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Li Q, Fu C, Hu B, Yang B, Yu H, He H, Xu Q, Chen X, Dai X, Fang R, Xiong X, Zhou K, Yang S, Zou X, Liu Z, Ou L. Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation proteomics analyses reveal the regulatory mechanism of CaMYB61-CaAFR1 module in regulating stem development in Capsicum annuum L. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1039-1058. [PMID: 38804740 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plant stems constitute the most abundant renewable resource on earth. The function of lysine (K)-2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib), a novel post-translational modification (PTM), has not yet been elucidated in plant stem development. Here, by assessing typical pepper genotypes with straight stem (SS) and prostrate stem (PS), we report the first large-scale proteomics analysis for protein Khib to date. Khib-modifications influenced central metabolic processes involved in stem development, such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and protein translation. The high Khib level regulated gene expression and protein accumulation associated with cell wall formation in the pepper stem. Specially, we found that CaMYB61 knockdown lines that exhibited prostrate stem phenotypes had high Khib levels. Most histone deacetylases (HDACs, e.g., switch-independent 3 associated polypeptide function related 1, AFR1) potentially function as the "erasing enzymes" involved in reversing Khib level. CaMYB61 positively regulated CaAFR1 expression to erase Khib and promote cellulose and hemicellulose accumulation in the stem. Therefore, we propose a bidirectional regulation hypothesis of "Khib modifications" and "Khib erasing" in stem development, and reveal a novel epigenetic regulatory network in which the CaMYB61-CaAFR1 molecular module participating in the regulation of Khib levels and biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Canfang Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Bozhi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Huiyang Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Huan He
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vegetable and Flower Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Xiongze Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Rong Fang
- Vegetable and Flower Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Kunhua Zhou
- Vegetable and Flower Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xuexiao Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhoubin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lijun Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
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Park S, Ding SY. Five amino acid mismatches in the zinc-finger domains of Cellulose Synthase 5 and Cellulose Synthase 6 cooperatively modulate their functional properties by controlling homodimerization in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:76. [PMID: 38888655 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase 5 (CESA5) and CESA6 are known to share substantial functional overlap. In the zinc-finger domain (ZN) of CESA5, there are five amino acid (AA) mismatches when compared to CESA6. These mismatches in CESA5 were replaced with their CESA6 counterparts one by one until all were replaced, generating nine engineered CESA5s. Each N-terminal enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-tagged engineered CESA5 was introduced to prc1-1, a cesa6 null mutant, and resulting mutants were subjected to phenotypic analyses. We found that five single AA-replaced CESA5 proteins partially rescue the prc1-1 mutant phenotypes to different extents. Multi-AA replaced CESA5s further rescued the mutant phenotypes in an additive manner, culminating in full recovery by CESA5G43R + S49T+S54P+S80A+Y88F. Investigations in cellulose content, cellulose synthase complex (CSC) motility, and cellulose microfibril organization in the same mutants support the results of the phenotypic analyses. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that the level of homodimerization in every engineered CESA5 is substantially higher than CESA5. The mean fluorescence intensity of CSCs carrying each engineered CESA5 fluctuates with the degree to which the prc1-1 mutant phenotypes are rescued by introducing a corresponding engineered CESA5. Taken together, these five AA mismatches in the ZNs of CESA5 and CESA6 cooperatively modulate the functional properties of these CESAs by controlling their homodimerization capacity, which in turn imposes proportional changes on the incorporation of these CESAs into CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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3
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Erdrich SH, Schurr U, Frunzke J, Arsova B. Seed coating with phages for sustainable plant biocontrol of plant pathogens and influence of the seed coat mucilage. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14507. [PMID: 38884488 PMCID: PMC11181459 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogens resistant to classical control strategies pose a significant threat to crop yield, with seeds being a major transmission route. Bacteriophages, viruses targeting bacteria, offer an environmentally sustainable biocontrol solution. In this study, we isolated and characterized two novel phages, Athelas and Alfirin, which infect Pseudomonas syringae and Agrobacterium fabrum, respectively, and included the recently published Pfeifenkraut phage infecting Xanthomonas translucens. Using a simple immersion method, phages coated onto seeds successfully lysed bacteria post air-drying. The seed coat mucilage (SCM), a polysaccharide-polymer matrix exuded by seeds, plays a critical role in phage binding. Seeds with removed mucilage formed five to 10 times less lysis zones compared to those with mucilage. The podovirus Athelas showed the highest mucilage dependency. Phages from the Autographiviridae family also depended on mucilage for seed adhesion. Comparative analysis of Arabidopsis SCM mutants suggested the diffusible cellulose as a key component for phage binding. Long-term activity tests demonstrated high phage stability on seed surfaces and significantly increasing seedling survival rates in the presence of pathogens. Using non-virulent host strains enhanced phage presence on seeds but also has potential limitations. These findings highlight phage-based interventions as promising, sustainable strategies for combating pathogen resistance and improving crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H. Erdrich
- Forschungszentrum JülichDepartment for Plant Sciences (IBG‐2), Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesJülichGermany
- Forschungszentrum JülichDepartment for Biotechnology (IBG‐1), Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesJülichGermany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Forschungszentrum JülichDepartment for Plant Sciences (IBG‐2), Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesJülichGermany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Forschungszentrum JülichDepartment for Biotechnology (IBG‐1), Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesJülichGermany
| | - Borjana Arsova
- Forschungszentrum JülichDepartment for Plant Sciences (IBG‐2), Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesJülichGermany
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Cheng N, Nakata PA. Disruption of the Arabidopsis Acyl-Activating Enzyme 3 Impairs Seed Coat Mucilage Accumulation and Seed Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1149. [PMID: 38256222 PMCID: PMC10816874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) 3 gene encodes an oxalyl-CoA synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of oxalate to oxalyl-CoA as the first step in the CoA-dependent pathway of oxalate catabolism. Although the role of this enzyme in oxalate catabolism has been established, its biological roles in plant growth and development are less understood. As a step toward gaining a better understanding of these biological roles, we report here a characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana aae3 (Ataae3) seed mucilage phenotype. Ruthidium red (RR) staining of Ataae3 and wild type (WT) seeds suggested that the observed reduction in Ataae3 germination may be attributable, at least in part, to a decrease in seed mucilage accumulation. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of selected mucilage regulatory transcription factors, as well as of biosynthetic and extrusion genes, was significantly down-regulated in the Ataae3 seeds. Mucilage accumulation in seeds from an engineered oxalate-accumulating Arabidopsis and Atoxc mutant, blocked in the second step of the CoA-dependent pathway of oxalate catabolism, were found to be similar to WT. These findings suggest that elevated tissue oxalate concentrations and loss of the oxalate catabolism pathway downstream of AAE3 were not responsible for the reduced Ataae3 seed germination and mucilage phenotypes. Overall, our findings unveil the presence of regulatory interplay between AAE3 and transcriptional control of mucilage gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A. Nakata
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA;
