immunity and successfully establish infection, many fungal pathogens secrete LysM domain-containing effector proteins during host colonization. The LysM effector Ecp6 from the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf mold fungus Cladosporium fulvum can outcompete plant PRRs for chitin binding because two of its three LysM domains cooperate to form a composite groove with ultra-high (pM) chitin-binding affinity. However, most functionally characterized LysM effectors contain only two LysMs, including Magnaporthe oryzae MoSlp1, Verticillium dahliae Vd2LysM, and Colletotrichum higginsianum ChElp1 and ChElp2. Here, we performed modeling, structural, and functional analyses to investigate whether such dual-domain LysM effectors can also form ultra-high chitin-binding affinity grooves through intramolecular LysM dimerization. However, our study suggests that intramolecular LysM dimerization does not occur. Rather, our data support the occurrence of intermolecular LysM dimerization for these effectors, associated with a substantially lower chitin binding affinity than monitored for Ecp6. Interestingly, the intermolecular LysM dimerization allows for the formation of polymeric complexes in the presence of chitin. Possibly, such polymers may precipitate at infection sites to eliminate chitin oligomers, and thus suppress the activation of chitin-induced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel L Fiorin
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Kombrink
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Astafyeva Y, Gurschke M, Streit WR, Krohn I. Interplay between the microalgae Micrasterias radians and its symbiont Dyadobacter sp. HH091. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006609. [PMID: 36312980 PMCID: PMC9606717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on previous research, related to detailed insight into mutualistic collaboration of microalga and its microbiome, we established an artificial plant-bacteria system of the microalga Micrasterias radians MZCH 672 and the bacterial isolate Dyadobacter sp. HH091. The bacteria, affiliated with the phylum Bacteroidota, strongly stimulated growth of the microalga when it was added to axenic algal cultures. For further advances, we studied the isolate HH091 and its interaction with the microalga M. radians using transcriptome and extensive genome analyses. The genome of HH091 contains predicted polysaccharide utilizing gene clusters co-working with the type IX secretion system (T9SS) and conceivably involved in the algae-bacteria liaison. Here, we focus on characterizing the mechanism of T9SS, implementing the attachment and invasion of microalga by Dyadobacter sp. HH091. Omics analysis exposed T9SS genes: gldK, gldL, gldM, gldN, sprA, sprE, sprF, sprT, porU and porV. Besides, gld genes not considered as the T9SS components but required for gliding motility and protein secretion (gldA, gldB, gldD, gldF, gldG, gldH, gldI, gldJ), were also identified at this analysis. A first model of T9SS apparatus of Dyadobacter was proposed in a course of this research. Using the combination of fluorescence labeling of Dyadobacter sp. HH091, we examined the bacterial colonisation and penetration into the cell wall of the algal host M. radians MZCH 672.
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Unveiling the Secretome of the Fungal Plant Pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum Induced by In Vitro Host Mimicry. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090971. [PMID: 36135697 PMCID: PMC9505667 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neofusicoccum parvum is a fungal plant pathogen of a wide range of hosts but knowledge about the virulence factors of N. parvum and host-pathogen interactions is rather limited. The molecules involved in the interaction between N. parvum and Eucalyptus are mostly unknown, so we used a multi-omics approach to understand pathogen-host interactions. We present the first comprehensive characterization of the in vitro secretome of N. parvum and a prediction of protein-protein interactions using a dry-lab non-targeted interactomics strategy. We used LC-MS to identify N. parvum protein profiles, resulting in the identification of over 400 proteins, from which 117 had a different abundance in the presence of the Eucalyptus stem. Most of the more abundant proteins under host mimicry are involved in plant cell wall degradation (targeting pectin and hemicellulose) consistent with pathogen growth on a plant host. Other proteins identified are involved in adhesion to host tissues, penetration, pathogenesis, or reactive oxygen species generation, involving ribonuclease/ribotoxin domains, putative ricin B lectins, and necrosis elicitors. The overexpression of chitosan synthesis proteins during interaction with the Eucalyptus stem reinforces the hypothesis of an infection strategy involving pathogen masking to avoid host defenses. Neofusicoccum parvum has the molecular apparatus to colonize the host but also actively feed on its living cells and induce necrosis suggesting that this species has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle.
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Zhang H, Kim MS, Huang J, Yan H, Yang T, Song L, Yu W, Shim WB. Transcriptome analysis of maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides revealed FvLcp1, a secreted protein with type-D fungal LysM and chitin-binding domains, that plays important roles in pathogenesis and mycotoxin production. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127195. [PMID: 36126492 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is a key maize pathogen and produces fumonisins, a group of mycotoxins detrimental to humans and animals. Unfortunately, our understanding on how this fungus interacts with maize to trigger mycotoxin biosynthesis is limited. We performed a systematic computational network-based analysis of large-scale F. verticillioides RNA-seq datasets to identify gene subnetwork modules associated with virulence and fumonisin regulation. F. verticillioides was inoculated on two different maize lines, moderately resistant line hybrid 33K44 and highly susceptible line maize inbred line B73, to generate time-course RNA-Seq data. Among the highly discriminative subnetwork modules, we identified a putative hub gene FvLCP1, which encodes a putative a type-D fungal LysM protein with a signal peptide, three LysM domains, and two chitin binding domains. FvLcp1 is a unique protein that harbors these domains amongst five representative Fusarium species. FvLcp1 is a secreted protein important for fumonisin production with the LysM domain playing a critical role. The chitin-binding domain was essential for in vitro chitin binding. Using Magnaporthe oryzae, we learned that FvLcp1 accumulates in appressoria, suggesting that FvLcp1 is involved in host recognition and infection. Full length FvLcp1 suppressed BAX-triggered plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. This unique type-D LysM secreted protein with a chitin-binding domain in F. verticillioides was shown to be potentially involved in suppressing host cell death and promoting fumonisin biosynthesis while the pathogen colonizes maize kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA.
| | - Man S Kim
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Huang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huijuan Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linlin Song
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Won Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA.
