1
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Lowe C, Onkokesung N, Goldberg A, Beffa R, Neve P, Edwards R, Comont D. RNA and protein biomarkers for detecting enhanced metabolic resistance to herbicides mesosulfuron-methyl and fenoxaprop-ethyl in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2539-2551. [PMID: 38375975 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of non-target site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides leads to a significant reduction in herbicide control of agricultural weed species. Detecting NTSR in weed populations prior to herbicide treatment would provide valuable information for effective weed control. While not all NTSR mechanisms have been fully identified, enhanced metabolic resistance (EMR) is one of the better studied, conferring tolerance through increased herbicide detoxification. Confirming EMR towards specific herbicides conventionally involves detecting metabolites of the active herbicide molecule in planta, but this approach is time-consuming and requires access to well-equipped laboratories. RESULTS In this study, we explored the potential of using molecular biomarkers to detect EMR before herbicide treatment in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). We tested the reliability of selected biomarkers to predict EMR and survival after herbicide treatments in both reference and 27 field-derived black-grass populations collected from sites across the UK. The combined analysis of the constitutive expression of biomarkers and metabolism studies confirmed three proteins, namely, AmGSTF1, AmGSTU2 and AmOPR1, as differential biomarkers of EMR toward the herbicides fenoxaprop-ethyl and mesosulfuron in black-grass. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that there is potential to use molecular biomarkers to detect EMR toward specific herbicides in black-grass without reference to metabolism analysis. However, biomarker development must include testing at both transcript and protein levels in order to be reliable indicators of resistance. This work is a first step towards more robust resistance biomarker development, which could be expanded into other herbicide chemistries for on-farm testing and monitoring EMR in uncharacterised black-grass populations. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lowe
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Nawaporn Onkokesung
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alina Goldberg
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Roland Beffa
- Senior Scientific Consultant, Liederbach, Germany
| | - Paul Neve
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Robert Edwards
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Comont
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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2
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Metcalfe H, Storkey J, Hull R, Bullock JM, Whitmore A, Sharp RT, Milne AE. Trade-offs constrain the success of glyphosate-free farming. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8001. [PMID: 38580796 PMCID: PMC10997608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide, is linked with environmental harm and there is a drive to replace it in agricultural systems. We model the impacts of discontinuing glyphosate use and replacing it with cultural control methods. We simulate winter wheat arable systems reliant on glyphosate and typical in northwest Europe. Removing glyphosate was projected to increase weed abundance, herbicide risk to the environment, and arable plant diversity and decrease food production. Weed communities with evolved resistance to non-glyphosate herbicides were not projected to be disproportionately affected by removing glyphosate, despite the lack of alternative herbicidal control options. Crop rotations with more spring cereals or grass leys for weed control increased arable plant diversity. Stale seedbed techniques such as delayed drilling and choosing ploughing instead of minimum tillage had varying effects on weed abundance, food production, and profitability. Ploughing was the most effective alternative to glyphosate for long-term weed control while maintaining production and profit. Our findings emphasize the need for careful consideration of trade-offs arising in scenarios where glyphosate is removed. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) with more use of cultural control methods offers the potential to reduce chemical use but is sensitive to seasonal variability and can incur negative environmental and economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Metcalfe
- Net Zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - J Storkey
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - R Hull
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - J M Bullock
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - A Whitmore
- Net Zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - R T Sharp
- Net Zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - A E Milne
- Net Zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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3