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Costantini S, Benedetti M, Pontiggia D, Giovannoni M, Cervone F, Mattei B, De Lorenzo G. Berberine bridge enzyme-like oxidases of cellodextrins and mixed-linked β-glucans control seed coat formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:296-313. [PMID: 37590952 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various resistance mechanisms to cope with biotic stresses that threaten their survival. The BBE23 member (At5g44360/BBE23) of the Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-l) protein family (Arabidopsis thaliana) has been characterized in this paper in parallel with the closely related and previously described CELLOX (At4g20860/BBE22). In addition to cellodextrins, both enzymes, renamed here as CELLODEXTRIN OXIDASE 2 and 1 (CELLOX2 and CELLOX1), respectively, oxidize the mixed-linked β-1→3/β-1→4-glucans (MLGs), recently described as capable of activating plant immunity, reinforcing the view that the BBE-l family includes members that are devoted to the control of the homeostasis of potential cell wall-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The 2 putatively paralogous genes display different expression profiles. Unlike CELLOX1, CELLOX2 is not expressed in seedlings or adult plants and is not involved in immunity against Botrytis cinerea. Both are instead expressed in a concerted manner in the seed coat during development. Whereas CELLOX2 is expressed mainly during the heart stage, CELLOX1 is expressed at the immediately later stage, when the expression of CELLOX2 decreases. Analysis of seeds of cellox1 and cellox2 knockout mutants shows alterations in the coat structure: the columella area is smaller in cellox1, radial cell walls are thicker in both cellox1 and cellox2, and the mucilage halo is reduced in cellox2. However, the coat monosaccharide composition is not significantly altered, suggesting an alteration of the organization of the cell wall, thus reinforcing the notion that the architecture of the cell wall in specific organs is determined not only by the dynamics of the synthesis/degradation of the main polysaccharides but also by its enzymatic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Costantini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Moira Giovannoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Gao J, Feng P, Zhang J, Dong C, Wang Z, Chen M, Yu Z, Zhao B, Hou X, Wang H, Wu Z, Jemim RS, Yu H, Sun D, Jing P, Chen J, Song W, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Wu J. Enhancing maize's nitrogen-fixing potential through ZmSBT3, a gene suppressing mucilage secretion. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2645-2659. [PMID: 37929676 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) requires substantial amounts of nitrogen, posing a challenge for its cultivation. Recent work discovered that some ancient Mexican maize landraces harbored diazotrophic bacteria in mucilage secreted by their aerial roots. To see if this trait is retained in modern maize, we conducted a field study of aerial root mucilage (ARM) in 258 inbred lines. We observed that ARM secretion is common in modern maize, but the amount significantly varies, and only a few lines have retained the nitrogen-fixing traits found in ancient landraces. The mucilage of the high-ARM inbred line HN5-724 had high nitrogen-fixing enzyme activity and abundant diazotrophic bacteria. Our genome-wide association study identified 17 candidate genes associated with ARM across three environments. Knockouts of one candidate gene, the subtilase family gene ZmSBT3, confirmed that it negatively regulates ARM secretion. Notably, the ZmSBT3 knockout lines had increased biomass and total nitrogen accumulation under nitrogen-free culture conditions. High ARM was associated with three ZmSBT3 haplotypes that were gradually lost during maize domestication, being retained in only a few modern inbred lines such as HN5-724. In summary, our results identify ZmSBT3 as a potential tool for enhancing ARM, and thus nitrogen fixation, in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Gao
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Peijiang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jingli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chaopei Dong
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Mingxiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhongliang Yu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Bowen Zhao
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xin Hou
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhaokun Wu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Razia Sultana Jemim
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Doudou Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Pei Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jiafa Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuecai Zhang
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Texcoco, 56237, Mexico
| | - Zijian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jianyu Wu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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7
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Colbert JB, Coleman HD. Functional Diversification and the Plant Secondary Cell Wall. J Mol Evol 2023; 91:761-772. [PMID: 37979044 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence exists suggesting the presence of genetic functional diversification in plants, though literature associated with the role of functional diversification in the evolution of the plant secondary cell wall (SCW) has sparsely been compiled and reviewed in a recent context. This review aims to elucidate, through the examination of gene phylogenies associated with its biosynthesis and maintenance, the role of functional diversification in shaping the critical, dynamic, and characteristic organelle, the secondary cell wall. It will be asserted that gene families resulting from gene duplication and subsequent functional divergence are present and are heavily involved in SCW biosynthesis and maintenance. Furthermore, diversification will be presented as a significant driver behind the evolution of the many functional characteristics of the SCW. The structure and function of the plant cell wall and its constituents will first be explored, followed by a discussion on the phenomenon of gene duplication and the resulting genetic functional divergence that can emerge. Finally, the major constituents of the SCW and their individual relationships with duplication and divergence will be reviewed to the extent of current knowledge on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Colbert
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Heather D Coleman
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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8
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Erlichman OA, Weiss S, Abu Arkia M, Ankary-Khaner M, Soroka Y, Jasinska W, Rosental L, Brotman Y, Avin-Wittenberg T. Autophagy in maternal tissues contributes to Arabidopsis seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:611-626. [PMID: 37313772 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are an essential food source, providing nutrients for germination and early seedling growth. Degradation events in the seed and the mother plant accompany seed development, including autophagy, which facilitates cellular component breakdown in the lytic organelle. Autophagy influences various aspects of plant physiology, specifically nutrient availability and remobilization, suggesting its involvement in source-sink interactions. During seed development, autophagy affects nutrient remobilization from mother plants and functions in the embryo. However, it is impossible to distinguish between the contribution of autophagy in the source (i.e. the mother plant) and the sink tissue (i.e. the embryo) when using autophagy knockout (atg mutant) plants. To address this, we employed an approach to differentiate between autophagy in source and sink tissues. We investigated how autophagy in the maternal tissue affects seed development by performing reciprocal crosses between wild type and atg mutant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Although F1 seedlings possessed a functional autophagy mechanism, etiolated F1 plants from maternal atg mutants displayed reduced growth. This was attributed to altered protein but not lipid accumulation in the seeds, suggesting autophagy differentially regulates carbon and nitrogen remobilization. Surprisingly, F1 seeds of maternal atg mutants exhibited faster germination, resulting from altered seed coat development. Our study emphasizes the importance of examining autophagy in a tissue-specific manner, revealing valuable insights into the interplay between different tissues during seed development. It also sheds light on the tissue-specific functions of autophagy, offering potential for research into the underlying mechanisms governing seed development and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Avraham Erlichman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shahar Weiss
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Maria Abu Arkia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Moria Ankary-Khaner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yoram Soroka
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Weronika Jasinska
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Leah Rosental
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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9
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Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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Xu Y, Hu R, Li S. Regulation of seed coat mucilage production and modification in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111591. [PMID: 36623642 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage is a polysaccharide-rich matrix synthesized by the seed coat epidermal cells. It is a specialized cell wall mainly composed of three types of polysaccharides (i. e. pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose), and represents as an ideal model system for plant cell wall research. A large number of genes responsible for the synthesis and modification of cell wall polysaccharides have been identified using this model system. Moreover, a subset of regulators controlling mucilage production and modification have been characterized, and the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have been elucidated. This substantially contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mucilage synthesis and modification. In this review, we concisely summarize the various genes and regulators involved in seed coat cell differentiation, mucilage biosynthesis and modification, and secondary cell wall formation. In particular, we put emphasis on the latest knowledge gained regarding the transcriptional regulation of mucilage production, which is composed of a hierarchal cascade with three-layer transcriptional regulators. Collectively, we propose an updated schematic framework of the genetic regulatory network controlling mucilage production and modification in the Arabidopsis mucilage secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Ruibo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China.
| | - Shengjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, PR China.
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11
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Herburger K, Głazowska S, Mravec J. Bricks out of the wall: polysaccharide extramural functions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1231-1241. [PMID: 35989161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides are components of plant cell walls and/or store energy. However, this oversimplified classification neglects the fact that some cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins can localize outside the relatively sharp boundaries of the apoplastic moiety, where they adopt functions not directly related to the cell wall. Such polysaccharide multifunctionality (or 'moonlighting') is overlooked in current research, and in most cases the underlying mechanisms that give rise to unconventional ex muro trafficking, targeting, and functions of polysaccharides and glycoproteins remain elusive. This review highlights major examples of the extramural occurrence of various glycan cell wall components, discusses the possible significance and implications of these phenomena for plant physiology, and lists exciting open questions to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Sylwia Głazowska
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark.
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12
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Di Marzo M, Babolin N, Viana VE, de Oliveira AC, Gugi B, Caporali E, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Martínez-Estrada E, Driouich A, de Folter S, Colombo L, Ezquer I. The Genetic Control of SEEDSTICK and LEUNIG-HOMOLOG in Seed and Fruit Development: New Insights into Cell Wall Control. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3146. [PMID: 36432874 PMCID: PMC9698089 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about seed and fruit development at the molecular level, many gaps remain in our understanding of how cell wall modifications can impact developmental processes in plants, as well as how biomechanical alterations influence seed and fruit growth. Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana constitute an excellent tool to study the function of gene families devoted to cell wall biogenesis. We have characterized a collection of lines carrying mutations in representative cell wall-related genes for seed and fruit size developmental defects, as well as altered germination rates. We have linked these studies to cell wall composition and structure. Interestingly, we have found that disruption of genes involved in pectin maturation and hemicellulose deposition strongly influence germination dynamics. Finally, we focused on two transcriptional regulators, SEEDSTICK (STK) and LEUNIG-HOMOLOG (LUH), which positively regulate seed growth. Herein, we demonstrate that these factors regulate specific aspects of cell wall properties such as pectin distribution. We propose a model wherein changes in seed coat structure due to alterations in the xyloglucan-cellulose matrix deposition and pectin maturation are critical for organ growth and germination. The results demonstrate the importance of cell wall properties and remodeling of polysaccharides as major factors responsible for seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Babolin
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vívian Ebeling Viana
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Costa de Oliveira
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão 96010-610, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gugi
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, UNIROUEN—Universitè de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Elisabetta Caporali
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Estrada
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, UNIROUEN—Universitè de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”-FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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13
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Recent Progress on Modified Gum Katira Polysaccharides and Their Various Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173648. [PMID: 36080723 PMCID: PMC9460252 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gum katira polysaccharide is biocompatible and non-toxic, and has antioxidant, anti-microbial, and immunomodulatory properties. It is a natural polysaccharide and exudate derived from the stem bark of Cochlospermum reliogosum Linn. Additionally, it has many traditional medicinal uses as a sedative and for the treatment of jaundice, gonorrhea, syphilis, and stomach ailments. This article provides an overview of gum katira, including its extraction, separation, purification, and physiochemical properties and details of its characterization and pharmacognostic features. This paper takes an in-depth look at the synthetic methods used to modify gum katira, such as carboxymethylation and grafting triggered by free radicals. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of its industrial and phytopharmacological applications for drug delivery and heavy metal and dye removal, its biological activities, its use in food, and the potential use of gum katira derivatives and their industrial applications. We believe researchers will find this paper useful for developing techniques to modify gum katira polysaccharides to meet future demands.
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14
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Yang B, Stamm G, Bürstenbinder K, Voiniciuc C. Microtubule-associated IQD9 orchestrates cellulose patterning in seed mucilage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1096-1110. [PMID: 35488480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis seeds release large capsules of mucilaginous polysaccharides, which are shaped by an intricate network of cellulosic microfibrils. Cellulose synthase complexes are guided by the microtubule cytoskeleton, but it is unclear which proteins mediate this process in the seed coat epidermis. Using reverse genetics, we identified IQ67 DOMAIN 9 (IQD9) and KINESIN LIGHT CHAIN-RELATED 1 (KLCR1) as two highly expressed genes during seed development and comprehensively characterized their roles in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Mutations in IQD9 as well as in KLCR1 lead to compact mucilage capsules with aberrant cellulose distribution, which can be rescued by transgene complementation. IQD9 physically interacts with KLCR1 and localizes to cortical microtubules (MTs) to maintain their organization in seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells. IQD9 as well as a previously identified TONNEAU1 (TON1) RECRUITING MOTIF 4 (TRM4) protein act to maintain cellulose synthase velocity. Our results demonstrate that IQD9, KLCR1 and TRM4 are MT-associated proteins that are required for seed mucilage architecture. This study provides the first direct evidence that members of the IQD, KLCR and TRM families have overlapping roles in cell wall biosynthesis. Therefore, SCE cells provide an attractive system to further decipher the complex genetic regulation of polarized cellulose deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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15
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Du J, Ruan M, Li X, Lan Q, Zhang Q, Hao S, Gou X, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Pectin methyltransferase QUASIMODO2 functions in the formation of seed coat mucilage in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 274:153709. [PMID: 35597109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses are major components of primary cell walls in plants. In addition to cell adhesion and expansion, pectin plays a central role in seed mucilage. Seed mucilage contains abundant pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and lower amounts of homogalacturonan (HG), cellulose, and hemicelluloses. Previously, accumulated evidence has addressed the role of pectin RG-I in mucilage production and adherence. However, less is known about the function of pectin HG in seed coat mucilage formation. In this study, we analyzed a novel mutant, designated things fall apart2 (tfa2), which contains a mutation in HG methyltransferase QUASIMODO2 (QUA2). Etiolated tfa2 seedlings display short hypocotyls and adhesion defects similar to qua2 and tumorous shoot development2 (tsd2) alleles, and show seed mucilage defects. The diminished uronic acid content and methylesterification degree of HG in mutant seed mucilage indicate the role of HG in the formation of seed mucilage. Cellulosic rays in mutant mucilage are collapsed. The epidermal cells of seed coat in tfa2 and tsd2 display deformed columellae and reduced radial wall thickness. Under polyethylene glycol treatment, seeds from these three mutant alleles exhibit reduced germination rates. Together, these data emphasize the requirement of pectic HG biosynthesis for the synthesis of seed mucilage, and the functions of different pectin domains together with cellulose in regulating its formation, expansion, and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Mei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Qiuyan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shuang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xin Gou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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16
