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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M. The Localization of Cell Wall Components in the Quadrifids of Whole-Mount Immunolabeled Utricularia dichotoma Traps. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:56. [PMID: 38203227 PMCID: PMC10778831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Utricularia (bladderworts) are carnivorous plants. They produce small hollow vesicles, which function as suction traps that work underwater and capture fine organisms. Inside the traps, there are numerous glandular trichomes (quadrifids), which take part in the secretion of digestive enzymes, the resorption of released nutrients, and likely the pumping out of water. Due to the extreme specialization of quadrifids, they are an interesting model for studying the cell walls. This aim of the study was to fill in the gap in the literature concerning the immunocytochemistry of quadrifids in the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. To do this, the localization of the cell wall components in the quadrifids was performed using whole-mount immunolabeled Utricularia traps. It was observed that only parts (arms) of the terminal cells had enough discontinuous cuticle to be permeable to antibodies. There were different patterns of the cell wall components in the arms of the terminal cells of the quadrifids. The cell walls of the arms were especially rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Moreover, various arabinogalactan proteins also occurred. Cell walls in glandular cells of quadrifids were rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan; in contrast, in the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, cell walls in the glandular cells of digestive glands were poor in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Arabinogalactan proteins were found in the cell walls of trap gland cells in all studied carnivorous plants: Utricularia, and members of Droseraceae and Drosophyllaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Laboratory of Bioimaging, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Castaldi V, Bellino A, Baldantoni D. The ecology of bladderworts: The unique hunting-gathering-farming strategy in plants. FOOD WEBS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Bladderwort Relationship to Zooplankton in Two Northern Michigan Lakes. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, most of our understanding of lake zooplankton dynamics is from data collected in the pelagic, open water zone. However, the littoral and benthic zones of lakes can play a role in zooplankton community interactions and relationships. Utricularia spp., or the bladderworts, inhabit littoral and shallow waters of lakes and consume zooplankton. Limited information exists on the dietary habits of bladderworts and how diet varies across lakes and seasonally. Bladderwort dietary assemblage in two Michigan, USA, lakes was quantified during the thermally stratified period of 2020, and was compared to zooplankton in the adjacent water column. Bladderwort trap size was positively related to zooplankton prey size, but not number of prey consumed or taxa richness. Bladderworts consumed a variety of prey, the majority dominated by littoral cladoceran and ostracod taxa. Seasonal change was observed, with significantly higher ostracod dominance earlier in the season, shifting into cladoceran dominance later in the season. Ostracods were more commonly found in traps than the water column, whereas Cladocera were more commonly found in the water column than the traps. These results shed light into the dietary habits of bladderworts, which can have consequences for food web dynamics and energy transfer in small lake systems.
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Provini P, Brunet A, Filippo A, Van Wassenbergh S. In vivo intraoral waterflow quantification reveals hidden mechanisms of suction feeding in fish. eLife 2022; 11:73621. [PMID: 35192455 PMCID: PMC8906803 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all fishes rely on flows of water to transport food to the back of their pharynx. While external flows that draw food into the mouth are well described, how intra-oral water flows manage to deposit food at the esophagus entrance remains unknown. In theory, the posteriorly moving water must, at some point, curve laterally and/or ventrally to exit through the gill slits. Such flows would eventually carry food away from the esophagus instead of toward it. This apparent paradox calls for a filtration mechanism to deviate food from the suction-feeding streamlines. To study this gap in our fundamental understanding of how fishes feed, we developed and applied a new technique to quantify three-dimensional patterns of intra-oral water flows in vivo. We combined stereoscopic high-speed x-ray videos to quantify skeletal motion (XROMM) with 3D x-ray particle tracking (XPT) of neutrally buoyant spheres of 1.4 mm in diameter. We show, for carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), that water tracers displayed higher curvatures than food tracers, indicating an inertia-driven filtration. In addition, tilapia also exhibited a 'central jet' flow pattern, which aids in quickly carrying food to the pharyngeal jaw region. When the food was trapped at the branchial basket, it was resuspended and carried more centrally by periodical bidirectional waterflows, synchronized with head-bone motions. By providing a complete picture of the suction-feeding process and revealing fundamental differences in food transport mechanisms among species, this novel technique opens a new area of investigation to fully understand how most aquatic vertebrates feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Provini
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Brunet
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Andréa Filippo
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France