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12
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Pathogenicity Factors of Botryosphaeriaceae Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases: New Developments on Their Action on Grapevine Defense Responses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080951. [PMID: 36015071 PMCID: PMC9415585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi associated with the decay of a large number of woody plants with economic importance and causing particularly great losses in viticulture due to grapevine trunk diseases. In recent years, major advances in the knowledge of the pathogenicity factors of these pathogens have been made possible by the development of next-generation sequencing. This review highlights the knowledge gained on genes encoding small secreted proteins such as effectors, carbohydrate-associated enzymes, transporters and genes associated with secondary metabolism, their representativeness within the Botryosphaeriaceae family and their expression during grapevine infection. These pathogenicity factors are particularly expressed during host-pathogen interactions, facilitating fungal development and nutrition, wood colonization, as well as manipulating defense pathways and inducing impacts at the cellular level and phytotoxicity. This work highlights the need for further research to continue the effort to elucidate the pathogenicity mechanisms of this family of fungi infecting grapevine in order to improve the development of control methods and varietal resistance and to reduce the development and the effects of the disease on grapevine harvest quality and yield.
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13
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Chandrasekar B, Wanke A, Wawra S, Saake P, Mahdi L, Charura N, Neidert M, Poschmann G, Malisic M, Thiele M, Stühler K, Dama M, Pauly M, Zuccaro A. Fungi hijack a ubiquitous plant apoplastic endoglucanase to release a ROS scavenging β-glucan decasaccharide to subvert immune responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2765-2784. [PMID: 35441693 PMCID: PMC9252488 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic and beneficial fungi have evolved several strategies to evade immunity and cope with host-derived hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative stress in the apoplast, the extracellular space of plant tissues. Fungal hyphae are surrounded by an inner insoluble cell wall layer and an outer soluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix. Here, we show by proteomics and glycomics that these two layers have distinct protein and carbohydrate signatures, and hence likely have different biological functions. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) β-1,3-endoglucanase HvBGLUII, which belongs to the widely distributed apoplastic glycoside hydrolase 17 family (GH17), releases a conserved β-1,3;1,6-glucan decasaccharide (β-GD) from the EPS matrices of fungi with different lifestyles and taxonomic positions. This low molecular weight β-GD does not activate plant immunity, is resilient to further enzymatic hydrolysis by β-1,3-endoglucanases due to the presence of three β-1,6-linked glucose branches and can scavenge reactive oxygen species. Exogenous application of β-GD leads to enhanced fungal colonization in barley, confirming its role in the fungal counter-defensive strategy to subvert host immunity. Our data highlight the hitherto undescribed capacity of this often-overlooked EPS matrix from plant-associated fungi to act as an outer protective barrier important for fungal accommodation within the hostile environment at the apoplastic plant-microbe interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Wanke
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Mahdi
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nyasha Charura
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Milena Malisic
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Meik Thiele
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murali Dama
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Bradley EL, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Henrissat B, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Secreted Glycoside Hydrolase Proteins as Effectors and Invasion Patterns of Plant-Associated Fungi and Oomycetes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853106. [PMID: 35360318 PMCID: PMC8960721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During host colonization, plant-associated microbes, including fungi and oomycetes, deliver a collection of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to their cell surfaces and surrounding extracellular environments. The number and type of GHs secreted by each organism is typically associated with their lifestyle or mode of nutrient acquisition. Secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes serve a number of different functions, with many of them acting as virulence factors (effectors) to promote microbial host colonization. Specific functions involve, for example, nutrient acquisition, the detoxification of antimicrobial compounds, the manipulation of plant microbiota, and the suppression or prevention of plant immune responses. In contrast, secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes can also activate the plant immune system, either by acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as a consequence of their enzymatic activity. In this review, we highlight the critical roles that secreted GHs from plant-associated fungi and oomycetes play in plant-microbe interactions, provide an overview of existing knowledge gaps and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Bradley
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Carl H. Mesarich,
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15
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Wan J, He M, Hou Q, Zou L, Yang Y, Wei Y, Chen X. Cell wall associated immunity in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:3. [PMID: 37676546 PMCID: PMC10429498 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent infection by pathogens. In this review, we summarize advances on relationship between cell wall and immunity in plants. In particular, we outline current progresses regarding the regulation of the cell wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, on plant disease resistance. We also discuss the impacts of cell wall-derived cellodextrin, oligogalacturonic acid and xyloglucan/xylan oligosaccharides as potent elicitors or signal molecules to trigger plant immune response. We further propose future studies on dissecting the molecular regulation of cell wall on plant immunity, which have potentials in practical application of crop breeding aiming at improvement of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Ramachandran P, J BJ, Maupin-Furlow JA, Uthandi S. Bacterial effectors mimicking ubiquitin-proteasome pathway tweak plant immunity. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126810. [PMID: 34246833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria evade the host plant immune system by secreting Type III (T3E) and Type IV effector (T4E) proteins into the plant cytoplasm. Mostly T3Es are secreted into the plant cells to establish pathogenicity by affecting the vital plant process viz. metabolic pathways, signal transduction and hormonal regulation. Ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS) exists as one of the important pathways in plants to control plant immunity and various cellular processes by employing several enzymes and enzyme components. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria are found to secrete effectors into plants with structural and/or functional similarity to UPS pathway components like ubiquitin E3 ligases, F-box domains, cysteine proteases, inhibitor of host UPS or its components, etc. The bacterial effectors mimic UPS components and target plant resistance proteins for degradation by proteasomes, thereby taking control over the host cellular activities as a strategy to exert virulence. Thus, the bacterial effectors circumvent plant cellular pathways leading to infection and disease development. This review highlights known bacterial T3E and T4E proteins that function and interfere with the ubiquitination pathway to regulate the immune system of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Ramachandran
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beslin Joshi J
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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17
