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Mishio M, Sudo E, Ozaki H, Oguchi R, Fujimoto R, Fujii N, Hikosaka K. Heterotic growth of hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana is enhanced by elevated atmospheric CO 2. Am J Bot 2024:e16317. [PMID: 38634444 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE With the global atmospheric CO2 concentration on the rise, developing crops that can thrive in elevated CO2 has become paramount. We investigated the potential of hybridization as a strategy for creating crops with improved growth in predicted elevated atmospheric CO2. METHODS We grew parent accessions and their F1 hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 and analyzed numerous growth traits to assess their productivity and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The heterotic increase in total dry mass, relative growth rate and leaf net assimilation rate was significantly greater in elevated CO2 than in ambient CO2. The CO2 response of net assimilation rate was positively correlated with the CO2 response of leaf nitrogen productivity and with that of leaf traits such as leaf size and thickness, suggesting that hybridization-induced changes in leaf traits greatly affected the improved performance in elevated CO2. CONCLUSIONS Vegetative growth of hybrids seems to be enhanced in elevated CO2 due to improved photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency compared with parents. The results suggest that hybrid crops should be well-suited for future conditions, but hybrid weeds may also be more competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Mishio
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Emi Sudo
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
- Translational Research Support Section, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, 277-8577, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riichi Oguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 2000, Kisaichi, Katano, 576-0004, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
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Luo D, Huang G, Zhang Q, Zhou G, Peng S, Li Y. Plasticity of mesophyll cell density and cell wall thickness and composition play a pivotal role in regulating plant growth and photosynthesis under shading in rapeseed. Ann Bot 2023; 132:963-978. [PMID: 37739395 PMCID: PMC10808032 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasticity of leaf growth and photosynthesis is an important strategy of plants to adapt to shading stress; however, their strategy of leaf development to achieve a simultaneous increase in leaf area and photosynthesis under shading remains unknown. METHODS In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted using three rapeseed genotypes of Huayouza 50 (HYZ50), Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11) and Huayouza 62 (HYZ62), and the responses of plant growth, leaf morphoanatomical traits, cell wall composition and photosynthesis to shading were investigated. KEY RESULTS Shading significantly increased leaf area per plant (LAplant) in all genotypes, but the increase in HYZ62 was greater than that in HYZ50 and ZS11. The greater increment of LAplant in HYZ62 was related to the larger decrease in leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf density (LD), which were in turn related to less densely packed mesophyll cells and thinner cell walls (Tcw). Moreover, shading significantly increased photosynthesis in HYZ62 but significantly decreased it in HYZ50. The enhanced photosynthesis in HYZ62 was related to increased mesophyll conductance (gm) due primarily to thinner cell walls. CONCLUSIONS The data presented indicate that the different plasticity of mesophyll cell density, cell wall thickness and cell wall composition in response to shading can dramatically affect leaf growth and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guanjun Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Rice Ecophysiology and Precise Management Laboratory, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Poorter H, Hummel GM, Nagel KA, Fiorani F, von Gillhaussen P, Virnich O, Schurr U, Postma JA, van de Zedde R, Wiese-Klinkenberg A. Pitfalls and potential of high-throughput plant phenotyping platforms. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1233794. [PMID: 37680357 PMCID: PMC10481964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Automated high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) enables non-invasive, fast and standardized evaluations of a large number of plants for size, development, and certain physiological variables. Many research groups recognize the potential of HTPP and have made significant investments in HTPP infrastructure, or are considering doing so. To make optimal use of limited resources, it is important to plan and use these facilities prudently and to interpret the results carefully. Here we present a number of points that users should consider before purchasing, building or utilizing such equipment. They relate to (1) the financial and time investment for acquisition, operation, and maintenance, (2) the constraints associated with such machines in terms of flexibility and growth conditions, (3) the pros and cons of frequent non-destructive measurements, (4) the level of information provided by proxy traits, and (5) the utilization of calibration curves. Using data from an Arabidopsis experiment, we demonstrate how diurnal changes in leaf angle can impact plant size estimates from top-view cameras, causing deviations of more than 20% over the day. Growth analysis data from another rosette species showed that there was a curvilinear relationship between total and projected leaf area. Neglecting this curvilinearity resulted in linear calibration curves that, although having a high r2 (> 0.92), also exhibited large relative errors. Another important consideration we discussed is the frequency at which calibration curves need to be generated and whether different treatments, seasons, or genotypes require distinct calibration curves. In conclusion, HTPP systems have become a valuable addition to the toolbox of plant biologists, provided that these systems are tailored to the research questions of interest, and users are aware of both the possible pitfalls and potential involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Olivia Virnich
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Rick van de Zedde
- Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Bioinformatics (IBG-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Xue W, Liu DD, Tosens T, Xiong DL, Carriquí M, Xiong YC, Ko J. Cell wall thickness has phylogenetically consistent effects on the photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency of terrestrial plants. Plant Cell Environ 2023. [PMID: 37303271 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) diversified significantly among C3 species. To date, the morpho-physiological mechanisms and interrelationships shaping PNUE on an evolutionary time scale remain unclear. In this study, we assembled a comprehensive matrix of leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological traits for 679 C3 species, ranging from bryophytes to angiosperms, to comprehend the complexity of interrelationships underpinning PNUE variations. We discovered that leaf mass per area (LMA), mesophyll cell wall thickness (Tcwm ), Rubisco N allocation fraction (PR ), and mesophyll conductance (gm ) together explained 83% of PNUE variations, with PR and gm accounting for 65% of those variations. However, the PR effects were species-dependent on gm , meaning the contribution of PR on PNUE was substantially significant in high-gm species compared to low-gm species. Standard major axis (SMA) and path analyses revealed a weak correlation between PNUE and LMA (r2 = 0.1), while the SMA correlation for PNUE-Tcwm was robust (r2 = 0.61). PR was inversely related to Tcwm , paralleling the relationship between gm and Tcwm , resulting in the internal CO2 drawdown being only weakly proportional to Tcwm . The coordination of PR and gm in relation to Tcwm constrains PNUE during the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- College of Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Jinghe, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dong-Liang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marc Carriquí
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - You-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jonghan Ko
- Applied Plant Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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5
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Alonso-Forn D, Sancho-Knapik D, Fariñas MD, Nadal M, Martín-Sánchez R, Ferrio JP, de Dios VR, Peguero-Pina JJ, Onoda Y, Cavender-Bares J, Arenas TGÁ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Disentangling leaf structural and material properties in relationship to their anatomical and chemical compositional traits in oaks (Quercus L.). Ann Bot 2023; 131:789-800. [PMID: 36794926 PMCID: PMC10184456 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The existence of sclerophyllous plants has been considered an adaptive strategy against different environmental stresses. Given that it literally means 'hard-leaved', it is essential to quantify the leaf mechanical properties to understand sclerophylly. However, the relative importance of each leaf trait for mechanical properties is not yet well established. METHODS Genus Quercus is an excellent system to shed light on this because it minimizes phylogenetic variation while having a wide variation in sclerophylly. We measured leaf anatomical traits and cell wall composition, analysing their relationship with leaf mass per area and leaf mechanical properties in a set of 25 oak species. KEY RESULTS The upper epidermis outer wall makes a strong and direct contribution to the leaf mechanical strength. Moreover, cellulose plays a crucial role in increasing leaf strength and toughness. The principal component analysis plot based on leaf trait values clearly separates Quercus species into two groups corresponding to evergreen and deciduous species. CONCLUSIONS Sclerophyllous Quercus species are tougher and stronger owing to their thicker epidermis outer wall and/or higher cellulose concentration. Furthermore, section Ilex species share common traits, although they occupy different climates. In addition, evergreen species living in mediterranean-type climates share common leaf traits irrespective of their different phylogenetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Forn
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Dolores Fariñas
- Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Universitat de Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- JRU CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Tomás Gómez Álvarez Arenas
- Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Abstract
Plant functional traits are powerful ecological tools, but the relationships between plant traits and climate (or environmental variables more broadly) are often remarkably weak. This presents a paradox: Plant traits govern plant interactions with their environment, but the environment does not strongly predict the traits of plants living there. Unpacking this paradox requires differentiating the mechanisms of trait variation and potential confounds of trait-environment relationships at different evolutionary and ecological scales ranging from within species to among communities. It also necessitates a more integrated understanding of physiological and evolutionary equifinality among many traits and plant strategies, and challenges us to understand how supposedly 'functional' traits integrate into a whole-organism phenotype in ways that may be largely orthogonal to environmental tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
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Li S, Moller CA, Mitchell NG, Martin DG, Sacks EJ, Saikia S, Labonte NR, Baldwin BS, Morrison JI, Ferguson JN, Leakey ADB, Ainsworth EA. The leaf economics spectrum of triploid and tetraploid C 4 grass Miscanthus x giganteus. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:3462-3475. [PMID: 36098093 PMCID: PMC9825850 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes multivariate correlations in leaf structural, physiological and chemical traits, originally based on diverse C3 species grown under natural ecosystems. However, the specific contribution of C4 species to the global LES is studied less widely. C4 species have a CO2 concentrating mechanism which drives high rates of photosynthesis and improves resource use efficiency, thus potentially pushing them towards the edge of the LES. Here, we measured foliage morphology, structure, photosynthesis, and nutrient content for hundreds of genotypes of the C4 grass Miscanthus× giganteus grown in two common gardens over two seasons. We show substantial trait variations across M.× giganteus genotypes and robust genotypic trait relationships. Compared to the global LES, M.× giganteus genotypes had higher photosynthetic rates, lower stomatal conductance, and less nitrogen content, indicating greater water and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency in the C4 species. Additionally, tetraploid genotypes produced thicker leaves with greater leaf mass per area and lower leaf density than triploid genotypes. By expanding the LES relationships across C3 species to include C4 crops, these findings highlight that M.× giganteus occupies the boundary of the global LES and suggest the potential for ploidy to alter LES traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUrbanaUSA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and EnvironmentUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Christopher A. Moller
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUrbanaUSA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARSUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Noah G. Mitchell
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUrbanaUSA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARSUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Duncan G. Martin
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Erik J. Sacks
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Sampurna Saikia
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicholas R. Labonte
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Brian S. Baldwin
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippiUSA
| | - Jesse I. Morrison
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippiUSA
| | - John N. Ferguson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUrbanaUSA
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew D. B. Leakey