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Daouti E, Neidel V, Carbonne B, Vašková H, Traugott M, Wallinger C, Bommarco R, Feit B, Bohan DA, Saska P, Skuhrovec J, Vasconcelos S, Petit S, van der Werf W, Jonsson M. Functional redundancy of weed seed predation is reduced by intensified agriculture. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14411. [PMID: 38577993 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Intensified agriculture, a driver of biodiversity loss, can diminish ecosystem functions and their stability. Biodiversity can increase functional redundancy and is expected to stabilize ecosystem functions. Few studies, however, have explored how agricultural intensity affects functional redundancy and its link with ecosystem function stability. Here, within a continental-wide study, we assess how functional redundancy of seed predation is affected by agricultural intensity and landscape simplification. By combining carabid abundances with molecular gut content data, functional redundancy of seed predation was quantified for 65 weed genera across 60 fields in four European countries. Across weed genera, functional redundancy was reduced with high field management intensity and simplified crop rotations. Moreover, functional redundancy increased the spatial stability of weed seed predation at the field scale. We found that ecosystem functions are vulnerable to disturbances in intensively managed agroecosystems, providing empirical evidence of the importance of biodiversity for stable ecosystem functions across space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Daouti
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronika Neidel
- Applied Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Hana Vašková
- Functional Diversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Traugott
- Applied Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Corinna Wallinger
- Applied Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Feit
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David A Bohan
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pavel Saska
- Functional Diversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Functional Diversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Sasha Vasconcelos
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandrine Petit
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mattias Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Varah A, Ahodo K, Childs DZ, Comont D, Crook L, Freckleton RP, Goodsell R, Hicks HL, Hull R, Neve P, Norris K. Acting pre-emptively reduces the long-term costs of managing herbicide resistance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6201. [PMID: 38485959 PMCID: PMC10940647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, pesticides improve crop yields but at great environmental cost, and their overuse has caused resistance. This incurs large financial and production losses but, despite this, very diversified farm management that might delay or prevent resistance is uncommon in intensive farming. We asked farmers to design more diversified cropping strategies aimed at controlling herbicide resistance, and estimated resulting weed densities, profits, and yields compared to prevailing practice. Where resistance is low, it is financially viable to diversify pre-emptively; however, once resistance is high, there are financial and production disincentives to adopting diverse rotations. It is therefore as important to manage resistance before it becomes widespread as it is to control it once present. The diverse rotations targeting high resistance used increased herbicide application frequency and volume, contributing to these rotations' lack of financial viability, and raising concerns about glyphosate resistance. Governments should encourage adoption of diverse rotations in areas without resistance. Where resistance is present, governments may wish to incentivise crop diversification despite the drop in wheat production as it is likely to bring environmental co-benefits. Our research suggests we need long-term, proactive, food security planning and more integrated policy-making across farming, environment, and health arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Varah
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK.
| | - Kwadjo Ahodo
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Comont
- Department of Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Laura Crook
- Department of Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rob Goodsell
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen L Hicks
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, UK
| | - Richard Hull
- Department of Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- Department of Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Alle, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Ken Norris
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
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Bullock JM, Jarvis SG, Fincham WNW, Risser H, Schultz C, Spurgeon DJ, Redhead JW, Storkey J, Pywell RF. Mapping the ratio of agricultural inputs to yields reveals areas with potentially less sustainable farming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168491. [PMID: 37952662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fertilisers and pesticides are major sources of the environmental harm that results from farming, yet it remains difficult to target reductions in their impacts without compromising food production. We suggest that calculating the ratio of agrochemical inputs to yield can provide an indication of the potential sustainability of farmland, with those areas that have high input relative to yield being considered as less sustainable. Here we design an approach to characterise such Input to Yield Ratios (IYR) for four inputs that can be plausibly linked to environmental impacts: the cumulative risk resulting from pesticide exposure for honeybees and for earthworms, and the amount of nitrogen or phosphorus fertiliser applied per unit area. We