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Liu C, Talbot NJ, Chen XL. Protein glycosylation during infection by plant pathogenic fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1329-1335. [PMID: 33454977 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a conserved set of post-translational modifications that exists in all eukaryotic cells. During the last decade, the role of glycosylation in plant pathogenic fungi has received significant attention and considerable progress has been made especially in Ustilago maydis and Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors during plant infection by pathogenic fungi. We highlight the roles of these processes in regulatory mechanisms associated with appressorium formation, host penetration, biotrophic growth and immune evasion. We argue that improved knowledge of glycosylation pathways and the impact of these modifications on fungal pathogenesis is overdue and could provide novel strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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18
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Rebaque D, del Hierro I, López G, Bacete L, Vilaplana F, Dallabernardina P, Pfrengle F, Jordá L, Sánchez‐Vallet A, Pérez R, Brunner F, Molina A, Mélida H. Cell wall-derived mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:601-615. [PMID: 33544927 PMCID: PMC8252745 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is activated in plants upon recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of damage- and microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and MAMPs) derived from plants or microorganisms, respectively. To understand better the plant mechanisms involved in the perception of carbohydrate-based structures recognized as DAMPs/MAMPs, we have studied the ability of mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans (MLGs), present in some plant and microbial cell walls, to trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. A range of MLG structures were tested for their capacity to induce PTI hallmarks, such as cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations, reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and gene transcriptional reprogramming. These analyses revealed that MLG oligosaccharides are perceived by Arabidopsis thaliana and identified a trisaccharide, β-d-cellobiosyl-(1,3)-β-d-glucose (MLG43), as the smallest MLG structure triggering strong PTI responses. These MLG43-mediated PTI responses are partially dependent on LysM PRRs CERK1, LYK4 and LYK5, as they were weaker in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 mutants than in wild-type plants. Cross-elicitation experiments between MLG43 and the carbohydrate MAMP chitohexaose [β-1,4-d-(GlcNAc)6 ], which is also perceived by these LysM PRRs, indicated that the mechanism of MLG43 recognition could differ from that of chitohexaose, which is fully impaired in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 plants. MLG43 treatment confers enhanced disease resistance in A. thaliana to the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and in tomato and pepper to different bacterial and fungal pathogens. Our data support the classification of MLGs as a group of carbohydrate-based molecular patterns that are perceived by plants and trigger immune responses and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rebaque
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Irene del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
- Present address:
Institute for BiologyFaculty of Natural SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of GlycoscienceSchool of BiotechnologyRoyal Institute of Technology (KTH)StockholmSweden
| | - Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Andrea Sánchez‐Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Rosa Pérez
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Present address:
Área de Fisiología VegetalDepartamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de LeónLeónSpain
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19
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Wanke A, Malisic M, Wawra S, Zuccaro A. Unraveling the sugar code: the role of microbial extracellular glycans in plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:15-35. [PMID: 32929496 PMCID: PMC7816849 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To defend against microbial invaders but also to establish symbiotic programs, plants need to detect the presence of microbes through the perception of molecular signatures characteristic of a whole class of microbes. Among these molecular signatures, extracellular glycans represent a structurally complex and diverse group of biomolecules that has a pivotal role in the molecular dialog between plants and microbes. Secreted glycans and glycoconjugates such as symbiotic lipochitooligosaccharides or immunosuppressive cyclic β-glucans act as microbial messengers that prepare the ground for host colonization. On the other hand, microbial cell surface glycans are important indicators of microbial presence. They are conserved structures normally exposed and thus accessible for plant hydrolytic enzymes and cell surface receptor proteins. While the immunogenic potential of bacterial cell surface glycoconjugates such as lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycan has been intensively studied in the past years, perception of cell surface glycans from filamentous microbes such as fungi or oomycetes is still largely unexplored. To date, only few studies have focused on the role of fungal-derived cell surface glycans other than chitin, highlighting a knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. The objective of this review is to give an overview on the biological functions and perception of microbial extracellular glycans, primarily focusing on their recognition and their contribution to plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Milena Malisic
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
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20
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Zhou Y, Jing M, Levy A, Wang H, Jiang S, Dou D. Molecular mechanism of nanochitin whisker elicits plant resistance against Phytophthora and the receptors in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2660-2667. [PMID: 33096175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rod-like nanochitin (NC) whisker with cationic nature has a strong synergistic effect with fungicides on inhibition of tobacco root rot disease. This study we explored the activity of NC against Phytophthora and the mechanism for eliciting plant defense response and the receptors in planta. P. capsici isolates, model Nicotiana benthamiana plants and Arabidopsis thaliana were treated with 0.005% of NC suspension and 1 μM of flg22. Infection control efficacy against P. capsici isolates, biosynthetic enzyme activities and the PR genes expression were determined at different hours post treatment in plant. The infection control efficacy, ROS generation, and PTI maker gene expression were re-analyzed in A. thaliana Col-0, bak1 and cerk1 mutants. The results showed that NC did not exhibit inhibitory effect on vegetative growth of P. capsici, but enhanced the resistance against P. capsici by systemically enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and PR gene expression. P. capsici resistance, PTI maker gene promotion, and ROS production in A. thaliana induced by NC depended not only on chitin receptor CERK1, but also BAK1. NC and flg22 induced oomycete immunity through a mechanism of a cross-microbe protection via the BAK1-CERK1 pathway in plant, pointing to the complexity of the plant immunity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Hezhong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Shijun Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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21