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUrbanaUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUrbanaUSA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARSUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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Tooley EG, Nippert JB, Bachle S, Keen RM. Intra-canopy leaf trait variation facilitates high leaf area index and compensatory growth in a clonal woody encroaching shrub. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:2186-2202. [PMID: 35861679 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf trait variation enables plants to utilize large gradients of light availability that exist across canopies of high leaf area index (LAI), allowing for greater net carbon gain while reducing light availability for understory competitors. While these canopy dynamics are well understood in forest ecosystems, studies of canopy structure of woody shrubs in grasslands are lacking. To evaluate the investment strategy used by these shrubs, we investigated the vertical distribution of leaf traits and physiology across canopies of Cornus drummondii, the predominant woody encroaching shrub in the Kansas tallgrass prairie. We also examined the impact of disturbance by browsing and grazing on these factors. Our results reveal that leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf nitrogen per area (Na) varied approximately threefold across canopies of C. drummondii, resulting in major differences in the physiological functioning of leaves. High LMA leaves had high photosynthetic capacity, while low LMA leaves had a novel strategy for maintaining light compensation points below ambient light levels. The vertical allocation of leaf traits in C. drummondii canopies was also modified in response to browsing, which increased light availability at deeper canopy depths. As a result, LMA and Na increased at lower canopy depths, leading to a greater photosynthetic capacity deeper in browsed canopies compared to control canopies. This response, along with increased light availability, facilitated greater photosynthesis and resource-use efficiency deeper in browsed canopies compared to control canopies. Our results illustrate how C. drummondii facilitates high LAI canopies and a compensatory growth response to browsing-both of which are key factors contributing to the success of C. drummondii and other species responsible for grassland woody encroachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Greg Tooley
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Seton Bachle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Rachel M Keen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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9
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Dong N, Prentice IC, Wright IJ, Wang H, Atkin OK, Bloomfield KJ, Domingues TF, Gleason SM, Maire V, Onoda Y, Poorter H, Smith NG. Leaf nitrogen from the perspective of optimal plant function. J Ecol 2022; 110:2585-2602. [PMID: 36619687 PMCID: PMC9804922 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), carboxylation capacity (V cmax) and leaf nitrogen per unit area (Narea) and mass (Nmass) are key traits for plant functional ecology and ecosystem modelling. There is however no consensus about how these traits are regulated, or how they should be modelled. Here we confirm that observed leaf nitrogen across species and sites can be estimated well from observed LMA and V cmax at 25°C (V cmax25). We then test the hypothesis that global variations of both quantities depend on climate variables in specific ways that are predicted by leaf-level optimality theory, thus allowing both Narea to be predicted as functions of the growth environment.A new global compilation of field measurements was used to quantify the empirical relationships of leaf N to V cmax25 and LMA. Relationships of observed V cmax25 and LMA to climate variables were estimated, and compared to independent theoretical predictions of these relationships. Soil effects were assessed by analysing biases in the theoretical predictions.LMA was the most important predictor of Narea (increasing) and Nmass (decreasing). About 60% of global variation across species and sites in observed Narea, and 31% in Nmass, could be explained by observed LMA and V cmax25. These traits, in turn, were quantitatively related to climate variables, with significant partial relationships similar or indistinguishable from those predicted by optimality theory. Predicted trait values explained 21% of global variation in observed site-mean V cmax25, 43% in LMA and 31% in Narea. Predicted V cmax25 was biased low on clay-rich soils but predicted LMA was biased high, with compensating effects on Narea. Narea was overpredicted on organic soils. Synthesis. Global patterns of variation in observed site-mean Narea can be explained by climate-induced variations in optimal V cmax25 and LMA. Leaf nitrogen should accordingly be modelled as a consequence (not a cause) of V cmax25 and LMA, both being optimized to the environment. Nitrogen limitation of plant growth would then be modelled principally via whole-plant carbon allocation, rather than via leaf-level traits. Further research is required to better understand and model the terrestrial nitrogen and carbon cycles and their coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dong
- Department of Life SciencesGeorgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- Department of Life SciencesGeorgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System ModellingDepartment of Earth System Science, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System ModellingDepartment of Earth System Science, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Owen K. Atkin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Keith J. Bloomfield
- Department of Life SciencesGeorgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
| | - Tomas F. Domingues
- FFCLRP, Department of BiologyUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Sean M. Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research UnitUSDA‐ARSFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l'environnementUniversité du Québec à Trois‐Rivièresrois‐RivièresQuebecCanada
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Julich GmbHJulichGermany
| | - Nicholas G. Smith
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
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10
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Mizokami Y, Oguchi R, Sugiura D, Yamori W, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Cost-benefit analysis of mesophyll conductance: diversities of anatomical, biochemical and environmental determinants. Ann Bot 2022; 130:265-283. [PMID: 35947983 PMCID: PMC9487971 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants invest photosynthates in construction and maintenance of their structures and functions. Such investments are considered costs. These costs are recovered by the CO2 assimilation rate (A) in the leaves, and thus A is regarded as the immediate, short-term benefit. In photosynthesizing leaves, CO2 diffusion from the air to the carboxylation site is hindered by several structural and biochemical barriers. CO2 diffusion from the intercellular air space to the chloroplast stroma is obstructed by the mesophyll resistance. The inverses is the mesophyll conductance (gm). Whether various plants realize an optimal gm, and how much investment is needed for a relevant gm, remain unsolved. SCOPE This review examines relationships among leaf construction costs (CC), leaf maintenance costs (MC) and gm in various plants under diverse growth conditions. Through a literature survey, we demonstrate a strong linear relationship between leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf CC. The overall correlation of CC vs. gm across plant phylogenetic groups is weak, but significant trends are evident within specific groups and/or environments. Investment in CC is necessary for an increase in LMA and mesophyll cell surface area (Smes). This allows the leaf to accommodate more chloroplasts, thus increasing A. However, increases in LMA and/or Smes often accompany other changes, such as cell wall thickening, which diminishes gm. Such factors that make the correlations of CC and gm elusive are identified. CONCLUSIONS For evaluation of the contribution of gm to recover CC, leaf life span is the key factor. The estimation of MC in relation to gm, especially in terms of costs required to regulate aquaporins, could be essential for efficient control of gm over the short term. Over the long term, costs are mainly reflected in CC, while benefits also include ultimate fitness attributes in terms of integrated carbon gain over the life of a leaf, plant survival and reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizokami
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Riichi Oguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, Institute for Sustainable Agri-ecosystem, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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11
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Lei Z, Westerband AC, Wright IJ, He Y, Zhang W, Cai X, Zhou Z, Liu F, Zhang Y. Leaf trait covariation and controls on leaf mass per area (LMA) following cotton domestication. Ann Bot 2022; 130:231-243. [PMID: 35849070 PMCID: PMC9445596 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The process of domestication has driven dramatic shifts in plant functional traits, including leaf mass per area (LMA). It remains unclear whether domestication has produced concerted shifts in the lower-level anatomical traits that underpin LMA and how these traits in turn affect photosynthesis. METHODS In this study we investigated controls of LMA and leaf gas exchange by leaf anatomical properties at the cellular, tissue and whole-leaf levels, comparing 26 wild and 31 domesticated genotypes of cotton (Gossypium). KEY RESULTS As expected, domesticated plants expressed lower LMA, higher photosynthesis and higher stomatal conductance, suggesting a shift towards the 'faster' end of the leaf economics spectrum. At whole-leaf level, variation in LMA was predominantly determined by leaf density (LD) both in wild and domesticated genotypes. At tissue level, higher leaf volume per area (Vleaf) in domesticated genotypes was driven by a simultaneous increase in the volume of epidermal, mesophyll and vascular bundle tissue and airspace, while lower LD resulted from a lower volume of palisade tissue and vascular bundles (which are of high density), paired with a greater volume of epidermis and airspace, which are of low density. The volume of spongy mesophyll exerted direct control on photosynthesis in domesticated genotypes but only indirect control in wild genotypes. At cellular level, a shift to larger but less numerous cells with thinner cell walls underpinned a lower proportion of cell wall mass, and thus a reduction in LD. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, cotton domestication has triggered synergistic shifts in the underlying determinants of LMA but also photosynthesis, at cell, tissue and whole-leaf levels, resulting in a marked shift in plant ecological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea C Westerband
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre for Plant Success in Nature & Agriculture, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, P.R. China
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12
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Norby RJ, Warren JM, Iversen CM, Childs J, Jawdy SS, Walker AP. Forest stand and canopy development unaltered by 12 years of CO2 enrichment. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:428-440. [PMID: 34387351 PMCID: PMC8919409 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Canopy structure-the size and distribution of tree crowns and the spatial and temporal distribution of leaves within them-exerts dominant control over primary productivity, transpiration and energy exchange. Stand structure-the spatial arrangement of trees in the forest (height, basal area and spacing)-has a strong influence on forest growth, allocation and resource use. Forest response to elevated atmospheric CO2 is likely to be dependent on the canopy and stand structure. Here, we investigated elevated CO2 effects on the forest structure of a Liquidambar styraciflua L. stand in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment, considering leaves, tree crowns, forest canopy and stand structure. During the 12-year experiment, the trees increased in height by 5 m and basal area increased by 37%. Basal area distribution among trees shifted from a relatively narrow distribution to a much broader one, but there was little evidence of a CO2 effect on height growth or basal area distribution. The differentiation into crown classes over time led to an increase in the number of unproductive intermediate and suppressed trees and to a greater concentration of stand basal area in the largest trees. A whole-tree harvest at the end of the experiment permitted detailed analysis of canopy structure. There was little effect of CO2 enrichment on the relative leaf area distribution within tree crowns and there was little change from 1998 to 2009. Leaf characteristics (leaf mass per unit area and nitrogen content) varied with crown depth; any effects of elevated CO2 were much smaller than the variation within the crown and were consistent throughout the crown. In this young, even-aged, monoculture plantation forest, there was little evidence that elevated CO2 accelerated tree and stand development, and there were remarkably small changes in canopy structure. Questions remain as to whether a more diverse, mixed species forest would respond similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Norby
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Sara S Jawdy
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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13
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Yu L, Fujiwara K, Matsuda R. Estimating Light Acclimation Parameters of Cucumber Leaves Using Time-Weighted Averages of Daily Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:809046. [PMID: 35211135 PMCID: PMC8860900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves acclimate to day-to-day fluctuating levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) by adjusting their morphological and physiological parameters. Accurate estimation of these parameters under day-to-day fluctuating PPFD conditions benefits crop growth modeling and light environment management in greenhouses, although it remains challenging. We quantified the relationships between day-to-day PPFD changes over 6 days and light acclimation parameters for cucumber seedling leaves, including leaf mass per area (LMA), chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio, maximum net photosynthetic rate (P nmax), maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (V cmax), and maximum rate of electron transport (J max). The last two parameters reflect the capacity of the photosynthetic partial reactions. We built linear regression models of these parameters based on average or time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs. For time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs, the influence of daily PPFD was given a specific weight. We employed three types of functions to calculate this weight, including linear, quadratic, and sigmoid derivative types. We then determined the trend of weights that estimated each parameter most accurately. Moreover, we introduced saturating functions to calibrate the average or time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs, considering that light acclimation parameters are usually saturated under high PPFDs. We found that time-weighted average PPFDs, in which recent PPFD levels had larger weights than earlier levels, better estimated LMA than average PPFDs. This suggests that recent PPFDs contribute more to LMA than earlier PPFDs. Except for the Chl a/b ratio, the average PPFDs estimated P nmax, V cmax, and J max with acceptable accuracy. In contrast, time-weighted averages of daily PPFDs did not improve the estimation accuracy of these four parameters, possibly due to their low response rates and plasticity. Calibrating functions generally improved estimation of Chl a/b ratio, V cmax, and J max because of their saturating tendencies under high PPFDs. Our findings provide a reasonable approach to quantifying the extent to which the leaves acclimate to day-to-day fluctuating PPFDs, especially the extent of LMA.
