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Wang Z, Wang W, Zhao D, Song Y, Lin X, Shen M, Chi C, Xu B, Zhao J, Deng XW, Wang J. Light-induced remodeling of phytochrome B enables signal transduction by phytochrome-interacting factor. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)01023-7. [PMID: 39317197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Phytochrome B (phyB) and phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) constitute a well-established signaling module critical for plants adapting to ambient light. However, mechanisms underlying phyB photoactivation and PIF binding for signal transduction remain elusive. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the photoactivated phyB or the constitutively active phyBY276H mutant in complex with PIF6, revealing a similar trimer. The light-induced configuration switch of the chromophore drives a conformational transition of the nearby tongue signature within the phytochrome-specific (PHY) domain of phyB. The resulting α-helical PHY tongue further disrupts the head-to-tail dimer of phyB in the dark-adapted state. These structural remodelings of phyB facilitate the induced-fit recognition of PIF6, consequently stabilizing the N-terminal extension domain and a head-to-head dimer of activated phyB. Interestingly, the phyB dimer exhibits slight asymmetry, resulting in the binding of only one PIF6 molecule. Overall, our findings solve a key question with respect to how light-induced remodeling of phyB enables PIF signaling in phytochrome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Didi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yanping Song
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jizong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Arico DS, Burachik NB, Wengier DL, Mazzella MA. Arabidopsis hypocotyl growth in darkness requires the phosphorylation of a microtubule-associated protein. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1815-1831. [PMID: 38494883 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Rapid hypocotyl elongation allows buried seedlings to emerge, where light triggers de-etiolation and inhibits hypocotyl growth mainly by photoreceptors. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events regulate many aspects of plant development. Only recently we have begun to uncover the earliest phospho-signaling responders to light. Here, we reported a large-scale phosphoproteomic analysis and identified 20 proteins that changed their phosphorylation pattern following a 20 min light pulse compared to darkness. Microtubule-associated proteins were highly overrepresented in this group. Among them, we studied CIP7 (COP1-INTERACTING-PROTEIN 7), which presented microtubule (MT) localization in contrast to the previous description. An isoform of CIP7 phosphorylated at Serine915 was detected in etiolated seedlings but was undetectable after a light pulse in the presence of photoreceptors, while CIP7 transcript expression decays with long light exposure. The short hypocotyl phenotype and rearrangement of MTs in etiolated cip7 mutants are complemented by CIP7-YFP and the phospho-mimetic CIP7S915D-YFP, but not the phospho-null CIP7S915A-YFP suggesting that the phosphorylated S915CIP7 isoform promotes hypocotyl elongation through MT reorganization in darkness. Our evidence on Serine915 of CIP7 unveils phospho-regulation of MT-based processes during skotomorphogenic hypocotyl growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Soledad Arico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular-Héctor Torres, Vuelta de obligado, 2490, Caba, Argentina
| | - Natalia B Burachik
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular-Héctor Torres, Vuelta de obligado, 2490, Caba, Argentina
| | - Diego Leonardo Wengier
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular-Héctor Torres, Vuelta de obligado, 2490, Caba, Argentina
| | - María Agustina Mazzella
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular-Héctor Torres, Vuelta de obligado, 2490, Caba, Argentina
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3
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Feng Z, Wang M, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang S, Duan J, Chen J, Qi L, Liu Y, Li H, Wu J, Liu Y, Terzaghi W, Tian F, Zhong B, Fang X, Qian W, Guo Y, Deng XW, Li J. Liquid-liquid phase separation of TZP promotes PPK-mediated phosphorylation of the phytochrome A photoreceptor. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:798-814. [PMID: 38714768 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is the plant far-red (FR) light photoreceptor and plays an essential role in regulating photomorphogenic development in FR-rich conditions, such as canopy shade. It has long been observed that phyA is a phosphoprotein in vivo; however, the protein kinases that could phosphorylate phyA remain largely unknown. Here we show that a small protein kinase family, consisting of four members named PHOTOREGULATORY PROTEIN KINASES (PPKs) (also known as MUT9-LIKE KINASES), directly phosphorylate phyA in vitro and in vivo. In addition, TANDEM ZINC-FINGER/PLUS3 (TZP), a recently characterized phyA-interacting protein required for in vivo phosphorylation of phyA, is also directly phosphorylated by PPKs. We reveal that TZP contains two intrinsically disordered regions in its amino-terminal domain that undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) upon light exposure. The LLPS of TZP promotes colocalization and interaction between PPKs and phyA, thus facilitating PPK-mediated phosphorylation of phyA in FR light. Our study identifies PPKs as a class of protein kinases mediating the phosphorylation of phyA and demonstrates that the LLPS of TZP contributes significantly to more production of the phosphorylated phyA form in FR light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoman Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Feng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bojian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Kim RJA, Fan D, He J, Kim K, Du J, Chen M. Photobody formation spatially segregates two opposing phytochrome B signaling actions of PIF5 degradation and stabilization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3519. [PMID: 38664420 PMCID: PMC11045832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoactivation of the plant photoreceptor and thermosensor phytochrome B (PHYB) triggers its condensation into subnuclear membraneless organelles named photobodies (PBs). However, the function of PBs in PHYB signaling remains frustratingly elusive. Here, we found that PHYB recruits PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 5 (PIF5) to PBs. Surprisingly, PHYB exerts opposing roles in degrading and stabilizing PIF5. Perturbing PB size by overproducing PHYB provoked a biphasic PIF5 response: while a moderate increase in PHYB enhanced PIF5 degradation, further elevating the PHYB level stabilized PIF5 by retaining more of it in enlarged PBs. Conversely, reducing PB size by dim light, which enhanced PB dynamics and nucleoplasmic PHYB and PIF5, switched the balance towards PIF5 degradation. Together, these results reveal that PB formation spatially segregates two antagonistic PHYB signaling actions - PIF5 stabilization in PBs and PIF5 degradation in the surrounding nucleoplasm - which could enable an environmentally sensitive, counterbalancing mechanism to titrate nucleoplasmic PIF5 and environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Jean Ae Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - De Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jiangman He
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Keunhwa Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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5
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Kim RJA, Fan D, He J, Kim K, Du J, Chen M. Photobody formation spatially segregates two opposing phytochrome B signaling actions to titrate plant environmental responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.12.566724. [PMID: 38014306 PMCID: PMC10680666 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.12.566724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivation of the plant photoreceptor and thermosensor phytochrome B (PHYB) triggers its condensation into subnuclear photobodies (PBs). However, the function of PBs remains frustratingly elusive. Here, we found that PHYB recruits PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR5 (PIF5) to PBs. Surprisingly, PHYB exerts opposing roles in degrading and stabilizing PIF5. Perturbing PB size by overproducing PHYB provoked a biphasic PIF5 response: while a moderate increase in PHYB enhanced PIF5 degradation, further elevating the PHYB level stabilized PIF5 by retaining more of it in enlarged PBs. These results reveal a PB-mediated light and temperature sensing mechanism, in which PHYB condensation confers the co-occurrence and competition of two antagonistic phase-separated PHYB signaling actions-PIF5 stabilization in PBs and PIF5 degradation in the surrounding nucleoplasm-thereby enabling an environmentally-sensitive counterbalancing mechanism to titrate nucleoplasmic PIF5 and its transcriptional output. This PB-enabled signaling mechanism provides a framework for regulating a plethora of PHYB-interacting signaling molecules in diverse plant environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Jean Ae Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - De Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Jiangman He
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Keunhwa Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Current address: Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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6
