1
|
Tomoi T, Tameshige T, Betsuyaku E, Hamada S, Sakamoto J, Uchida N, Torii K, Shimizu KK, Tamada Y, Urawa H, Okada K, Fukuda H, Tatematsu K, Kamei Y, Betsuyaku S. Targeted single-cell gene induction by optimizing the dually regulated CRE/ loxP system by a newly defined heat-shock promoter and the steroid hormone in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1171531. [PMID: 37351202 PMCID: PMC10283073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication systems to organize their cellular functions. In studies focusing on intercellular communication, the key experimental techniques include the generation of chimeric tissue using transgenic DNA recombination systems represented by the CRE/loxP system. If an experimental system enables the induction of chimeras at highly targeted cell(s), it will facilitate the reproducibility and precision of experiments. However, multiple technical limitations have made this challenging. The stochastic nature of DNA recombination events, especially, hampers reproducible generation of intended chimeric patterns. Infrared laser-evoked gene operator (IR-LEGO), a microscopic system that irradiates targeted cells using an IR laser, can induce heat shock-mediated expression of transgenes, for example, CRE recombinase gene, in the cells. In this study, we developed a method that induces CRE/loxP recombination in the target cell(s) of plant roots and leaves in a highly specific manner. We combined IR-LEGO, an improved heat-shock-specific promoter, and dexamethasone-dependent regulation of CRE. The optimal IR-laser power and irradiation duration were estimated via exhaustive irradiation trials and subsequent statistical modeling. Under optimized conditions, CRE/loxP recombination was efficiently induced without cellular damage. We also found that the induction efficiency varied among tissue types and cellular sizes. The developed method offers an experimental system to generate a precisely designed chimeric tissue, and thus, will be useful for analyzing intercellular communication at high resolution in roots and leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tomoi
- Center for Innovation Support, Institute for Social Innovation and Cooperation, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tameshige
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research (KIBR), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Saki Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research (KIBR), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-Technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Urawa
- Faculty of Education, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University, Gifu, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Ryukoku Extention Center Shiga, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tatematsu
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-Technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- Optics and Imaging Facility, Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma D, Endo S, Betsuyaku E, Fujiwara T, Betsuyaku S, Fukuda H. Root-specific CLE3 expression is required for WRKY33 activation in Arabidopsis shoots. Plant Mol Biol 2022; 108:225-239. [PMID: 35038066 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the role of CLE1-7 peptides as defense mediators, and showed that root-expressed CLE3 functions as a systemic signal to regulate defense-related gene expression in shoots. In the natural environment, plants employ diverse signaling molecules including peptides to defend themselves against various pathogen attacks. In this study, we investigated whether CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) genes (CLE1-7) respond to biotic stimuli. CLE3 showed significant up-regulation upon treatment with flg22, Pep2, and salicylic acid (SA). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that CLE3 expression is regulated by the NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 (NPR1)-dependent SA signaling and flg22-FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) signaling pathways. We demonstrated that SA-induced up-regulation of CLE3 in roots was required for activation of WRKY33, a gene involved in the regulation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), in shoots, suggesting that CLE3 functions as a root-derived signal that regulates the expression of defense-related genes in shoots. Microarray analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CLE3 under the control of a β-estradiol-inducible promoter revealed that root-confined CLE3 overexpression affected gene expression in both roots and shoots. Comparison of CLE2- and CLE3-induced genes indicated that CLE2 and CLE3 peptides target a few common but largely distinct downstream genes. These results suggest that root-derived CLE3 is involved in the regulation of systemic rather than local immune responses. Our study also sheds light on the potential role of CLE peptides in long-distance regulation of plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dichao Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo-Ohtani, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka-city, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo-Ohtani, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka-city, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mizokami Y, Sugiura D, Watanabe CKA, Betsuyaku E, Inada N, Terashima I. Elevated CO2-induced changes in mesophyll conductance and anatomical traits in wild type and carbohydrate-metabolism mutants of Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:4807-4818. [PMID: 31056658 PMCID: PMC6760322 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance (gs), and mesophyll conductance (gm) are often observed under elevated CO2 conditions. However, which anatomical and/or physiological factors contribute to the decrease in gm is not fully understood. Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and carbon-metabolism mutants (gwd1, pgm1, and cfbp1) with different accumulation patterns of non-structural carbohydrates were grown at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) CO2. Anatomical and physiological traits of leaves were measured to investigate factors causing the changes in gm and in the mesophyll resistance (expressed as the reciprocal of mesophyll conductance per unit chloroplast surface area facing to intercellular space, Sc/gm). When grown at elevated CO2, all the lines showed increases in cell wall mass, cell wall thickness, and starch content, but not in leaf thickness. gm measured at 800 ppm CO2 was significantly lower than at 400 ppm CO2 in all the lines. Changes in Sc/gm were associated with thicker cell walls rather than with excess starch content. The results indicate that the changes in gm and Sc/gm that occur in response to elevated CO2 are independent of non-structural carbohydrates, and the cell wall represents a greater limitation factor for gm than starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizokami