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Mélida H, Bacete L, Ruprecht C, Rebaque D, del Hierro I, López G, Brunner F, Pfrengle F, Molina A. Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharides Act as Damage Associated Molecular Patterns in Plants Regulating Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1210. [PMID: 32849751 PMCID: PMC7427311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses in plants can be triggered by damage/microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) upon recognition by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). DAMPs are signaling molecules synthesized by plants or released from host cellular structures (e.g., plant cell walls) upon pathogen infection or wounding. Despite the hypothesized important role of plant cell wall-derived DAMPs in plant-pathogen interactions, a very limited number of these DAMPs are well characterized. Recent work demonstrated that pectin-enriched cell wall fractions extracted from the cell wall mutant impaired in Arabidopsis Response Regulator 6 (arr6), that showed altered disease resistance to several pathogens, triggered more intense immune responses than those activated by similar cell wall fractions from wild-type plants. It was hypothesized that arr6 cell wall fractions could be differentially enriched in DAMPs. In this work, we describe the characterization of the previous immune-active fractions of arr6 showing the highest triggering capacities upon further fractionation by chromatographic means. These analyses pointed to a role of pentose-based oligosaccharides triggering plant immune responses. The characterization of several pentose-based oligosaccharide structures revealed that β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides of specific degrees of polymerization and carrying arabinose decorations are sensed as DAMPs by plants. Moreover, the pentasaccharide 33-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-xylotetraose (XA3XX) was found as a highly active DAMP structure triggering strong immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana and enhancing crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Diego Rebaque
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- PlantResponse Biotech S.L., Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Irene del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- PlantResponse Biotech S.L., Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Harishchandra DL, Zhang W, Li X, Chethana KWT, Hyde KD, Brooks S, Yan J, Peng J. A LysM Domain-Containing Protein LtLysM1 Is Important for Vegetative Growth and Pathogenesis in Woody Plant Pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:323-334. [PMID: 32788891 PMCID: PMC7403516 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.05.2020.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif (LysM) proteins are reported to be necessary for the virulence and immune response suppression in many herbaceous plant pathogens, while far less is documented in woody plant pathogens. In this study, we preliminarily characterized the molecular function of a LysM protein LtLysM1 in woody plant pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Transcriptional profiles revealed that LtLysM1 is highly expressed at infectious stages, especially at 36 and 48 hours post inoculation. Amino acid sequence analyses revealed that LtLysM1 was a putative glycoprotein with 10 predicted N-glycosylation sites and one LysM domain. Pathogenicity tests showed that overexpressed transformants of LtLysM1 displayed increased virulence on grapevine shoots in comparison with that of wild type CSS-01s, and RNAi transformants of LtLysM1 exhibited significantly decreased lesion length when compared with that of wild type CSS-01s. Moreover, LtLysM1 was confirmed to be a secreted protein by a yeast signal peptide trap assay. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana together with protein immunoblotting confirmed that LtLysM1 was an N-glycosylated protein. In contrast to previously reported LysM protein Slp1 and OsCEBiP, LtLysM1 molecule did not interact with itself based on yeast two hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. These results indicate that LtLysM1 is a secreted protein and functions as a critical virulence factor during the disease symptom development in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulanjalee Lakmali Harishchandra
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | | | - Kevin David Hyde
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Siraprapa Brooks
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Jiye Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Junbo Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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23
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Rocafort M, Fudal I, Mesarich CH. Apoplastic effector proteins of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:9-19. [PMID: 32247857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of an interaction between a plant and a fungus or an oomycete, whether compatibility or incompatibility, is often determined in the hostile extracellular spaces and matrices of the apoplast. Indeed, for compatibility to occur, many plant-associated fungi and oomycetes must first neutralize the apoplast, which is both monitored by plant cell-surface immune receptors, and enriched in plant (and frequently, competitor)-derived antimicrobial compounds. Research is highlighting the diverse roles that fungal and oomycete effector proteins play in the apoplast to promote compatibility, with most recent progress made towards understanding the role of these proteins in evading chitin-triggered immunity. Research is also showcasing the ability of apoplastic effector proteins to bring about incompatibility upon recognition by diverse plant cell-surface immune receptors, and the use of effectoromics to rapidly identify apoplastic effector protein-cell-surface immune receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR BIOGER, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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24
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Deng S, Yao C, Zhang X, Jia Z, Shan C, Luo X, Lin L. Involvement of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Verticillium dahliae in cell morphogenesis, stress responses, and host infection. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:648-660. [PMID: 32540188 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP, EC 2.7.7.9) is an essential enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi, the UGP gene is indispensable for normal cell development, polysaccharide synthesis, and stress response. However, the function of the UGP homolog in plant pathogenic fungi has been rarely explored during pathogenesis. In this study, we characterize a UGP homolog named VdUGP from Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungus that causes plant vascular wilt. In comparison with wild-type strain V07DF2 and complementation strains, the VdUGP knocked down mutant 24C9 exhibited sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (perturbing membrane integrity) and high sodium chloride concentration (high osmotic pressure stress). More than 25 % of the conidia of the mutant developed into short and swollen hypha and formed hyperbranching and compact colonies. The mutant exhibited decreased virulence on cotton and tobacco seedlings. Further investigation determined that the germination of the mutant spores was significantly delayed compared with the wild-type strain on the host roots. RNA-seq analysis revealed that a considerable number of genes encoding secreted proteins and carbohydrate-active enzymes were significantly downregulated in the mutant at an early stage of infection compared with those of the wild-type strain. RNA-seq data indicated that mutation affected many Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways both in the pathogen and in the inoculated plants at the infection stage. These alterations of the mutant in cultural phenotypes, virulence, and gene expression profiles clearly indicated that VdUGP played important roles in fungal cell morphogenesis, stress responses, and host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Chuanfei Yao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhaozhao Jia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Chenyang Shan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Ling Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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25