capitalise on novel national-scale data to assess IYR for wheat farming across all of England. High-resolution spatial patterns of IYR differed among the four inputs, but hotspots, where all four IYRs were high, were in key agricultural regions not usually characterised as having low suitability for cropping. By scaling the magnitude of each input against crop yield, the IYR does not penalise areas of high yield with higher inputs (important for food production), or areas with low yields but which are achieved with low inputs (important as low impact areas). Instead, the IYR provides a globally applicable framework for evaluating the broad patterns of trade-offs between production and environmental risk, as an indicator of the potential for harm, over large scales. Its use can thus inform targeting to improve agricultural sustainability, or where one might switch to other land uses such as ecosystem restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan G Jarvis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Hannah Risser
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
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6
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Blumstein DT, Johnson NA, Katz ND, Kharpatin S, Ortiz‐Ross X, Parra E, Reshke A. Biological lessons for strategic resistance management. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1861-1871. [PMID: 38143901 PMCID: PMC10739074 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological resistance to pesticides, vaccines, antibiotics, and chemotherapies creates huge costs to society, including extensive morbidity and mortality. We simultaneously face costly resistance to social changes, such as those required to resolve human-wildlife conflicts and conserve biodiversity and the biosphere. Viewing resistance as a force that impedes change from one state to another, we suggest that an analysis of biological resistance can provide unique and potentially testable insights into understanding resistance to social changes. We review key insights from managing biological resistance and develop a framework that identifies seven strategies to overcome resistance. We apply this framework to consider how it might be used to understand social resistance and generate potentially novel hypotheses that may be useful to both enhance the development of strategies to manage resistance and modulate change in socio-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Norman A. Johnson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nurit D. Katz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel Kharpatin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xochitl Ortiz‐Ross
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eliseo Parra
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amanda Reshke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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7
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Goldberg-Cavalleri A, Onkokesung N, Franco-Ortega S, Edwards R. ABC transporters linked to multiple herbicide resistance in blackgrass ( Alopecurus myosuroides). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1082761. [PMID: 37008473 PMCID: PMC10063862 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1082761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced detoxification is a prominent mechanism protecting plants from toxic xenobiotics and endows resistance to diverse herbicide chemistries in grass weeds such as blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides). The roles of enzyme families which impart enhanced metabolic resistance (EMR) to herbicides through hydroxylation (phase 1 metabolism) and/or conjugation with glutathione or sugars (phase 2) have been well established. However, the functional importance of herbicide metabolite compartmentalisation into the vacuole as promoted by active transport (phase 3), has received little attention as an EMR mechanism. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are known to be important in drug detoxification in fungi and mammals. In this study, we identified three distinct C-class ABCCs transporters namely AmABCC1, AmABCC2 and AmABCC3 in populations of blackgrass exhibiting EMR and resistance to multiple herbicides. Uptake studies with monochlorobimane in root cells, showed that the EMR blackgrass had an enhanced capacity to compartmentalize fluorescent glutathione-bimane conjugated metabolites in an energy-dependent manner. Subcellular localisation analysis using transient expression of GFP-tagged AmABCC2 assays in Nicotiana demonstrated that the transporter was a membrane bound protein associated with the tonoplast. At the transcript level, as compared with herbicide sensitive plants, AmABCC1 and AmABCC2 were positively correlated with EMR in herbicide resistant blackgrass being co-expressed with AmGSTU2a, a glutathione transferase (GST) involved in herbicide detoxification linked to resistance. As the glutathione conjugates generated by GSTs are classic ligands for ABC proteins, this co-expression suggested AmGSTU2a and the two ABCC transporters delivered the coupled rapid phase 2/3 detoxification observed in EMR. A role for the transporters in resistance was further confirmed in transgenic yeast by demonstrating that the expression of either AmABCC1 or AmABCC2, promoted enhanced tolerance to the sulfonylurea herbicide, mesosulfuron-methyl. Our results link the expression of ABCC transporters to enhanced metabolic resistance in blackgrass through their ability to transport herbicides, and their metabolites, into the vacuole.