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Viczián A, Nagy F. Phytochrome B phosphorylation expanded: site-specific kinases are identified. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:65-72. [PMID: 37814506 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome B (phyB) photoreceptor is a key participant in red and far-red light sensing, playing a dominant role in many developmental and growth responses throughout the whole life of plants. Accordingly, phyB governs diverse signaling pathways, and although our knowledge about these pathways is constantly expanding, our view about their fine-tuning is still rudimentary. Phosphorylation of phyB is one of the relevant regulatory mechanisms, and - despite the expansion of the available methodology - it is still not easy to examine. Phosphorylated phytochromes have been detected using various techniques for decades, but the first phosphorylated phyB residues were only identified in 2013. Since then, concentrated attention has been turned toward the functional role of post-translational modifications in phyB signaling. Very recently in 2023, the first kinases that phosphorylate phyB were identified. These discoveries opened up new research avenues, especially by connecting diverse environmental impacts to light signaling and helping to explain some long-term unsolved problems such as the co-action of Ca2+ and phyB signaling. This review summarizes our recent views about the roles of the identified phosphorylated phyB residues, what we know about the enzymes that modulate the phospho-state of phyB, and how these recent discoveries impact future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Viczián
- Laboratory of Photo- and Chronobiology, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Laboratory of Photo- and Chronobiology, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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7
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Yang X, Guan H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Su W, Song S, Liu H, Chen R, Hao Y. Extra- and intranuclear heat perception and triggering mechanisms in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1276649. [PMID: 37860244 PMCID: PMC10582638 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1276649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The escalating impact of global warming on crop yield and quality poses a significant threat to future food supplies. Breeding heat-resistant crop varieties holds promise, but necessitates a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant heat tolerance. Recent studies have shed light on the initial events of heat perception in plants. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the recent progress made in unraveling the mechanisms of heat perception and response in plants. Calcium ion (Ca2+), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide (NO) have emerged as key participants in heat perception. Furthermore, we discuss the potential roles of the NAC transcription factor NTL3, thermo-tolerance 3.1 (TT3.1), and Target of temperature 3 (TOT3) as thermosensors associated with the plasma membrane. Additionally, we explore the involvement of cytoplasmic HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDA9), mRNA encoding the phytochrome-interacting factor 7 (PIF7), and chloroplasts in mediating heat perception. This review also highlights the role of intranuclear transcriptional condensates formed by phytochrome B (phyB), EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), and guanylate-binding protein (GBP)-like GTPase 3 (GBPL3) in heat perception. Finally, we raise the unresolved questions in the field of heat perception that require further investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Riyuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Hao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Shi H, Zhong S. Light and temperature perceptions go through a phase separation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102397. [PMID: 37295295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light and temperature are two distinct but closely linked environmental factors that profoundly affect plant growth and development. Biomolecular condensates are membraneless micron-scale compartments formed through liquid-liquid phase separation, which have been shown to be involved in a wide range of biological processes. In the last few years, biomolecular condensates are emerged to serve as phase separation-based sensors for plant sensing and/or responding to external environmental cues. This review summarizes the recently reported plant biomolecular condensates in sensing light and temperature signals. The current understanding of the biophysical properties and the action modes of phase separation-based environmental sensors are highlighted. Unresolved questions and possible challenges for future studies of phase-separation sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, 261325, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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9
