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Tóth D, Tengölics R, Aarabi F, Karlsson A, Vidal-Meireles A, Kovács L, Kuntam S, Körmöczi T, Fernie AR, Hudson EP, Papp B, Tóth SZ. Chloroplastic ascorbate modifies plant metabolism and may act as a metabolite signal regardless of oxidative stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:1691-1711. [PMID: 39106412 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate (Asc) is a major plant metabolite that plays crucial roles in various processes, from reactive oxygen scavenging to epigenetic regulation. However, to what extent and how Asc modulates metabolism is largely unknown. We investigated the consequences of chloroplastic and total cellular Asc deficiencies by studying chloroplastic Asc transporter mutant lines lacking PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 4; 4 and the Asc-deficient vtc2-4 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Under regular growth conditions, both Asc deficiencies caused minor alterations in photosynthesis, with no apparent signs of oxidative damage. In contrast, metabolomics analysis revealed global and largely overlapping alterations in the metabolome profiles of both Asc-deficient mutants, suggesting that chloroplastic Asc modulates plant metabolism. We observed significant alterations in amino acid metabolism, particularly in arginine metabolism, activation of nucleotide salvage pathways, and changes in secondary metabolism. In addition, proteome-wide analysis of thermostability revealed that Asc may interact with enzymes involved in arginine metabolism, the Calvin-Benson cycle, and several photosynthetic electron transport components. Overall, our results suggest that, independent of oxidative stress, chloroplastic Asc modulates the activity of diverse metabolic pathways in vascular plants and may act as an internal metabolite signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Tóth
- Laboratory for Molecular Photobioenergetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6722, Hungary
| | - Roland Tengölics
- HCEMM-BRC Metabolic Systems Biology Lab, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Metabolomics Lab, Core Facilities, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Fayezeh Aarabi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm D-14476, Germany
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, PO Box 1031, Solna 171 21, Sweden
| | - André Vidal-Meireles
- Laboratory for Molecular Photobioenergetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - László Kovács
- Laboratory for Molecular Photobioenergetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Soujanya Kuntam
- Laboratory for Molecular Photobioenergetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Tímea Körmöczi
- HCEMM-BRC Metabolic Systems Biology Lab, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm D-14476, Germany
| | - Elton P Hudson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, PO Box 1031, Solna 171 21, Sweden
| | - Balázs Papp
- HCEMM-BRC Metabolic Systems Biology Lab, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Z Tóth
- Laboratory for Molecular Photobioenergetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
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2
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Menard BS, Benidickson KH, Raytek LM, Snedden WA, Plaxton WC. Heterologous expression and purification of glutamate decarboxylase-1 from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana: characterization of the enzyme's in vitro truncation by thiol endopeptidase activity. Protein Expr Purif 2024:106612. [PMID: 39343154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM) activated enzyme that produces γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) as the first committed step of the GABA shunt. Our prior research established that in vivo phosphorylation of AtGAD1 (AT5G17330) occurs at multiple N-terminal serine residues following Pi resupply to Pi-starved cell cultures of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The aim of the current investigation was to purify recombinant AtGAD1 (rAtGAD1) following its expression in Escherichia coli to facilitate studies of the impact of phosphorylation on its kinetic properties. However, in vitro proteolytic truncation of an approximate 5 kDa polypeptide from the C-terminus of 59 kDa rAtGAD1 subunits occurred during purification. Immunoblotting demonstrated that most protease inhibitors or cocktails that we tested were ineffective in suppressing this partial rAtGAD1 proteolysis. Although the thiol modifiers N-ethylmaleimide or 2,2-dipyridyl disulfide negated rAtGAD1 proteolysis, they also abolished its GAD activity. This indicates that an essential -SH group is needed for catalysis, and that rAtGAD1 is susceptible to partial degradation either by an E. coli cysteine endopeptidase, or possibly via autoproteolytic activity. The inclusion of exogenous Ca2+/CaM facilitated the purification of non-proteolyzed rAtGAD1 to a specific activity of 27 (μmol GABA produced/mg) at optimal pH 5.8, while exhibiting an approximate 3-fold activation by Ca2+/CaM at pH 7.3. By contrast, the purified partially proteolyzed rAtGAD1 was >40% less active at both pH values, and only activated 2-fold by Ca2+/CaM at pH 7.3. These results emphasize the need to diagnose and prevent partial proteolysis before conducting kinetic studies of purified regulatory enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lee Marie Raytek
- Dept. of Plant Sciences, McGill Univ., Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9
| | - Wayne A Snedden
- Dept. of Biology, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - William C Plaxton
- Dept. of Biology, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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Eprintsev AT, Anokhina GB, Selivanova PS, Moskvina PP, Igamberdiev AU. Biochemical and Epigenetic Regulation of Glutamate Metabolism in Maize ( Zea mays L.) Leaves under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2651. [PMID: 39339624 PMCID: PMC11434742 DOI: 10.3390/plants13182651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The effect of salt stress (150 mM NaCl) on the expression of genes, methylation of their promoters, and enzymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) complex was studied in maize (Zea mays L.). GDH activity increased continuously under salt stress, being 3-fold higher after 24 h. This was accompanied by the appearance of a second isoform with lower electrophoretic mobility. The expression of the Gdh1 gene strongly increased after 6-12 h of incubation, which corresponded to the demethylation of its promoter, while Gdh2 gene expression slightly increased after 2-6 h and then decreased. GAD activity gradually increased in the first 12 h, and then returned to the control level. This corresponded to the increase of Gad expression and its demethylation. Salt stress led to a 2-fold increase in the activity of 2-OGDH during the first 6 h of NaCl treatment, then the activity returned to the control level. Expression of the genes Ogdh1 and Ogdh3 peaked after 1-2 h of incubation. After 6-8 h with NaCl, the expression of these genes declined below the control levels, which correlated with the higher methylation of their promoters. We conclude that salt stress causes a redirection of the 2-OG flux to the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt via its amination to glutamate, by altering the expression of the Gdh1 and Gdh2 genes, which likely promotes the assembly of the native GDH molecule having a different subunit composition and greater affinity for 2-OG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Eprintsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (A.T.E.); (G.B.A.); (P.S.S.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Galina B. Anokhina
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (A.T.E.); (G.B.A.); (P.S.S.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Polina S. Selivanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (A.T.E.); (G.B.A.); (P.S.S.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Polina P. Moskvina
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (A.T.E.); (G.B.A.); (P.S.S.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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4
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Islam SNU, Kouser S, Hassan P, Asgher M, Shah AA, Khan NA. Gamma-aminobutyric acid interactions with phytohormones and its role in modulating abiotic and biotic stress in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:36. [PMID: 39158750 PMCID: PMC11333426 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a ubiquitous non-protein 4-carbon amino acid present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. It is conventionally recognized as a neurotransmitter in mammals and plays a crucial role in plants. The context of this review centers on the impact of GABA in mitigating abiotic stresses induced by climate change, such as drought, salinity, heat, and heavy metal exposure. Beyond its neurotransmitter role, GABA emerges as a key player in diverse metabolic processes, safeguarding plants against multifaceted abiotic as well as biotic challenges. This comprehensive exploration delves into the GABA biosynthetic pathway, its transport mechanisms, and its intricate interplay with various abiotic stresses. The discussion extends to the nuanced relationship between GABA and phytohormones during abiotic stress acclimation, offering insights into the strategic development of mitigation strategies against these stresses. The delineation of GABA's crosstalk with phytohormones underscores its pivotal role in formulating crucial strategies for abiotic stress alleviation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nazar Ul Islam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Shaista Kouser
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Parveena Hassan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India.
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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5
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Chang Y, Li G, Jian C, Zhang B, Sun Y, Li N, Zhang S. Influence of Water and Fertilizer Reduction on Respiratory Metabolism in Sugar Beet Taproot ( Beta vulgaris L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2282. [PMID: 39204717 PMCID: PMC11360057 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Inner Mongolia, a major region in China for growing sugar beet, faces challenges caused by unscientific water and fertilizer management. This mismanagement restricts the improvement of sugar beet yield and quality and exacerbates water waste and environmental pollution. This study aims to evaluate the effects of reduced water and fertilizer on the growth and physiological metabolism of sugar beet taproot. Field experiments were conducted in Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, in 2022 and 2023, using a split-plot design with three levels each of fertilization and irrigation. The study analyzed the effects of reduced water and fertilizer treatments on fresh taproot weight, respiration rate, energy metabolism, respiratory enzyme activity, and gene expression in sugar beet taproot. It was found that a 10% reduction in fertilizer significantly increased the beet taproot fresh weight. Further research revealed that during the rapid leaf growth phase and the taproot and sugar growth period, a 10% reduction in fertilizer upregulated HK and IDH gene expression and downregulated G6PDH gene expression in the beet taproot. This increased HK and IDH activities, decreased G6PDH activity, enhanced the activity of the EMP-TCA pathway, and inhibited the PPP. Taproot weight was positively correlated with the respiration rate, ATP content, EC, and ATPase, HK, and IDH activities, thereby increasing the taproot growth rate and taproot fresh weight, with an average increase of 4.0% over two years. These findings introduce a novel method for optimizing fertilizer use, particularly beneficial in water-scarce regions. Implementing this strategy could help farmers in western Inner Mongolia and similar areas improve crop yield and sustainability. This study offers new insights into resource-efficient agricultural practices, highlighting the importance of customized fertilization strategies tailored to local environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chang
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Guolong Li
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Caiyuan Jian
- Special Crops Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Yaqing Sun
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Ningning Li
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Shaoying Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.)