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Sánchez-Vallet A, Tian H, Rodriguez-Moreno L, Valkenburg DJ, Saleem-Batcha R, Wawra S, Kombrink A, Verhage L, de Jonge R, van Esse HP, Zuccaro A, Croll D, Mesters JR, Thomma BPHJ. A secreted LysM effector protects fungal hyphae through chitin-dependent homodimer polymerization. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008652. [PMID: 32574207 PMCID: PMC7337405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants trigger immune responses upon recognition of fungal cell wall chitin, followed by the release of various antimicrobials, including chitinase enzymes that hydrolyze chitin. In turn, many fungal pathogens secrete LysM effectors that prevent chitin recognition by the host through scavenging of chitin oligomers. We previously showed that intrachain LysM dimerization of the Cladosporium fulvum effector Ecp6 confers an ultrahigh-affinity binding groove that competitively sequesters chitin oligomers from host immune receptors. Additionally, particular LysM effectors are found to protect fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis during host colonization. However, the molecular basis for the protection of fungal cell walls against hydrolysis remained unclear. Here, we determined a crystal structure of the single LysM domain-containing effector Mg1LysM of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and reveal that Mg1LysM is involved in the formation of two kinds of dimers; a chitin-dependent dimer as well as a chitin-independent homodimer. In this manner, Mg1LysM gains the capacity to form a supramolecular structure by chitin-induced oligomerization of chitin-independent Mg1LysM homodimers, a property that confers protection to fungal cell walls against host chitinases. Chitin plays a central role in plant-fungi interactions, since it is a major component of the fungal cell wall that is targeted by host hydrolytic enzymes to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens on the one hand, and release chitin fragments that are recognized by host immune receptors to activate further immune responses on the other hand. In turn, many fungal pathogens secrete chitin binding LysM effectors to which currently two functions have been assigned. Most LysM effectors that were functionally characterized to date function to prevent chitin recognition by host immune receptors through chitin sequestration. Additionally, some LysM effectors were shown to protect fungal hyphae against hydrolysis by host chitinases. The crystal structure of Mg1LysM from the Septoria blotch pathogen of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, revealed that chitin-induced dimerization of two Mg1LysM protomers through high affinity binding is required for hyphal protection against chitinases. Since Mg1LysM also forms ligand-independent homodimers, a supramolecular structure can be formed in which chitin-induced oligomerization of Mg1LysM ligand-independent homodimers form a contiguous Mg1LysM higher ordered structure that is anchored to the chitin in the fungal cell wall to prevent hydrolysis by host chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Tian
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Valkenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Kombrink
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Verhage
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. Peter van Esse
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Croll
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen R. Mesters
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail: (JRM); (BPHJT)
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University& Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail: (JRM); (BPHJT)
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26
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de Vries S, Stukenbrock EH, Rose LE. Rapid evolution in plant-microbe interactions - an evolutionary genomics perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1256-1262. [PMID: 31997351 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Access to greater genomic resolution through new sequencing technologies is transforming the field of plant pathology. As scientists embrace these new methods, some overarching patterns and observations come into focus. Evolutionary genomic studies are used to determine not only the origins of pathogen lineages and geographic patterns of genetic diversity, but also to discern how natural selection structures genetic variation across the genome. With greater and greater resolution, we can now pinpoint the targets of selection on a large scale. At multiple levels, crypsis and convergent evolution are evident. Host jumps and shifts may be more pervasive than once believed, and hybridization and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) likely play important roles in the emergence of genetic novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- The Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garden 9-11, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Wanke A, Rovenich H, Schwanke F, Velte S, Becker S, Hehemann JH, Wawra S, Zuccaro A. Plant species-specific recognition of long and short β-1,3-linked glucans is mediated by different receptor systems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1142-1156. [PMID: 31925978 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants survey their environment for the presence of potentially harmful or beneficial microbes. During colonization, cell surface receptors perceive microbe-derived or modified-self ligands and initiate appropriate responses. The recognition of fungal chitin oligomers and the subsequent activation of plant immunity are well described. In contrast, the mechanisms underlying β-glucan recognition and signaling activation remain largely unexplored. Here, we systematically tested immune responses towards different β-glucan structures and show that responses vary between plant species. While leaves of the monocots Hordeum vulgare and Brachypodium distachyon can recognize longer (laminarin) and shorter (laminarihexaose) β-1,3-glucans with responses of varying intensity, duration and timing, leaves of the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana activate immunity in response to long β-1,3-glucans, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsella rubella perceive short β-1,3-glucans. Hydrolysis of the β-1,6 side-branches of laminarin demonstrated that not the glycosidic decoration but rather the degree of polymerization plays a pivotal role in the recognition of long-chain β-glucans. Moreover, in contrast to the recognition of short β-1,3-glucans in A. thaliana, perception of long β-1,3-glucans in N. benthamiana and rice is independent of CERK1, indicating that β-glucan recognition may be mediated by multiple β-glucan receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Schwanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Velte
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Liu C, Xing J, Cai X, Hendy A, He W, Yang J, Huang J, Peng YL, Ryder L, Chen XL. GPI7-mediated glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring regulates appressorial penetration and immune evasion during infection of Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2581-2595. [PMID: 32064718 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring plays key roles in many biological processes by targeting proteins to the cell wall; however, its roles are largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we reveal the roles of the GPI anchoring in Magnaporthe oryzae during plant infection. The GPI-anchored proteins were found to highly accumulate in appressoria and invasive hyphae. Disruption of GPI7, a GPI anchor-pathway gene, led to a significant reduction in virulence. The Δgpi7 mutant showed significant defects in penetration and invasive growth. This mutant also displayed defects of the cell wall architecture, suggesting GPI7 is required for cell wall biogenesis. Removal of GPI-anchored proteins in the wild-type strain by hydrofluoric acid (HF) pyridine treatment exposed both the chitin and β-1,3-glucans to the host immune system. Exposure of the chitin and β-1,3-glucans was also observed in the Δgpi7 mutant, indicating GPI-anchored proteins are required for immune evasion. The GPI anchoring can regulate subcellular localization of the Gel proteins in the cell wall for appressorial penetration and abundance of which for invasive growth. Our results indicate the GPI anchoring facilitates the penetration of M. oryzae into host cells by affecting the cell wall integrity and the evasion of host immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ahmed Hendy
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhui He
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junbing Huang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lauren Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
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Zeng T, Rodriguez‐Moreno L, Mansurkhodzaev A, Wang P, van den Berg W, Gasciolli V, Cottaz S, Fort S, Thomma BPHJ, Bono J, Bisseling T, Limpens E. A lysin motif effector subverts chitin-triggered immunity to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:448-460. [PMID: 31596956 PMCID: PMC6916333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi greatly improve mineral uptake by host plants in nutrient-depleted soil and can intracellularly colonize root cortex cells in the vast majority of higher plants. However, AM fungi possess common fungal cell wall components such as chitin that can be recognized by plant chitin receptors to trigger immune responses, raising the question as to how AM fungi effectively evade chitin-triggered immune responses during symbiosis. In this study, we characterize a secreted lysin motif (LysM) effector identified from the model AM fungal species Rhizophagus irregularis, called RiSLM. RiSLM is one of the highest expressed effector proteins in intraradical mycelium during the symbiosis. In vitro binding assays show that RiSLM binds chitin-oligosaccharides and can protect fungal cell walls from chitinases. Moreover, RiSLM efficiently interferes with chitin-triggered immune responses, such as defence gene induction and reactive oxygen species production in Medicago truncatula. Although RiSLM also binds to symbiotic (lipo)chitooligosaccharides it does not interfere significantly with symbiotic signalling in Medicago. Host-induced gene silencing of RiSLM greatly reduces fungal colonization levels. Taken together, our results reveal a key role for AM fungal LysM effectors to subvert chitin-triggered immunity in symbiosis, pointing to a common role for LysM effectors in both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez‐Moreno