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Lyu X, Shi L, Zhao M, Li Z, Liao N, Meng Y, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Xue Q, Hu Z, Yang J, Zhang M. A natural mutation of the NST1 gene arrests secondary cell wall biosynthesis in the seed coat of a hull-less pumpkin accession. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac136. [PMID: 36072840 PMCID: PMC9437724 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hull-less pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.) are naturally occurring novel variants known as oilseed or naked-seeded pumpkins, and are characterized by the absence of a normal lignified seed coat. Due to a specialized seed coat structure, these variants serve as a good model for studying seed coat formation and simplify the processing of pumpkin seeds. However, causal genes for this hull-less trait still remain unknown. Here, by bulked segregant analysis and fine mapping, we found that mutation of a single gene, NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR 1 (NST1), accounts for the hull-less trait. A 14-bp sequence insertion in the CpNST1 gene causes premature termination of CpNST1 translation, leading to lack of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis in hull-less seed coats. In situ hybridization analysis provided further evidence for the role of CpNST1 in pumpkin seed coat SCW biosynthesis. Interestingly, through secondary cell wall compositional analysis, we found that the main SCW components differed among cell layers in the seed coat. RNA-seq analysis indicated an upstream role of CpNST1 in the SCW biosynthesis network. Collectively, our findings provide mechanistic insight into seed coat SCW biosynthesis, and a target gene for breeders to introduce this hull-less trait for commercial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lyu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Shi
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhangping Li
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nanqiao Liao
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiqing Meng
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuyuan Ma
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Xue
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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18
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Zhang S, Sheng H, Ma Y, Wei Y, Liu D, Dou Y, Cui H, Liang B, Liesche J, Li J, Chen S. Mutation of CESA1 phosphorylation site influences pectin synthesis and methylesterification with a role in seed development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 270:153631. [PMID: 35180541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall biogenesis is required for the production of seeds of higher plants. However, little is known about regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall biogenesis during seed formation. Here we show a role for the phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase 1 (AtCESA1) in modulating pectin synthesis and methylesterification in seed coat mucilage. A phosphor-null mutant of AtCESA1 on T166 (AtCESA1T166A) was constructed and introduced into a null mutant of AtCESA1 (Atcesa1-1). The resulting transgenic lines showed a slight but significant decrease in cellulose contents in mature seeds. Defects in cellulosic ray architecture along with reduced levels of non-adherent and adherent mucilage were observed on the seeds of the AtCESA1T166A mutant. Reduced mucilage pectin synthesis was also reflected by a decrease in the level of uronic acid. Meanwhile, an increase in the degree of pectin methylesterification was also observed in the seed coat mucilage of AtCESA1T166A mutant. Change in seed development was further reflected by a delayed germination and about 50% increase in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, which is known to bind pectin and inhibit seed germination as revealed by previous studies. Taken together, the results suggest a role of AtCESA1 phosphorylation on T166 in modulating mucilage pectin synthesis and methylesterification as well as cellulose synthesis with a role in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Zhang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huachun Sheng
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanhua Dou
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiying Cui
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Boyou Liang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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19
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Chery JG, Glos RAE, Anderson CT. Do woody vines use gelatinous fibers to climb? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:126-131. [PMID: 34160082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many plant movements are facilitated by contractile cells called gelatinous fibers (G-fibers), but how G-fibers function in the climbing movements of woody vines remains underexplored. In this Insight, we compare the presence and distribution of G-fibers in the stems of stem-twiners, which wrap around supports, with non-stem-twiners, which attach to supports via tendrils or adventitious roots. An examination of 164 species spanning the vascular plant phylogeny reveals that G-fibers are common in stem-twiners but scarce in non-stem-twiners, suggesting that G-fibers are preferentially formed in the organ responsible for movement. When present, G-fibers are in the xylem, phloem, pericycle, and/or cortex. We discuss the hypothesis that G-fibers are foundational to plant movement and highlight research opportunities concerning G-fiber development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Chery
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rosemary A E Glos
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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20
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Tsai AYL, McGee R, Dean GH, Haughn GW, Sawa S. Seed Mucilage: Biological Functions and Potential Applications in Biotechnology. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1847-1857. [PMID: 34195842 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the diaspore (seed dispersal unit) may include a seed coat and/or pericarp to protect the embryo and assist in dispersion. In many species, the seed coat and/or pericarp secrete a gelatinous mixture of cell wall polysaccharides known as mucilage. In several species, mucilage synthesis, secretion and modification have been studied extensively as model systems for the investigation of plant cell wall structure and function. Despite this, efforts toward understanding the role of mucilage have received less attention. Mucilage has been hypothesized to impact seed dispersal through interaction with soil, protecting the seed in the gut following ingestion by animals or affecting the ability of seeds to sink or float in water. Mucilage has been found to influence seed germination and seedling establishment, most often during abiotic stress, probably by maintaining seed hydration when water is scarce. Finally, mucilage has been documented to mediate interactions with various organisms. Advances in transgenic technology should enable the genetic modification of mucilage structure and function in crop plants. Cells synthesizing mucilage may also be a suitable platform for creating custom polysaccharides or proteins with industrial applications. Thus, in the near future, it is likely that research on seed mucilage will expand well beyond the current focus. Here we summarize our understanding of the biological functions of mucilage and provide an outlook on the future of mucilage research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Robert McGee
- L'Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (INRS-CAFSB), 531 des Prairies Blvd, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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21
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Nishigaki N, Yoshimi Y, Kuki H, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Tsumuraya Y, Takahashi D, Dupree P, Kotake T. Galactoglucomannan structure of Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage in GDP-mannose synthesis impaired mutants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1244-1252. [PMID: 34380178 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall polysaccharides are synthesized from nucleotide sugars by glycosyltransferases. However, in what way the level of nucleotide sugars affects the structure of the polysaccharides is not entirely clear. guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-mannose (GDP-Man) is one of the major nucleotide sugars in plants and serves as a substrate in the synthesis of mannan polysaccharides. GDP-Man is synthesized from mannose 1-phosphate and GTP by a GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase, VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE1 (VTC1), which is positively regulated by the interacting protein KONJAC1 (KJC1) in Arabidopsis. Since seed-coat mucilage can serve as a model of the plant cell wall, we examined the influence of vtc1 and kjc1 mutations on the synthesis of mucilage galactoglucomannan. Sugar composition analysis showed that mannose content in adherent mucilage of kjc1 and vtc1 mutants was only 42% and 11% of the wild-type, respectively, indicating a drastic decrease of galactoglucomannan. On the other hand, structural analysis based on specific oligosaccharides released by endo-β-1,4-mannanase indicated that galactoglucomannan had a patterned glucomannan backbone consisting of alternating residues of glucose and mannose and the frequency of α-galactosyl branches was also similar to the wild type structure. These results suggest that the structure of mucilage galactoglucomannan is mainly determined by properties of glycosyltransferases rather than the availability of nucleotide sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Nishigaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Kuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