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8
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Comont D, MacGregor DR, Crook L, Hull R, Nguyen L, Freckleton RP, Childs DZ, Neve P. Dissecting weed adaptation: Fitness and trait correlations in herbicide-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3039-3050. [PMID: 35437938 PMCID: PMC9324217 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unravelling the genetic architecture of non-target-site resistance (NTSR) traits in weed populations can inform questions about the inheritance, trade-offs and fitness costs associated with these traits. Classical quantitative genetics approaches allow study of the genetic architecture of polygenic traits even where the genetic basis of adaptation remains unknown. These approaches have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of previous studies into the genetics and fitness of NTSR. RESULTS Using a quantitative genetic analysis of 400 pedigreed Alopecurus myosuroides seed families from nine field-collected populations, we found strong heritability for resistance to the acetolactate synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors (h2 = 0.731 and 0.938, respectively), and evidence for shared additive genetic variance for resistance to these two different herbicide modes of action, rg = 0.34 (survival), 0.38 (biomass). We find no evidence for genetic correlations between life-history traits and herbicide resistance, indicating that resistance to these two modes of action is not associated with large fitness costs in blackgrass. We do, however, demonstrate that phenotypic variation in plant flowering characteristics is heritable, h2 = 0.213 (flower height), 0.529 (flower head number), 0.449 (time to flowering) and 0.372 (time to seed shed), demonstrating the potential for adaptation to other nonchemical management practices (e.g. mowing of flowering heads) now being adopted for blackgrass control. CONCLUSION These results highlight that quantitative genetics can provide important insight into the inheritance and genetic architecture of NTSR, and can be used alongside emerging molecular techniques to better understand the evolutionary and fitness landscape of herbicide resistance. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Comont
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted Research, HarpendenHertfordshireUK
| | - Dana R MacGregor
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted Research, HarpendenHertfordshireUK
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of DurhamDurhamUK
| | - Laura Crook
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted Research, HarpendenHertfordshireUK
| | - Richard Hull
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted Research, HarpendenHertfordshireUK
| | - Lieselot Nguyen
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted Research, HarpendenHertfordshireUK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSouth YorkshireUK
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSouth YorkshireUK
| | - Paul Neve
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted Research, HarpendenHertfordshireUK
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Crop SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenTaastrupDenmark
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9
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Assessing the Weed-Suppressing Potential of Cotton Chromosome Substitution Lines Using the Stair-Step Assay. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112450. [PMID: 34834813 PMCID: PMC8625687 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Palmer amaranth is a problematic common weed species, especially in cotton. With the wide use of chemical herbicide and herbicide-tolerant transgenic cotton lines, Palmer amaranth populations have developed tolerance to commonly used herbicides. It is imperative to develop alternative weed control methods to slow the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed populations and provide new strategies for weed management. Eleven chromosome substitution (CS) cotton lines (CS-B26Lo, CS-T17, CS-B16-15, CS-B17-11, CS-B12, CS-T05sh, CS-T26Lo, CS-T11sh, CS-M11sh, CS-B22sh, and CS-B22Lo) were screened for weed-suppressing abilities in this study. The cotton lines were tested using the established stair-step assay. Height (cm) and chlorophyll concentration (cci) were measured for each plant in the system. The most significant variation in Palmer amaranth height reduction among the CS lines was observed 21 days after establishment. CS-B22sh (76.82%) and CS-T26Lo (68.32%) were most effective in reducing Palmer amaranth height. The cluster analysis revealed that CS-B22sh, and CS-T26Lo were clustered in one group, suggesting similar genetic potential with reference to Palmer amaranth growth and development. CS-B22sh showed novel genetic potential to control the growth and development of Palmer amaranth, a problematic weed in cotton fields. Future experimentation should implement more parameters and chemical testing to explore allelopathic interactions among CS lines and Palmer amaranth.