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Artem Mansurkhodzaev
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Willy van den Berg
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University & Research6708 WEWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvain Cottaz
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Sébastien Fort
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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30
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Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Tyśkiewicz R, Nowak A, Ozimek E, Majewska M, Hanaka A, Tyśkiewicz K, Pawlik A, Janusz G. Phytohormones (Auxin, Gibberellin) and ACC Deaminase In Vitro Synthesized by the Mycoparasitic Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 Strain and Changes in the Level of Auxin and Plant Resistance Markers in Wheat Seedlings Inoculated with this Strain Conidia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4923. [PMID: 31590281 PMCID: PMC6801869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hormonal balance and plant growth may be shaped by microorganisms synthesizing phytohormones, regulating its synthesis in the plant and inducing plant resistance by releasing elicitors from cell walls (CW) by degrading enzymes (CWDE). It was shown that the Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 strain, isolated from a healthy rye rhizosphere, colonized the rhizoplane of wheat seedlings and root border cells (RBC) and caused approximately 40% increase of stem weight. The strain inhibited (in over 90%) the growth of polyphagous Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. oxysporum, F. graminearum) phytopathogens through a mechanism of mycoparasitism. Chitinolytic and glucanolytic activity, strongly stimulated by CW of F. culmorum in the DEMTkZ3A0 liquid culture, is most likely responsible for the lysis of hyphae and macroconidia of phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. as well as the release of plant resistance elicitors. In DEMTkZ3A0 inoculated plants, an increase in the activity of the six tested plant resistance markers and a decrease in the concentration of indoleacetic acid (IAA) auxin were noted. IAA and gibberellic acid (GA) but also the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase (ACCD) enzyme regulating ethylene production by plant were synthesized by DEMTkZ3A0 in the liquid culture. IAA synthesis was dependent on tryptophan and negatively correlated with temperature, whereas GA synthesis was positively correlated with the biomass and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Renata Tyśkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska St. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Artur Nowak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ozimek
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Majewska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Ave. 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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31
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Silva RN, Monteiro VN, Steindorff AS, Gomes EV, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ. Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:565-583. [PMID: 31345411 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Large losses before crop harvesting are caused by plant pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes. Among these, fungi are the major cause of losses in agriculture worldwide. Plant pathogens are still controlled through application of agrochemicals, causing human disease and impacting environmental and food security. Biological control provides a safe alternative for the control of fungal plant pathogens, because of the ability of biocontrol agents to establish in the ecosystem. Some Trichoderma spp. are considered potential agents in the control of fungal plant diseases. They can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, Trichoderma can directly kill fungal plant pathogens by antibiosis, as well as via mycoparasitism strategies. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between Trichoderma/fungal pathogens/plants during the pre-harvest of crops. In addition, we will highlight how these interactions can influence crop production and food security. Finally, we will describe the future of crop production using antimicrobial peptides, plants carrying pathogen-derived resistance, and plantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valdirene Neves Monteiro
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technologies, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anapolis, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biofunctional, Center of Higher Education Morgana Potrich Eireli, Morgana Potrich College, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Cirano J Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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32
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Wawra S, Fesel P, Widmer H, Neumann U, Lahrmann U, Becker S, Hehemann JH, Langen G, Zuccaro A. FGB1 and WSC3 are in planta-induced β-glucan-binding fungal lectins with different functions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1493-1506. [PMID: 30688363 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the root endophyte Serendipita indica, several lectin-like members of the expanded multigene family of WSC proteins are transcriptionally induced in planta and are potentially involved in β-glucan remodeling at the fungal cell wall. Using biochemical and cytological approaches we show that one of these lectins, SiWSC3 with three WSC domains, is an integral fungal cell wall component that binds to long-chain β1-3-glucan but has no affinity for shorter β1-3- or β1-6-linked glucose oligomers. Comparative analysis with the previously identified β-glucan-binding lectin SiFGB1 demonstrated that whereas SiWSC3 does not require β1-6-linked glucose for efficient binding to branched β1-3-glucan, SiFGB1 does. In contrast to SiFGB1, the multivalent SiWSC3 lectin can efficiently agglutinate fungal cells and is additionally induced during fungus-fungus confrontation, suggesting different functions for these two β-glucan-binding lectins. Our results highlight the importance of the β-glucan cell wall component in plant-fungus interactions and the potential of β-glucan-binding lectins as specific detection tools for fungi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wawra
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Philipp Fesel
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Heidi Widmer
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy (CeMic), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Urs Lahrmann
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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33
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Mohd-Assaad N, McDonald BA, Croll D. The emergence of the multi-species NIP1 effector in Rhynchosporium was accompanied by high rates of gene duplications and losses. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2677-2695. [PMID: 30838748 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate the host and facilitate infection. Cognate hosts trigger strong defence responses upon detection of these effectors. Consequently, pathogens and hosts undergo rapid coevolutionary arms races driven by adaptive evolution of effectors and receptors. Because of their high rate of turnover, most effectors are thought to be species-specific and the evolutionary trajectories are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the necrosis-inducing protein 1 (NIP1) effector in the multihost pathogen genus Rhynchosporium. We retraced the evolutionary history of the NIP1 locus using whole-genome assemblies of 146 strains covering four closely related species. NIP1 orthologues were present in all species but the locus consistently segregated presence-absence polymorphisms suggesting long-term balancing selection. We also identified previously unknown paralogues of NIP1 that were shared among multiple species and showed substantial copy-number variation within R. commune. The NIP1A paralogue was under significant positive selection suggesting that NIP1A is the dominant effector variant coevolving with host immune receptors. Consistent with this prediction, we found that copy number variation at NIP1A had a stronger effect on virulence than NIP1B. Our analyses unravelled the origins and diversification mechanisms of a pathogen effector family shedding light on how pathogens gain adaptive genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfarhan Mohd-Assaad