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6
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Dissanayake BM, Staudinger C, Ranathunge K, Munns R, Rupasinghe TW, Taylor NL, Millar AH. Metabolic adaptations leading to an enhanced lignification in wheat roots under salinity stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1800-1815. [PMID: 38923138 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of salinity tolerance processes in wheat has focused on salt exclusion from shoots while root phenotypes have received limited attention. Here, we consider the varying phenotypic response of four bread wheat varieties that differ in their type and degree of salt tolerance and assess their molecular responses to salinity and changes in root cell wall lignification. These varieties were Westonia introgressed with Nax1 and Nax2 root sodium transporters (HKT1;4-A and HKT1;5-A) that reduce Na+ accumulation in leaves, as well as the 'tissue tolerant' Portuguese landrace Mocho de Espiga Branca that has a mutation in the homologous gene HKT1;5-D and has high Na+ concentration in leaves. These three varieties were compared with the relatively more salt-sensitive cultivar Gladius. Through the use of root histochemical analysis, ion concentrations, as well as differential proteomics and targeted metabolomics, we provide an integrated view of the wheat root response to salinity. We show different metabolic re-arrangements in energy conversion, primary metabolic machinery and phenylpropanoid pathway leading to monolignol production in a genotype and genotype by treatment-dependent manner that alters the extent and localisation of root lignification which correlated with an improved capacity of wheat roots to cope better under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya M Dissanayake
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Christiana Staudinger
- Institute of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Rana Munns
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas L Taylor
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Australian Plant Phenomics Network, The University Of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia
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7
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Jan R, Asif S, Asaf S, Lubna, Khan Z, Khan W, Kim KM. Gamma-aminobutyric acid treatment promotes resistance against Sogatella furcifera in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1419999. [PMID: 39091314 PMCID: PMC11291254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1419999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) is a white-backed planthopper (WBPH) that causes "hopper burn" in rice, resulting in severe yield loss. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a well-known neurotransmitter that inhibits neurotransmission in insects by binding to specific receptors. In this study, we investigated the potential role of GABA in modulating rice resistance to WBPH and evaluated possible defense mechanisms. The experiment was conducted in green house in pots consist of four groups: control, GABA-treated, WBPH-infested, and WBPH-infested treated with GABA. Among the various tested concentration of GABA, 15 mM GABA was applied as a single treatment in water. The treatment was administered one week before WBPH infestation. The results revealed that 15 mM GABA treatment strongly increased WBPH resistance. A plate-based assay indicated that direct application of 15 mM GABA increased the mortality rate of WBPH and increased the damage recovery rate in rice plants. We found that GABA treatment increased the activation of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the reactive oxygen species content and malondialdehyde contents, and reduced the damage rate caused by WBPH. Interestingly, GABA-supplemented plants infested with WBPH exhibited increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression levels. GABA induced the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced the stomata closure and reduced leaf vessels to reduce water conductance during WBPH stress. Furthermore, we found that GABA application to the plant induced the expression of Jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, and OPR) and melatonin biosynthesis-related genes (TDC, T5H, ASMT, and SNAT). Our study suggested that GABA increases resistance against WBPH infestation by regulating antioxidant defense system, TCA cycle regulation, phytohormonal signaling, and PR gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmatullah Jan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Saleem Asif
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lubna
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Zakirullah Khan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Waleed Khan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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8
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Chakraborty N, Das A, Pal S, Roy S, Sil SK, Adak MK, Hassanzamman M. Exploring Aluminum Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants with Reference to Rice and Arabidopsis: A Comprehensive Review of Genetic, Metabolic, and Physiological Adaptations in Acidic Soils. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1760. [PMID: 38999600 PMCID: PMC11243567 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) makes up a third of the Earth's crust and is a widespread toxic contaminant, particularly in acidic soils. It impacts crops at multiple levels, from cellular to whole plant systems. This review delves into Al's reactivity, including its cellular transport, involvement in oxidative redox reactions, and development of specific metabolites, as well as the influence of genes on the production of membrane channels and transporters, alongside its role in triggering senescence. It discusses the involvement of channel proteins in calcium influx, vacuolar proton pumping, the suppression of mitochondrial respiration, and the initiation of programmed cell death. At the cellular nucleus level, the effects of Al on gene regulation through alterations in nucleic acid modifications, such as methylation and histone acetylation, are examined. In addition, this review outlines the pathways of Al-induced metabolic disruption, specifically citric acid metabolism, the regulation of proton excretion, the induction of specific transcription factors, the modulation of Al-responsive proteins, changes in citrate and nucleotide glucose transporters, and overall metal detoxification pathways in tolerant genotypes. It also considers the expression of phenolic oxidases in response to oxidative stress, their regulatory feedback on mitochondrial cytochrome proteins, and their consequences on root development. Ultimately, this review focuses on the selective metabolic pathways that facilitate Al exclusion and tolerance, emphasizing compartmentalization, antioxidative defense mechanisms, and the control of programmed cell death to manage metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilakshi Chakraborty
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Abir Das
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Pal
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumita Roy
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Kumar Sil
- Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Malay Kumar Adak
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mirza Hassanzamman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shar-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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9
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Xiao Y, Hao T. New insights on ecological roles of waste activated sludge in nutrient-stressed co-digestion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130836. [PMID: 38744398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
There have been extensive applications of waste activated sludge (WAS) in anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD). Nonetheless, mechanisms through which AcoD systems maintain stability, particularly under nutrient-stressed conditions, are under-appreciated. In this study, the role of WAS in a nutrient-stressed WAS-food waste AcoD system was re-evaluated. Our findings demonstrated that WAS-based co-digestion increased methane production (by 20-60%) as WAS bolsters such systems' resilience via establishing a core niche-based microbial balance. The carbon utilization investigation suggested a microbial niche balance is attainable if two conditions are satisfied: 1) hydrolysis efficiency is greater than 50%; and 2) both the acidogenesis-to-hydrolysis and acetogenesis-to-hydrolysis efficiencies surpass 0.5. Metagenomic assembly genome (MAG) analysis indicated that the versatile metabolic characteristics strengthened the microbial niche balance, rendering the system resilient and efficient through a syntrophic mode, contributing to both acidogenesis and acetogenesis. The findings of this study provide new insights into the ecological effects of WAS on AcoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau.
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10
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Fan Y, Tcherkez G, Scafaro AP, Taylor NL, Furbank RT, von Caemmerer S, Atkin OK. Variation in leaf dark respiration among C3 and C4 grasses is associated with use of different substrates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1475-1490. [PMID: 38324704 PMCID: PMC11142371 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of respiratory properties have often been made at a single time point either during daytime using dark-adapted leaves or during nighttime. The influence of the day-night cycle on respiratory metabolism has received less attention but is crucial to understand photosynthesis and photorespiration. Here, we examined how CO2- and O2-based rates of leaf dark respiration (Rdark) differed between midday (after 30-min dark adaptation) and midnight in 8 C3 and C4 grasses. We used these data to calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ; ratio of CO2 release to O2 uptake), and assessed relationships between Rdark and leaf metabolome. Rdark was higher at midday than midnight, especially in C4 species. The day-night difference in Rdark was more evident when expressed on a CO2 than O2 basis, with the RQ being higher at midday than midnight in all species, except in rice (Oryza sativa). Metabolomic analyses showed little correlation of Rdark or RQ with leaf carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose, or starch) but strong multivariate relationships with other metabolites. The results suggest that rates of Rdark and differences in RQ were determined by several concurrent CO2-producing and O2-consuming metabolic pathways, not only the tricarboxylic acid cycle (organic acids utilization) but also the pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism, and secondary metabolism. As such, Rdark was time-, type- (C3/C4) and species-dependent, due to the use of different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Fan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé 49100, France
| | - Andrew P Scafaro
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- School of Molecular Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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11
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Zhang Z, Xia Z, Zhou C, Wang G, Meng X, Yin P. Insights into Salinity Tolerance in Wheat. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:573. [PMID: 38790202 PMCID: PMC11121000 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Salt stress has a detrimental impact on food crop production, with its severity escalating due to both natural and man-made factors. As one of the most important food crops, wheat is susceptible to salt stress, resulting in abnormal plant growth and reduced yields; therefore, damage from salt stress should be of great concern. Additionally, the utilization of land in coastal areas warrants increased attention, given diminishing supplies of fresh water and arable land, and the escalating demand for wheat. A comprehensive understanding of the physiological and molecular changes in wheat under salt stress can offer insights into mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat. In this review, we summarized the genes and molecular mechanisms involved in ion transport, signal transduction, and enzyme and hormone regulation, in response to salt stress based on the physiological processes in wheat. Then, we surveyed the latest progress in improving the salt tolerance of wheat through breeding, exogenous applications, and microbial pathways. Breeding efficiency can be improved through a combination of gene editing and multiple omics techniques, which is the fundamental strategy for dealing with salt stress. Possible challenges and prospects in this process were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pengcheng Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.Z.); (G.W.); (X.M.)