- Green Biology Research Center, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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22
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Hao Z, Zhang Z, Xiang D, Venglat P, Chen J, Gao P, Datla R, Weijers D. Conserved, divergent and heterochronic gene expression during Brachypodium and Arabidopsis embryo development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:207-224. [PMID: 33950292 PMCID: PMC8360882 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Developmental and transcriptomic analysis of Brachypodium embryogenesis and comparison with Arabidopsis identifies conserved and divergent phases of embryogenesis and reveals widespread heterochrony of developmental gene expression. Embryogenesis, transforming the zygote into the mature embryo, represents a fundamental process for all flowering plants. Current knowledge of cell specification and differentiation during plant embryogenesis is largely based on studies of the dicot model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the major crops are monocots and the transcriptional programs associated with the differentiation processes during embryogenesis in this clade were largely unknown. Here, we combined analysis of cell division patterns with development of a temporal transcriptomic resource during embryogenesis of the monocot model plant Brachypodium distachyon. We found that early divisions of the Brachypodium embryo were highly regular, while later stages were marked by less stereotypic patterns. Comparative transcriptomic analysis between Brachypodium and Arabidopsis revealed that early and late embryogenesis shared a common transcriptional program, whereas mid-embryogenesis was divergent between species. Analysis of orthology groups revealed widespread heterochronic expression of potential developmental regulators between the species. Interestingly, Brachypodium genes tend to be expressed at earlier stages than Arabidopsis counterparts, which suggests that embryo patterning may occur early during Brachypodium embryogenesis. Detailed investigation of auxin-related genes shows that the capacity to synthesize, transport and respond to auxin is established early in the embryo. However, while early PIN1 polarity could be confirmed, it is unclear if an active response is mounted. This study presents a resource for studying Brachypodium and grass embryogenesis and shows that divergent angiosperms share a conserved genetic program that is marked by heterochronic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Hao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongjuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Prakash Venglat
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Ajayi OO, Held MA, Showalter AM. Two β-glucuronosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactans function in mucilage polysaccharide matrix organization in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:245. [PMID: 34051740 PMCID: PMC8164333 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are heavily glycosylated with type II arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides attached to hydroxyproline residues in their protein backbone. Type II AGs are necessary for plant growth and critically important for the establishment of normal cellular functions. Despite the importance of type II AGs in plant development, our understanding of the underlying role of these glycans/sugar residues in mucilage formation and seed coat epidermal cell development is poorly understood and far from complete. One such sugar residue is the glucuronic acid residues of AGPs that are transferred onto AGP glycans by the action of β-glucuronosyltransferase genes/enzymes. RESULTS Here, we have characterized two β-glucuronosyltransferase genes, GLCAT14A and GLCAT14C, that are involved in the transfer of β-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to type II AGs. Using a reverse genetics approach, we observed that glcat14a-1 mutants displayed subtle alterations in mucilage pectin homogalacturonan (HG) compared to wild type (WT), while glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants displayed much more severe mucilage phenotypes, including loss of adherent mucilage and significant alterations in cellulose ray formation and seed coat morphology. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed significant alterations in the sugar amounts of glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants relative to WT in the adherent and non-adherent seed mucilage. Also, a reduction in total mucilage content was observed in glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants relative to WT. In addition, glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants showed defects in pectin formation, calcium content and the degree of pectin methyl-esterification (DM) as well as reductions in crystalline cellulose content and seed size. CONCLUSIONS These results raise important questions regarding cell wall polymer interactions and organization during mucilage formation. We propose that the enzymatic activities of GLCAT14A and GLCAT14C play partially redundant roles and are required for the organization of the mucilage matrix and seed size in Arabidopsis thaliana. This work brings us a step closer towards identifying potential gene targets for engineering plant cell walls for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeyemi O. Ajayi
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Michael A. Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
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24
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Raj V, Lee JH, Shim JJ, Lee J. Recent findings and future directions of grafted gum karaya polysaccharides and their various applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Amsbury S. Sticking to seeds: direct regulation of cellulose synthesis controls seed mucilage development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:23-25. [PMID: 33631815 PMCID: PMC8133561 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Amsbury
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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26
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Kong Y, Pei S, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang X, Zhou G, Hu R. HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 regulates cellulose biosynthesis in seed coat mucilage by activating CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:77-93. [PMID: 33631797 PMCID: PMC8133575 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis and assembly have been functionally characterized. Nevertheless, we have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of the genes that encode these proteins. Here, we report that HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 (HDG2), a Homeobox-Leucine Zipper IV transcription factor, regulates cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat mucilage. HDG2 is a transcriptional activator with the transactivation domain located within its Leucine-Zipper domain. Transcripts of HDG2 were detected specifically in seed coat epidermal cells with peak expression at 10 d postanthesis. Disruptions of HDG2 led to seed coat mucilage with aberrant morphology due to a reduction in its crystalline cellulose content. Electrophoretic mobility shift and yeast one-hybrid assays, together with chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR, provided evidence that HDG2 directly activates CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) expression by binding to the L1-box cis-acting element in its promoter. Overexpression of CESA5 partially rescued the mucilage defects of hdg2-3. Together, our data suggest that HDG2 directly activates CESA5 expression and thus is a positive regulator of cellulose biosynthesis in seed coat mucilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Ruibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
- Author for communication:
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27
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Yang B, Hofmann F, Usadel B, Voiniciuc C. Seed hemicelluloses tailor mucilage properties and salt tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1946-1954. [PMID: 33128402 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells have become an excellent genetic system to study the biosynthesis and structural roles of various cell wall polymers, the physiological function of the secreted mucilaginous polysaccharides remains ambiguous. Seed mucilage is shaped by two distinct classes of highly substituted hemicelluloses along with cellulose and structural proteins, but their interplay has not been explored. We deciphered the functions of four distinct classes of cell wall polymers by generating a series of double mutants with defects in heteromannan, xylan, cellulose, or the arabinogalactan protein SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE 5 (SOS5), and evaluating their impact on mucilage architecture and seed germination during salt stress. We discovered that muci10 seeds, lacking heteromannan branches, had elevated tolerance to salt stress, while heteromannan elongation mutants exhibited reduced germination in calcium chloride (CaCl2 ). By contrast, xylan made by MUCILAGE-RELATED21 (MUCI21) was found to be required for the adherence of mucilage pectin to microfibrils made by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) as well as to a SOS5-mediated network. Our results indicate that the substitution of xylan and glucomannan in seeds can fine-tune mucilage adherence and salt tolerance, respectively. The study of germinating seeds can thus provide insights into the synthesis, modification and function of complex glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Independent Junior Research Group - Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Florian Hofmann