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14
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Zhang ZW, Wu LQ, Sun H, Wen S, Li FR, Liu Q. [Prediction of crown leaf mass per area for young Larix olgensis plantation]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2021; 32:2729-2736. [PMID: 34664445 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202108.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Leaf mass per area (LMA) is an important parameter in the construction of the ecosystem process models. Accurate prediction of the dynamic validation of canopy LMA is of significance to improve the accuracy of ecosystem process models. We conducted vertical whorl-by-whorl sampling and analyzed LMA in different seasons for Larix olgensis plantation in Maoershan in Shangzhi, Heilongjiang Province, China. We analyzed the vertical and developmental variations of LMA and their main effective factors, established the dynamic prediction model of LMA for young L. olgensis plantation. The results showed that the LMA decreased with the increases of relative depth into crown (RDINC) in the vertical direction of the crown. The range of LMA in the vertical direction after leaf expanded was significantly larger than that during leaf expanding. During the different development periods of leaves, LMAs increased first and then remained stable, and this trend gra-dually weakened with the increases of crown depth. The Ra2 values were lower than 0.6 when RDINC or DOY were used as the single variable to model LMA, but were increased by 0.19 when both of them being used, and the model performed well in validation (ME=0.54 g·m-2, MAE=5.74 g·m-2). LMA varied across different crown whorls and different leaf development periods. The LMA model constructed with RDINC and DOY could well describe the vertical and temporal variations of LMA. The simulation of crown LMA provided a basis for clarifying crown development and a foundation for the establishment of ecological process model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Wen Zhang
- School of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Qin Wu
- School of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - He Sun
- World Bank Loan Project Management Center, National Forestry and Grass Administration, Beijing 100714, China
| | - Shuo Wen
- School of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Feng-Ri Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
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15
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Yin H, Tariq A, Zhang B, Lv G, Zeng F, Graciano C, Santos M, Zhang Z, Wang P, Mu S. Coupling Relationship of Leaf Economic and Hydraulic Traits of Alhagisparsifolia Shap. in a Hyper-Arid Desert Ecosystem. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1867. [PMID: 34579402 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Alhagisparsifolia Shap. was used to test the hypothesis that leaf economic and hydraulic traits are coupled in plants in a hyper-arid region. Five economic traits and six hydraulic traits were examined to explore the relationship. Results showed that the stomatal density (SD) on both surfaces was coupled with maximum stomatal conductance to water vapor (gwmax) and leaf tissue density (TD). SD on adaxial surface (SDaba) was significantly positively related to vein density (VD) but negatively related to leaf thickness (LT) and stomatal length on adaxial surface (SLada). Nitrogen concentration based on mass (Nmass) was significantly negatively correlated with leaf mass per area (LMA), LT, and VD, whereas nitrogen concentration based on area (Narea) was significantly positively related to LMA and TD. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) contributed the most to the changes in LT and stomatal length (SL). Soil salt contributed the most to TD, SD, and gwmax. Soli nutrients influenced the most of LMA and VD. Mean annual temperature contributed the most to Nmass and Narea. In conclusion, the economics of leaves coupled with their hydraulic traits provides an economical and efficient strategy to adapt to the harsh environment in hyper-arid regions.
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16
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Eckert D, Martens HJ, Gu L, Jensen AM. CO2 refixation is higher in leaves of woody species with high mesophyll and stomatal resistances to CO2 diffusion. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:1450-1461. [PMID: 33595079 PMCID: PMC8359682 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The percentage of respiratory and photorespiratory CO2 refixed in leaves (Pr) represents part of the CO2 used in photosynthesis. The importance of Pr as well as differences between species and functional types are still not well investigated. In this study, we examine how Pr differs between six temperate and boreal woody species: Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The study covers early and late successional species, deciduous broadleaves, deciduous conifers, evergreen conifers and evergreen broadleaves. We investigated whether some species or functional types had higher refixation percentages than others, whether leaf traits could predict higher Pr and whether these traits and their impact on Pr changed during growing seasons. Photosynthesis CO2 response (A/Ci)-curves, measured early, mid and late season, were used to estimate and compare Pr, mesophyll resistance (rm) and stomatal resistance (rs) to CO2 diffusion. Additionally, light images and transmission electron microscope images were used to approximate the fraction of intercellular airspace and cell wall thickness. We found that evergreens, especially late successional species, refixed a significantly higher amount of CO2 than the other species throughout the entire growing season. In addition, rm, rs and leaf mass per area, traits that typically are higher in evergreen species, were also significantly, positively correlated with Pr. We suggest that this is due to higher rm decreasing diffusion of (photo) respiratory CO2 out of the leaf. Cell wall thickness had a positive effect on Pr and rm, while the fraction of intercellular airspace had no effect. Both were significantly different between evergreen conifers and other types. Our findings suggest that species with a higher rm use a greater fraction of mitochondria-derived CO2, especially when stomatal conductance is low. This should be taken into account when modeling the overall CO2 fertilization effect for terrestrial ecosystems dominated by high rm species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helle Juel Martens
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Anna Monrad Jensen
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Växjö, Sweden
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17
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Sancho-Knapik D, Escudero A, Mediavilla S, Scoffoni C, Zailaa J, Cavender-Bares J, Álvarez-Arenas TG, Molins A, Alonso-Forn D, Ferrio JP, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Deciduous and evergreen oaks show contrasting adaptive responses in leaf mass per area across environments. New Phytol 2021; 230:521-534. [PMID: 33340114 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increases in leaf mass per area (LMA) are commonly observed in response to environmental stresses and are achieved through increases in leaf thickness and/or leaf density. Here, we investigated how the two underlying components of LMA differ in relation to species native climates and phylogeny, across deciduous and evergreen species. Using a phylogenetic approach, we quantified anatomical, compositional and climatic variables from 40 deciduous and 45 evergreen Quercus species from across the Northern Hemisphere growing in a common garden. Deciduous species from shorter growing seasons tended to have leaves with lower LMA and leaf thickness than those from longer growing seasons, while the opposite pattern was found for evergreens. For both habits, LMA and thickness increased in arid environments. However, this shift was associated with increased leaf density in evergreens but reduced density in deciduous species. Deciduous and evergreen oaks showed fundamental leaf morphological differences that revealed a diverse adaptive response. While LMA in deciduous species may have diversified in tight coordination with thickness mainly modulated by aridity, diversification of LMA within evergreens appears to be dependent on the infrageneric group, with diversification in leaf thickness modulated by both aridity and cold, while diversification in leaf density is only modulated by aridity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Sonia Mediavilla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Joseph Zailaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | | | | | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, Palma, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - David Alonso-Forn
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza, E-50018, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
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18
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Chen X, Sun J, Lyu M, Wang M, Hu D, Zhong Q, Cheng D. Prediction of photosynthetic light-response curves using traits of the leaf economics spectrum for 75 woody species: effects of leaf habit and sun-shade dichotomy. Am J Bot 2021; 108:423-431. [PMID: 33792045 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Photosynthetic light-response (PLR) curves for leaves are important components of models related to carbon fixation in forest ecosystems, linking the Mitscherlich equation and Michaelis-Menten equation to traits of the leaf economics spectrum (LES). However, models do not consider changes in leaf habits (i.e., evergreen and deciduous) and within-canopy shading variation in these PLR curves. METHODS Here, we measured the PLR curves in sun and shade leaves of 44 evergreen and 31 deciduous species to examine the relationships between variables of the Mitscherlich equation and Michaelis-Menten equation, leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, and leaf mass per area (LMA). RESULTS Small changes were caused by different leaf habits and shade variations in relationships linking variables of the two equations to leaf N and P content and LMA. Values of the scaling exponents for PLR curve parameters did not differ regardless of canopy position and leaf habit (P > 0.05). The PLR curves in species with different leaf habits (i.e., evergreen and deciduous) at different canopy positions could be predicted using the general allometric relations between leaf traits and PLR parameters in the two equations. For photosynthetic photon flux densities from 0 to 2000 μmol m-2 s-1 , approximately 71% (Mitscherlich equation) and 70% (Michaelis-Menten equation) of the net assimilation rates could be predicted. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that leaf net assimilation rates can be predicted through the large available data for LES traits. Incorporation of values for these traits available in the LES databases into ecosystem models of forest productivity and carbon fixation warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
| | - Min Lyu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
| | - Mantang Wang
- School of City and Architecture Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, 277160, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
| | - Quanlin Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
| | - Dongliang Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350007, China