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12
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Ahmad S, Fariduddin Q. "Deciphering the enigmatic role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in plants: Synthesis, transport, regulation, signaling, and biological roles in interaction with growth regulators and abiotic stresses.". PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108502. [PMID: 38492486 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid with a four-carbon structure, widely distributed in various organisms. It exists as a zwitterion, possessing both positive and negative charges, enabling it to interact with other molecules and participate in numerous physiological processes. GABA is widely distributed in various plant cell compartments such as cytoplasm mitochondria, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and plastids. GABA is primarily synthesized from glutamate using glutamate decarboxylase and participates in the GABA shunt within mitochondria, regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plants The transport of GABA is regulated by several intracellular and intercellular transporters such as aluminium-activated malate transporters (ALMTs), GABA transporters (GATs), bidirectional amino acid transporters (BATs), and cationic amino acid transporters (CATs). GABA plays a vital role in cellular transformations, gene expression, cell wall modifications, and signal transduction in plants. Recent research has unveiled the role of GABA as a signaling molecule in plants, regulating stomatal movement and pollen tube growth. This review provides insights into multifaceted impact of GABA on physiological and biochemical traits in plants, including cellular communication, pH regulation, Krebs cycle circumvention, and carbon and nitrogen equilibrium. The review highlights involvement of GABA in improving the antioxidant defense system of plants, mitigating levels of reactive oxygen species under normal and stressed conditions. Moreover, the interplay of GABA with other plant growth regulators (PGRs) have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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13
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Akter N, Kulsum U, Moniruzzaman M, Yasuda N, Akama K. Truncation of the calmodulin binding domain in rice glutamate decarboxylase 4 ( OsGAD4) leads to accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid and confers abiotic stress tolerance in rice seedlings. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2024; 44:21. [PMID: 38435472 PMCID: PMC10904699 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-024-01460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid widely known as major inhibitory neurotransmitter. It is synthesized from glutamate via the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). GAD is ubiquitous in all organisms, but only plant GAD has ability to bind Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM). This kind of binding suppresses the auto-inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD) when the active site of GAD is unfolded resulting in stimulated GAD activity. OsGAD4 is one of the five GAD genes in rice genome. It was confirmed that OsGAD4 has ability to bind to Ca2+/CaM. Moreover, it exhibits strongest expression against several stress conditions among the five OsGAD genes. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing was performed to trim the coding region of CaMBD from the OsGAD4 gene, to remove its autoinhibitory function. DNA sequence analysis of the genome edited rice plants revealed the truncation of CaMBD (216 bp). Genome edited line (#14-1) produced 11.26 mg GABA/100 g grain, which is almost nine-fold in comparison to wild type. Short deletion in the coding region for CaMBD yielded in mutant (#14-6) with lower GABA content than wild type counterpart. Abiotic stresses like salinity, flooding and drought significantly enhanced GABA accumulation in #14-1 at various time points compared to wild-type and #14-6 under the same stress conditions. Moreover, upregulated mRNA expression in vegetative tissues seems correlated with the stress-responsiveness of OsGAD4 when exposed to the above-mentioned stresses. Stress tolerance of OsGAD4 genome edited lines was evidenced by the higher survival rate indicating the gene may induce tolerance against abiotic stresses in rice. This is the first report on abiotic stress tolerance in rice modulated by endogenous GABA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01460-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Akter
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
- Genetic Resources and Seed Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701 Bangladesh
| | - Ummey Kulsum
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Norito Yasuda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Kazuhito Akama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
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14
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Lu X, Zhou Y, Yao Y, Zhu W, Hong L, Zhu F, Li P, Wang W, Hong C. Evaluation of the effect of a novel substrate that is composed of landfill-mined-soil-like-fractions on plant growth and heavy metal accumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141336. [PMID: 38309599 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In the pursuit of a safe, low-cost, and sustainable method for the reuse of landfill-mined-soil-like-fractions (LFMSFs), pot experiments were conducted using seven growth substrates consisting of LFMSFs, tea residue, and peat for the cultivation of Photinia × fraseri. Six of the substrates had 40 %:60 %, 60 %:40 %, and 80 %:20 % volume ratios of LFMSFs to tea residue or peat, and one substrate consisted entirely of LFMSFs. The physicochemical properties of the substrate, growth parameters of the plants, and heavy metal content in the different pots were determined after one year of growth. The results indicated that the physicochemical properties of the substrate, that was composed of a mixture of LFMSFs and tea residue showed a significant improvement in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, there was also an increase in the salt and heavy metal contents when compared with those of peat. The plant growth in the LFMSF and tea residue substrate was slightly lower than that in the LFMSF and peat mixture. Notably, the best plant growth and environmentally friendly effects were observed when LFMSFs were added at 40 %. Additionally, most of the heavy metals were primarily removed from the substrate through the leaves of the seedlings, with the heavy metal contents being relatively low. In conclusion, LFMSFs as a cultivation substrate, represent a practical approach for reutilization, which could contribute to the reduction of reliance on traditional resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310016, China; Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Yanlai Yao
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Weijing Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Leidong Hong
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Fengxiang Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Penghao Li
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Chunlai Hong
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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15
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Hameed A, Maqsood W, Hameed A, Qayyum MA, Ahmed T, Farooq T. Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin counteract salt-mediated ionic toxicity in wheat seedlings: an ecofriendly and sustainable approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8917-8929. [PMID: 38182953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Over-accumulating salts in soil are hazardous materials that interfere with the biochemical pathways in growing plants drastically affecting their physiological attributes, growth, and productivity. Soil salinization poses severe threats to highly-demanded and important crops directly challenging food security and sustainable productivity. Recently, there has been a great demand to exploit natural sources for the development of nontoxic nanoformulations of growth enhancers and stress emulators. The chitosan (CS) has growth-stimulating properties and widespread use as nanocarriers, while curcumin (CUR) has a well-established high ROS scavenging potential. Herein, we use CS and CUR for the preparation of CSNPs encapsulating CUR as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent. The hydroprimed, nanoprimed (0.02 and 0.04%), and unprimed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) and normal conditions. The seedlings established from the aforementioned seeds were employed for germination studies and biochemical analyses. Priming imprints mitigated the ionic toxicity by upregulating the machinery of antioxidants (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and lycopene), tannins, flavonoids, and protein contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress. It controlled ROS production and avoided structural injuries, thus reducing MDA contents and regulating osmoregulation. The nanopriming-induced readjustments in biochemical attributes counteracted the ionic toxicity and positively influenced the growth parameters including final germination, vigor, and germination index. It also reduced the mean germination time, significantly validating the growth-stimulating and stress-emulating role of the prepared nanosystem. Hence, the nanopriming conferred tolerance against salt stress during germination and seedling development, ensuring sustainable growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arruje Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Maqsood
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hameed
- Plant Breeding & Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdul Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Toheed Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Farooq
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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16
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Al-Quraan NA, Samarah NH, Tanash AA. Effect of drought stress on wheat ( Triticum durum) growth and metabolism: insight from GABA shunt, reactive oxygen species and dehydrin genes expression. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:NULL. [PMID: 36346967 DOI: 10.1071/fp22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt pathway and upregulation of dehydrins are involved in metabolic homeostasis and protective mechanisms against drought stress. Seed germination percentage, seedling growth, levels of GABA, alanine, glutamate, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD ) and dehydrin (dhn and wcor ) genes were examined in post-germination and seedlings of four durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) cultivars in response to water holding capacity levels (80%, 50%, and 20%). Data showed a significant decrease in seed germination percentage, seedling length, fresh and dry weight, and water content as water holding capacity level was decreased. Levels of GABA, alanine, glutamate, and MDA were significantly increased with a negative correlation in post-germination and seedling stages as water holding capacity level was decreased. Prolonged exposure to drought stress increased the GAD expression that activated GABA shunt pathway especially at seedlings growth stage to maintain carbon/nitrogen balance, amino acids and carbohydrates metabolism, and plant growth regulation under drought stress. The mRNA transcripts of dhn and wcor significantly increased as water availability decreased in all wheat cultivars during the post-germination stage presumably to enhance plant tolerance to drought stress by cell membrane protection, cryoprotection of enzymes, and prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. This study showed that the four durum wheat cultivars responded differently to drought stress especially during the seedling growth stage which might be connected with ROS scavenging systems and the activation of antioxidant enzymes that were associated with activation of GABA shunt pathway and the production of GABA in durum seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen A Al-Quraan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nezar H Samarah
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayah A Tanash
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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17
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Zhou H, Shi H, Yang Y, Feng X, Chen X, Xiao F, Lin H, Guo Y. Insights into plant salt stress signaling and tolerance. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:16-34. [PMID: 37647984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization is an essential environmental stressor, threatening agricultural yield and ecological security worldwide. Saline soils accumulate excessive soluble salts which are detrimental to most plants by limiting plant growth and productivity. It is of great necessity for plants to efficiently deal with the adverse effects caused by salt stress for survival and successful reproduction. Multiple determinants of salt tolerance have been identified in plants, and the cellular and physiological mechanisms of plant salt response and adaption have been intensely characterized. Plants respond to salt stress signals and rapidly initiate signaling pathways to re-establish cellular homeostasis with adjusted growth and cellular metabolism. This review summarizes the advances in salt stress perception, signaling, and response in plants. A better understanding of plant salt resistance will contribute to improving crop performance under saline conditions using multiple engineering approaches. The rhizosphere microbiome-mediated plant salt tolerance as well as chemical priming for enhanced plant salt resistance are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Haifan Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xixian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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18
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Shi Y, Li Y, Liu T, Guo C, Liang W, Ma F, Li C. γ-Aminobutyric acid enhances salt tolerance by sustaining ion homeostasis in apples. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108306. [PMID: 38154298 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization had become a global ecological problem, which restricts the plant growth, and the quantity and quality of fruits. As a signaling molecule, γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediates a series of physiological processes and stress responses. Our previous research showed that GABA could alleviate drought, low phosphorus, cadmium stresses in apples, but the further research about its physiological mechanisms under salt stress was even more needed. The present study showed that the inhibition of salt stress on plant growth might be effectively alleviated by the treatment of 0.5 mM GABA, and the osmotic balance and photosynthetic capacity of plants could be maintained. Exogenous GABA could effectively inhibit the enrichment of reactive oxygen species and the uptake of Na+, while maintaining ion homeostasis. The experiment results indicated GABA could markedly promote the expression amount of Na+ and K+ transport-related genes (e.g., HKT1, AKT1, NHX1, SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3) in apples under salt stress. Overexpression and interference (RNAi) of MdGAD1 in apple roots, which is a crucial enzyme in the GABA biosynthesis, affected the salt tolerance of plants. Transgenic apple plants with roots of overexpression MdGAD1 showed less relative electrolyte leakage and more expression level of related ion transport genes than CK group, but RNAi MdGAD1 led to the opposite results. These results indicated that GABA accumulation could effectively strengthen the resistance of apple plants to salt stress and alleviate the injury of apple seedlings resulted from salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuxing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chengyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cuiying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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19
