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Beyer HM, Ramírez V. Integrating bioprinting and optogenetic technologies for precision plant tissue engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 89:103193. [PMID: 39208621 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in plant bioprinting and optogenetic tools have unlocked new avenues to revolutionize plant tissue engineering. Bioprinting of plant cells has the potential to craft intricate 3D structures incorporating multiple cell types, replicating the complex microenvironments found in plants. Concurrently, optogenetic tools enable the control of biological events with spatial, temporal, and quantitative precision. Originally developed for human and microbial systems, these two cutting-edge methodologies are now being adapted for plant research. Although still in the early stages of development, we here review the latest progress in plant bioprinting and optogenetics and discuss compelling opportunities for plant biotechnology and research arising from the combination of the two technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes M Beyer
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
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2
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Zhou Y, Zheng J, Wu H, Yang Y, Han H. A novel toolbox to record CLE peptide signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1468763. [PMID: 39206038 PMCID: PMC11349659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1468763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Postharvest Storage and Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huibin Han
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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3
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Zhang H, Xiong X, Guo K, Zheng M, Cao T, Yang Y, Song J, Cen J, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Feng S, Tian L, Li X. A rapid aureochrome opto-switch enables diatom acclimation to dynamic light. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5578. [PMID: 38956103 PMCID: PMC11219949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Diatoms often outnumber other eukaryotic algae in the oceans, especially in coastal environments characterized by frequent fluctuations in light intensity. The identities and operational mechanisms of regulatory factors governing diatom acclimation to high light stress remain largely elusive. Here, we identified the AUREO1c protein from the coastal diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a crucial regulator of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), a photoprotective mechanism that dissipates excess energy as heat. AUREO1c detects light stress using a light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain and directly activates the expression of target genes, including LI818 genes that encode NPQ effector proteins, via its bZIP DNA-binding domain. In comparison to a kinase-mediated pathway reported in the freshwater green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the AUREO1c pathway exhibits a faster response and enables accumulation of LI818 transcript and protein levels to comparable degrees between continuous high-light and fluctuating-light treatments. We propose that the AUREO1c-LI818 pathway contributes to the resilience of diatoms under dynamic light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangning Guo
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjun Cao
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Song
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Cen
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahuan Zhang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyou Jiang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Mass Spectrometry & Metabolomics Core Facility, The Biomedical Research Core Facility, Center for Research Equipment and Facilities, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Amaral DT, Bonatelli IAS. Opsin diversity and evolution in the Elateroidea superfamily: Insights from transcriptome data. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:112-123. [PMID: 37837289 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Vision plays a vital biological role in organisms, which depends on the visual pigment molecules (opsin plus chromophore). The expansion or reduction of spectral channels in the organisms is determined by distinct opsin classes and copy numbers resulting from duplication or loss. Within Coleoptera, the superfamily Elateroidea exhibits a great diversity of morphological and physiological characteristics, such as bioluminescence, making this group an important model for opsin studies. While molecular and physiological studies have been conducted in Lampyridae and Elateridae, other families remain unexplored. Here, we reused transcriptome datasets from Elateroidea species, including members of Elateridae, Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Rhagophthalmidae, Cantharidae, and Lycidae, to detect the diversity of putative opsin genes in this superfamily. In addition, we tested the signature of sites under positive selection in both ultraviolet (UV)- and long-wavelength (LW)-opsin classes. Although the visual system in Elateroidea is considered simple, we observed events of duplication in LW- and UV-opsin, as well as the absence of UV-opsin in distinct families, such as larval Phengodidae individuals. We detected different copies of LW-opsins that were highly expressed in the eyes of distinct tribes of fireflies, indicating the possible selection of each copy during the evolution of the sexual mating to avoid spectrum overlapping. In Elateridae, we found that the bioluminescent species had a distinct LW-opsin copy compared with the non-bioluminescent species, suggesting events of duplication and loss. The signature of positive selection showed only one residue associated with the chromophore binding site in the Elateroidea, which may produce a bathochromic shift in the wavelength absorption spectra in this family. Overall, this study brings important content and fills gaps regarding opsin evolution in Elateroidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo T Amaral
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnociências, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel A S Bonatelli
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Diadema, Brazil
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5