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Butrim MJ, Royer DL. Leaf-economic strategies across the Eocene-Oligocene transition correlate with dry season precipitation and paleoelevation. Am J Bot 2020; 107:1772-1785. [PMID: 33290590 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT; 34-33 Ma) was marked by global cooling and increased seasonality and aridity, leading to a shift in North American floras from subtropical forests to deciduous hardwood forests similar to today. This shift is well documented taxonomically and biogeographically, but its ecological nature is less known. METHODS Using the relationship between petiole cross-sectional area and leaf mass, we estimated leaf dry mass per area (LMA), a functional trait tied to plant resource investment and expenditure, at 22 western North American sites spanning the EOT to determine how the broad restructuring of vegetation during this time was reflected in leaf economics. RESULTS There was no overall shift in LMA between pre-EOT and post-EOT floras; instead, changes in LMA across sites were mostly driven by a negative correlation with dry-season precipitation and a positive correlation with paleoelevation. These patterns held for both whole sites and subsets of sites containing taxa with similar biogeographical histories (taxa that persisted in the highlands across the EOT or that migrated to the lowlands) and are consistent with most observations in extant floras. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a geological context for understanding environmentally paced changes in leaf-economic strategies, particularly linking leaf economic strategies to dry-season precipitation and paleoelevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butrim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Dana L Royer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
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Yang B, Lin H, He Y. Data-Driven Methods for the Estimation of Leaf Water and Dry Matter Content: Performances, Potential and Limitations. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20185394. [PMID: 32967134 PMCID: PMC7570687 DOI: 10.3390/s20185394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf equivalent water thickness (EWT) and dry matter content (expressed as leaf mass per area (LMA)) are two critical traits for vegetation function monitoring, crop yield estimation, and precise agriculture management. Data-driven methods are widely used for remote sensing of leaf EWT and LMA because of their simplicity, satisfactory accuracy, and computation efficiency, such as the vegetation indices (VI)-based and machine learning (ML)-based methods. However, most of the data-driven methods are utilized at the canopy level, comparison of the performances of the data-driven methods at the leaf level has not been well documented. Moreover, the ML-based data-driven methods generally adopt leaf optical properties directly as their inputs, which may subsequently decrease their ability in remote sensing of leaf biochemical constituents. Performances of the ML-based methods cooperating with VI are rarely evaluated. Using the independent LOPEX and ANGERS datasets, we compared the performances of three data-driven methods: VI-based, ML-reflectance-based, and ML-VI-based methods, for the estimation of leaf EWT and LMA. Three sampling strategies were also utilized for evaluation of the generalization of these data-driven methods. Our results evidenced that ML-VI-based methods were the most accurate among these data-driven methods. Compared to the ML-reflectance-based and VI-based methods, the ML-VI-based model with support vector regression overall reduced errors by 5.7% (41.5%) and 1.8% (12.4%) for the estimation of leaf EWT (LMA), respectively. The ML-VI-based model inherits advantages of vegetation indices and ML techniques, which made it sensitive to changes of leaf biochemical constituents and capable of solving nonlinear tasks. It is thus recommended for the estimation of EWT and LMA at the leaf level. Moreover, its performance can further be enhanced by improving its generalization ability, such as adopting techniques on the selection of better wavelengths and definition of new vegetation indices. These results thus provided a prior knowledge of the data-driven methods and can be helpful for future studies on the remote sensing of leaf biochemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (B.Y.); (H.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Visual Perception and Artificial Intelligence of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hui Lin
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (B.Y.); (H.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Visual Perception and Artificial Intelligence of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuhao He
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (B.Y.); (H.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Visual Perception and Artificial Intelligence of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Cheesman AW, Duff H, Hill K, Cernusak LA, McInerney FA. Isotopic and morphologic proxies for reconstructing light environment and leaf function of fossil leaves: a modern calibration in the Daintree Rainforest, Australia. Am J Bot 2020; 107:1165-1176. [PMID: 32864740 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Within closed-canopy forests, vertical gradients of light and atmospheric CO2 drive variations in leaf carbon isotope ratios, leaf mass per area (LMA), and the micromorphology of leaf epidermal cells. Variations in traits observed in preserved or fossilized leaves could enable inferences of past forest canopy closure and leaf function and thereby habitat of individual taxa. However, as yet no calibration study has examined how isotopic, micro- and macromorphological traits, in combination, reflect position within a modern closed-canopy forest or how these could be applied to the fossil record. METHODS Leaves were sampled from throughout the vertical profile of the tropical forest canopy using the 48.5 m crane at the Daintree Rainforest Observatory, Queensland, Australia. Carbon isotope ratios, LMA, petiole metric (i.e., petiole-width2 /leaf area, a proposed proxy for LMA that can be measured from fossil leaves), and leaf micromorphology (i.e., undulation index and cell area) were compared within species across a range of canopy positions, as quantified by leaf area index (LAI). RESULTS Individually, cell area, δ13 C, and petiole metric all correlated with both LAI and LMA, but the use of a combined model provided significantly greater predictive power. CONCLUSIONS Using the observed relationships with leaf carbon isotope ratio and morphology to estimate the range of LAI in fossil floras can provide a measure of canopy closure in ancient forests. Similarly, estimates of LAI and LMA for individual taxa can provide comparative measures of light environment and growth strategy of fossil taxa from within a flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Cheesman
- College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- University of Exeter, CEMPS, Exeter EX4 4QE, Devon, England
| | - Heather Duff
- Sprigg Geobiology Centre and Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kathryn Hill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Francesca A McInerney
- Sprigg Geobiology Centre and Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Ye M, Zhang Z, Huang G, Xiong Z, Peng S, Li Y. High leaf mass per area Oryza genotypes invest more leaf mass to cell wall and show a low mesophyll conductance. AoB Plants 2020; 12:plaa028. [PMID: 32765824 PMCID: PMC7396964 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The intraspecific variations of leaf structure and anatomy in rice leaves and their impacts on gas diffusion are still unknown. Researches about the tradeoff between structural compositions and intracellular chemical components within rice leaves are still lacking. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the varietal differences in leaf structure and leaf chemical compositions, and the tradeoff between leaf structural tissues and intracellular chemical components in rice leaves. Leaf structure, leaf anatomy, leaf chemical composition concentrations and gas exchange parameters were measured on eight Oryza sativa L. genotypes to investigate the intraspecific variations in leaf structure and leaf anatomy and their impacts on gas exchange parameters, and to study the tradeoff between leaf structural compositions (cell wall compounds) and intracellular chemical components (non-structural carbohydrates, nitrogen, chlorophyll). Leaf thickness increased with leaf mass per area (LMA), while leaf density did not correlate with LMA. Mesophyll cell surface area exposed to intercellular airspace (IAS) per leaf area, the surface area of chloroplasts exposed to IAS and cell wall thickness increased with LMA. Cell wall compounds accounted for 71.5 % of leaf dry mass, while mass-based nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations decreased with LMA. Mesophyll conductance was negatively correlated with LMA and cell wall thickness. High LMA rice genotypes invest more leaf mass to cell wall and possess a low mesophyll conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Ye
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengcan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guanjun Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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Wang H, Atkin OK, Keenan TF, Smith NG, Wright IJ, Bloomfield KJ, Kattge J, Reich PB, Prentice IC. Acclimation of leaf respiration consistent with optimal photosynthetic capacity. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:2573-2583. [PMID: 32091184 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant respiration is an important contributor to the proposed positive global carbon-cycle feedback to climate change. However, as a major component, leaf mitochondrial ('dark') respiration (Rd ) differs among species adapted to contrasting environments and is known to acclimate to sustained changes in temperature. No accepted theory explains these phenomena or predicts its magnitude. Here we propose that the acclimation of Rd follows an optimal behaviour related to the need to maintain long-term average photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax ) so that available environmental resources can be most efficiently used for photosynthesis. To test this hypothesis, we extend photosynthetic co-ordination theory to predict the acclimation of Rd to growth temperature via a link to Vcmax , and compare predictions to a global set of measurements from 112 sites spanning all terrestrial biomes. This extended co-ordination theory predicts that field-measured Rd and Vcmax accessed at growth temperature (Rd,tg and Vcmax,tg ) should increase by 3.7% and 5.5% per degree increase in growth temperature. These acclimated responses to growth temperature are less steep than the corresponding instantaneous responses, which increase 8.1% and 9.9% per degree of measurement temperature for Rd and Vcmax respectively. Data-fitted responses proof indistinguishable from the values predicted by our theory, and smaller than the instantaneous responses. Theory and data are also shown to agree that the basal rates of both Rd and Vcmax assessed at 25°C (Rd,25 and Vcmax,25 ) decline by ~4.4% per degree increase in growth temperature. These results provide a parsimonious general theory for Rd acclimation to temperature that is simpler-and potentially more reliable-than the plant functional type-based leaf respiration schemes currently employed in most ecosystem and land-surface models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Joint Centre for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