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Miranda VFO, Silva SR, Reut MS, Dolsan H, Stolarczyk P, Rutishauser R, Płachno BJ. A Historical Perspective of Bladderworts ( Utricularia): Traps, Carnivory and Body Architecture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122656. [PMID: 34961127 PMCID: PMC8707321 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The genus Utricularia includes around 250 species of carnivorous plants, commonly known as bladderworts. The generic name Utricularia was coined by Carolus Linnaeus in reference to the carnivorous organs (Utriculus in Latin) present in all species of the genus. Since the formal proposition by Linnaeus, many species of Utricularia were described, but only scarce information about the biology for most species is known. All Utricularia species are herbs with vegetative organs that do not follow traditional models of morphological classification. Since the formal description of Utricularia in the 18th century, the trap function has intrigued naturalists. Historically, the traps were regarded as floating organs, a common hypothesis that was maintained by different botanists. However, Charles Darwin was most likely the first naturalist to refute this idea, since even with the removal of all traps, the plants continued to float. More recently, due mainly to methodological advances, detailed studies on the trap function and mechanisms could be investigated. This review shows a historical perspective on Utricularia studies which focuses on the traps and body organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor F. O. Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Applied Biology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal CEP 14884-900, Brazil; (S.R.S.); (H.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Saura R. Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Applied Biology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal CEP 14884-900, Brazil; (S.R.S.); (H.D.)
| | - Markus S. Reut
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.R.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Hugo Dolsan
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Applied Biology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal CEP 14884-900, Brazil; (S.R.S.); (H.D.)
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Rolf Rutishauser
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.R.); (B.J.P.)
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Higham TE, Ferry LA, Schmitz L, Irschick DJ, Starko S, Anderson PSL, Bergmann PJ, Jamniczky HA, Monteiro LR, Navon D, Messier J, Carrington E, Farina SC, Feilich KL, Hernandez LP, Johnson MA, Kawano SM, Law CJ, Longo SJ, Martin CH, Martone PT, Rico-Guevara A, Santana SE, Niklas KJ. Linking ecomechanical models and functional traits to understand phenotypic diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:860-873. [PMID: 34218955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical principles and laws determine the set of possible organismal phenotypes. Constraints arising from development, the environment, and evolutionary history then yield workable, integrated phenotypes. We propose a theoretical and practical framework that considers the role of changing environments. This 'ecomechanical approach' integrates functional organismal traits with the ecological variables. This approach informs our ability to predict species shifts in survival and distribution and provides critical insights into phenotypic diversity. We outline how to use the ecomechanical paradigm using drag-induced bending in trees as an example. Our approach can be incorporated into existing research and help build interdisciplinary bridges. Finally, we identify key factors needed for mass data collection, analysis, and the dissemination of models relevant to this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Lara A Ferry
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, 925 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Duncan J Irschick
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Samuel Starko
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Philip J Bergmann
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leandro R Monteiro
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense. Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, cep 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Dina Navon
- Human Genetics Institute of NJ, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Julie Messier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emily Carrington
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stacy C Farina
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Kara L Feilich
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - L Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Michele A Johnson
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Sandy M Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chris J Law
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Mammalogy and Division of Paleontology, Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sarah J Longo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Bauer U, Müller UK, Poppinga S. Complexity and diversity of motion amplification and control strategies in motile carnivorous plant traps. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210771. [PMID: 34036802 PMCID: PMC8150269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to animals, plants have evolved mechanisms for elastic energy storage and release to power and control rapid motion, yet both groups have been largely studied in isolation. This is exacerbated by the lack of consistent terminology and conceptual frameworks describing elastically powered motion in both groups. Iconic examples of fast movements can be found in carnivorous plants, which have become important models to study biomechanics, developmental processes, evolution and ecology. Trapping structures and processes vary considerably between different carnivorous plant groups. Using snap traps, suction traps and springboard-pitfall traps as examples, we illustrate how traps mix and match various mechanisms to power, trigger and actuate motions that contribute to prey capture, retention and digestion. We highlight a fundamental trade-off between energetic investment and movement control and discuss it in a functional-ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bauer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ulrike K Müller
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Snapshot prey spectrum analysis of the phylogenetically early-diverging carnivorous Utricularia multifida from U. section Polypompholyx (Lentibulariaceae). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249976. [PMID: 33826676 PMCID: PMC8026053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Utricularia multifida is carnivorous bladderwort from Western Australia and belongs to a phylogenetically early-diverging lineage of the genus. We present a prey spectrum analysis resulting from a snapshot sampling of 17 traps-the first of this species to our knowledge. The most abundant prey groups were Ostracoda, Copepoda, and Cladocera. The genus cf. Cypretta (Cyprididae, Ostracoda) was the predominant prey. However, a high variety of other prey organisms with different taxonomic backgrounds was also detected. Our results indicate that U. multifida may potentially be specialized in capturing substrate-bound prey. Future approaches should sample plants from different localities to allow for robust comparative analyses.