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Zhang Y, Sun X, Aphalo PJ, Zhang Y, Cheng R, Li T. Ultraviolet-A1 radiation induced a more favorable light-intercepting leaf-area display than blue light and promoted plant growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:197-212. [PMID: 37743709 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their morphology in response to light environment by sensing an array of light cues. Though the wavelengths of ultraviolet-A1 radiation (UV-A1, 350-400 nm) are close to blue light (B, 400-500 nm) and share same flavoprotein photoreceptors, it remains poorly understood how plant responses to UV-A1 radiation could differ from those to B. We initially grown tomato plants under monochromatic red light (R, 660 nm) as control, subsequently transferred them to four dichromatic light treatments containing ~20 µmol m-2 s-1 of UV-A1 radiation, peaking at 370 nm (UV-A370 ) or 400 nm (V400 ), or B (450 nm, at ~20 or 1.5 µmol m-2 s-1 ), with same total photon irradiance (~200 μmol m-2 s-1 ). We show that UV-A370 radiation was the most effective in inducing light-intercepting leaf-area display formation, resulting in larger leaf area and more shoot biomass, while it triggered weaker and later transcriptome-wide responses than B. Mechanistically, UV-A370 -promoted leaf-area display response was apparent in less than 12 h and appeared as very weakly related to transcriptome level regulation, which likely depended on the auxin transportation and cell wall acidification. This study revealed wavelength-specific responses within UV-A/blue region challenging usual assumptions that the role of UV-A1 radiation function similarly as blue light in mediating plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuguang Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro J Aphalo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Cheng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Ren H, Cheng Y, Wen G, Wang J, Zhou M. Emerging optogenetics technologies in biomedical applications. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20230026. [PMID: 39188295 PMCID: PMC11235740 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a cutting-edge technology that merges light control and genetics to achieve targeted control of tissue cells. Compared to traditional methods, optogenetics offers several advantages in terms of time and space precision, accuracy, and reduced damage to the research object. Currently, optogenetics is primarily used in pathway research, drug screening, gene expression regulation, and the stimulation of molecule release to treat various diseases. The selection of light-sensitive proteins is the most crucial aspect of optogenetic technology; structural changes occur or downstream channels are activated to achieve signal transmission or factor release, allowing efficient and controllable disease treatment. In this review, we examine the extensive research conducted in the field of biomedicine concerning optogenetics, including the selection of light-sensitive proteins, the study of carriers and delivery devices, and the application of disease treatment. Additionally, we offer critical insights and future implications of optogenetics in the realm of clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHepatobiliary InstituteNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Vascular SurgeryThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Gaolin Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHepatobiliary InstituteNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHepatobiliary InstituteNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular SurgeryThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
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7
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Nguyen TBA, Lefoulon C, Nguyen TH, Blatt MR, Carroll W. Engineering stomata for enhanced carbon capture and water-use efficiency. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1290-1309. [PMID: 37423785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores facilitate gaseous exchange between the inner air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere. As gatekeepers that balance CO2 entry for photosynthesis against transpirational water loss, they are a focal point for efforts to improve crop performance, especially in the efficiency of water use, within the changing global environment. Until recently, engineering strategies had focused on stomatal conductance in the steady state. These strategies are limited by the physical constraints of CO2 and water exchange such that gains in water-use efficiency (WUE) commonly come at a cost in carbon assimilation. Attention to stomatal speed and responsiveness circumvents these constraints and offers alternatives to enhancing WUE that also promise increases in carbon assimilation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Binh-Anh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cecile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thanh-Hao Nguyen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - William Carroll
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Larsen B, Hofmann R, Camacho IS, Clarke RW, Lagarias JC, Jones AR, Jones AM. Highlighter: An optogenetic system for high-resolution gene expression control in plants. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002303. [PMID: 37733664 PMCID: PMC10513317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic actuators have revolutionized the resolution at which biological processes can be controlled. In plants, deployment of optogenetics is challenging due to the need for these light-responsive systems to function in the context of horticultural light environments. Furthermore, many available optogenetic actuators are based on plant photoreceptors that might crosstalk with endogenous signaling processes, while others depend on exogenously supplied cofactors. To overcome such challenges, we have developed Highlighter, a synthetic, light-gated gene expression system tailored for in planta function. Highlighter is based on the photoswitchable CcaS-CcaR system from cyanobacteria and is repurposed for plants as a fully genetically encoded system. Analysis of a re-engineered CcaS in Escherichia coli demonstrated green/red photoswitching with phytochromobilin, a chromophore endogenous to plants, but also revealed a blue light response likely derived from a flavin-binding LOV-like domain. We deployed Highlighter in transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana for optogenetic control of fluorescent protein expression. Using light to guide differential fluorescent protein expression in nuclei of neighboring cells, we demonstrate unprecedented spatiotemporal control of target gene expression. We implemented the system to demonstrate optogenetic control over plant immunity and pigment production through modulation of the spectral composition of broadband visible (white) light. Highlighter is a step forward for optogenetics in plants and a technology for high-resolution gene induction that will advance fundamental plant biology and provide new opportunities for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Larsen
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Hofmann
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ines S. Camacho
- Biometrology, Chemical and Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W. Clarke
- Biometrology, Chemical and Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Jones