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Liu X, Jiang W, Li Y, Nie H, Cui L, Li R, Tan L, Peng L, Li C, Luo J, Li M, Wang H, Yang J, Zhou B, Wang P, Liu H, Zhu JK, Zhao C. FERONIA coordinates plant growth and salt tolerance via the phosphorylation of phyB. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:645-660. [PMID: 37012430 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation modification is required for the modulation of phytochrome B (phyB) thermal reversion, but the kinase(s) that phosphorylate(s) phyB and the biological significance of the phosphorylation are still unknown. Here we report that FERONIA (FER) phosphorylates phyB to regulate plant growth and salt tolerance, and the phosphorylation not only regulates dark-triggered photobody dissociation but also modulates phyB protein abundance in the nucleus. Further analysis indicates that phosphorylation of phyB by FER is sufficient to accelerate the conversion of phyB from the active form (Pfr) to the inactive form (Pr). Under salt stress, FER kinase activity is inhibited, leading to delayed photobody dissociation and increased phyB protein abundance in the nucleus. Our data also show that phyB mutation or overexpression of PIF5 attenuates growth inhibition and promotes plant survival under salt stress. Together, our study not only reveals a kinase that controls phyB turnover via a signature of phosphorylation, but also provides mechanistic insights into the role of the FER-phyB module in coordinating plant growth and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhen Nie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Cui
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxia Li
- Shanghai Bioprofile Technology Company Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Zhao Y, Shi H, Pan Y, Lyu M, Yang Z, Kou X, Deng XW, Zhong S. Sensory circuitry controls cytosolic calcium-mediated phytochrome B phototransduction. Cell 2023; 186:1230-1243.e14. [PMID: 36931246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Although Ca2+ has long been recognized as an obligatory intermediate in visual transduction, its role in plant phototransduction remains elusive. Here, we report a Ca2+ signaling that controls photoreceptor phyB nuclear translocation in etiolated seedlings during dark-to-light transition. Red light stimulates acute cytosolic Ca2+ increases via phyB, which are sensed by Ca2+-binding protein kinases, CPK6 and CPK12 (CPK6/12). Upon Ca2+ activation, CPK6/12 in turn directly interact with and phosphorylate photo-activated phyB at Ser80/Ser106 to initiate phyB nuclear import. Non-phosphorylatable mutation, phyBS80A/S106A, abolishes nuclear translocation and fails to complement phyB mutant, which is fully restored by combining phyBS80A/S106A with a nuclear localization signal. We further show that CPK6/12 function specifically in the early phyB-mediated cotyledon expansion, while Ser80/Ser106 phosphorylation generally governs phyB nuclear translocation. Our results uncover a biochemical regulatory loop centered in phyB phototransduction and provide a paradigm for linking ubiquitous Ca2+ increases to specific responses in sensory stimulus processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mohan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhixuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang 261325, China
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang 261325, China.
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11
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Choi DM, Kim SH, Han YJ, Kim JI. Regulation of Plant Photoresponses by Protein Kinase Activity of Phytochrome A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032110. [PMID: 36768431 PMCID: PMC9916439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted for decades to elucidate the molecular and regulatory mechanisms for phytochrome-mediated light signaling in plants. As a result, tens of downstream signaling components that physically interact with phytochromes are identified, among which negative transcription factors for photomorphogenesis, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), are well known to be regulated by phytochromes. In addition, phytochromes are also shown to inactivate an important E3 ligase complex consisting of CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and SUPPRESSORs OF phyA-105 (SPAs). This inactivation induces the accumulation of positive transcription factors for plant photomorphogenesis, such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). Although many downstream components of phytochrome signaling have been studied thus far, it is not fully elucidated which intrinsic activity of phytochromes is necessary for the regulation of these components. It should be noted that phytochromes are autophosphorylating protein kinases. Recently, the protein kinase activity of phytochrome A (phyA) has shown to be important for its function in plant light signaling using Avena sativa phyA mutants with reduced or increased kinase activity. In this review, we highlight the function of phyA as a protein kinase to explain the regulation of plant photoresponses by phyA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Min Choi
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Han
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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12