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Liu M, Bai M, Yue J, Fei X, Xia X. Integrating transcriptome and metabolome to explore the growth-promoting mechanisms of GABA in blueberry plantlets. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1319700. [PMID: 38186593 PMCID: PMC10768180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1319700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Tissue culture technology is the main method for the commercial propagation of blueberry plants, but blueberry plantlets grow slowly and have long growth cycles under in vitro propagation, resulting in low propagation efficiency. In addition, the long culturing time can also result in reduced nutrient content in the culture medium, and the accumulation of toxic and harmful substances that can lead to weak growth for the plantlets or browning and vitrification, which ultimately can seriously reduce the quality of the plantlets. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that can improve plant resistance to various stresses and promote plant growth, but the effects of its application and mechanism in tissue culture are still unclear. In this study, the effects of GABA on the growth of in vitro blueberry plantlets were analyzed following the treatment of the plantlets with GABA. In addition, the GABA-treated plantlets were also subjected to a comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The exogenous application of GABA significantly promoted growth and improved the quality of the blueberry plantlets. In total, 2,626 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 377 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected by comparison of the control and GABA-treated plantlets. Most of the DEGs and DAMs were involved in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The comprehensive analysis results indicated that GABA may promote the growth of blueberry plantlets by promoting carbon metabolism and nitrogen assimilation, as well as increasing the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids and terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiuying Xia
- Plant Cell and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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20
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Benidickson KH, Raytek LM, Hoover GJ, Flaherty EJ, Shelp BJ, Snedden WA, Plaxton WC. Glutamate decarboxylase-1 is essential for efficient acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana to nutritional phosphorus deprivation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2372-2385. [PMID: 37837235 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a Ca2+ -calmodulin-activated, cytosolic enzyme that produces γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) as the committed step of the GABA shunt. This pathway bypasses the 2-oxoglutarate to succinate reactions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. GABA also accumulates during many plant stresses. We tested the hypothesis that AtGAD1 (At5G17330) facilitates Arabidopsis acclimation to Pi deprivation. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting revealed that AtGAD1 transcript and protein expression is primarily root-specific, but inducible at lower levels in shoots of Pi-deprived (-Pi) plants. Pi deprivation reduced levels of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) cofactor thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) in shoots and roots by > 50%. Growth of -Pi atgad1 T-DNA mutants was significantly attenuated relative to wild-type plants. This was accompanied by: (i) an > 60% increase in shoot and root GABA levels of -Pi wild-type, but not atgad1 plants, and (ii) markedly elevated anthocyanin and reduced free and total Pi levels in leaves of -Pi atgad1 plants. Treatment with 10 mM GABA reversed the deleterious development of -Pi atgad1 plants. Our results indicate that AtGAD1 mediates GABA shunt upregulation during Pi deprivation. This bypass is hypothesized to circumvent ThDP-limited 2-OGDH activity to facilitate TCA cycle flux and respiration by -Pi Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Marie Raytek
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gordon J Hoover
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Edward J Flaherty
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Barry J Shelp
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wayne A Snedden
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - William C Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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21
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Hosseini M, Saidi A, Maali-Amiri R, Khosravi-Nejad F, Abbasi A. Low-temperature acclimation related with developmental regulations of polyamines and ethylene metabolism in wheat recombinant inbred lines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108198. [PMID: 38008007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Winter survival is determined by complicated developmental regulations enabling wheat to adjust their transcriptome and metabolome to develop low temperature (LT) tolerance. The aim of the study was to clarify the metabolic responses developmentally regulated in six F6 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between Pishtaz (spring parent) and Mironovskaya 808 (winter parent). Spring genotypes, including pishtaz, RILs 4006 and 4014 showed lower LT tolerance, PAs (except the spermin), GABA and proline contents and DPPH• scavenging capacity. In these genotypes, genes and enzymes involved in the pathways of PAs and GABA degradation and ethylene biosynthesis were more active than other genotypes. RILs 4012 and 4016 with short vernalization displayed higher tolerance and lower H2O2 content compared to Pishtaz. Strong vernalization requirements in winter and facultative genotypes (Mironovskaya 808 parent and RILs 4003 and 4005) results in up-regulation of the metabolites and genes involved in PAs and GABA biosynthesis pathways (particularly when vernalization fulfillment occurred) to establish high tolerance as compared to genotypes without vernalization requirement. LT tolerance in all genotypes significantly decreased after vernalization fulfillment in February. Results indicated that LT tolerance was partly validated from developmental regulation of PAs, GABA, and ethylene metabolism during venalization and LT acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hosseini
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Saidi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Maali-Amiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran.
| | | | - Amin Abbasi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
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22
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Accumulation Contributes to Citrus sinensis Response against ' Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus' via Modulation of Multiple Metabolic Pathways and Redox Status. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3753. [PMID: 37960112 PMCID: PMC10650511 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB; also known as citrus greening) is the most destructive bacterial disease of citrus worldwide with no known sustainable cure yet. Herein, we used non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to prove that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation might influence the homeostasis of several metabolic pathways, as well as antioxidant defense machinery, and their metabolism-related genes. Overall, 41 metabolites were detected in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) leaf extract including 19 proteinogenic amino acids (PAA), 10 organic acids, 5 fatty acids, and 9 other amines (four phenolic amines and three non-PAA). Exogenous GABA application increased most PAA in healthy (except L-threonine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, and L-methionine) and 'Candidatus L. asiaticus'-infected citrus plants (with no exception). Moreover, GABA accumulation significantly induced L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and α-linolenic acid, the main precursors of auxins, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA), respectively. Furthermore, GABA supplementation upregulated most, if not all, of amino acids, phenolic amines, phytohormone metabolism-related, and GABA shunt-associated genes in both healthy and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected leaves. Moreover, although 'Ca. L. asiaticus' induced the accumulation of H2O2 and O2•- and generated strong oxidative stress in infected leaves, GABA possibly stimulates the activation of a multilayered antioxidative system to neutralize the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintain redox status within infected leaves. This complex system comprises two major components: (i) the enzymatic antioxidant defense machinery (six POXs, four SODs, and CAT) that serves as the front line in antioxidant defenses, and (ii) the non-enzymatic antioxidant defense machinery (phenolic acids and phenolic amines) that works as a second defense line against 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-induced ROS in citrus infected leaves. Collectively, our findings suggest that GABA might be a promising alternative eco-friendly strategy that helps citrus trees battle HLB particularly, and other diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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23
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Xiao R, Youngjun O, Zhang X, Thi NN, Lu H, Hwang I. Osmotic stress-induced localisation switch of CBR1 from mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum triggers ATP production via β-oxidation to respond to osmotic shock. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3420-3432. [PMID: 37469026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought and high salinity are major environmental factors that reduce plant growth and development, leading to loss of plant productivity in agriculture. Under these stress conditions, photosynthesis is greatly suppressed despite the high cellular energy cost of stress response processes. Currently, the process that allows plants to secure the energy required for osmotic stress responses remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that cytochrome b5 reductase 1 (CBR1), a cytochrome b5 reductase, plays an important role in ATP production in response to NaCl and dehydration stresses. Overexpression and loss of function of CBR1 led to enhanced resistance and sensitivity, respectively, to osmotic stress. Upon exposure to osmotic stress, CBR1 was localised to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) instead of to mitochondria, where it was localised under normal conditions. Transgenic plants overexpressing ER-targeted CBR1 showed enhanced resistance to osmotic stress. Moreover, CBR1-ER and CBR1-OX plants, had higher levels of ATP and unsaturated fatty acids under osmotic stress. However, these effects were abrogated by thioridazine and 2-deoxy glucose, inhibitors of β-oxidation and glycolysis, respectively. Based on these results, we propose that ER-localised CBR1 triggers ATP production via the production and β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Oh Youngjun
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - NguyenThO Nguyen Thi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Hai Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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24
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Supplementation Boosts the Phytohormonal Profile in ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Infected Citrus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3647. [PMID: 37896110 PMCID: PMC10609878 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The devastating citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB), is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter sp.' and transmitted by citrus psyllids. Unfortunately, HLB has no known sustainable cure yet. Herein, we proposed γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a potential eco-friendly therapeutic solution to HLB. Herein, we used GC/MS-based targeted metabolomics combined with gene expression to investigate the role of GABA in citrus response against HLB and to better understand its relationship(s) with different phytohormones. GABA supplementation via root drench boosts the accumulation of endogenous GABA in the leaves of both healthy and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected trees. GABA accumulation benefits the activation of a multi-layered defensive system via modulating the phytohormone levels and regulating the expression of their biosynthesis genes and some pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) in both healthy and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected plants. Moreover, our findings showed that GABA application stimulates auxin biosynthesis in 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected plants via the activation of the indole-3-pyruvate (I3PA) pathway, not via the tryptamine (TAM)-dependent pathway, to enhance the growth of HLB-affected trees. Likewise, GABA accumulation was associated with the upregulation of SA biosynthesis genes, particularly the PAL-dependent route, resulting in higher SA levels that activated CsPR1, CsPR2, CsPR5, and CsWRKY70, which are prominent to activation of the SA-mediated pathway. Additionally, higher GABA levels were correlated with an enhanced JA profile and linked with both CsPR3 and CsPR4, which activates the JA-mediated pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that exogenous GABA application might be a promising alternative and eco-friendly strategy that helps citrus trees battle HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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25
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Yang H, Tian L, Qiu H, Qin C, Ling S, Xu J. Metabolomics Analysis of Sporulation-Associated Metabolites of Metarhizium anisopliae Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1011. [PMID: 37888267 PMCID: PMC10608027 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus, has been widely used for the control of agricultural and forestry pests. However, sporulation degeneration occurs frequently during the process of successive culture, and we currently lack a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the metabolic profiles of M. anisopliae were comparatively analyzed based on the metabolomics approach of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 74 metabolites were detected in both normal and degenerate strains, with 40 differential metabolites contributing significantly to the model. Principal component analysis (PCA) and potential structure discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed a clear distinction between the sporulation of normal strains and degenerate strains. Specifically, 23 metabolites were down-regulated and 17 metabolites were up-regulated in degenerate strains compared to normal strains. The KEGG enrichment analysis identified 47 significant pathways. Among them, the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolic pathways and the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism had the most significant effects on sporulation, which revealed that significant changes occur in the metabolic phenotypes of strains during sporulation and degeneration processes. Furthermore, our subsequent experiments have substantiated that the addition of amino acids could improve M. anisopliae's spore production. Our study shows that metabolites, especially amino acids, which are significantly up-regulated or down-regulated during the sporulation and degeneration of M. anisopliae, may be involved in the sporulation process of M. anisopliae, and amino acid metabolism (especially glutamate, aspartate, serine, glycine, arginine and leucine) may be an important part of the sporulation mechanism of M. anisopliae. This study provides a foundation and technical support for rejuvenation and production improvement strategies for M. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinzhu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (H.Y.); (L.T.); (H.Q.); (C.Q.); (S.L.)