- Biometrology, Chemical and Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M. Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Tomoi T, Tameshige T, Betsuyaku E, Hamada S, Sakamoto J, Uchida N, Torii K, Shimizu KK, Tamada Y, Urawa H, Okada K, Fukuda H, Tatematsu K, Kamei Y, Betsuyaku S. Targeted single-cell gene induction by optimizing the dually regulated CRE/ loxP system by a newly defined heat-shock promoter and the steroid hormone in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171531. [PMID: 37351202 PMCID: PMC10283073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication systems to organize their cellular functions. In studies focusing on intercellular communication, the key experimental techniques include the generation of chimeric tissue using transgenic DNA recombination systems represented by the CRE/loxP system. If an experimental system enables the induction of chimeras at highly targeted cell(s), it will facilitate the reproducibility and precision of experiments. However, multiple technical limitations have made this challenging. The stochastic nature of DNA recombination events, especially, hampers reproducible generation of intended chimeric patterns. Infrared laser-evoked gene operator (IR-LEGO), a microscopic system that irradiates targeted cells using an IR laser, can induce heat shock-mediated expression of transgenes, for example, CRE recombinase gene, in the cells. In this study, we developed a method that induces CRE/loxP recombination in the target cell(s) of plant roots and leaves in a highly specific manner. We combined IR-LEGO, an improved heat-shock-specific promoter, and dexamethasone-dependent regulation of CRE. The optimal IR-laser power and irradiation duration were estimated via exhaustive irradiation trials and subsequent statistical modeling. Under optimized conditions, CRE/loxP recombination was efficiently induced without cellular damage. We also found that the induction efficiency varied among tissue types and cellular sizes. The developed method offers an experimental system to generate a precisely designed chimeric tissue, and thus, will be useful for analyzing intercellular communication at high resolution in roots and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tomoi
- Center for Innovation Support, Institute for Social Innovation and Cooperation, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tameshige
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research (KIBR), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Saki Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research (KIBR), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-Technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Urawa
- Faculty of Education, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University, Gifu, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Ryukoku Extention Center Shiga, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tatematsu
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-Technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- Optics and Imaging Facility, Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
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10
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Konrad KR, Gao S, Zurbriggen MD, Nagel G. Optogenetic Methods in Plant Biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:313-339. [PMID: 37216203 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-071122-094840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a technique employing natural or genetically engineered photoreceptors in transgene organisms to manipulate biological activities with light. Light can be turned on or off, and adjusting its intensity and duration allows optogenetic fine-tuning of cellular processes in a noninvasive and spatiotemporally resolved manner. Since the introduction of Channelrhodopsin-2 and phytochrome-based switches nearly 20 years ago, optogenetic tools have been applied in a variety of model organisms with enormous success, but rarely in plants. For a long time, the dependence of plant growth on light and the absence of retinal, the rhodopsin chromophore, prevented the establishment of plant optogenetics until recent progress overcame these difficulties. We summarize the recent results of work in the field to control plant growth and cellular motion via green light-gated ion channels and present successful applications to light-control gene expression with single or combined photoswitches in plants. Furthermore, we highlight the technical requirements and options for future plant optogenetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Konrad
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ,
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ,
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11
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Halpin C, Lennon S, Pinfield-Wells H, Hetherington AM. Introducing Transformative Plant Biotechnology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:5-6. [PMID: 36472364 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
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12
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Couée I. Perspectives in Plant Abiotic Stress Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:429-444. [PMID: 36944892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art collections of strategies, approaches, and methods are immediately useful for ongoing characterizations or for novel discoveries in the scientific field of plant abiotic stress signaling. It must however be kept in mind that, in the future, these strategies, approaches, and methods will be facing a number of increasingly complex issues. The development of the necessary confrontation of laboratory-based knowledge on abiotic stress signaling mechanisms with real-life in natura situations of plant-stress interactions involves at least five levels of complexity: (i) plant biodiversity, (ii) the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of stress-related parameters, (iii) the unknowns of future stress-related constraints, (iv) the influence of biotic interactions, (v) the crosstalk between various signaling pathways and their final integration into physiological responses. These complexities are major bottlenecks for assessing the evolutionary, ecological, and agronomical relevance of abiotic stress signaling studies. All of the presently-described strategies, approaches, and methods will have to be gradually complemented with the development of real-time and in natura tools, with systematic application of mathematical modeling to complex interactions and with further research on the impact of stress memory mechanisms on long-term responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Couée
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
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13
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Jiang Y, Ding P. Calcium signaling in plant immunity: a spatiotemporally controlled symphony. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:74-89. [PMID: 36504136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are prominent intracellular messengers in all eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have emphasized the crucial roles of Ca2+ in plant immunity. Here, we review the latest progress on the spatiotemporal control of Ca2+ function in plant immunity. We discuss discoveries of how Ca2+ influx is triggered upon the activation of immune receptors, how Ca2+-permeable channels are activated, how Ca2+ signals are decoded inside plant cells, and how these signals are switched off. Despite recent advances, many open questions remain and we highlight the existing toolkit and the new technologies to address the outstanding questions of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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14