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10
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Squires CC, Coleman GR, Broster JC, Preston C, Boutsalis P, Owen MJ, Jalaludin A, Walsh MJ. Increasing the value and efficiency of herbicide resistance surveys. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3881-3889. [PMID: 33650211 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The scale of herbicide resistance within a cropping region can be estimated and monitored using surveys of weed populations. The current approach to herbicide resistance surveys is time-consuming, logistically challenging and costly. Here we review past and current approaches used in herbicide resistance surveys with the aims of (i) defining effective survey methodologies, (ii) highlighting opportunities for improving efficiencies through the use of new technologies and (iii) identifying the value of repeated region-wide herbicide resistance surveys. One of the most extensively surveyed areas of the world's cropping regions is the Australian grain production region, with >2900 fields randomly surveyed in each of three surveys conducted over the past 15 years. Consequently, recommended methodologies are based on what has been learned from the Australian experience. Traditional seedling-based herbicide screening assays remain the most reliable and widely applicable method for characterizing resistance in weed populations. The use of satellite or aerial imagery to plan collections and image analysis to rapidly quantify screening results could complement traditional resistance assays by increasing survey efficiency and sampling accuracy. Global management of herbicide-resistant weeds would benefit from repeated and standardized surveys that track herbicide resistance evolution within and across cropping regions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Squires
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Guy Ry Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - John C Broster
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Christopher Preston
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Peter Boutsalis
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Mechelle J Owen
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Adam Jalaludin
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Michael J Walsh
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
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11
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Marques JGDC, Veríssimo KJDS, Fernandes BS, Ferreira SRDM, Montenegro SMGL, Motteran F. Glyphosate: A Review on the Current Environmental Impacts from a Brazilian Perspective. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:385-397. [PMID: 34142191 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of glyphosate is one of the main agricultural practices to combat weeds and grasses; however, its incorrect application increases soil and water contamination caused by the product. This situation is even more critical due to its great versatility for use in different cultivars and at lower prices, making it the most used pesticide in the world. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of in-depth studies regarding the damage that its use may cause. Therefore, this review focused on the analysis of environmental impacts at the soil-water interface caused by the use of glyphosate. In this sense, studies have shown that the intensive use of glyphosate has the potential to cause harmful effects on soil microorganisms, leading to changes in soil fertility and ecological imbalance, as well as impacts on aquatic environments derived from changes in the food chain. This situation is similar in Brazil, with the harmful effects of glyphosate in nontarget species and the contamination of the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to change this scenario by modifying the type of pest control in agriculture, and actions such as crop rotation and biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathas Gomes de Carvalho Marques
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil.
| | - Klayde Janny da Silva Veríssimo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Bruna Soares Fernandes
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Silvio Romero de Melo Ferreira
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Motteran
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
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12
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Kaundun SS. Syngenta's contribution to herbicide resistance research and management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1564-1571. [PMID: 32893405 PMCID: PMC7984027 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of weed resistance to herbicides is an ever-increasing problem that affects crop yield and food production. In Syngenta, we believe that this difficult and complex issue can be most efficiently addressed through a deep understanding of the evolutionary dynamics and mechanism of resistance. A profound knowledge of resistance is key to developing the next generation of resistance-breaking compounds with existing or novel herbicide sites of action. We use a multidisciplinary laboratory-based, glasshouse and field biology approach to study herbicide resistance and provide strong science-based solutions to delay the onset and manage resistance. We have developed and implemented simple early-season resistance detection methods to allow farmers make an informed decision for effective weed control. We have built mechanistic, individual-based computer models to design profitable, long-term sustainable weed management programs. Our zero tolerance approaches employ herbicides with different sites of action, applied in mixtures and sequences, to minimise the risk of resistance evolution. Weeds are targeted at the right growth stage with optimal herbicide formulation and spray technology for maximising weed control and depleting the seed bank. We are promoting the use of competitive crop varieties and other nonchemical methods for an integrated weed management strategy. We have a global web of external collaborations for studying and managing herbicide resistance. We are committed to farmers' education and training on herbicide resistance, and regularly share our methods and findings via conferences and peer-reviewed scientific publications for the benefit of the wider weed science community and field practitioners. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Shankhar Kaundun