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH, Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH, Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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34
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Monakhova YB, Zailer E, Diehl BWK. Quality Control of Krill Oil by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Composition and Detection of Foreign Species. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1440402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B. Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
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35
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Chaliha C, Rugen MD, Field RA, Kalita E. Glycans as Modulators of Plant Defense Against Filamentous Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30022987 PMCID: PMC6039678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes utilize glycoconjugates as structural entities, energy reserves for cellular processes, and components of cellular recognition or binding events. The structural heterogeneity of carbohydrates in such systems is a result of the ability of the carbohydrate biosynthetic enzymes to reorient sugar monomers in a variety of forms, generating highly complex, linear, branched, or hierarchical structures. During the interaction between plants and their microbial pathogens, the microbial cell surface glycans, cell wall derived glycans, and glycoproteins stimulate the signaling cascades of plant immune responses, through a series of specific or broad spectrum recognition events. The microbial glycan-induced plant immune responses and the downstream modifications observed in host-plant glycan structures that combat the microbial attack have garnered immense interest among scientists in recent times. This has been enabled by technological advancements in the field of glycobiology, making it possible to study the ongoing co-evolution of the microbial and the corresponding host glycan structures, in greater detail. The new glycan analogs emerging in this evolutionary arms race brings about a fresh perspective to our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions. This review discusses the role of diverse classes of glycans and their derivatives including simple sugars, oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in relation to the activation of classical Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) and Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) defense responses in plants. While primarily encompassing the biological roles of glycans in modulating plant defense responses, this review categorizes glycans based on their structure, thereby enabling parallels to be drawn to other areas of glycobiology. Further, we examine how these molecules are currently being used to develop new bio-active molecules, potent as priming agents to stimulate plant defense response and as templates for designing environmentally friendly foliar sprays for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Chaliha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Michael D. Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eeshan Kalita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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36
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37
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Signaling through plant lectins: modulation of plant immunity and beyond. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:217-233. [PMID: 29472368 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lectins constitute an abundant group of proteins that are present throughout the plant kingdom. Only recently, genome-wide screenings have unraveled the multitude of different lectin sequences within one plant species. It appears that plants employ a plurality of lectins, though relatively few lectins have already been studied and functionally characterized. Therefore, it is very likely that the full potential of lectin genes in plants is underrated. This review summarizes the knowledge of plasma membrane-bound lectins in different biological processes (such as recognition of pathogen-derived molecules and symbiosis) and illustrates the significance of soluble intracellular lectins and how they can contribute to plant signaling. Altogether, the family of plant lectins is highly complex with an enormous diversity in biochemical properties and activities.
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38
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Rodriguez-Moreno L, Ebert MK, Bolton MD, Thomma BPHJ. Tools of the crook- infection strategies of fungal plant pathogens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:664-674. [PMID: 29277938 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungi represent an ecologically diverse group of microorganisms that includes plant pathogenic species able to cause considerable yield loses in crop production systems worldwide. In order to establish compatible interactions with their hosts, pathogenic fungi rely on the secretion of molecules of diverse nature during host colonization to modulate host physiology, manipulate other environmental factors or provide self-defence. These molecules, collectively known as effectors, are typically small secreted cysteine-rich proteins, but may also comprise secondary metabolites and sRNAs. Here, we discuss the most common strategies that fungal plant pathogens employ to subvert their host plants in order to successfully complete their life cycle and secure the release of abundant viable progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodriguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malaika K Ebert
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melvin D Bolton
- USDA - Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Mélida H, Sopeña-Torres S, Bacete L, Garrido-Arandia M, Jordá L, López G, Muñoz-Barrios A, Pacios LF, Molina A. Non-branched β-1,3-glucan oligosaccharides trigger immune responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:34-49. [PMID: 29083116 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cell walls, which are essential for environmental adaptation and host colonization by the fungus, have been evolutionarily selected by plants and animals as a source of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that, upon recognition by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), trigger immune responses conferring disease resistance. Chito-oligosaccharides [β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine oligomers, (GlcNAc)n ] are the only glycosidic structures from fungal walls that have been well-demonstrated to function as MAMPs in plants. Perception of (GlcNAc)4-8 by Arabidopsis involves CERK1, LYK4 and LYK5, three of the eight members of the LysM PRR family. We found that a glucan-enriched wall fraction from the pathogenic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina which was devoid of GlcNAc activated immune responses in Arabidopsis wild-type plants but not in the cerk1 mutant. Using this differential response, we identified the non-branched 1,3-β-d-(Glc) hexasaccharide as a major fungal MAMP. Recognition of 1,3-β-d-(Glc)6 was impaired in cerk1 but not in mutants defective in either each of the LysM PRR family members or in the PRR-co-receptor BAK1. Transcriptomic analyses of Arabidopsis plants treated with 1,3-β-d-(Glc)6 further demonstrated that this fungal MAMP triggers the expression of immunity-associated genes. In silico docking analyses with molecular mechanics and solvation energy calculations corroborated that CERK1 can bind 1,3-β-d-(Glc)6 at effective concentrations similar to those of (GlcNAc)4 . These data support that plants, like animals, have selected as MAMPs the linear 1,3-β-d-glucans present in the walls of fungi and oomycetes. Our data also suggest that CERK1 functions as an immune co-receptor for linear 1,3-β-d-glucans in a similar way to its proposed function in the recognition of fungal chito-oligosaccharides and bacterial peptidoglycan MAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sara Sopeña-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Barrios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The polysaccharide-rich wall, which envelopes the fungal cell, is pivotal to the maintenance of cellular integrity and for the protection of the cell from external aggressors - such as environmental fluxes and during host infection. This review considers the commonalities in the composition of the wall across the fungal kingdom, addresses how little is known about the assembly of the polysaccharide matrix, and considers changes in the wall of plant-pathogenic fungi during on and in planta growth, following the elucidation of infection structures requiring cell wall alterations. It highlights what is known about the phytopathogenic fungal wall and what needs to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivey Geoghegan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Gero Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sarah Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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41