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Song P, Yang Z, Guo C, Han R, Wang H, Dong J, Kang D, Guo Y, Yang S, Li J. 14-3-3 proteins regulate photomorphogenesis by facilitating light-induced degradation of PIF3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:140-159. [PMID: 36110045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3s are highly conserved phosphopeptide-binding proteins that play important roles in various developmental and signaling pathways in plants. However, although protein phosphorylation has been proven to be a key mechanism for regulating many pivotal components of the light signaling pathway, the role of 14-3-3 proteins in photomorphogenesis remains largely obscure. PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) is an extensively studied transcription factor repressing photomorphogenesis, and it is well-established that upon red (R) light exposure, photo-activated phytochrome B (phyB) interacts with PIF3 and induces its rapid phosphorylation and degradation. PHOTOREGULATORY PROTEIN KINASES (PPKs), a family of nuclear protein kinases, interact with phyB and PIF3 in R light and mediate multisite phosphorylation of PIF3 in vivo. Here, we report that two members of the 14-3-3 protein family, 14-3-3λ and κ, bind to a serine residue in the bHLH domain of PIF3 that can be phosphorylated by PPKs, and act as key positive regulators of R light-induced photomorphogenesis. Moreover, 14-3-3λ and κ preferentially interact with photo-activated phyB and promote the phyB-PIF3-PPK complex formation, thereby facilitating phyB-induced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF3 upon R light exposure. Together, our data demonstrate that 14-3-3λ and κ work in close concert with the phyB-PIF3 module to regulate light signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zidan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Can Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huaichang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dingming Kang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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13
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PIF7 is a master regulator of thermomorphogenesis in shade. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4942. [PMID: 36038577 PMCID: PMC9424238 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of plant organs is highly responsive to environmental conditions. The plant’s embryonic stem, or hypocotyl, displays phenotypic plasticity, in response to light and temperature. The hypocotyl of shade avoiding species elongates to outcompete neighboring plants and secure access to sunlight. Similar elongation occurs in high temperature. However, it is poorly understood how environmental light and temperature cues interact to effect plant growth. We found that shade combined with warm temperature produces a synergistic hypocotyl growth response that dependent on PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) and auxin. This unique but agriculturally relevant scenario was almost totally independent on PIF4 activity. We show that warm temperature is sufficient to promote PIF7 DNA binding but not transcriptional activation and we demonstrate that additional, unknown factor/s must be working downstream of the phyB-PIF-auxin module. Our findings will improve the predictions of how plants will respond to increased ambient temperatures when grown at high density. Plant hypocotyl elongation response to light and temperature. Here the authors show that shade combined with warm temperature synergistically enhances the hypocotyl growth response via the PIF7 transcription factor, auxin, and as yet unknown factor.
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14
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Chen D, Lyu M, Kou X, Li J, Yang Z, Gao L, Li Y, Fan LM, Shi H, Zhong S. Integration of light and temperature sensing by liquid-liquid phase separation of phytochrome B. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3015-3029.e6. [PMID: 35728588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Light and temperature in plants are perceived by a common receptor, phytochrome B (phyB). How phyB distinguishes these signals remains elusive. Here, we report that phyB spontaneously undergoes phase separation to assemble liquid-like droplets. This capacity is driven by its C terminus through self-association, whereas the intrinsically disordered N-terminal extension (NTE) functions as a biophysical modulator of phase separation. Light exposure triggers a conformational change to subsequently alter phyB condensate assembly, while temperature sensation is directly mediated by the NTE to modulate the phase behavior of phyB droplets. Multiple signaling components are selectively incorporated into phyB droplets to form concentrated microreactors, allowing switch-like control of phyB signaling activity through phase transitions. Therefore, light and temperature cues are separately read out by phyB via allosteric changes and spontaneous phase separation, respectively. We provide a conceptual framework showing how the distinct but highly correlated physical signals are interpreted and sorted by one receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mohan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhixuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lulu Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liu-Min Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang 261325, China.