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Park M, Cho S, Park J, Lee H, Song W, Park IK, Kim HS. Size-dependent variation in leaf functional traits and nitrogen allocation trade-offs in Robinia pseudoacacia and Cornus controversa. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:755-766. [PMID: 30924868 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tree species vary in how they invest resources to different functions throughout their life histories, and investigating the detailed patterns of ontogenetic changes in key functional traits will aid in predicting forest dynamics and ecosystem processes. In this context, we investigated size-dependent changes in key leaf functional traits and nitrogen (N) allocation trade-offs in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L., an N-fixing pioneer species) and giant dogwood (Cornus controversa Hemsl., a mid-successional species), which have different life-history strategies, especially in their light use. We found that the leaf mass per area and leaf carbon concentrations increased linearly with tree size (diameter at breast height, DBH), whereas leaf N concentrations decreased nonlinearly, with U- and hump-shaped patterns in black locust and giant dogwood, respectively. We also discovered large differences in N allocation between the two species. The fraction of leaf N invested in cell walls was much higher in black locust than in giant dogwood, while the opposite was true for the light harvesting N fraction. Furthermore, these fractions were related to DBH to varying degrees: the cell wall N fraction increased with DBH for both species, whereas the light harvesting N fraction of giant dogwood decreased nonlinearly and that of black locust remained constant. Instead, black locust reduced the fraction of leaf N invested in other N pools, resulting in a smaller fraction compared to that of giant dogwood. On the other hand, both species had similar fraction of leaf N invested in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase across tree size. This study indicated that both species increased leaf mechanical toughness through characteristic changes in N allocation trade-offs over the lifetimes of the trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Park
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsik Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhan Park
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - HoonTaek Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyung Song
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Park
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sugiura D, Betsuyaku E, Terashima I. Interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance causes photosynthetic downregulation among three legume species. Ann Bot 2019; 123:715-726. [PMID: 30517608 PMCID: PMC6417475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sink-source imbalance could cause an accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; soluble sugar and starch) in source leaves. We aimed to clarify interspecific differences in how sink-source imbalance and TNC causes the downregulation of photosynthesis among three legume plants. The TNC in source leaves was altered by short-term manipulative treatments, and its effects on photosynthetic characteristics were evaluated. METHODS Soybean, French bean and azuki bean were grown under high nitrogen availability. After primary leaves were fully expanded, they were subjected to additional treatments: defoliation except for two primary leaves; transfer to low nitrogen conditions; transfer to low nitrogen conditions and defoliation; or irradiation by light-emitting diodes. Physiological and anatomical traits such as TNC content, maximum photosynthetic rate, cell wall content and δ13C values of primary leaves and whole-plant growth were examined. KEY RESULTS Among the three legume plants, the downregulation of maximum photosynthesis and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content was co-ordinated with an increase in TNC only in French bean. Rubisco did not decrease with an increase in TNC in soybean and azuki bean. The defoliation treatment caused an increase in cell wall content especially in soybean, and maximum photosynthesis decreased despite resulting in a higher Rubisco content. This indicates that a decrease in mesophyll conductance could cause photosynthetic downregulation, which was confirmed by an increase in δ13C. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that a downregulation of photosynthesis in response to increased levels of TNC in source leaves can result not only from decreases in Rubisco content, but also from anatomical factors, such as an increase in cell wall thickness leading to reduced chloroplast CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Hayes FJ, Buchanan SW, Coleman B, Gordon AM, Reich PB, Thevathasan NV, Wright IJ, Martin AR. Intraspecific variation in soy across the leaf economics spectrum. Ann Bot 2019; 123:107-120. [PMID: 30107396 PMCID: PMC6344108 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is an important dimension of plant ecological diversity, particularly in agroecosystems, where phenotypic ITV (within crop genotypes) is an important correlate of key agroecosystem processes including yield. There are few studies that have evaluated whether plants of the same genotype vary along well-defined axes of biological variation, such as the leaf economics spectrum (LES). There is even less information disentangling environmental and ontogenetic determinants of crop ITV along an intraspecific LES, and whether or not a plant's position along an intraspecific LES is correlated with reproductive output. Methods We sought to capture the extent of phenotypic ITV within a single cultivar of soy (Glycine max) - the world's most commonly cultivated legume - using a data set of nine leaf traits measured on 402 leaves, sampled from 134 plants in both agroforestry and monoculture management systems, across three distinct whole-plant ontogenetic stages (while holding leaf age and canopy position stable). Key Results Leaf traits covaried strongly along an intraspecific LES, in patterns that were largely statistically indistinguishable from the 'universal LES' observed across non-domesticated plants. Whole-plant ontogenetic stage explained the highest proportion of phenotypic ITV in LES traits, with plants progressively expressing more 'resource-conservative' LES syndromes throughout development. Within ontogenetic stages, leaf traits differed systematically across management systems, with plants growing in monoculture expressing more 'resource-conservative' trait syndromes: trends largely owing to an approximately ≥50% increases in leaf mass per area (LMA) in high-light monoculture vs. shaded agroforestry systems. Certain traits, particularly LMA, leaf area and maximum photosynthetic rates, correlated closely with plant-level reproductive output. Conclusions Phenotypic ITV in soy is governed by constraints in trait trade-offs along an intraspecific LES, which in turn (1) underpins plant responses to managed environmental gradients, and (2) reflects shifts in plant functional biology and resource allocation that occur throughout whole-plant ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallon J Hayes
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
| | - Serra W Buchanan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
| | - Brent Coleman
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Gordon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam R Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
- Centre for Critical Development Studies, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
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Muscarella R, Messier J, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Svenning JC. Effects of biotic interactions on tropical tree performance depend on abiotic conditions. Ecology 2018; 99:2740-2750. [PMID: 30485410 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Predicting biotic responses to environmental change requires understanding the joint effects of abiotic conditions and biotic interactions on community dynamics. One major challenge is to separate the potentially confounding effects of abiotic environmental variation and local biotic interactions on individual performance. The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) addresses this issue directly by predicting that the effects of biotic interactions on performance become more positive as the abiotic environment becomes more stressful. It is unclear, however, how the predictions of the SGH apply to plants of differing functional strategies in diverse communities. We asked (1) how the effect of crowding on performance (growth and survival) of trees varies across a precipitation gradient, and (2) how functional strategies (as measured by two key traits: wood density and leaf mass per area, LMA) mediate average demographic rates and responses to crowding across the gradient. We built trait-based neighborhood models of growth and survival across a regional precipitation gradient where increasing precipitation is associated with reduced abiotic stress. In total, our dataset comprised ~170,000 individual trees belonging to 252 species. The effect of crowding on tree performance varied across the gradient; crowding negatively affected growth across plots and positively affected survival in the wettest plot. Functional traits mediated average demographic rates across the gradient, but we did not find clear evidence that the strength of these responses depends on species' traits. Our study lends support to the SGH and demonstrates how a trait-based perspective can advance these concepts by linking the diversity of species interactions with functional variation across abiotic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Muscarella
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Julie Messier
- Biology Department, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 Blvd de l' Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Richard Condit
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA.,Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rte. 53, Lisle, Illinois, 60532, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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Osnas JLD, Katabuchi M, Kitajima K, Wright SJ, Reich PB, Van Bael SA, Kraft NJB, Samaniego MJ, Pacala SW, Lichstein JW. Divergent drivers of leaf trait variation within species, among species, and among functional groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5480-5. [PMID: 29724857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803989115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding variation in leaf functional traits-including rates of photosynthesis and respiration and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus-is a fundamental challenge in plant ecophysiology. When expressed per unit leaf area, these traits typically increase with leaf mass per area (LMA) within species but are roughly independent of LMA across the global flora. LMA is determined by mass components with different biological functions, including photosynthetic mass that largely determines metabolic rates and contains most nitrogen and phosphorus, and structural mass that affects toughness and leaf lifespan (LL). A possible explanation for the contrasting trait relationships is that most LMA variation within species is associated with variation in photosynthetic mass, whereas most LMA variation across the global flora is associated with variation in structural mass. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that (i) gas exchange rates and nutrient concentrations per unit leaf area should increase strongly with LMA across species assemblages with low LL variance but should increase weakly with LMA across species assemblages with high LL variance and that (ii) controlling for LL variation should increase the strength of the above LMA relationships. We present analyses of intra- and interspecific trait variation from three tropical forest sites and interspecific analyses within functional groups in a global dataset that are consistent with the above predictions. Our analysis suggests that the qualitatively different trait relationships exhibited by different leaf assemblages can be understood by considering the degree to which photosynthetic and structural mass components contribute to LMA variation in a given assemblage.