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Kombrink A, Rovenich H, Shi‐Kunne X, Rojas‐Padilla E, van den Berg GCM, Domazakis E, de Jonge R, Valkenburg D, Sánchez‐Vallet A, Seidl MF, Thomma BPHJ. Verticillium dahliae LysM effectors differentially contribute to virulence on plant hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:596-608. [PMID: 27911046 PMCID: PMC6638240 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chitin-binding lysin motif (LysM) effectors contribute to the virulence of various plant-pathogenic fungi that are causal agents of foliar diseases. Here, we report the LysM effectors of the soil-borne fungal vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Comparative genomics revealed three core LysM effectors that are conserved in a collection of V. dahliae strains. Remarkably, and in contrast with the previously studied LysM effectors of other plant pathogens, no expression of core LysM effectors was monitored in planta in a taxonomically diverse panel of host plants. Moreover, targeted deletion of the individual LysM effector genes in V. dahliae strain JR2 did not compromise virulence in infections on Arabidopsis, tomato or Nicotiana benthamiana. Interestingly, an additional lineage-specific LysM effector is encoded in the genome of V. dahliae strain VdLs17, but not in any other V. dahliae strain sequenced to date. Remarkably, this lineage-specific effector is expressed in planta and contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae strain VdLs17 on tomato, but not on Arabidopsis or N. benthamiana. Functional analysis revealed that this LysM effector binds chitin, is able to suppress chitin-induced immune responses and protects fungal hyphae against hydrolysis by plant hydrolytic enzymes. Thus, in contrast with the core LysM effectors of V. dahliae, this lineage-specific LysM effector of strain VdLs17 contributes to virulence in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kombrink
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqian Shi‐Kunne
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Rojas‐Padilla
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Grardy C. M. van den Berg
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Emmanouil Domazakis
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Dirk‐Jan Valkenburg
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sánchez‐Vallet
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB 6708the Netherlands
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42
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Jwa NS, Hwang BK. Convergent Evolution of Pathogen Effectors toward Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Networks in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1687. [PMID: 29033963 PMCID: PMC5627460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens have evolved protein effectors to promote virulence and cause disease in host plants. Pathogen effectors delivered into plant cells suppress plant immune responses and modulate host metabolism to support the infection processes of pathogens. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as cellular signaling molecules to trigger plant immune responses, such as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the molecular functions of pathogen effectors that target multiple steps in the ROS signaling pathway in plants. The perception of PAMPs by pattern recognition receptors leads to the rapid and strong production of ROS through activation of NADPH oxidase Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) as well as peroxidases. Specific pathogen effectors directly or indirectly interact with plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors to induce ROS production and the hypersensitive response in plant cells. By contrast, virulent pathogens possess effectors capable of suppressing plant ROS bursts in different ways during infection. PAMP-triggered ROS bursts are suppressed by pathogen effectors that target mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Moreover, pathogen effectors target vesicle trafficking or metabolic priming, leading to the suppression of ROS production. Secreted pathogen effectors block the metabolic coenzyme NADP-malic enzyme, inhibiting the transfer of electrons to the NADPH oxidases (RBOHs) responsible for ROS generation. Collectively, pathogen effectors may have evolved to converge on a common host protein network to suppress the common plant immune system, including the ROS burst and cell death response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Nam-Soo Jwa,
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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43
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Ökmen B, Doehlemann G. Clash between the borders: spotlight on apoplastic processes in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:799-801. [PMID: 27874988 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ökmen
- The Terrestrial Microbiology Laboratory, Center of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- The Terrestrial Microbiology Laboratory, Center of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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44
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Oliveira-Garcia E, Deising HB. The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Biosynthesis Genes GPI12, GAA1, and GPI8 Are Essential for Cell-Wall Integrity and Pathogenicity of the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:889-901. [PMID: 27937175 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-16-0175-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is one of the most common posttranslational modifications of proteins in eukaryotic cells and is important for associating proteins with the cell surface. In fungi, GPI-anchored proteins play essential roles in cross-linking of β-glucan cell-wall polymers and cell-wall rigidity. GPI-anchor synthesis is successively performed at the cytoplasmic and the luminal face of the ER membrane and involves approximately 25 proteins. While mutagenesis of auxiliary genes of this pathway suggested roles of GPI-anchored proteins in hyphal growth and virulence, essential genes of this pathway have not been characterized. Taking advantage of RNA interference (RNAi) we analyzed the function of the three essential genes GPI12, GAA1 and GPI8, encoding a cytoplasmic N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase, a metallo-peptide-synthetase and a cystein protease, the latter two representing catalytic components of the GPI transamidase complex. RNAi strains showed drastic cell-wall defects, resulting in exploding infection cells on the plant surface and severe distortion of in planta-differentiated infection hyphae, including formation of intrahyphal hyphae. Reduction of transcript abundance of the genes analyzed resulted in nonpathogenicity. We show here for the first time that the GPI synthesis genes GPI12, GAA1, and GPI8 are indispensable for vegetative development and pathogenicity of the causal agent of maize anthracnose, Colletotrichum graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- 1 Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, and
| | - Holger B Deising
- 1 Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, and
- 2 Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Nutzpflanzenforschung; Betty-Heimann-Str. 3. D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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