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group - Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
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28
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Viudes S, Burlat V, Dunand C. Seed mucilage evolution: Diverse molecular mechanisms generate versatile ecological functions for particular environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2857-2870. [PMID: 32557703 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant myxodiasporous species have the ability to release a polysaccharidic mucilage upon imbibition of the seed (myxospermy) or the fruit (myxocarpy). This is a widespread capacity in angiosperms providing multiple ecological functions including higher germination efficiency under environmental stresses. It is unclear whether myxodiaspory has one or multiple evolutionary origins and why it was supposedly lost in several species. Here, we summarize recent advances on three main aspects of myxodiaspory. (a) It represents a combination of highly diverse traits at different levels of observation, ranging from the dual tissular origin of mucilage secretory cells to diverse mucilage polysaccharidic composition and ultrastructural organization. (b) An asymmetrical selection pressure is exerted on myxospermy-related genes that were first identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. The A. thaliana and the flax intra-species mucilage variants show that myxospermy is a fast-evolving trait due to high polymorphism in a few genes directly acting on mucilage establishment. In A. thaliana, these actors are downstream of a master regulatory complex and an original phylogenetic overview provided here illustrates that this complex has sequentially evolved after the common ancestor of seed plants and was fully established in the common ancestor of the rosid clade. (c) Newly identified myxodiaspory ecological functions indicate new perspectives such as soil microorganism control and plant establishment support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Viudes
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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29
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Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Demura T, Haughn GW. Arabidopsis FLYING SAUCER 2 Functions Redundantly with FLY1 to Establish Normal Seed Coat Mucilage. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:308-317. [PMID: 31626281 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Following exposure to water, mature Arabidopsis seeds are surrounded by a gelatinous capsule, termed mucilage. The mucilage consists of pectin-rich polysaccharides, which are produced in epidermal cells of the seed coat. Although pectin is a major component of plant cell walls, its biosynthesis and biological functions are not fully understood. Previously, we reported that a transmembrane RING E3 ubiquitin ligase, FLYING SAUCER 1 (FLY1) regulates the degree of pectin methyl esterification for mucilage capsule formation. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome has a single FLY1 homolog, FLY2. In this study, we show that the FLY2 protein functions in mucilage modification together with FLY1. FLY2 was expressed in seed coat epidermal cells during mucilage synthesis, but its expression level was much lower than that of FLY1. While fly2 showed no obvious difference in mucilage capsule formation from wild type, the fly1 fly2 double mutants showed more severe defects in mucilage than fly1 alone. FLY2-EYFP that was expressed under the control of the FLY1 promoter rescued fly1 mucilage, showing that FLY2 has the same molecular function as FLY1. FLY2-EYFP colocalized with marker proteins of Golgi apparatus (sialyltransferase-mRFP) and late endosome (mRFP-ARA7), indicating that as FLY1, FLY2 controls pectin modification by functioning in these endomembrane organelles. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggests that FLY1 and FLY2 originated from a common ancestral gene by gene duplication prior to the emergence of Brassicaceae. Taken together, our findings suggest that FLY2 functions in the Golgi apparatus and/or the late endosome of seed coat epidermal cells in a manner similar to FLY1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kunieda
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-8501 Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | | | - Taku Demura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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30
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Dean GH, Sola K, Unda F, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. Analysis of Monosaccharides from Arabidopsis Seed Mucilageand Whole Seeds Using HPAEC-PAD. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3464. [PMID: 33654956 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells deposit a significant quantity of mucilage, composed of the cell wall components pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, into the apoplast during development. When mature seeds are hydrated, mucilage extrudes to form a gelatinous capsule around the seed. Determining the monosaccharide composition of both extruded mucilage and whole seeds is an essential technique for characterizing seed coat developmental processes and mutants with altered mucilage composition. This protocol covers growth of plants to produce seeds suitable for analysis, extraction of extruded mucilage using water and sodium carbonate (used for mutants with impaired mucilage release), and extraction of alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) from whole seeds. The prepared polysaccharides are then hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid, which hydrolyses all polysaccharides including cellulose. Sensitive and reproducible quantification of the resulting monosaccharides is achieved using high-performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kresimir Sola
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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31
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McGee R, Dean GH, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. Assessing the utility of seed coat-specific promoters to engineer cell wall polysaccharide composition of mucilage. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:373-387. [PMID: 31422517 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide composition of seed mucilage was successfully modified using three seed coat-specific promoters driving expression of genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes. Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat epidermal cells synthesize and secrete large quantities of mucilage, a specialized secondary cell wall composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The composition and structure of mucilage confers its unique properties of expansion, extrusion, and adherence. We are developing seed mucilage as a model to study the biochemical and biological consequences of manipulating cell wall polysaccharides in vivo using cell wall-modifying enzymes. To specifically engineer mucilage composition and avoid altering other cell types, seed coat-specific promoters are required. In this study, we investigated the ability of seed coat-specific promoters from three genes, TESTA-ABUNDANT2 (TBA2), PEROXIDASE36 (PER36), and MUCILAGE-MODIFIED4 (MUM4), to express the cell wall modifying β-galactosidase (BGAL)-encoding gene MUCILAGE-MODIFIED2 (MUM2) and complement the mum2 mutant. The strength of the three promoters relative to one another was found to vary by two to 250 fold, and correlated with their ability to rescue the mum2 mutant phenotype. The strongest of the three promoters, TBA2p, was then used to examine the ability of three MUM2 homologs to complement the mum2 extrusion and cell wall composition phenotypes. The degree of complementation was variable and correlated with the amino acid sequence similarity between the homologous gene products and MUM2. These data demonstrate that all three seed coat-specific promoters can drive expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes in a spatial and temporal pattern sufficiently to modify polysaccharide composition in seed mucilage without obvious negative consequences to the rest of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McGee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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32