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15
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Viczián A, Klose C, Hiltbrunner A, Nagy F. Editorial: Plant Phytochromes: From Structure to Signaling and Beyond. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:811379. [PMID: 34956300 PMCID: PMC8698484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.811379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- András Viczián
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Photo- and Chronobiology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cornelia Klose
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Photo- and Chronobiology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
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16
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Péter C, Nagy F, Viczián A. SUMOylation of different targets fine-tunes phytochrome signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1201-1211. [PMID: 34289130 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants monitor their surrounding ambient light environment by specialized photoreceptor proteins. Among them, phytochromes monitor red and far-red light. These molecules perceive photons, undergo a conformational change, and regulate diverse light signaling pathways, resulting in the mediation of key developmental and growth responses throughout the whole life of plants. Posttranslational modifications of the photoreceptors and their signaling partners may modify their function. For example, the regulatory role of phosphorylation has been investigated for decades by using different methodological approaches. In the past few years, a set of studies revealed that ubiquitin-like short protein molecules, called small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are attached reversibly to different members of phytochrome signaling pathways, including phytochrome B, the dominant receptor of red light signaling. Furthermore, SUMO attachment modifies the action of the target proteins, leading to altered light signaling and photomorphogenesis. This review summarizes recent results regarding SUMOylation of various target proteins, the regulation of their SUMOylation level, and the physiological consequences of SUMO attachment. Potential future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Péter
- Laboratory of Photo and Chronobiology, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Laboratory of Photo and Chronobiology, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - András Viczián
- Laboratory of Photo and Chronobiology, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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17
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Kusuma P, Westmoreland FM, Zhen S, Bugbee B. Photons from NIR LEDs can delay flowering in short-day soybean and Cannabis: Implications for phytochrome activity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255232. [PMID: 34314454 PMCID: PMC8315492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photons during the dark period delay flowering in short-day plants (SDP). Red photons applied at night convert phytochromes to the active far-red absorbing form (Pfr), leading to inhibition of flowering. Far-red photons (greater than 700 nm) re-induce flowering when applied after a pulse of red photons during the dark period. However, far-red photons at sufficiently high intensity and duration delay flowering in sensitive species. Mechanistically, this response occurs because phytochrome-red (Pr) absorbance is not zero beyond 700 nm. We applied nighttime photons from near infrared (NIR) LEDs (peak 850 nm) over a 12 h dark period. Flowering was delayed in Glycine max and Cannabis sativa (two photosensitive species) by 3 and 12 days, respectively, as the flux of photons from NIR LEDs was increased up to 83 and 116 μmol m-2 s-1. This suggests that long wavelength photons from NIR LEDs can activate phytochromes (convert Pr to Pfr) and thus alter plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kusuma
- Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Crop Physiology Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - F. Mitchell Westmoreland
- Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Crop Physiology Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Shuyang Zhen
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Crop Physiology Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
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18
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Hoang XLT, Prerostova S, Thu NBA, Thao NP, Vankova R, Tran LSP. Histidine Kinases: Diverse Functions in Plant Development and Responses to Environmental Conditions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:297-323. [PMID: 34143645 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-093057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The two-component system (TCS), which is one of the most evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway systems, has been known to regulate multiple biological activities and environmental responses in plants. Significant progress has been made in characterizing the biological functions of the TCS components, including signal receptor histidine kinase (HK) proteins, signal transducer histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and effector response regulator proteins. In this review, our scope is focused on the diverse structure, subcellular localization, and interactions of the HK proteins, as well as their signaling functions during development and environmental responses across different plant species. Based on data collected from scientific studies, knowledge about acting mechanisms and regulatory roles of HK proteins is presented. This comprehensive summary ofthe HK-related network provides a panorama of sophisticated modulating activities of HK members and gaps in understanding these activities, as well as the basis for developing biotechnological strategies to enhance the quality of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lan Thi Hoang
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; , ,
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Sylva Prerostova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; ,