- Herbicide Bioscience, SyngentaJealott's Hill International Research CentreBerkshireUK
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13
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Goodsell RM, Childs DZ, Spencer M, Coutts S, Vergnon R, Swinfield T, Queenborough SA, Freckleton RP. Developing hierarchical density‐structured models to study the national‐scale dynamics of an arable weed. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Goodsell
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Z. Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Spencer
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GP United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Coutts
- Lincoln Institute for Agri‐food Technology University of Lincoln Lincoln LN2 2LG United Kingdom
| | - Remi Vergnon
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Tom Swinfield
- RSPB Potton road Sandy Bedfordshire SH19 2DL United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Queenborough
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - Robert P. Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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14
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Markus C, Pecinka A, Merotto A. Insights into the Role of Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Response to Herbicide-Treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3314. [PMID: 33804990 PMCID: PMC8037345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicide resistance is broadly recognized as the adaptive evolution of weed populations to the intense selection pressure imposed by the herbicide applications. Here, we tested whether transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM) pathways modulate resistance to commonly applied herbicides. Using Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants exposed to sublethal doses of glyphosate, imazethapyr, and 2,4-D, we found a partial loss of TGS and increased susceptibility to herbicides in six out of 11 tested TGS/RdDM mutants. Mutation in REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1), that plays an important role in DNA demethylation, leading to strongly increased susceptibility to all applied herbicides, and imazethapyr in particular. Transcriptomic analysis of the imazethapyr-treated wild type and ros1 plants revealed a relation of the herbicide upregulated genes to chemical stimulus, secondary metabolism, stress condition, flavonoid biosynthesis, and epigenetic processes. Hypersensitivity to imazethapyr of the flavonoid biosynthesis component TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4) mutant plants strongly suggests that ROS1-dependent accumulation of flavonoids is an important mechanism for herbicide stress response in A. thaliana. In summary, our study shows that herbicide treatment affects transcriptional gene silencing pathways and that misregulation of these pathways makes Arabidopsis plants more sensitive to herbicide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarine Markus
- Department of Crop Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil;
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aldo Merotto
- Department of Crop Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil;
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15
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Baek Y, Bobadilla LK, Giacomini DA, Montgomery JS, Murphy BP, Tranel PJ. Evolution of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 255:93-128. [PMID: 33932185 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops and concomitant reliance on glyphosate for weed control set an unprecedented stage for the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds. There are now 48 weed species that have evolved glyphosate resistance. Diverse glyphosate-resistance mechanisms have evolved, including single, double, and triple amino acid substitutions in the target-site gene, duplication of the gene encoding the target site, and others that are rare or nonexistent for evolved resistance to other herbicides. This review summarizes these resistance mechanisms, discusses what is known about their evolution, and concludes with some of the impacts glyphosate-resistant weeds have had on weed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousoon Baek
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lucas K Bobadilla
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Darci A Giacomini
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Brent P Murphy
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patrick J Tranel
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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16
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Jarrell ZR, Ahammad MU, Benson AP. Glyphosate-based herbicide formulations and reproductive toxicity in animals. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100126. [PMID: 32734026 PMCID: PMC7386766 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoption of genetically engineered (GE) crops in agriculture has increased dramatically over the last few decades. Among the transgenic plants, those tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate are among the most common. Weed resistance to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) has been on the rise, leading to increased herbicide applications. This, in turn, has led to increased glyphosate residues in feed. Although glyphosate has been considered to be generally safe to animal health, recent studies have shown that GBHs have potential to cause adverse effects in animal reproduction, including disruption of key regulatory enzymes in androgen synthesis, alteration of serum levels of estrogen and testosterone, damage to reproductive tissues and impairment of gametogenesis. This review emphasizes known effects of GBHs on reproductive health as well as the potential risk GBH residues pose to animal agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muslah Uddin Ahammad
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Andrew Parks Benson
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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17