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Parra-Rojas JP, Largo-Gosens A, Carrasco T, Celiz-Balboa J, Arenas-Morales V, Sepúlveda-Orellana P, Temple H, Sanhueza D, Reyes FC, Meneses C, Saez-Aguayo S, Orellana A. New steps in mucilage biosynthesis revealed by analysis of the transcriptome of the UDP-rhamnose/UDP-galactose transporter 2 mutant. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5071-5088. [PMID: 31145803 PMCID: PMC6793455 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon imbibition, epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds release a mucilage formed mostly by pectic polysaccharides. The Arabidopsis mucilage is composed mainly of unbranched rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), with low amounts of cellulose, homogalacturonan, and traces of xylan, xyloglucan, galactoglucomannan, and galactan. The pectin-rich composition of the mucilage and their simple extractability makes this structure a good candidate to study the biosynthesis of pectic polysaccharides and their modification. Here, we characterize the mucilage phenotype of a mutant in the UDP-rhamnose/galactose transporter 2 (URGT2), which exhibits a reduction in RG-I and also shows pleiotropic changes, suggesting the existence of compensation mechanisms triggered by the lack of URGT2. To gain an insight into the possible compensation mechanisms activated in the mutant, we performed a transcriptome analysis of developing seeds using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The results showed a significant misregulation of 3149 genes, 37 of them (out of the 75 genes described to date) encoding genes proposed to be involved in mucilage biosynthesis and/or its modification. The changes observed in urgt2 included the up-regulation of UAFT2, a UDP-arabinofuranose transporter, and UUAT3, a paralog of the UDP-uronic acid transporter UUAT1, suggesting that they play a role in mucilage biosynthesis. Mutants in both genes showed changes in mucilage composition and structure, confirming their participation in mucilage biosynthesis. Our results suggest that plants lacking a UDP-rhamnose/galactose transporter undergo important changes in gene expression, probably to compensate modifications in the plant cell wall due to the lack of a gene involved in its biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Parra-Rojas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás Carrasco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Celiz-Balboa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Arenas-Morales
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sepúlveda-Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry Temple
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca C Reyes
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Cao S, Cheng H, Zhang J, Aslam M, Yan M, Hu A, Lin L, Ojolo SP, Zhao H, Priyadarshani SVGN, Yu Y, Cao G, Qin Y. Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Pattern Analysis and Evolution of the Ces/Csl Gene Superfamily in Pineapple ( Ananas comosus). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31398920 PMCID: PMC6724413 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (Ces) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene families belonging to the cellulose synthase gene superfamily, are responsible for the biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose of the plant cell wall, and play critical roles in plant development, growth and evolution. However, the Ces/Csl gene family remains to be characterized in pineapple, a highly valued and delicious tropical fruit. Here, we carried out genome-wide study and identified a total of seven Ces genes and 25 Csl genes in pineapple. Genomic features and phylogeny analysis of Ces/Csl genes were carried out, including phylogenetic tree, chromosomal locations, gene structures, and conserved motifs identification. In addition, we identified 32 pineapple AcoCes/Csl genes with 31 Arabidopsis AtCes/Csl genes as orthologs by the syntenic and phylogenetic approaches. Furthermore, a RNA-seq investigation exhibited the expression profile of several AcoCes/Csl genes in various tissues and multiple developmental stages. Collectively, we provided comprehensive information of the evolution and function of pineapple Ces/Csl gene superfamily, which would be useful for screening out and characterization of the putative genes responsible for tissue development in pineapple. The present study laid the foundation for future functional characterization of Ces/Csl genes in pineapple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiang Cao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiashuo Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Maokai Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Anqi Hu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lili Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Simon Peter Ojolo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Heming Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - S V G N Priyadarshani
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Guangqiu Cao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Yuan Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Nilo-Poyanco R, Vizoso P, Sanhueza D, Balic I, Meneses C, Orellana A, Campos-Vargas R. A Prunus persica genome-wide RNA-seq approach uncovers major differences in the transcriptome among chilling injury sensitive and non-sensitive varieties. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:772-793. [PMID: 30203620 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chilling injury represents a major constrain for crops productivity. Prunus persica, one of the most relevant rosacea crops, have early season varieties that are resistant to chilling injury, in contrast to late season varieties, which display chilling symptoms such as mealiness (dry, sandy fruit mesocarp) after prolonged storage at chilling temperatures. To uncover the molecular processes related to the ability of early varieties to withstand mealiness, postharvest and genome-wide RNA-seq assessments were performed in two early and two late varieties. Differences in juice content and ethylene biosynthesis were detected among early and late season fruits that became mealy after exposed to prolonged chilling. Principal component and data distribution analysis revealed that cold-stored late variety fruit displayed an exacerbated and unique transcriptome profile when compared to any other postharvest condition. A differential expression analysis performed using an empirical Bayes mixture modeling approach followed by co-expression and functional enrichment analysis uncover processes related to ethylene, lipids, cell wall, carotenoids and DNA metabolism, light response, and plastid homeostasis associated to the susceptibility or resistance of P. persica varieties to chilling stress. Several of the genes related to these processes are in quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated to mealiness in P. persica. Together, these analyses exemplify how P. persica can be used as a model for studying chilling stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nilo-Poyanco
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Vizoso
- Centro de Propagación y Conservación Vegetal, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Balic
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Yang B, Voiniciuc C, Fu L, Dieluweit S, Klose H, Usadel B. TRM4 is essential for cellulose deposition in Arabidopsis seed mucilage by maintaining cortical microtubule organization and interacting with CESA3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:881-895. [PMID: 30277578 PMCID: PMC6585848 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of the seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to the production of a large amount of pectin-rich mucilage and a thick cellulosic secondary cell wall. The mechanisms by which cortical microtubules are involved in the formation of these pectinaceous and cellulosic cell walls are still largely unknown. Using a reverse genetic approach, we found that TONNEAU1 (TON1) recruiting motif 4 (TRM4) is implicated in cortical microtubule organization in SCE cells, and functions as a novel player in the establishment of mucilage structure. TRM4 is preferentially accumulated in the SCE cells at the stage of mucilage biosynthesis. The loss of TRM4 results in compact seed mucilage capsules, aberrant mucilage cellulosic structure, short cellulosic rays and disorganized cellulose microfibrils in mucilage. The defects could be rescued by transgene complementation of trm4 alleles. Probably, this is a consequence of a disrupted organization of cortical microtubules, observed using fluorescently tagged tubulin proteins in trm4 SCE cells. Furthermore, TRM4 proteins co-aligned with microtubules and interacted directly with CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 3 in two independent assays. Together, the results indicate that TRM4 is essential for microtubule array organization and therefore correct cellulose orientation in the SCE cells, as well as the establishment of the subsequent mucilage architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Institute for Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐2: Plant Sciences)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
| | - Lanbao Fu
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
| | - Sabine Dieluweit
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS‐7)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
| | - Holger Klose
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Institute for Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐2: Plant Sciences)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Institute for Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐2: Plant Sciences)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