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Mano H, Hasebe M. Rapid movements in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:3-17. [PMID: 33415544 PMCID: PMC7817606 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant movements are generally slow, but some plant species have evolved the ability to move very rapidly at speeds comparable to those of animals. Whereas movement in animals relies on the contraction machinery of muscles, many plant movements use turgor pressure as the primary driving force together with secondarily generated elastic forces. The movement of stomata is the best-characterized model system for studying turgor-driven movement, and many gene products responsible for this movement, especially those related to ion transport, have been identified. Similar gene products were recently shown to function in the daily sleep movements of pulvini, the motor organs for macroscopic leaf movements. However, it is difficult to explain the mechanisms behind rapid multicellular movements as a simple extension of the mechanisms used for unicellular or slow movements. For example, water transport through plant tissues imposes a limit on the speed of plant movements, which becomes more severe as the size of the moving part increases. Rapidly moving traps in carnivorous plants overcome this limitation with the aid of the mechanical behaviors of their three-dimensional structures. In addition to a mechanism for rapid deformation, rapid multicellular movements also require a molecular system for rapid cell-cell communication, along with a mechanosensing system that initiates the response. Electrical activities similar to animal action potentials are found in many plant species, representing promising candidates for the rapid cell-cell signaling behind rapid movements, but the molecular entities of these electrical signals remain obscure. Here we review the current understanding of rapid plant movements with the aim of encouraging further biological studies into this fascinating, challenging topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mano
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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Deban SM, Holzman R, Müller UK. Suction Feeding by Small Organisms: Performance Limits in Larval Vertebrates and Carnivorous Plants. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:852-863. [PMID: 32658970 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Suction feeding has evolved independently in two highly disparate animal and plant systems, aquatic vertebrates and carnivorous bladderworts. We review the suction performance of animal and plant suction feeders to explore biomechanical performance limits for aquatic feeders based on morphology and kinematics, in the context of current knowledge of suction feeding. While vertebrates have the greatest diversity and size range of suction feeders, bladderworts are the smallest and fastest known suction feeders. Body size has profound effects on aquatic organismal function, including suction feeding, particularly in the intermediate flow regime that tiny organisms can experience. A minority of tiny organisms suction feed, consistent with model predictions that generating effective suction flow is less energetically efficient and also requires more flow-rate specific power at small size. Although the speed of suction flows generally increases with body and gape size, some specialized tiny plant and animal predators generate suction flows greater than those of suction feeders 100 times larger. Bladderworts generate rapid flow via high-energy and high-power elastic recoil and suction feed for nutrients (relying on photosynthesis for energy). Small animals may be limited by available muscle energy and power, although mouth protrusion can offset the performance cost of not generating high suction pressure. We hypothesize that both the high energetic costs and high power requirements of generating rapid suction flow shape the biomechanics of small suction feeders, and that plants and animals have arrived at different solutions due in part to their different energy budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Deban
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Israel
| | - Ulrike K Müller
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
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