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26
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Amthor JS. ATP yield of plant respiration: potential, actual and unknown. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:133-162. [PMID: 37409716 PMCID: PMC10550282 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ATP yield of plant respiration (ATP/hexose unit respired) quantitatively links active heterotrophic processes with substrate consumption. Despite its importance, plant respiratory ATP yield is uncertain. The aim here was to integrate current knowledge of cellular mechanisms with inferences required to fill knowledge gaps to generate a contemporary estimate of respiratory ATP yield and identify important unknowns. METHOD A numerical balance sheet model combining respiratory carbon metabolism and electron transport pathways with uses of the resulting transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient was created and parameterized for healthy, non-photosynthesizing plant cells catabolizing sucrose or starch to produce cytosolic ATP. KEY RESULTS Mechanistically, the number of c subunits in the mitochondrial ATP synthase Fo sector c-ring, which is unquantified in plants, affects ATP yield. A value of 10 was (justifiably) used in the model, in which case respiration of sucrose potentially yields about 27.5 ATP/hexose (0.5 ATP/hexose more from starch). Actual ATP yield often will be smaller than its potential due to bypasses of energy-conserving reactions in the respiratory chain, even in unstressed plants. Notably, all else being optimal, if 25 % of respiratory O2 uptake is via the alternative oxidase - a typically observed fraction - ATP yield falls 15 % below its potential. CONCLUSIONS Plant respiratory ATP yield is smaller than often assumed (certainly less than older textbook values of 36-38 ATP/hexose) leading to underestimation of active-process substrate requirements. This hinders understanding of ecological/evolutionary trade-offs between competing active processes and assessments of crop growth gains possible through bioengineering of processes that consume ATP. Determining the plant mitochondrial ATP synthase c-ring size, the degree of any minimally required (useful) bypasses of energy-conserving reactions in the respiratory chain, and the magnitude of any 'leaks' in the inner mitochondrial membrane are key research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Amthor
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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27
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Komatsu S, Kimura T, Rehman SU, Yamaguchi H, Hitachi K, Tsuchida K. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerant Mechanism in Soybean Applied with Plant-Derived Smoke Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13734. [PMID: 37762035 PMCID: PMC10530690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress of soybean is a serious problem because it reduces plant growth and seed yield. To investigate the salt-tolerant mechanism of soybean, a plant-derived smoke (PDS) solution was used. Three-day-old soybeans were subjected to PDS solution under 100 mM NaCl for 2 days, resulting in PDS solution improving soybean root growth, even under salt stress. Under the same condition, proteins were analyzed using the proteomic technique. Differential abundance proteins were associated with transport/formaldehyde catabolic process/sucrose metabolism/glutathione metabolism/cell wall organization in the biological process and membrane/Golgi in the cellular component with or without PDS solution under salt stress. Immuno-blot analysis confirmed that osmotin, alcohol dehydrogenase, and sucrose synthase increased with salt stress and decreased with additional PDS solution; however, H+ATPase showed opposite effects. Cellulose synthase and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase increased with salt and decreased with additional PDS solution. Furthermore, glycoproteins decreased with salt stress and recovered with additional treatment. As mitochondrion-related events, the contents of ATP and gamma-aminobutyric acid increased with salt stress and recovered with additional treatment. These results suggest that PDS solution improves the soybean growth by alleviating salt stress. Additionally, the regulation of energy metabolism, protein glycosylation, and cell wall construction might be an important factor for the acquisition of salt tolerance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan;
| | - Taiki Kimura
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan;
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Biology, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Hisateru Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Technology, Yokkaichi Nursing and Medical Care University, Yokkaichi 512-8045, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Hitachi
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (K.T.)
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (K.T.)
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28
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Xia Q, Zheng Y, Wang L, Chen X. Proposing Signaling Molecules as Key Optimization Targets for Intensifying the Phytochemical Biosynthesis Induced by Emerging Nonthermal Stress Pretreatments of Plant-Based Foods: A Focus on γ-Aminobutyric Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12622-12644. [PMID: 37599447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has confirmed the role of emerging nonthermal stressors (e.g., electromagnetic fields, ultrasonication, plasma) in accumulating bioactive metabolites in plant-based food. However, the signal decoding mechanisms behind NonTt-driven phytochemical production remain unclear, hindering postharvest bioactive component intensification. This study aims to summarize the association between signaling molecules and bioactive secondary metabolite production under nonthermal conditions, demonstrating the feasibility of enhancing phytochemical accumulation through signaling molecule crosstalk manipulation. Nonthermal elicitors were found to be capable of inducing stress metabolisms and activating various signaling molecules, similar to conventional abiotic stress. A simplified pathway model for nonthermally induced γ-aminobutyric acid accumulation was proposed with reactive oxygen species and calcium signaling being versatile pathways responsive to nonthermal elicitors. Manipulating signal molecules/pathways under nonthermal conditions can intensify phytochemical biosynthesis. Further research is needed to integrate signaling molecule responses and metabolic network shifts in nonthermally stressed plant-based matrices, balancing quality modifications and intensification of food functionality potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Yuanrong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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29
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Sharma K, Kapoor R. Arbuscular mycorrhiza differentially adjusts central carbon metabolism in two contrasting genotypes of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek in response to salt stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111706. [PMID: 37054921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) mediated metabolic changes in two genotypes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) differing in their salt tolerance in presence of salt stress (100 mM NaCl). Colonisation by Claroideoglomus etunicatum resulted in higher growth, photosynthetic efficiency, total protein content, and lower levels of stress markers, indicating alleviation of stress in mungbean plants. AM differentially upregulated the components of Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in salt tolerant (ST) and salt sensitive (SS) genotypes that could be correlated to AM-mediated moderation in nutrient uptake. Under salt stress, while maximum increase in the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (65%) was observed in mycorrhizal (M)-ST; the increase in isocitrate dehydrogenase (79%) and fumarase (133%) activities was maximum in M-SS plants over their non-mycorrhizal (NM) counterparts. Apart from TCA, AM also affected gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glyoxylate pathways. Activities of enzymes implicated in GABA shunt increased in both the genotypes under stress resulting in increase in GABA concentration (46%). Notably, glyoxylate pathway was induced by AM in SS only, wherein M-SS exhibited significantly higher isocitrate lyase (49%) and malate synthase (104%) activities, reflected in higher malic acid concentration (84%), than NM under stress. The results suggest that AM moderates the central carbon metabolism and strategizes towards boosting the formation of stress-alleviating metabolites such as GABA and malic acid, especially in SS, bypassing the steps catalysed by salt-sensitive enzymes in TCA cycle. The study, therefore, advances the understanding on mechanisms by which AM ameliorates salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, 110007 Delhi, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, 110007 Delhi, India.
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30
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Guo Z, Gong J, Luo S, Zuo Y, Shen Y. Role of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Plant Defense Response. Metabolites 2023; 13:741. [PMID: 37367899 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that acts as a defense substance and a signaling molecule in various physiological processes, and which helps plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review focuses on the role of GABA's synthetic and metabolic pathways in regulating primary plant metabolism, redistributing carbon and nitrogen resources, reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and improving plants' tolerance of oxidative stress. This review also highlights the way in which GABA maintains intracellular pH homeostasis by acting as a buffer and activating H+-ATPase. In addition, calcium signals participate in the accumulation process of GABA under stress. Moreover, GABA also transmits calcium signals through receptors to trigger downstream signaling cascades. In conclusion, understanding the role of GABA in this defense response provides a theoretical basis for applying GABA in agriculture and forestry and feasible coping strategies for plants in complex and changeable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junqing Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuitian Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yixin Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
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31
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Samarah NH, Al-Quraan NA, Al-Wraikat BS. Ultrasonic treatment to enhance seed germination and vigour of wheat ( Triticum durum) in association with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt pathway. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:277-293. [PMID: 36634915 DOI: 10.1071/fp22211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatments of wheat (Triticum durum L.) seeds with sonication or hydropriming may enhance seed germination and vigour in association with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the effect of sonication and hydropriming treatments on seed germination of wheat through the characterisation of seed germination performance, GABA shunt metabolite level (GABA, glutamate, and alanine), and the level of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA transcription. Wheat seeds were exposed to three treatments for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20min: (1) sonication with water; (2) sonication without water; and (3) hydropriming without sonication. Treated seeds were evaluated for germination percentage, mean time to germinate, germination rate index in the warm germination test, and seedling emergence and shoot length in the cold test. GABA shunt metabolites level (GABA, glutamate, and alanine), and the level of GAD mRNA transcription were measured for the seeds after treatments and for seedlings during germination and cold tests. Seeds treated with sonication or hydropriming treatments had a higher germination rate index (faster germination) in the standard germination test, and higher seedling emergence and shoot length in the cold test. Seeds treated with sonication or hydropriming treatments showed an enhancement in GABA shunt and their metabolites (alanine and glutamate), and GAD mRNA transcription level compared to untreated-control seeds. In conclusion, the sonication or hydropriming treatments significantly improved the germination performance of wheat and enhanced GABA metabolism to maintain the C:N metabolic balance, especially under cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezar H Samarah
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Nisreen A Al-Quraan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Batool S Al-Wraikat
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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32
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Chatzigianni M, Savvas D, Papadopoulou EA, Aliferis KA, Ntatsi G. Combined Effect of Salt Stress and Nitrogen Level on the Primary Metabolism of Two Contrasting Hydroponically Grown Cichorium spinosum L. Ecotypes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040607. [PMID: 37189356 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stamnagathi (Cichorium spinosum L.) is an indigenous plant species well-known for its health-promoting properties. Salinity is a long-term issue with devastating consequences on land and farmers. Nitrogen (N) constitutes a crucial element for plant growth and development (chlorophyll, primary metabolites, etc.). Thus, it is of paramount importance to investigate the impact of salinity and N supply on plants’ metabolism. Within this context, a study was conducted aiming to assess the impact of salinity and N stress on the primary metabolism of two contrasting ecotypes of stamnagathi (montane and seaside). Both ecotypes were exposed to three different salinity levels (0.3 mM—non-saline treatment, 20 mM—medium, and 40 mM—high salinity level) combined with two different total-N supply levels: a low-N at 4 mM and a high-N at 16 mM, respectively. The differences between the two ecotypes revealed the variable responses of the plant under the applied treatments. Fluctuations were observed at the level of TCA cycle intermediates (fumarate, malate, and succinate) of the montane ecotype, while the seaside ecotype was not affected. In addition, the results showed that proline (Pro) levels increased in both ecotypes grown under a low N-supply and high salt stress, while other osmoprotectant metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) exhibited variable responses under the different N supply levels. Fatty acids such as α-linolenate and linoleate also displayed variable fluctuations following plant treatments. The carbohydrate content of the plants, as indicated by the levels of glucose, fructose, α,α-trehalose, and myo-inositol, was significantly affected by the applied treatments. These findings suggest that the different adaptation mechanisms among the two contrasting ecotypes could be strongly correlated with the observed changes in their primary metabolism. This study also suggests that the seaside ecotype may have developed unique adaptation mechanisms to cope with high N supply and salinity stress, making it a promising candidate for future breeding programs aimed at developing stress tolerant varieties of C. spinosum L.