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Abstract
Human carbon use during the next century will lead to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (pCO2) that have been unprecedented for the past 50-100+ million years according to fossil plant-based CO2 estimates. The paleobotanical record of plants offers key insights into vegetation responses to past global change, including suitable analogs for Earth's climatic future. Past global warming events have resulted in transient poleward migration at rates that are equivalent to the lowest climate velocities required for current taxa to keep pace with climate change. Paleobiome reconstructions suggest that the current tundra biome is the biome most threatened by global warming. The common occurrence of paleoforests at high polar latitudes when pCO2 was above 500 ppm suggests that the advance of woody shrub and tree taxa into tundra environments may be inevitable. Fossil pollen studies demonstrate the resilience of wet tropical forests to global change up to 700 ppm CO2, contrary to modeled predictions of the future. The paleobotanical record also demonstrates a high capacity for functional trait evolution as an additional strategy to migration and maintenance of a species' climate envelope in response to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C McElwain
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
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Fajardo A, Siefert A. Intraspecific trait variation and the leaf economics spectrum across resource gradients and levels of organization. Ecology 2018; 99:1024-1030. [PMID: 29603183 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Understanding patterns of functional trait variation across environmental gradients offers an opportunity to increase inference in the mechanistic causes of plant community assembly. The leaf economics spectrum (LES) predicts global tradeoffs in leaf traits and trait-environment relationships, but few studies have examined whether these predictions hold across different levels of organization, particularly within species. Here, we asked (1) whether the main assumptions of the LES (expected trait relationships and shifts in trait values across resource gradients) hold at the intraspecific level, and (2) how within-species trait correlations scale up to interspecific or among-community levels. We worked with leaf traits of saplings of woody species growing across light and soil N and P availability gradients in temperate rainforests of southern Chile. We found that ITV accounted for a large proportion of community-level variation in leaf traits (e.g., LMA and leaf P) and played an important role in driving community-level shifts in leaf traits across environmental gradients. Additionally, intraspecific leaf trait relationships were generally consistent with interspecific and community-level trait relationships and with LES predictions-e.g., a strong negative intraspecific LMA-leaf N correlation-although, most trait relationships varied significantly among species, suggesting idiosyncrasies in the LES at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique, 5951601, Chile
| | - Andrew Siefert
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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31
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Feng Z, Büker P, Pleijel H, Emberson L, Karlsson PE, Uddling J. A unifying explanation for variation in ozone sensitivity among woody plants. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:78-84. [PMID: 28722164 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is considered the most detrimental air pollutant for vegetation at the global scale, with negative consequences for both provisioning and climate regulating ecosystem services. In spite of recent developments in ozone exposure metrics, from a concentration-based to a more physiologically relevant stomatal flux-based index, large-scale ozone risk assessment is still complicated by a large and unexplained variation in ozone sensitivity among tree species. Here, we explored whether the variation in ozone sensitivity among woody species can be linked to interspecific variation in leaf morphology. We found that ozone tolerance at the leaf level was closely linked to leaf dry mass per unit leaf area (LMA) and that whole-tree biomass reductions were more strongly related to stomatal flux per unit leaf mass (r2 = 0.56) than to stomatal flux per unit leaf area (r2 = 0.42). Furthermore, the interspecific variation in slopes of ozone flux-response relationships was considerably lower when expressed on a leaf mass basis (coefficient of variation, CV = 36%) than when expressed on a leaf area basis (CV = 66%), and relationships for broadleaf and needle-leaf species converged when using the mass-based index. These results show that much of the variation in ozone sensitivity among woody plants can be explained by interspecific variation in LMA and that large-scale ozone impact assessment could be greatly improved by considering this well-known and easily measured leaf trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrick Büker
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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32
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Geekiyanage N, Goodale UM, Cao K, Kitajima K. Leaf trait variations associated with habitat affinity of tropical karst tree species. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:286-295. [PMID: 29321871 PMCID: PMC5756878 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Karst hills, that is, jagged topography created by dissolution of limestone and other soluble rocks, are distributed extensively in tropical forest regions, including southern parts of China. They are characterized by a sharp mosaic of water and nutrient availability, from exposed hilltops with poor soil development to valleys with occasional flooding, to which trees show species‐specific distributions. Here we report the relationship of leaf functional traits to habitat preference of tropical karst trees. We described leaf traits of 19 tropical tree species in a seasonal karst rainforest in Guangxi Province, China, 12 species in situ and 13 ex situ in a non‐karst arboretum, which served as a common garden, with six species sampled in both. We examined how the measured leaf traits differed in relation to species’ habitat affinity and evaluated trait consistency between natural habitats vs. the arboretum. Leaf mass per area (LMA) and optical traits (light absorption and reflectance characteristics between 400 and 1,050 nm) showed significant associations with each other and habitats, with hilltop species showing high values of LMA and low values of photochemical reflectance index (PRI). For the six species sampled in both the karst forest and the arboretum, LMA, leaf dry matter content, stomatal density, and vein length per area showed inconsistent within‐species variations, whereas some traits (stomatal pore index and lamina thickness) were similar between the two sites. In conclusion, trees specialized in exposed karst hilltops with little soils are characterized by thick leaves with high tissue density indicative of conservative resources use, and this trait syndrome could potentially be sensed remotely with PRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalaka Geekiyanage
- Division of Forest and Biomaterial Science Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan.,Department of Plant Science Faculty of Agriculture Rajarata University Anuradhapura Sri Lanka.,Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation College of Forestry Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation College of Forestry Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Kunfang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation College of Forestry Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Division of Forest and Biomaterial Science Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
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33
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Coble AP, Cavaleri MA. Vertical leaf mass per area gradient of mature sugar maple reflects both height-driven increases in vascular tissue and light-driven increases in palisade layer thickness. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:1337-1351. [PMID: 28338906 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key trait used in canopy and ecosystem function modeling, leaf mass per area (LMA), is influenced by changes in both leaf thickness and leaf density (LMA = Thickness × Density). In tall trees, LMA is understood to increase with height through two primary mechanisms: (i) increasing palisade layer thickness (and thus leaf thickness) in response to light and/or (ii) reduced cell expansion and intercellular air space in response to hydrostatic constraints, leading to increased leaf density. Our objective was to investigate within-canopy gradients in leaf anatomical traits in order to understand environmental factors that influence leaf morphology in a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) forest canopy. We teased apart the effects of light and height on anatomical traits by sampling at exposed and closed canopies that had different light conditions at similar heights. As expected, palisade layer thickness responded strongly to cumulative light exposure. Mesophyll porosity, however, was weakly and negatively correlated with light and height (i.e., hydrostatic gradients). Reduced mesophyll porosity was not likely caused by limitations on cell expansion; in fact, epidermal cell width increased with height. Palisade layer thickness was better related to LMA, leaf density and leaf thickness than was mesophyll porosity. Vein diameter and fraction of vascular tissue also increased with height and LMA, density and thickness, revealing that greater investment in vascular and support tissue may be a third mechanism for increased LMA with height. Overall, decreasing mesophyll porosity with height was likely due to palisade cells expanding into the available air space and also greater investments in vascular and support tissue, rather than a reduction of cell expansion due to hydrostatic constraints. Our results provide evidence that light influences both palisade layer thickness and mesophyll porosity and indicate that hydrostatic gradients influence leaf vascular and support tissues in mature Acer saccharum trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Coble
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, James Hall, Room 114, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Coble AP, Fogel ML, Parker GG. Canopy gradients in leaf functional traits for species that differ in growth strategies and shade tolerance. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:1415-1425. [PMID: 28486656 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In temperate deciduous forests, vertical gradients in leaf mass per area (LMA) and area-based leaf nitrogen (Narea) are strongly controlled by gradients in light availability. While there is evidence that hydrostatic constraints on leaf development may diminish LMA and Narea responses to light, inherent differences among tree species may also influence leaf developmental and morphological response to light. We investigated vertical gradients in LMA, Narea and leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) for three temperate deciduous species (Carpinus caroliniana Walter, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Liriodendron tulipifera L.) that differed in growth strategy (e.g., indeterminate and determinate growth), shade tolerance and leaf area to sapwood ratio (Al:As). Leaves were sampled across a broad range of light conditions within three vertical layers of tree crowns to maximize variation in light availability at each height and to minimize collinearity between light and height. All species displayed similar responses to light with respect to Narea and δ13C, but not for LMA. Light was more important for gradients in LMA for the shade-tolerant (C. caroliniana) and -intolerant (L. tulipifera) species with indeterminate growth, and height (e.g., hydrostatic gradients) and light were equally important for the shade-tolerant (F. grandifolia) species with determinate growth. Fagus grandifolia had a higher morphological plasticity in response to light, which may offer a competitive advantage in occupying a broader range of light conditions throughout the canopy. Differences in responses to light and height for the taller tree species, L. tulipifera and F. grandifolia, may be attributed to differences in growth strategy or Al:As, which may alter morphological and functional responses to light availability. While height was important in F. grandifolia, height was no more robust in predicting LMA than light in any of the species, confirming the strong role of light availability in determining LMA for temperate deciduous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Coble
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, James Hall Room 114, Durham, NH 03824,USA
| | - Marilyn L Fogel
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
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Osada N. Relationships between the timing of budburst, plant traits, and distribution of 24 coexisting woody species in a warm-temperate forest in Japan. Am J Bot 2017; 104:550-558. [PMID: 28424203 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Timing of budburst (DBB) may be related to the functional traits and distributions of woody species in temperate regions. Although many previous studies have investigated DBB in a number of temperate species, it has seldom been linked to multiple plant trait relationships. METHODS DBB and plant traits were investigated for 24 woody species for 2 years in a warm-temperate secondary forest in Japan. Particular attention was paid to differences in trait relationships between coexisting deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved species. KEY RESULTS DBB was correlated with plant traits in deciduous but not evergreen broad-leaved species; DBB was later for deciduous species with greater leaf mass, leaf area, vessel diameter, and leaf nitrogen content per unit mass. In addition, DBB was later for species with more northern distributions in deciduous and evergreen species. CONCLUSIONS Clear differences in the trait relationships between deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved species might be caused by different selection pressures on DBB; selection is expected to be more severe in deciduous species. Overall, the continuous variable of vessel diameter might be used as a simple and effective trait to predict DBB of deciduous species regardless of wood anatomy; however, no such traits were detected as effective predictors of DBB in evergreen species at this study site. In addition, DBB was earlier for the species of more southern distributions, suggesting that such species benefit more from warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Osada
- Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Tomakomai 053-0035, Japan
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36
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Muir CD, Conesa MÀ, Roldán EJ, Molins A, Galmés J. Weak coordination between leaf structure and function among closely related tomato species. New Phytol 2017; 213:1642-1653. [PMID: 28164333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that natural selection should favor coordination between leaf physiology, biochemistry and anatomical structure along a functional trait spectrum from fast, resource-acquisitive syndromes to slow, resource-conservative syndromes. However, the coordination hypothesis has rarely been tested at a phylogenetic scale most relevant for understanding rapid adaptation in the recent past or for the prediction of evolutionary trajectories in response to climate change. We used a common garden to examine genetically based coordination between leaf traits across 19 wild and cultivated tomato taxa. We found weak integration between leaf structure (e.g. leaf mass per area) and physiological function (photosynthetic rate, biochemical capacity and CO2 diffusion), even though all were arrayed in the predicted direction along a 'fast-slow' spectrum. This suggests considerable scope for unique trait combinations to evolve in response to new environments or in crop breeding. In particular, we found that partially independent variation in stomatal and mesophyll conductance may allow a plant to improve water-use efficiency without necessarily sacrificing maximum photosynthetic rates. Our study does not imply that functional trait spectra, such as the leaf economics spectrum, are unimportant, but that many important axes of variation within a taxonomic group may be unique and not generalizable to other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Muir
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miquel À Conesa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Emilio J Roldán
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Muscarella R, Uriarte M. Do community-weighted mean functional traits reflect optimal strategies? Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152434. [PMID: 27030412 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that relationships between community-weighted mean (CWM) traits (i.e. plot-level trait values weighted by species abundances) and environmental conditions reflect selection towards locally optimal phenotypes is challenged by the large amount of interspecific trait variation typically found within ecological communities. Reconciling these contrasting patterns is a key to advancing predictive theories of functional community ecology. We combined data on geographical distributions and three traits (wood density, leaf mass per area and maximum height) of 173 tree species in Puerto Rico. We tested the hypothesis that species are more likely to occur where their trait values are more similar to the local CWM trait values (the'CWM-optimality' hypothesis) by comparing species occurrence patterns (as a proxy for fitness) with the functional composition of forest plots across a precipitation gradient. While 70% of the species supported CWM-optimality for at least one trait, nearly 25% significantly opposed it for at least one trait, thereby contributing to local functional diversity. The majority (85%) of species that opposed CWM-optimality did so only for one trait and few species opposed CWM-optimality in multivariate trait space. Our study suggests that constraints to local functional variation act more strongly on multivariate phenotypes than on univariate traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Muscarella
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Trueba S, Isnard S, Barthélémy D, Olson ME. Trait coordination, mechanical behaviour and growth form plasticity of Amborella trichopoda under variation in canopy openness. AoB Plants 2016; 8:plw068. [PMID: 27672131 PMCID: PMC5142121 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution of traits across the angiosperm phylogeny helps map the nested hierarchy of features that characterize key nodes. Finding that Amborella is sister to the rest of the angiosperms has raised the question of whether it shares certain key functional trait characteristics, and plastic responses apparently widespread within the angiosperms at large. With this in mind, we test the hypothesis that local canopy openness induces plastic responses. We used this variation in morphological and functional traits to estimate the pervasiveness of trait scaling and leaf and stem economics. We studied the architecture of Amborella and how it varies under different degrees of canopy openness. We analyzed the coordination of 12 leaf and stem structural and functional traits, and the association of this covariation with differing morphologies. The Amborella habit is made up of a series of sympodial modules that vary in size and branching pattern under different canopy openness. Amborella stems vary from self-supporting to semi-scandent. Changes in stem elongation and leaf size in Amborella produce distinct morphologies under different light environments. Correlations were found between most leaf and stem functional traits. Stem tissue rigidity decreased with increasing canopy openness. Despite substantial modulation of leaf size and leaf mass per area by light availability, branches in different light environments had similar leaf area-stem size scaling. The sympodial growth observed in Amborella could point to an angiosperm synapomorphy. Our study provides evidence of intraspecific coordination between leaf and stem economic spectra. Trait variation along these spectra is likely adaptive under different light environments and is consistent with these plastic responses having been present in the angiosperm common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Trueba
- IRD, UMR AMAP, Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Écologie Végétale Appliquées, Noumea, BPA5, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- IRD, UMR AMAP, Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Écologie Végétale Appliquées, Noumea, BPA5, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Daniel Barthélémy
- CIRAD, BIOS Direction, and INRA, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria México, México DF 04510, México
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Coble AP, VanderWall B, Mau A, Cavaleri MA. How vertical patterns in leaf traits shift seasonally and the implications for modeling canopy photosynthesis in a temperate deciduous forest. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1077-1091. [PMID: 27246164 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf functional traits are used in modeling forest canopy photosynthesis (Ac) due to strong correlations between photosynthetic capacity, leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf nitrogen per area (Narea). Vertical distributions of these traits may change over time in temperate deciduous forests as a result of acclimation to light, which may result in seasonal changes in Ac To assess both spatial and temporal variations in key traits, we measured vertical profiles of Narea and LMA from leaf expansion through leaf senescence in a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) forest. To investigate mechanisms behind coordinated changes in leaf morphology and function, we also measured vertical variation in leaf carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C), predawn turgor pressure, leaf water potential and osmotic potential. Finally, we assessed potential biases in Ac estimations by parameterizing models with and without vertical and seasonal Narea variations following leaf expansion. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that hydrostatic constraints on leaf morphology drive the vertical increase in LMA with height early in the growing season; however, LMA in the upper canopy continued to increase over time during light acclimation, indicating that light is primarily driving gradients in LMA later in the growing season. Models with no seasonal variation in Narea overestimated Ac by up to 11% early in the growing season, while models with no vertical variation in Narea overestimated Ac by up to 60% throughout the season. According to the multilayer model, the upper 25% of leaf area contributed to over 50% of Ac, but when gradients of intercellular CO2, as estimated from δ(13)C, were accounted for, the upper 25% of leaf area contributed to 26% of total Ac Our results suggest that ignoring vertical variation of key traits can lead to considerable overestimation of Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Coble
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Brittany VanderWall
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Alida Mau
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Scartazza A, Di Baccio D, Bertolotto P, Gavrichkova O, Matteucci G. Investigating the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf characteristics along the vertical canopy profile: leaf structure, photosynthetic capacity, light energy dissipation and photoprotection mechanisms. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1060-76. [PMID: 27217526 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest functionality and productivity are directly related to canopy light interception and can be affected by potential damage from high irradiance. However, the mechanisms by which leaves adapt to the variable light environments along the multilayer canopy profile are still poorly known. We explored the leaf morphophysiological and metabolic responses to the natural light gradient in a pure European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest at three different canopy heights (top, middle and bottom). Structural adjustment through light-dependent modifications in leaf mass per area was the reason for most of the variations in photosynthetic capacity. The different leaf morphology along the canopy influenced nitrogen (N) partitioning, water- and photosynthetic N-use efficiency, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and quali-quantitative contents of photosynthetic pigments. The Chl a to Chl b ratio and the pool of xanthophyll-cycle pigments (VAZ) increased at the highest irradiance, as well as lutein and β-carotene. The total pool of ascorbate and phenols was higher in leaves of the top and middle canopy layers when compared with the bottom layer, where the ascorbate peroxidase was relatively more activated. The non-photochemical quenching was strongly and positively related to the VAZ/(Chl a + b) ratio, while Chl a/Chl b was related to the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Along the multilayer canopy profile, the high energy dissipation capacity of leaves was correlated to an elevated redox potential of antioxidants. The middle layer gave the most relevant contribution to leaf area index and carboxylation capacity of the canopy. In conclusion, a complex interplay among structural, physiological and biochemical traits drives the dynamic leaf acclimation to the natural gradients of variable light environments along the tree canopy profile. The relevant differences observed in leaf traits within the canopy positions of the beech forest should be considered for improving estimation of carbon fluxes in multilayer canopy models of temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale G. Marconi 2, I-05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Baccio
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Bertolotto
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Olga Gavrichkova
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Viale G. Marconi 2, I-05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFoM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Patacca 85, I-80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy
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Li P, Calatayud V, Gao F, Uddling J, Feng Z. Differences in ozone sensitivity among woody species are related to leaf morphology and antioxidant levels. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1105-1116. [PMID: 27217527 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) sensitivity varies greatly among plant species. Leaf traits such as stomatal conductance, antioxidant capacity and leaf morphology and anatomy may play important roles in controlling this variation, but the relative contributions of each trait remain elusive. In this study, we examined the differences in O3 sensitivity among 29 deciduous and evergreen woody species used for urban greening in China in an open-top chamber experiment. Elevated O3 caused visible injury and reductions in net photosynthesis, and these effects differed significantly among species. The deciduous species Sorbaria sorbifolia, Hibiscus syriacus and Fraxinus chinensis were the most sensitive, while evergreen species ranked among the most tolerant. O3 sensitivity was linked to both low leaf mass per area (LMA) and low leaf area-based antioxidant levels, but not to variation in leaf mass-based antioxidant levels or stomatal conductance. The well-known and easily measured leaf trait LMA thus represents a potentially useful metric for O3 risk assessment and for selecting appropriate species for urban greening in O3-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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Sugiura D, Kojima M, Sakakibara H. Phytohormonal Regulation of Biomass Allocation and Morphological and Physiological Traits of Leaves in Response to Environmental Changes in Polygonum cuspidatum. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1189. [PMID: 27555859 PMCID: PMC4977362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants plastically change their morphological and physiological traits in response to environmental changes, which are accompanied by changes in endogenous levels of phytohormones. Although roles of phytohormones in various aspects of plant growth and development were elucidated, their importance in the regulation of biomass allocation was not fully investigated. This study aimed to determine causal relationships among changes in biomass allocation, morphological and physiological traits, and endogenous levels of phytohormones such as gibberellins (GAs) and cytokinins (CKs) in response to environmental changes in Polygonum cuspidatum. Seedlings of P. cuspidatum were grown under two light intensities, each at three nitrogen availabilities. The seedlings grown in high light intensity and high nitrogen availability (HH) were subjected to three additional treatments: Defoliating half of the leaves (Def), transferral to low nitrogen availability (LowN), or low light intensity (LowL). Biomass allocation at the whole-plant level, morphological and physiological traits of each leaf, and endogenous levels of phytohormones in each leaf and shoot apex were measured. Age-dependent changes in leaf traits were also investigated. After the treatments, endogenous levels of GAs in the shoot apex and leaves significantly increased in Def, decreased in LowN, and did not change in LowL compared with HH seedlings. Among all of the seedlings, the levels of GAs in the shoot apex and leaves were strongly correlated with biomass allocation ratio between leaves and roots. The levels of GAs in the youngest leaves were highest, while the levels of CKs were almost consistent in each leaf. The levels of CKs were positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content in each leaf, whereas the levels of GAs were negatively correlated with the total non-structural carbohydrate content in each leaf. These results support our hypothesis that GAs and CKs are key regulatory factors that control biomass allocation, leaf morphology, and photosynthesis in response to changes in environmental variables in P. cuspidatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoBunkyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