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, Aix Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro K A Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sugiura D, Betsuyaku E, Terashima I. Interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance causes photosynthetic downregulation among three legume species. Ann Bot 2019; 123:715-726. [PMID: 30517608 PMCID: PMC6417475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sink-source imbalance could cause an accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; soluble sugar and starch) in source leaves. We aimed to clarify interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance and TNC causes the downregulation of photosynthesis among three legume plants. The TNC in source leaves was altered by short-term manipulative treatments, and its effects on photosynthetic characteristics were evaluated. METHODS Soybean, French bean and azuki bean were grown under high nitrogen availability. After primary leaves were fully expanded, they were subjected to additional treatments: defoliation except for two primary leaves; transfer to low nitrogen conditions; transfer to low nitrogen conditions and defoliation; or irradiation by light-emitting diodes. Physiological and anatomical traits such as TNC content, maximum photosynthetic rate, cell wall content and δ13C values of primary leaves and whole-plant growth were examined. KEY RESULTS Among the three legume plants, the downregulation of maximum photosynthesis and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content was co-ordinated with an increase in TNC only in French bean. Rubisco did not decrease with an increase in TNC in soybean and azuki bean. The defoliation treatment caused an increase in cell wall content especially in soybean, and maximum photosynthesis decreased despite resulting in a higher Rubisco content. This indicates that a decrease in mesophyll conductance could cause photosynthetic downregulation, which was confirmed by an increase in δ13C. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that a downregulation of photosynthesis in response to increased levels of TNC in source leaves can result not only from decreases in Rubisco content, but also from anatomical factors, such as an increase in cell wall thickness leading to reduced chloroplast CO2 concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sugiura D, Watanabe CKA, Betsuyaku E, Terashima I. Sink-Source Balance and Down-Regulation of Photosynthesis in Raphanus sativus: Effects of Grafting, N and CO2. Plant Cell Physiol 2017; 58:2043-2056. [PMID: 29216401 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To clarify whether excessive accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) causes down-regulation of photosynthesis in Raphanus sativus, we manipulated sink-source balance to alter TNC levels in source leaves and examined its effects on photosynthetic characteristics, whole-plant biomass allocation and anatomical characteristics of leaves and petioles. Comet and Leafy varieties with large and small hypocotyls were reciprocally grafted to change hypocotyl sink strength. They were grown at high or low nitrogen (N) availability and at elevated or ambient CO2. Maximum photosynthetic rate, which was highly correlated with Rubisco and leaf N contents, was hardly correlated with TNC across the grafting combinations and growth conditions. Biomass allocation to petioles and hypocotyls and accumulation of TNC in each organ were significantly higher at low N. TNC and structural carbohydrates such as cellulose and hemicellulose were higher and the proportion of intercellular air space in source leaves was lower at low N and elevated CO2. We conclude that excess TNC does not cause severe down-regulation of photosynthesis, and cell walls and petioles are also major carbohydrate sinks responding to changes in sink-source and carbon-nitrogen balances, which contribute to alleviating further accumulation of TNC to avoid its negative effects in source leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chihiro K A Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sugiura D, Betsuyaku E, Terashima I. Manipulation of the hypocotyl sink activity by reciprocal grafting of two Raphanus sativus varieties: its effects on morphological and physiological traits of source leaves and whole-plant growth. Plant Cell Environ 2015; 38:2629-40. [PMID: 25997499 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To reveal whether hypocotyl sink activities are regulated by the aboveground parts, and whether physiology and morphology of source leaves are affected by the hypocotyl sink activities, we conducted grafting experiments using two Raphanus sativus varieties with different hypocotyl sink activities. Comet (C) and Leafy (L) varieties with high and low hypocotyl sink activities were reciprocally grafted and resultant plants were called by their scion and stock such as CC, LC, CL and LL. Growth, leaf mass per area (LMA), total non-structural carbohydrates (TNCs) and photosynthetic characteristics were compared among them. Comet hypocotyls in CC and LC grew well regardless of the scions, whereas Leafy hypocotyls in CL and LL did not. Relative growth rate was highest in LL and lowest in CC. Photosynthetic capacity was correlated with Rubisco (ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) content but unaffected by TNC. High C/N ratio and accumulation of TNC led to high LMA and structural LMA. These results showed that the hypocotyl sink activity was autonomously regulated by hypocotyl and that the down-regulation of photosynthesis was not induced by TNC. We conclude that the change in the sink activity alters whole-plant growth through the changes in both biomass allocation and leaf morphological characteristics in R. sativus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|