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Yu Y, Li M, Li C, Niu M, Dong H, Zhao S, Jia C, Xu Y. Accelerated Accumulation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Modifications on Its Metabolic Pathways in Black Rice Grains by Germination under Cold Stress. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061290. [PMID: 36981216 PMCID: PMC10048117 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Germination can increase γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in grains, but the combined effects of germination and other external stress on rice grains have been little studied. In this investigation, enhanced accumulation of GABA and modification of its metabolic pathways in black rice grains were investigated during germination under cold stress. The combination of cold stress and germination resulted in a greater accumulation of GABA than germination alone. The treatment of cold stress at 0 °C for 1 h and germination for 72 h induced a maximum GABA content of 195.64 mg/100 g, 51.54% higher compared to the control, which was superior to any other treatment. We modified the metabolism of the GABA shunt to the orientation of GABA synthesis, in which the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase and protease were stimulated. The total content of free amino acid indicated an upward trend as germination prolonged. The degradation of polyamines was partly promoted due to elevated diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase activity, but the activity of amino-aldehyde dehydrogenase for the direct synthesis of GABA in the pathway was suppressed. The result implied that the GABA shunt might play a major role in enhancing GABA accumulation induced by cold stress and germination rather than the polyamines degradation pathway. This investigation provides a practical reference for GABA accumulation by germination under cold stress and a theoretical basis for the possible mechanism underlying the accelerating action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huilong Dong
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., Ltd., Guigang 537100, China
| | - Siming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caihua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Chen S, Guo X, Zhang B, Nie D, Rao W, Zhang D, Lü J, Guan X, Chen Z, Pan X. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Induce Intracellular Peroxidation Damage of Phytophthora infestans: A New Type of Green Fungicide for Late Blight Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3980-3989. [PMID: 36808949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanopesticides are considered to be a promising alternative strategy for enhancing bioactivity and delaying the development of pathogen resistance to pesticides. Here, a new type of nanosilica fungicide was proposed and demonstrated to control late blight by inducing intracellular peroxidation damage to Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen associated with potato late blight. Results indicated that the structural features of different silica nanoparticles were largely responsible for their antimicrobial activities. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with a 98.02% inhibition rate of P. infestans, causing oxidative stress responses and cell structure damage in P. infestans. For the first time, MSNs were found to selectively induce spontaneous excess production of intracellular reactive oxygen species in pathogenic cells, including hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O2-), and singlet oxygen (1O2), leading to peroxidation damage in P. infestans. The effectiveness of MSNs was further tested in the pot experiments as well as leaf and tuber infection, and successful control of potato late blight was achieved with high plant compatibility and safety. This work provides new insights into the antimicrobial mechanism of nanosilica and highlights the use of nanoparticles for controlling late blight with green and highly efficient nanofungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xueping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Bintian Zhang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Danyue Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Dingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lü
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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Ju F, Sun L, Xiong C, Wang Z, Yu H, Pang J, Bai H, Zhao W, Zhou Z, Chen B. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed the key pathways and hub genes of potassium regulating cotton root adaptation to salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132877. [PMID: 36938049 PMCID: PMC10014550 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization is one of the main abiotic stresses affecting cotton yield and planting area. Potassium application has been proven to be an important strategy to reduce salt damage in agricultural production. However, the mechanism of potassium regulating the salt adaptability of cotton has not been fully elucidated. In the present research, the appropriate potassium application rate for alleviating salt damage of cotton based on different K+/Na+ ratios we screened, and a gene co-expression network based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using the transcriptome data sets treated with CK (0 mM NaCl), S (150 mM NaCl), and SK8 (150 mM NaCl + 9.38 mM K2SO4) was constructed. In this study, four key modules that are highly related to potassium regulation of cotton salt tolerance were identified, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glutathione metabolism pathway were identified as the key biological processes and metabolic pathways for potassium to improve cotton root salt adaptability. In addition, 21 hub genes and 120 key candidate genes were identified in this study, suggesting that they may play an important role in the enhancement of salt adaptability of cotton by potassium. The key modules, key biological pathways and hub genes discovered in this study will provide a new understanding of the molecular mechanism of potassium enhancing salinity adaptability in cotton, and lay a theoretical foundation for the improvement and innovation of high-quality cotton germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Ju
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyuan Sun
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai Xiong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Huilian Yu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiali Pang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, United States
| | - Wengqing Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Binglin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
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Huang YY, Shen C, Fu HL, Xin JL, He CT, Yang ZY. Proteomic and Biochemical Evidence Involving Root Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Modification, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, and Glutathione Metabolism in Cultivar-Dependent Cd Accumulation of Water Spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2784-2794. [PMID: 36727512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis and biochemical tests were employed to investigate the critical biological processes responsible for the different cadmium (Cd) accumulations between two water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivars, QLQ and T308. QLQ, with lower shoot Cd accumulation and translocation factor than T308, possessed higher expression of cell wall biosynthesis and modification proteins in roots, together with higher lignin and pectin contents, higher pectin methylesterase activity, and lower pectin methylation. The results demonstrated that QLQ could more effectively restrict root-to-shoot Cd translocation by compartmentalizing more Cd in root cell walls. In contrast, T308 showed higher expression of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glutathione (GSH) metabolism, and heavy metal transporter proteins, accompanied by higher GSH content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, which accelerated Cd uptake and translocation in T308. These findings revealed several critical biological processes responsible for cultivar-dependent Cd accumulation in water spinach, which are important for elucidating Cd accumulation and transport mechanisms in different cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Shen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ling Fu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Liang Xin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
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Cifuentes L, González M, Pinto-Irish K, Álvarez R, Coba de la Peña T, Ostria-Gallardo E, Franck N, Fischer S, Barros G, Castro C, Ortiz J, Sanhueza C, Del-Saz NF, Bascunan-Godoy L, Castro PA. Metabolic imprint induced by seed halo-priming promotes a differential physiological performance in two contrasting quinoa ecotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1034788. [PMID: 36865946 PMCID: PMC9971973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
"Memory imprint" refers to the process when prior exposure to stress prepares the plant for subsequent stress episodes. Seed priming is a strategy to change the performance of seedlings to cope with stress; however, mechanisms associated with the metabolic response are fragmentary. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect crop production in arid and semiarid areas. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Amaranthaceae) is a promising crop to sustain food security and possesses a wide genetic diversity of salinity tolerance. To elucidate if the metabolic memory induced by seed halo-priming (HP) differs among contrasting saline tolerance plants, seeds of two ecotypes of Quinoa (Socaire from Atacama Salar, and BO78 from Chilean Coastal/lowlands) were treated with a saline solution and then germinated and grown under different saline conditions. The seed HP showed a more positive impact on the sensitive ecotype during germination and promoted changes in the metabolomic profile in both ecotypes, including a reduction in carbohydrates (starch) and organic acids (citric and succinic acid), and an increase in antioxidants (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) and related metabolites. These changes were linked to a further reduced level of oxidative markers (methionine sulfoxide and malondialdehyde), allowing improvements in the energy use in photosystem II under saline conditions in the salt-sensitive ecotype. In view of these results, we conclude that seed HP prompts a "metabolic imprint" related to ROS scavenger at the thylakoid level, improving further the physiological performance of the most sensitive ecotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Máximo González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Katherine Pinto-Irish
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Enrique Ostria-Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Nicolás Franck
- Centro de Estudios en Zonas Áridas (CEZA), Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Susana Fischer
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Producción vegetal Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriel Barros
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Catalina Castro
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Sanhueza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Néstor Fernández Del-Saz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luisa Bascunan-Godoy
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Fedorin DN, Eprintsev AT, Florez Caro OJ, Igamberdiev AU. Effect of Salt Stress on the Activity, Expression, and Promoter Methylation of Succinate Dehydrogenase and Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase in Maize ( Zea mays L.) Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:68. [PMID: 36616197 PMCID: PMC9823291 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salt stress on the expression of genes, the methylation of their promoters, and the enzymatic activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) was investigated in maize (Zea mays L.). The incubation of maize seedlings in a 150 mM NaCl solution for 24 h led to a several-fold increase in the activity of SSADH that peaked at 6 h of NaCl treatment, which was preceded by an increase in the Ssadh1 gene expression and a decrease in its promoter methylation observed at 3 h of salt stress. The increase in SDH activity and succinate oxidation by mitochondria was slower, developing by 24 h of NaCl treatment, which corresponded to the increase in expression of the genes Sdh1-2 and Sdh2-3 encoding SDH catalytic subunits and of the gene Sdh3-1 encoding the anchoring SDH subunit. The increase in the Sdh2-3 expression was accompanied by the decrease in promoter methylation. It is concluded that salt stress results in the rapid increase in succinate production via SSADH operating in the GABA shunt, which leads to the activation of SDH, the process partially regulated via epigenetic mechanisms. The role of succinate metabolism under the conditions of salt stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N. Fedorin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Alexander T. Eprintsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Orlando J. Florez Caro
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Effect of Insecticide Chlorpyrifos on Rice Plant Metabolism. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121289. [PMID: 36557326 PMCID: PMC9786318 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides as important agricultural inputs play a vital role in protecting crop plants from diseases and pests; however, the effect of pesticides on crop plant physiology and metabolism is still undefined. In this study, the effect of insecticide chlorpyrifos at three doses on rice plant physiology and metabolism was investigated. Our results revealed that chlorpyrifos cause oxidative stress in rice plants and even inhibit plant growth and the synthesis of protein and chlorophyll at high doses. The metabolomic results suggested that chlorpyrifos could affect the metabolic profiling of rice tissues and a total of 119 metabolites with significant changes were found, mainly including organic acids, amino acids, lipids, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Compared to the control, the content of glutamate family amino acids were significantly disturbed by chlorpyrifos, where defense-related proline and glutathione were significantly increased; however, glutamic acid, N-acetyl-glutamic acid and N-methyl-glutamic acid were significantly decreased. Many unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid and linoleic acid, and their derivatives lysophospholipids and phospholipids, were significantly accumulated in chlorpyrifos groups, which could act as osmolality substances to help rice cells relieve chlorpyrifos stress. Three organic acids, aminobenzoic acid, quinic acid, and phosphoenolpyruvic acid, involved in plant defenses, were significantly accumulated with the fold change ranging from 1.32 to 2.19. In addition, chlorpyrifos at middle- and high-doses caused the downregulation of most flavonoids. Our results not only revealed the effect of insecticide chlorpyrifos on rice metabolism, but also demonstrated the value of metabolomics in elucidating the mechanisms of plant responses to stresses.