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Jones JJ, Huang S, Hedrich R, Geilfus CM, Roelfsema MRG. The green light gap: a window of opportunity for optogenetic control of stomatal movement. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1237-1244. [PMID: 36052708 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Green plants are equipped with photoreceptors that are capable of sensing radiation in the ultraviolet-to-blue and the red-to-far-red parts of the light spectrum. However, plant cells are not particularly sensitive to green light (GL), and light which lies within this part of the spectrum does not efficiently trigger the opening of stomatal pores. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of stomatal responses to light, which are either provoked via photosynthetically active radiation or by specific blue light (BL) signaling pathways. The limited impact of GL on stomatal movements provides a unique option to use this light quality to control optogenetic tools. Recently, several of these tools have been optimized for use in plant biological research, either to control gene expression, or to provoke ion fluxes. Initial studies with the BL-activated potassium channel BLINK1 showed that this tool can speed up stomatal movements. Moreover, the GL-sensitive anion channel GtACR1 can induce stomatal closure, even at conditions that provoke stomatal opening in wild-type plants. Given that crop plants in controlled-environment agriculture and horticulture are often cultivated with artificial light sources (i.e. a combination of blue and red light from light-emitting diodes), GL signals can be used as a remote-control signal that controls stomatal transpiration and water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Jones
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Caillaud MC. Tools for studying the cytoskeleton during plant cell division. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1049-1062. [PMID: 35667969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton regulates fundamental biological processes, including cell division. How to experimentally perturb the cytoskeleton is a key question if one wants to understand the role of both actin filaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs) in a given biological process. While a myriad of mutants are available, knock-out in cytoskeleton regulators, when nonlethal, often produce little or no phenotypic perturbation because such regulators are often part of a large family, leading to functional redundancy. In this review, alternative techniques to modify the plant cytoskeleton during plant cell division are outlined. The different pharmacological and genetic approaches already developed in cell culture, transient assays, or in whole organisms are presented. Perspectives on the use of optogenetics to perturb the plant cytoskeleton are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342 Lyon, France.
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Abstract
When the microscope was first introduced to scientists in the 17th century, it started a revolution. Suddenly, a whole new world, invisible to the naked eye, was opened to curious explorers. In response to this realization, Nehemiah Grew, an English plant anatomist and physiologist and one of the early microscopists, noted in 1682 "that Nothing hereof remains further to be known, is a Thought not well Calculated". Since Grew made his observations, the microscope has undergone numerous variations, developing from early compound microscopes-hollow metal tubes with a lens on each end-to the modern, sophisticated, out-of-the-box super-resolution microscopes available to researchers today. In this Overview article, I describe these developments and discuss how each new and improved variant of the microscope led to major breakthroughs in the life sciences, with a focus on the plant field. These advances start with Grew's simple and-at the time-surprising realization that plant cells are as complex as animals cells, and that the different parts of the plant body indeed qualify to be called "organs", then move on to the development of the groundbreaking "cell theory" in the mid-19th century and the description of eu- and heterochromatin in the early 20th century, and finish with the precise localization of individual proteins in intact, living cells that we can perform today. Indeed, Grew was right; with ever-increasing resolution, there really does not seem to be an end to what can be explored with a microscope. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Fischer AAM, Kramer MM, Radziwill G, Weber W. Shedding light on current trends in molecular optogenetics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102196. [PMID: 35988347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular optogenetics is a highly dynamic research field. In the past two years, the field was characterized by the development of new allosteric switches as well as the forward integration of optogenetics research towards application. Further, two areas of research have significantly gathered momentum, the use of optogenetics to control liquid-liquid phase separation as well as the application of optogenetic tools in the extracellular space. Here, we review these areas and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A M Fischer
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus M Kramer
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Radziwill
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Shikata H, Denninger P. Plant optogenetics: Applications and perspectives. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102256. [PMID: 35780691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To understand cell biological processes, like signalling pathways, protein movements, or metabolic processes, precise tools for manipulation are desired. Optogenetics allows to control cellular processes by light and can be applied at a high temporal and spatial resolution. In the last three decades, various optogenetic applications have been developed for animal, fungal, and prokaryotic cells. However, using optogenetics in plants has been difficult due to biological and technical issues, like missing cofactors, the presence of endogenous photoreceptors, or the necessity of light for photosynthesis, which potentially activates optogenetic tools constitutively. Recently developed tools overcome these limitations, making the application of optogenetics feasible also in plants. Here, we highlight the most useful recent applications in plants and give a perspective for future optogenetic approaches in plants science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Shikata
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Japan.