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van Wijk R, Zhang Q, Zarza X, Lamers M, Marquez FR, Guardia A, Scuffi D, García-Mata C, Ligterink W, Haring MA, Laxalt AM, Munnik T. Role for Arabidopsis PLC7 in Stomatal Movement, Seed Mucilage Attachment, and Leaf Serration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1721. [PMID: 30542361 PMCID: PMC6278229 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) has been suggested to play important roles in plant stress and development. To increase our understanding of PLC signaling in plants, we have started to analyze knock-out (KO), knock-down (KD) and overexpression mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, which contains nine PLCs. Earlier, we characterized PLC2, PLC3 and PLC5. Here, the role of PLC7 is functionally addressed. Promoter-GUS analyses revealed that PLC7 is specifically expressed in the phloem of roots, leaves and flowers, and is also present in trichomes and hydathodes. Two T-DNA insertion mutants were obtained, i.e., plc7-3 being a KO- and plc7-4 a KD line. In contrast to earlier characterized phloem-expressed PLC mutants, i.e., plc3 and plc5, no defects in primary- or lateral root development were found for plc7 mutants. Like plc3 mutants, they were less sensitive to ABA during stomatal closure. Double-knockout plc3 plc7 lines were lethal, but plc5 plc7 (plc5/7) double mutants were viable, and revealed several new phenotypes, not observed earlier in the single mutants. These include a defect in seed mucilage, enhanced leaf serration, and an increased tolerance to drought. Overexpression of PLC7 enhanced drought tolerance too, similar to what was earlier found for PLC3-and PLC5 overexpression. In vivo 32Pi-labeling of seedlings and treatment with sorbitol to mimic drought stress, revealed stronger PIP2 responses in both drought-tolerant plc5/7 and PLC7-OE mutants. Together, these results show novel functions for PLC in plant stress and development. Potential molecular mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ringo van Wijk
- Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xavier Zarza
- Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mart Lamers
- Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Aisha Guardia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana M. Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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37
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Francoz E, Lepiniec L, North HM. Seed coats as an alternative molecular factory: thinking outside the box. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:327-342. [PMID: 30056618 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed coats as commodities. Seed coats play important roles in the protection of the embryo from biological attack and physical damage by the environment as well as dispersion strategies. A significant part of the energy devoted by the mother plant to seed production is channeled into the production of the cell layers and metabolites that surround the embryo. Nevertheless, in crop species these are often discarded post-harvest and are a wasted resource that could be processed to yield co-products. The production of novel compounds from existing metabolites is also a possibility. A number of macromolecules are already accumulated in these maternal layers that could be exploited in industrial applications either directly or via green chemistry, notably flavonoids, lignin, lignan, polysaccharides, lipid polyesters and waxes. Here, we summarize our knowledge of the in planta biosynthesis pathways of these macromolecules and their molecular regulation as well as potential applications. We also outline recent work aimed at providing further tools for increasing yields of existing molecules or the development of novel biotech approaches, as well as trial studies aimed at exploiting this underused resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Francoz
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
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38
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Golz JF, Allen PJ, Li SF, Parish RW, Jayawardana NU, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Layers of regulation - Insights into the role of transcription factors controlling mucilage production in the Arabidopsis seed coat. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:179-192. [PMID: 29807590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A polysaccharide-rich mucilage is released from the seed coat epidermis of numerous plant species and has been intensively studied in the model plant Arabidopsis. This has led to the identification of a large number of genes involved in the synthesis, secretion and modification of cell wall polysaccharides such as pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose being identified. These genes include a small network of transcription factors (TFs) and transcriptional co-regulators, that not only regulate mucilage production, but epidermal cell differentiation and in some cases flavonoid biosynthesis in the internal endothelial layer of the seed coat. Here we focus on the function of these regulators and propose a simplified model where they are assigned to a hierarchical gene network with three regulatory levels (tiers) as a means of assisting in the interpretation of the complexity. We discuss limitations of current methodologies and highlight some of the problems associated with defining the function of TFs, particularly those that perform different functions in adjacent layers of the seed coat. We suggest approaches that should provide a more accurate picture of the function of transcription factors involved with mucilage production and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Golz
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Patrick J Allen
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Centre, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Song F Li
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Centre, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Roger W Parish
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Centre, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nadeeka U Jayawardana
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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39
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Ben-Tov D, Idan-Molakandov A, Hugger A, Ben-Shlush I, Günl M, Yang B, Usadel B, Harpaz-Saad S. The role of COBRA-LIKE 2 function, as part of the complex network of interacting pathways regulating Arabidopsis seed mucilage polysaccharide matrix organization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:497-512. [PMID: 29446495 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrophilic mucilage along the course of seed coat epidermal cell differentiation is a common adaptation in angiosperms. Previous studies have identified COBRA-LIKE 2 (COBL2), a member of the COBRA-LIKE gene family, as a novel component required for crystalline cellulose deposition in seed coat epidermal cells. In recent years, Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells (SCEs), also called mucilage secretory cells, have emerged as a powerful model system for the study of plant cell wall components biosynthesis, secretion, assembly and de muro modification. Despite accumulating data, the molecular mechanism of COBL function remains largely unknown. In the current research, we utilized genetic interactions to study the role of COBL2 as part of the protein network required for seed mucilage production. Using correlative phenotyping of structural and biochemical characteristics, unique features of the cobl2 extruded mucilage are revealed, including: 'unraveled' ray morphology, loss of primary cell wall 'pyramidal' organization, reduced Ruthenium red staining intensity of the adherent mucilage layer, and increased levels of the monosaccharides arabinose and galactose. Examination of the cobl2cesa5 double mutant provides insight into the interface between COBL function and cellulose deposition. Additionally, genetic interactions between cobl2 and fei1fei2 as well as between each of these mutants to mucilage-modified 2 (mum2) suggest that COBL2 functions independently of the FEI-SOS pathway. Altogether, the presented data place COBL2 within the complex protein network required for cell wall deposition in the context of seed mucilage and introduce new methodology expending the seed mucilage phenotyping toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ben-Tov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Anat Idan-Molakandov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Anat Hugger
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilan Ben-Shlush
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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40
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Johnson KL, Gidley MJ, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Cell wall biomechanics: a tractable challenge in manipulating plant cell walls 'fit for purpose'! Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:163-171. [PMID: 28915438 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and recalcitrance of plant cell walls has contributed to the success of plants colonising land. Conversely, these attributes have also impeded progress in understanding the roles of walls in controlling and directing developmental processes during plant growth and also in unlocking their potential for biotechnological innovation. Recent technological advances have enabled the probing of how primary wall structures and molecular interactions of polysaccharides define their biomechanical (and hence functional) properties. The outputs have led to a new paradigm that places greater emphasis on understanding how the wall, as a biomechanical construct and cell surface sensor, modulates both plant growth and material properties. Armed with this knowledge, we are gaining the capacity to design walls 'fit for (biotechnological) purpose'!
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
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