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Pei L, Zhao Y, Shi X, Chen R, Yan J, Li X, Jiang Z, Wang J, Shi S. The Role of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in the Occurrence of Adventitious Roots and Somatic Embryos in Woody Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3512. [PMID: 36559624 PMCID: PMC9784130 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of adventitious roots and somatic embryos is a crucial step in micropropagation that frequently limits the application of this technique in woody plants. Recent studies demonstrated that they can be negatively or positively regulated with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a four-carbon non-proteinous amino acid that not only acts as a main inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammals. It has been reported that GABA affects plant growth and their response to stress although its mode of action is still unclear. This review dealt with the effects of GABA on adventitious root formation and growth as well as on somatic embryogenesis. Furthermore, we focused on discussing the interaction of GABA with phytohormones, such as auxin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellin, as well as with the carbon and nitrogen metabolism during adventitious root development. We suggested that research on GABA will contribute to the application of micropropagation in the recalcitrant fruit and forest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xinru Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Farooq T, Akram MN, Hameed A, Ahmed T, Hameed A. Nanopriming-mediated memory imprints reduce salt toxicity in wheat seedlings by modulating physiobiochemical attributes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:540. [PMID: 36414951 PMCID: PMC9682780 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around the globe, salinity is one of the serious environmental stresses which negatively affect rapid seed germination, uniform seedling establishment and plant developments restricting sustainable agricultural productivity. In recent years, the concepts of sustainable agriculture and cleaner production strategy have emphasized the introduction of greener agrochemicals using biocompatible and natural sources to maximize crop yield with minimum ecotoxicological effects. Over the last decade, the emergence of nanotechnology as a forefront of interdisciplinary science has introduced nanomaterials as fast-acting plant growth-promoting agents. RESULTS Herein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite using chitosan and green tea (CS-GTE NC) as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent to elicit salt stress tolerance through priming imprints. The CS-GTE NC-primed (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06%), hydroprimed and non-primed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under normal and salt stress (150 mM NaCl) conditions. The seedlings developed from aforesaid seeds were used for physiological, biochemical and germination studies. The priming treatments increased protein contents (10-12%), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a (4-6%), Chl b (34-36%), Total Chl (7-14%) and upregulated the machinery of antioxidants (CAT (26-42%), POD (22-43%)) in wheat seedlings under stress conditions. It also reduced MDA contents (65-75%) and regulated ROS production resulting in improved membrane stability. The priming-mediated alterations in biochemical attributes resulted in improved final germination (20-22%), vigor (4-11%) and germination index (6-13%) under both conditions. It reduced mean germination time significantly, establishing the stress-insulating role of the nanocomposite. The improvement of germination parameters validated the stimulation of priming memory in composite-treated seeds. CONCLUSION Pre-treatment of seeds with nanocomposite enables them to counter salinity at the seedling development stage by means of priming memory warranting sustainable plant growth and high crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Farooq
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Amjad Hameed
- Plant Breeding & Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Toheed Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Arruje Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Sariñana-Aldaco O, Benavides-Mendoza A, Robledo-Olivo A, González-Morales S. The Biostimulant Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Sargassum spp. in Tomato Seedlings under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3180. [PMID: 36432908 PMCID: PMC9697018 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the use of biostimulants in agriculture is a tool for mitigating certain environmental stresses. Brown algae extracts have become one of the most important categories of biostimulants in agriculture, and are derived from the different uses and positive results obtained under optimal and stressful conditions. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of a foliar application of a hydroalcoholic extract of Sargassum spp. and two controls (a commercial product based on Ascophyllum nodosum and distilled water) with regard to growth, the antioxidant system, and the expression of defense genes in tomato seedlings grown in nonsaline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (100 mM NaCl) conditions. In general, the results show that the Sargassum extract increased the growth of the seedlings at the end of the experiment (7.80%) compared to the control; however, under saline conditions, it did not modify the growth. The Sargassum extract increased the diameter of the stem at the end of the experiment in unstressed conditions by 14.85% compared to its control and in stressful conditions by 16.04% compared to its control. Regarding the accumulation of total fresh biomass under unstressed conditions, the Sargassum extract increased it by 19.25% compared to its control, and the accumulation of total dry biomass increased it by 18.11% compared to its control. Under saline conditions, the total of fresh and dry biomass did not change. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants increased with NaCl stress and the application of algal products (Sargassum and A. nodosum), which was positively related to the expression of the defense genes evaluated. Our results indicate that the use of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sargassum spp. modulated different physiological, metabolic, and molecular processes in tomato seedlings, with possible synergistic effects that increased tolerance to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Sariñana-Aldaco
- Program in Protected Agriculture, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Robledo-Olivo
- Food Science & Technology Department, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Susana González-Morales
- National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT), Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
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McDowell NG, Ball M, Bond‐Lamberty B, Kirwan ML, Krauss KW, Megonigal JP, Mencuccini M, Ward ND, Weintraub MN, Bailey V. Processes and mechanisms of coastal woody-plant mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5881-5900. [PMID: 35689431 PMCID: PMC9544010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Observations of woody plant mortality in coastal ecosystems are globally widespread, but the overarching processes and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This knowledge deficiency, combined with rapidly changing water levels, storm surges, atmospheric CO2 , and vapor pressure deficit, creates large predictive uncertainty regarding how coastal ecosystems will respond to global change. Here, we synthesize the literature on the mechanisms that underlie coastal woody-plant mortality, with the goal of producing a testable hypothesis framework. The key emergent mechanisms underlying mortality include hypoxic, osmotic, and ionic-driven reductions in whole-plant hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis that ultimately drive the coupled processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. The relative importance of these processes in driving mortality, their order of progression, and their degree of coupling depends on the characteristics of the anomalous water exposure, on topographic effects, and on taxa-specific variation in traits and trait acclimation. Greater inundation exposure could accelerate mortality globally; however, the interaction of changing inundation exposure with elevated CO2 , drought, and rising vapor pressure deficit could influence mortality likelihood. Models of coastal forests that incorporate the frequency and duration of inundation, the role of climatic drivers, and the processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation can yield improved estimates of inundation-induced woody-plant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate G. McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LabRichlandWashingtonUSA
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Marilyn Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Matthew L. Kirwan
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & MaryGloucester PointVirginiaUSA
| | - Ken W. Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research CenterLafayetteLouisianaUSA
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23BarcelonaSpain
- CREAFCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nicholas D. Ward
- Marine and Coastal Research LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratorySequimWashingtonUSA
- School of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michael N. Weintraub
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryWashingtonUSA
| | - Vanessa Bailey
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryWashingtonUSA
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Barreto P, Koltun A, Nonato J, Yassitepe J, Maia IDG, Arruda P. Metabolism and Signaling of Plant Mitochondria in Adaptation to Environmental Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911176. [PMID: 36232478 PMCID: PMC9570015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of mitochondria with cellular components evolved differently in plants and mammals; in plants, the organelle contains proteins such as ALTERNATIVE OXIDASES (AOXs), which, in conjunction with internal and external ALTERNATIVE NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASES, allow canonical oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to be bypassed. Plant mitochondria also contain UNCOUPLING PROTEINS (UCPs) that bypass OXPHOS. Recent work revealed that OXPHOS bypass performed by AOXs and UCPs is linked with new mechanisms of mitochondrial retrograde signaling. AOX is functionally associated with the NO APICAL MERISTEM transcription factors, which mediate mitochondrial retrograde signaling, while UCP1 can regulate the plant oxygen-sensing mechanism via the PRT6 N-Degron. Here, we discuss the crosstalk or the independent action of AOXs and UCPs on mitochondrial retrograde signaling associated with abiotic stress responses. We also discuss how mitochondrial function and retrograde signaling mechanisms affect chloroplast function. Additionally, we discuss how mitochondrial inner membrane transporters can mediate mitochondrial communication with other organelles. Lastly, we review how mitochondrial metabolism can be used to improve crop resilience to environmental stresses. In this respect, we particularly focus on the contribution of Brazilian research groups to advances in the topic of mitochondrial metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barreto
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Koltun
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nonato
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Juliana Yassitepe
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Ivan de Godoy Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Jumpa T, Beckles DM, Songsri P, Pattanagul K, Pattanagul W. Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Gac Leaf ( Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.) to Salinity Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2447. [PMID: 36235312 PMCID: PMC9572180 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gac is a carotenoid-rich, healthful tropical fruit; however, its productivity is limited by soil salinity, a growing environmental stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of salinity stress on key physiological traits and metabolites in 30-day-old gac seedling leaves, treated with 0, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 150-mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for four weeks to identify potential alarm, acclimatory, and exhaustion responses. Electrolyte leakage increased with increasing NaCl concentrations (p < 0.05) indicating loss of membrane permeability and conditions that lead to reactive oxygen species production. At 25 and 50 mM NaCl, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, starch content, and total soluble sugar increased. Chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll increased at 25 mM NaCl but decreased at higher NaCl concentrations indicating salinity-induced thylakoid membrane degradation and chlorophyllase activity. Catalase (CAT) activity decreased (p < 0.05) at all NaCl treatments, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities were highest at 150 mM NaCl. GC-MS-metabolite profiling showed that 150 mM NaCl induced the largest changes in metabolites and was thus distinct. Thirteen pathways and 7.73% of metabolites differed between the control and all the salt-treated seedlings. Salinity decreased TCA cycle intermediates, and there were less sugars for growth but more for osmoprotection, with the latter augmented by increased amino acids. Although 150 mM NaCl level decreased SOD activity, the APX and GPX enzymes were still active, and some carbohydrates and metabolites also accumulated to promote salinity resistance via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiwan Jumpa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Diane M. Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95615, USA