| | - Nguyen Binh Anh Thu
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; , ,
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; , ,
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; ,
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA;
- Stress Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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19
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Burgie ES, Gannam ZTK, McLoughlin KE, Sherman CD, Holehouse AS, Stankey RJ, Vierstra RD. Differing biophysical properties underpin the unique signaling potentials within the plant phytochrome photoreceptor families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105649118. [PMID: 34039713 PMCID: PMC8179155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105649118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of photoperception by plants and microorganisms are initiated by the phytochrome (Phy) family of photoreceptors that detect light through interconversion between red light- (Pr) and far-red light-absorbing (Pfr) states. Plants synthesize a small family of Phy isoforms (PhyA to PhyE) that collectively regulate photomorphogenesis and temperature perception through redundant and unique actions. While the selective roles of these isoforms have been partially attributed to their differing abundances, expression patterns, affinities for downstream partners, and turnover rates, we show here from analysis of recombinant Arabidopsis chromoproteins that the Phy isoforms also display distinct biophysical properties. Included are a hypsochromic shift in the Pr absorption for PhyC and varying rates of Pfr to Pr thermal reversion, part of which can be attributed to the core photosensory module in each. Most strikingly, PhyB combines strong temperature dependence of thermal reversion with an order-of-magnitude faster rate to likely serve as the main physiological thermosensor, whereby thermal reversion competes with photoconversion. In addition, comparisons of Pfr occupancies for PhyA and PhyB under a range of red- and white-light fluence rates imply that low-light environments are effectively sensed by PhyA, while high-light environments, such as full sun, are effectively sensed by PhyB. Parallel analyses of the Phy isoforms from potato and maize showed that the unique features within the Arabidopsis family are conserved, thus indicating that the distinct biophysical properties among plant Phy isoforms emerged early in Phy evolution, likely to enable full interrogation of their light and temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sethe Burgie
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zira T K Gannam
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | | | | | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert J Stankey
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130;
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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20
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Hernando CE, Murcia MG, Pereyra ME, Sellaro R, Casal JJ. Phytochrome B links the environment to transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4068-4084. [PMID: 33704448 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome B (phyB) senses the difference between darkness and light, the level of irradiance, the red/far-red ratio, and temperature. Thanks to these sensory capacities, phyB perceives whether plant organs are buried in the soil, exposed to full sunlight, in the presence of nearby vegetation, and/or under risk of heat stress. In some species, phyB perceives seasonal daylength cues. phyB affects the activity of several transcriptional regulators either by direct physical interaction or indirectly by physical interaction with proteins involved in the turnover of transcriptional regulators. Typically, interaction of a protein with phyB has either negative or positive effects on the interaction of the latter with a third party, this being another protein or DNA. Thus, phyB mediates the context-dependent modulation of the transcriptome underlying changes in plant morphology, physiology, and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress. phyB operates as a dynamic switch that improves carbon balance, prioritizing light interception and photosynthetic capacity in open places and the projection of the shoot towards light in the soil, under shade and in warm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Esteban Hernando
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mauro Germán Murcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Matías Ezequiel Pereyra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Romina Sellaro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Jorge José Casal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
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21
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Kim J, Lee H, Lee HG, Seo PJ. Get closer and make hotspots: liquid-liquid phase separation in plants. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51656. [PMID: 33913240 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) facilitates the formation of membraneless compartments in a cell and allows the spatiotemporal organization of biochemical reactions by concentrating macromolecules locally. In plants, LLPS defines cellular reaction hotspots, and stimulus-responsive LLPS is tightly linked to a variety of cellular and biological functions triggered by exposure to various internal and external stimuli, such as stress responses, hormone signaling, and temperature sensing. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of physicochemical forces and molecular factors that drive LLPS in plant cells. We illustrate how the biochemical features of cellular condensates contribute to their biological functions. Additionally, we highlight major challenges for the comprehensive understanding of biological LLPS, especially in view of the dynamic and robust organization of biochemical reactions underlying plastic responses to environmental fluctuations in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Gil Lee