| | - Philipp Denninger
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Emiliani V, Entcheva E, Hedrich R, Hegemann P, Konrad KR, Lüscher C, Mahn M, Pan ZH, Sims RR, Vierock J, Yizhar O. Optogenetics for light control of biological systems. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:55. [PMID: 37933248 PMCID: PMC10627578 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and light. Optogenetics employs natural and engineered photoreceptors, mostly of microbial origin, to be genetically introduced into the cells of interest. As a result, cells that are naturally light-insensitive can be made photosensitive and addressable by illumination and precisely controllable in time and space. The selectivity of expression and subcellular targeting in the host is enabled by applying control elements such as promoters, enhancers and specific targeting sequences to the employed photoreceptor-encoding DNA. This powerful approach allows precise characterization and manipulation of cellular functions and has motivated the development of advanced optical methods for patterned photostimulation. Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience during the past 15 years and is primed to have a similar impact in other fields, including cardiology, cell biology and plant sciences. In this Primer, we describe the principles of optogenetics, review the most commonly used optogenetic tools, illumination approaches and scientific applications and discuss the possibilities and limitations associated with optogenetic manipulations across a wide variety of optical techniques, cells, circuits and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai R. Konrad
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Mahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhuo-Hua Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ruth R. Sims
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Vierock
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Departments of Brain Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Davies JA. Synthetic Morphogenesis: introducing IEEE journal readers to programming living mammalian cells to make structures. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2022; 110:688-707. [PMID: 36590991 PMCID: PMC7614003 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2021.3137077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic morphogenesis is a new engineering discipline, in which cells are genetically engineered to make designed shapes and structures. At least in this early phase of the field, devices tend to make use of natural shape-generating processes that operate in embryonic development, but invoke them artificially at times and in orders of a technologist's choosing. This requires construction of genetic control, sequencing and feedback systems that have close parallels to electronic design, which is one reason the field may be of interest to readers of IEEE journals. The other reason is that synthetic morphogenesis allows the construction of two-way interfaces, especially opto-genetic and opto-electronic, between the living and the electronic, allowing unprecedented information flow and control between the two types of 'machine'. This review introduces synthetic morphogenesis, illustrates what has been achieved, drawing parallels wherever possible between biology and electronics, and looks forward to likely next steps and challenges to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Davies
- Professor of Experimental Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh, UK, and a member of the Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology at that University
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21
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Zhou Y, Ding M, Nagel G, Konrad KR, Gao S. Advances and prospects of rhodopsin-based optogenetics in plant research. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:572-589. [PMID: 35237820 PMCID: PMC8491038 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins have advanced optogenetics since the discovery of channelrhodopsins almost two decades ago. During this time an abundance of microbial rhodopsins has been discovered, engineered, and improved for studies in neuroscience and other animal research fields. Optogenetic applications in plant research, however, lagged largely behind. Starting with light-regulated gene expression, optogenetics has slowly expanded into plant research. The recently established all-trans retinal production in plants now enables the use of many microbial opsins, bringing extra opportunities to plant research. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of rhodopsin-based plant optogenetics and provide a perspective for future use, combined with fluorescent sensors to monitor physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Kai R. Konrad
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
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22
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Schwarzländer M, Zurbriggen MD. Sensors and controllers-for and from plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:473-476. [PMID: 34608975 PMCID: PMC8491071 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Matias D. Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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