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Rackliffe DR, Hoverman JT. Population-level variation in neonicotinoid tolerance in nymphs of the Heptageniidae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114803. [PMID: 32454363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities can have significant ecological and evolutionary consequences on populations and communities. In the United States, neonicotinoid insecticides are widespread across the agricultural Midwest and frequently detected in stream systems. Their effect on Heptageniidae mayflies is a major concern because they are highly sensitive to neonicotinoids and have some of the lowest reported tolerance values of any organism. Our objective was to evaluate population-level variation in neonicotinoid sensitivity. We did so by conducting 96 h half maximal effective concentration (EC5096-h) tests for the neonicotinoids clothianidin and thiamethoxam on populations of Stenacron, Stenonema, and Maccaffertium mayflies and testing for associations with agricultural landcover. Additionally, we collected water samples to assess temporal patterns of neonicotinoid presence in stream habitats. We found variation in neonicotinoid tolerance with EC50 values ranging from 4.9 μg/L to 32 μg/L and 19.8 μg/L to 86.5 μg/L for clothianidin and thiamethoxam, respectively. Agricultural landcover was associated with neonicotinoid tolerance for Stenacron and thiamethoxam but not for other comparisons. Moreover, water samples demonstrated that the amount of agricultural landcover was not a strong predictor of neonicotinoids presence in streams. Our data suggest that populations of Heptageniidae mayflies can vary substantially in neonicotinoid tolerance. Population-level variation should be considered in toxicity assessments and presents the potential for evolved tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Riley Rackliffe
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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18
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Glyphosate Use in the European Agricultural Sector and a Framework for Its Further Monitoring. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12145682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring pesticide use is essential for assessing farming practices and the risks associated with the use of pesticides. Currently, there are neither consolidated, public data available on glyphosate use in Europe, nor a standardized categorization of its major uses. In this study, data on glyphosate sales and use in Europe were collected from multiple sources and compiled into a dataset of the agricultural use of glyphosate from 2013 to 2017. The survey shows that glyphosate represented 33% of the herbicide volume sold in Europe in 2017. One third of the acreage of annual cropping systems and half of the acreage of perennial tree crops received glyphosate annually. Glyphosate is widely used for at least eight agronomic purposes, including weed control, crop desiccation, terminating cover crops, terminating temporary grassland and renewing permanent grassland. Glyphosate use can be classified into occasional uses—i.e., exceptional applications, triggered by meteorological conditions or specific farm constraints—and recurrent uses, which are widespread practices that are embedded in farming systems and for which other agronomic solutions may exist but are not frequently used. This article proposes a framework for the precise monitoring of glyphosate use, based on the identification of the cropping systems in which glyphosate is used, the agronomic purposes for which it is employed, the dose used and the rationale behind the different uses.
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19
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Varah A, Ahodo K, Coutts SR, Hicks HL, Comont D, Crook L, Hull R, Neve P, Childs DZ, Freckleton RP, Norris K. The costs of human-induced evolution in an agricultural system. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2020; 3:63-71. [PMID: 31942455 PMCID: PMC6962049 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides have underpinned significant improvements in global food security, albeit with associated environmental costs. Currently, the yield benefits of pesticides are threatened as overuse has led to wide-scale evolution of resistance. Yet despite this threat, there are no large-scale estimates of crop yield losses or economic costs due to resistance. Here, we combine national-scale density and resistance data for the weed Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) with crop yield maps and a new economic model to estimate that the annual cost of resistance in England is £0.4bn in lost gross profit (2014 prices), and annual wheat yield loss due to resistance is 0.8 million tonnes. A total loss of herbicide control against black-grass would cost £1bn and 3.4 million tonnes of lost wheat yield annually. Worldwide, there are 253 herbicide-resistant weeds, so the global impact of resistance could be enormous. Our research provides an urgent case for national-scale planning to combat further evolution of resistance, and an incentive for policies focused on increasing yields through more sustainable food-production systems rather than relying so heavily on herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Varah
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- All correspondence or requests should be addressed to Dr Alexa Varah,
| | - Kwadjo Ahodo
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Shaun R. Coutts
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Lincoln Institute of Agri-Food Technology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN2 2LG, UK
| | - Helen L. Hicks
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - David Comont
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Laura Crook
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard Hull
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Dylan Z. Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert P. Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ken Norris
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
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20
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Baucom RS, Busi R. Evolutionary epidemiology in the field: a proactive approach for identifying herbicide resistance in problematic crop weeds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1056-1058. [PMID: 31218703 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Comont et al., 223: 1584–1594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina S Baucom
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Michigan, 4034 Biological Sciences Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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