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Li P, Liu J. Protein Phosphorylation in Plant Cell Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2358:45-71. [PMID: 34270045 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1625-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their sessile nature, plants have evolved sophisticated sensory mechanisms to respond quickly and precisely to the changing environment. The extracellular stimuli are perceived and integrated by diverse receptors, such as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), and then transmitted to the nucleus by complex cellular signaling networks, which play vital roles in biological processes including plant growth, development, reproduction, and stress responses. The posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are important regulators for the diversification of protein functions in plant cell signaling. Protein phosphorylation is an important and well-characterized form of the PTMs, which influences the functions of many receptors and key components in cellular signaling. Protein phosphorylation in plants predominantly occurs on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, which is dynamically and reversibly catalyzed by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, respectively. In this review, we focus on the function of protein phosphorylation in plant cell signaling, especially plant hormone signaling, and highlight the roles of protein phosphorylation in plant abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Junzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
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23
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Nagano S, Guan K, Shenkutie SM, Feiler C, Weiss M, Kraskov A, Buhrke D, Hildebrandt P, Hughes J. Structural insights into photoactivation and signalling in plant phytochromes. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:581-588. [PMID: 32366982 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant phytochromes are red/far-red photochromic photoreceptors that act as master regulators of development, controlling the expression of thousands of genes. Here, we describe the crystal structures of four plant phytochrome sensory modules, three at about 2 Å resolution or better, including the first of an A-type phytochrome. Together with extensive spectral data, these structures provide detailed insight into the structure and function of plant phytochromes. In the Pr state, the substitution of phycocyanobilin and phytochromobilin cofactors has no structural effect, nor does the amino-terminal extension play a significant functional role. Our data suggest that the chromophore propionates and especially the phytochrome-specific domain tongue act differently in plant and prokaryotic phytochromes. We find that the photoproduct in period-ARNT-single-minded (PAS)-cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-adenylyl cyclase-FhlA (GAF) bidomains might represent a novel intermediate between MetaRc and Pfr. We also discuss the possible role of a likely nuclear localization signal specific to and conserved in the phytochrome A lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshichiro Nagano
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kaoling Guan
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Feiler
- BESSY II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Weiss
- BESSY II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kraskov
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Buhrke
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany.
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24
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SharathKumar M, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM, van Ieperen W. Floral Induction in the Short-Day Plant Chrysanthemum Under Blue and Red Extended Long-Days. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610041. [PMID: 33569068 PMCID: PMC7868430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Shorter photoperiod and lower daily light integral (DLI) limit the winter greenhouse production. Extending the photoperiod by supplemental light increases biomass production but inhibits flowering in short-day plants such as Chrysanthemum morifolium. Previously, we reported that flowering in growth-chamber grown chrysanthemum with red (R) and blue (B) LED-light could also be induced in long photoperiods by applying only blue light during the last 4h of 15h long-days. This study investigates the possibility to induce flowering by extending short-days in greenhouses with 4h of blue light. Furthermore, flower induction after 4h of red light extension was tested after short-days RB-LED light in a growth-chamber and after natural solar light in a greenhouse. Plants were grown at 11h of sole source RB light (60:40) in a growth-chamber or solar light in the greenhouse (short-days). Additionally, plants were grown under long-days, which either consisted of short-days as described above extended with 4h of B or R light to long-days or of 15h continuous RB light or natural solar light. Flower initiation and normal capitulum development occurred in the blue-extended long-days in the growth-chamber after 11h of sole source RB, similarly as in short-days. However, when the blue extension was applied after 11h of full-spectrum solar light in a greenhouse, no flower initiation occurred. With red-extended long-days after 11h RB (growth-chamber) flower initiation occurred, but capitulum development was hindered. No flower initiation occurred in red-extended long-days in the greenhouse. These results indicate that multiple components of the daylight spectrum influence different phases in photoperiodic flowering in chrysanthemum in a time-dependent manner. This research shows that smart use of LED-light can open avenues for a more efficient year-round cultivation of chrysanthemum by circumventing the short-day requirement for flowering when applied in emerging vertical farm or plant factories that operate without natural solar light. In current year-round greenhouses' production, however, extension of the natural solar light during the first 11 h of the photoperiod with either red or blue sole LED light, did inhibit flowering.
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