| | - Patcharin Songsri
- Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Pattanagul
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wattana Pattanagul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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46
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Wegner LH. Empowering roots-Some current aspects of root bioenergetics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853309. [PMID: 36051301 PMCID: PMC9424547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Roots of higher plants provide the shoot with nutrients and water. In exchange, they receive photosynthates, which serve both as energy source and building blocks for maintenance and growth. While studies in plant bioenergetics used to focus on photosynthesis, several more recent findings also aroused or renewed interest in energy conversion and allocation in roots. Root building costs were identified as a long-undervalued trait, which turned out to be highly relevant for stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency. Reduced building costs per root length (e.g., by aerenchyma formation or by increasing the cell size) are beneficial for exploring the soil for nutrient-rich patches, especially in low-input agrosystems. Also, an apparent mismatch was frequently found between the root energy budget in the form of the ATP pool on the one side and the apparent costs on the other side, particularly the costs of membrane transport under stress conditions, e.g., the Na+ detoxification costs resulting from Na+ sequestration at the plasma membrane. Ion transport across the plasma membrane (and also endomembranes) is coupled to the proton motive force usually believed to be exclusively generated by H+ ATPases. Recently, an alternative mechanism, the biochemical pH clamp, was identified which relies on H+ formation and binding in the apoplast and the cytosol, respectively, driven by metabolism (so-called active buffering). On this background, several aspects of root bioenergetics are discussed. These are (1) root respiration in soil, with a critical view on calorimetric vs. gas exchange measurements; (2) processes of energy conversion in mitochondria with a special focus on the role of the alternative oxidases, which allow adjusting carbon flow through metabolic pathways to membrane transport processes; and (3) energy allocation, in particular to transport across the plasma membrane forming the interface to soil solution. A concluding remark is dedicated to modeling root bioenergetics for optimizing further breeding strategies. Apparent "energy spoilers" may bestow the plant with a yet unidentified advantage only unfolding their beneficial effect under certain environmental conditions.
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47
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Booth MW, Breed MF, Kendrick GA, Bayer PE, Severn-Ellis AA, Sinclair EA. Tissue-specific transcriptome profiles identify functional differences key to understanding whole plant response to life in variable salinity. Biol Open 2022; 11:276025. [PMID: 35876771 PMCID: PMC9428325 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants endure environmental stressors via adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Studying these mechanisms in seagrasses is extremely relevant as they are important primary producers and functionally significant carbon sinks. These mechanisms are not well understood at the tissue level in seagrasses. Using RNA-seq, we generated transcriptome sequences from tissue of leaf, basal leaf meristem and root organs of Posidonia australis, establishing baseline in situ transcriptomic profiles for tissues across a salinity gradient. Samples were collected from four P. australis meadows growing in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Analysis of gene expression showed significant differences between tissue types, with more variation among leaves than meristem or roots. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed the differences were largely due to the role of photosynthesis, plant growth and nutrient absorption in leaf, meristem and root organs, respectively. Differential gene expression of leaf and meristem showed upregulation of salinity regulation processes in higher salinity meadows. Our study highlights the importance of considering leaf meristem tissue when evaluating whole-plant responses to environmental change. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Differences in seagrass leaf, meristem and root transcriptomes across variable salinities are due to tissue-specific processes. Leaf meristem contained the broadest process range, indicating preferential use for inferring plant-wide activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell W Booth
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Philipp E Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Anita A Severn-Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Aquatic Animal Health Research, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, 6020, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Sinclair
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, 1 Kattidj Close, West Perth, Western Australia, 6005, Australia
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48
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Li Z, Cheng B, Liu W, Feng G, Zhao J, Zhang L, Peng Y. Global Metabolites Reprogramming Induced by Spermine Contributing to Salt Tolerance in Creeping Bentgrass. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4472. [PMID: 35562863 PMCID: PMC9104555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization has become a serious challenge to modern agriculture worldwide. The purpose of the study was to reveal salt tolerance induced by spermine (Spm) associated with alterations in water and redox homeostasis, photosynthetic performance, and global metabolites reprogramming based on analyses of physiological responses and metabolomics in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Plants pretreated with or without 0.5 mM Spm were subjected to salt stress induced by NaCl for 25 days in controlled growth chambers. Results showed that a prolonged period of salt stress caused a great deal of sodium (Na) accumulation, water loss, photoinhibition, and oxidative damage to plants. However, exogenous application of Spm significantly improved endogenous spermidine (Spd) and Spm contents, followed by significant enhancement of osmotic adjustment (OA), photosynthesis, and antioxidant capacity in leaves under salt stress. The Spm inhibited salt-induced Na accumulation but did not affect potassium (K) content. The analysis of metabolomics demonstrated that the Spm increased intermediate metabolites of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt (GABA, glutamic acid, and alanine) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (aconitic acid) under salt stress. In addition, the Spm also up-regulated the accumulation of multiple amino acids (glutamine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, serine, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan), sugars (mannose, fructose, sucrose-6-phosphate, tagatose, and cellobiose), organic acid (gallic acid), and other metabolites (glycerol) in response to salt stress. These metabolites played important roles in OA, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and antioxidant defense under salt stress. More importantly, the Spm enhanced GABA shunt and the TCA cycle for energy supply in leaves. Current findings provide new evidence about the regulatory roles of the Spm in alleviating salt damage to plants associated with global metabolites reprogramming and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bizhen Cheng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Guangyan Feng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junming Zhao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Liquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilinguole Road, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
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49
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Hammond M, Dorrell RG, Speijer D, Lukeš J. Eukaryotic cellular intricacies shape mitochondrial proteomic complexity. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100258. [PMID: 35318703 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been fundamental to the eco-physiological success of eukaryotes since the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). They contribute essential functions to eukaryotic cells, above and beyond classical respiration. Mitochondria interact with, and complement, metabolic pathways occurring in other organelles, notably diversifying the chloroplast metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. Here, we integrate existing literature to investigate how mitochondrial metabolism varies across the landscape of eukaryotic evolution. We illustrate the mitochondrial remodelling and proteomic changes undergone in conjunction with major evolutionary transitions. We explore how the mitochondrial complexity of the LECA has been remodelled in specific groups to support subsequent evolutionary transitions, such as the acquisition of chloroplasts in photosynthetic species and the emergence of multicellularity. We highlight the versatile and crucial roles played by mitochondria during eukaryotic evolution, extending from its huge contribution to the development of the LECA itself to the dynamic evolution of individual eukaryote groups, reflecting both their current ecologies and evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hammond
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Richard G Dorrell
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Dave Speijer
- Medical Biochemistry, UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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50
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Zhang M, Liu Z, Fan Y, Liu C, Wang H, Li Y, Xin Y, Gai Y, Ji X. Characterization of GABA-Transaminase Gene from Mulberry ( Morus multicaulis) and Its Role in Salt Stress Tolerance. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:501. [PMID: 35328056 PMCID: PMC8954524 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to accumulate in plants when subjected to salt stress, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) is the main GABA-degrading enzyme in the GABA shunt pathway. So far, the salt tolerance mechanism of the GABA-T gene behind the GABA metabolism remains unclear. In this study, the cDNA (designated MuGABA-T) of GABA-T gene was cloned from mulberry, and our data showed that MuGABA-T protein shares some conserved characteristics with its homologs from several plant species. MuGABA-T gene was constitutively expressed at different levels in mulberry tissues, and was induced substantially by NaCl, ABA and SA. In addition, our results demonstrated that exogenous application of GABA significantly reduced the salt damage index and increased plant resistance to NaCl stress. We further performed a functional analysis of MuGABA-T gene and demonstrated that the content of GABA was reduced in the transgenic MuGABA-T Arabidopsis plants, which accumulated more ROS and exhibited more sensitivity to salt stress than wild-type plants. However, exogenous application of GABA significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alleviated the active oxygen-related injury of the transgenic plants under NaCl stress. Moreover, the MuGABA-T gene was overexpressed in the mulberry hairy roots, and similar results were obtained for sensitivity to salt stress in the transgenic mulberry plants. Our results suggest that the MuGABA-T gene plays a pivotal role in GABA catabolism and is responsible for a decrease in salt tolerance, and it may be involved in the ROS pathway in the response to salt stress. Taken together, the information provided here is helpful for further analysis of the function of GABA-T genes, and may promote mulberry resistance breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (M.Z.); (Y.F.)
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (M.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Chaorui Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hairui Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Youchao Xin
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yingping Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (M.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Xianling Ji
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
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