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Neyret M, Bentley LP, Oliveras I, Marimon BS, Marimon‐Junior BH, Almeida de Oliveira E, Barbosa Passos F, Castro Ccoscco R, dos Santos J, Matias Reis S, Morandi PS, Rayme Paucar G, Robles Cáceres A, Valdez Tejeira Y, Yllanes Choque Y, Salinas N, Shenkin A, Asner GP, Díaz S, Enquist BJ, Malhi Y. Examining variation in the leaf mass per area of dominant species across two contrasting tropical gradients in light of community assembly. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5674-89. [PMID: 27547346 PMCID: PMC4983583 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding variation in key functional traits across gradients in high diversity systems and the ecology of community changes along gradients in these systems is crucial in light of conservation and climate change. We examined inter- and intraspecific variation in leaf mass per area (LMA) of sun and shade leaves along a 3330-m elevation gradient in Peru, and in sun leaves across a forest-savanna vegetation gradient in Brazil. We also compared LMA variance ratios (T-statistics metrics) to null models to explore internal (i.e., abiotic) and environmental filtering on community structure along the gradients. Community-weighted LMA increased with decreasing forest cover in Brazil, likely due to increased light availability and water stress, and increased with elevation in Peru, consistent with the leaf economic spectrum strategy expected in colder, less productive environments. A very high species turnover was observed along both environmental gradients, and consequently, the first source of variation in LMA was species turnover. Variation in LMA at the genus or family levels was greater in Peru than in Brazil. Using dominant trees to examine possible filters on community assembly, we found that in Brazil, internal filtering was strongest in the forest, while environmental filtering was observed in the dry savanna. In Peru, internal filtering was observed along 80% of the gradient, perhaps due to variation in taxa or interspecific competition. Environmental filtering was observed at cloud zone edges and in lowlands, possibly due to water and nutrient availability, respectively. These results related to variation in LMA indicate that biodiversity in species rich tropical assemblages may be structured by differential niche-based processes. In the future, specific mechanisms generating these patterns of variation in leaf functional traits across tropical environmental gradients should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Neyret
- École Normale Supérieure45, rue d'UlmF75005ParisFrance
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
- Department of BiologySonoma State University1801 East Cotati AvenueRohnert ParkCalifornia94928
| | - Imma Oliveras
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
- Wageningen University6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Beatriz S. Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Barbosa Passos
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | | | - Josias dos Santos
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Simone Matias Reis
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Paulo S. Morandi
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Norma Salinas
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
- Sección QuímicaPontificia Universidad Católica del PerúAvenida Universitaria 1801San MiguelLima 32Peru
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for Science260 Panama StreetStanfordCalifornia94305
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV)CONICET and FCEFyNUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCasilla de Correo 4955000CórdobaArgentina
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona85721
- The Santa Fe Institute1399 Hyde Park RdSanta FeNew Mexico87501
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
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Xiong D, Wang D, Liu X, Peng S, Huang J, Li Y. Leaf density explains variation in leaf mass per area in rice between cultivars and nitrogen treatments. Ann Bot 2016; 117:963-71. [PMID: 27017586 PMCID: PMC4866311 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf mass per area (LMA) is an important leaf trait; however, correlations between LMA and leaf anatomical features and photosynthesis have not been fully investigated, especially in cereal crops. The objectives of this study were (a) to investigate the correlations between LMA and leaf anatomical traits; and (b) to clarify the response of LMA to nitrogen supply and its effect on photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). METHODS In the present study, 11 rice varieties were pot grown under sufficient nitrogen (SN) conditions, and four selected rice cultivars were grown under low nitrogen (LN) conditions. Leaf anatomical traits, gas exchange and leaf N content were measured. KEY RESULTS There was large variation in LMA across selected rice varieties. Regression analysis showed that the variation in LMA was more closely related to leaf density (LD) than to leaf thickness (LT). LMA was positively related to the percentage of mesophyll tissue area (%mesophyll), negatively related to the percentage of epidermis tissue area (%epidermis) and unrelated to the percentage of vascular tissue area (%vascular). The response of LMA to N supplementation was dependent on the variety and was also mainly determined by the response of LD to N. Compared with SN, photosynthesis was significantly decreased under LN, while PNUE was increased. The increase in PNUE was more critical in rice cultivars with a higher LMA under SN supply. CONCLUSIONS Leaf density is the major cause of the variation in LMA across rice varieties and N treatments, and an increase in LMA under high N conditions would aggravate the decrease in PNUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China and
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km7·5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Dan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China and
| | - Xi Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China and
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China and
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China and
| | - Yong Li
- * For correspondence. E-mail
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Havko NE, Major IT, Jewell JB, Attaran E, Browse J, Howe GA. Control of Carbon Assimilation and Partitioning by Jasmonate: An Accounting of Growth-Defense Tradeoffs. Plants (Basel) 2016; 5:plants5010007. [PMID: 27135227 PMCID: PMC4844420 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is often constrained by the limited availability of resources in the microenvironment. Despite the continuous threat of attack from insect herbivores and pathogens, investment in defense represents a lost opportunity to expand photosynthetic capacity in leaves and absorption of nutrients and water by roots. To mitigate the metabolic expenditure on defense, plants have evolved inducible defense strategies. The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) is a key regulator of many inducible defenses. Synthesis of JA in response to perceived danger leads to the deployment of a variety of defensive structures and compounds, along with a potent inhibition of growth. Genetic studies have established an important role for JA in mediating tradeoffs between growth and defense. However, several gaps remain in understanding of how JA signaling inhibits growth, either through direct transcriptional control of JA-response genes or crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Here, we highlight recent progress in uncovering the role of JA in controlling growth-defense balance and its relationship to resource acquisition and allocation. We also discuss tradeoffs in the context of the ability of JA to promote increased leaf mass per area (LMA), which is a key indicator of leaf construction costs and leaf life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Havko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Ian T Major
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jeremy B Jewell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Elham Attaran
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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46
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Sugiura D, Betsuyaku E, Terashima I. Manipulation of the hypocotyl sink activity by reciprocal grafting of two Raphanus sativus varieties: its effects on morphological and physiological traits of source leaves and whole-plant growth. Plant Cell Environ 2015; 38:2629-40. [PMID: 25997499 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To reveal whether hypocotyl sink activities are regulated by the aboveground parts, and whether physiology and morphology of source leaves are affected by the hypocotyl sink activities, we conducted grafting experiments using two Raphanus sativus varieties with different hypocotyl sink activities. Comet (C) and Leafy (L) varieties with high and low hypocotyl sink activities were reciprocally grafted and resultant plants were called by their scion and stock such as CC, LC, CL and LL. Growth, leaf mass per area (LMA), total non-structural carbohydrates (TNCs) and photosynthetic characteristics were compared among them. Comet hypocotyls in CC and LC grew well regardless of the scions, whereas Leafy hypocotyls in CL and LL did not. Relative growth rate was highest in LL and lowest in CC. Photosynthetic capacity was correlated with Rubisco (ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) content but unaffected by TNC. High C/N ratio and accumulation of TNC led to high LMA and structural LMA. These results showed that the hypocotyl sink activity was autonomously regulated by hypocotyl and that the down-regulation of photosynthesis was not induced by TNC. We conclude that the change in the sink activity alters whole-plant growth through the changes in both biomass allocation and leaf morphological characteristics in R. sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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47
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Mason CM, Goolsby EW, Humphreys DP, Donovan LA. Phylogenetic structural equation modelling reveals no need for an 'origin' of the leaf economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 2015; 19:54-61. [PMID: 26563777 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) is a prominent ecophysiological paradigm that describes global variation in leaf physiology across plant ecological strategies using a handful of key traits. Nearly a decade ago, Shipley et al. (2006) used structural equation modelling to explore the causal functional relationships among LES traits that give rise to their strong global covariation. They concluded that an unmeasured trait drives LES covariation, sparking efforts to identify the latent physiological trait underlying the 'origin' of the LES. Here, we use newly developed phylogenetic structural equation modelling approaches to reassess these conclusions using both global LES data as well as data collected across scales in the genus Helianthus. For global LES data, accounting for phylogenetic non-independence indicates that no additional unmeasured traits are required to explain LES covariation. Across datasets in Helianthus, trait relationships are highly variable, indicating that global-scale models may poorly describe LES covariation at non-global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M Mason
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric W Goolsby
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Devon P Humphreys
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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48
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Lilles EB, Astrup R, Lefrançois ML, David Coates K. Sapling leaf trait responses to light, tree height and soil nutrients for three conifer species of contrasting shade tolerance. Tree Physiol 2014; 34:1334-1347. [PMID: 25422385 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We developed models to describe the responses of four commonly examined leaf traits (mass per area, weight, area and nitrogen (N) concentration) to gradients of light, soil nutrients and tree height in three conifer species of contrasting shade tolerance. Our observational dataset from the sub-boreal spruce forests of British Columbia included subalpine fir (Abies lasioscarpa [Hook.] Nutt; high shade tolerance), interior spruce (Picea glauca × Picea engelmannii [Moench] Voss; intermediate shade tolerance) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia; low shade tolerance) saplings from 0.18 to 4.87 m tall, in 8-98% of total incident light, from field sites with <17.6 kg ha(-1) to >46.8 kg ha(-1) total dissolved N. Leaf weights and areas showed strong positive responses to light and height, but little or no response to soil nutrients. Parameter estimates indicated that the shape of leaf weight and area responses to light corresponded with shade tolerance ranking for the three species; pine had the most linear response whereas spruce and fir had asymptotic responses. Leaf N concentration responded positively to soil nutrients, negatively to light and idiosyncratically to height. The negative effect of light was only apparent on sites of high soil nutrient availability, and parameter estimates for the shape of the negative response also corresponded to shade tolerance ranking (apine = -0.79, aspruce = -0.15, afir = -0.07). Of the traits we measured, leaf mass per area showed the least response to light, soil nutrient and height gradients. Although it is a common practice in comparisons across many species, characterizing these conifers by mean values of their leaf traits would miss important intraspecific variation across environmental and size gradients. In these forests, parameter estimates representing the intraspecific variability of leaf trait responses can be used to understand relative shade tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica B Lilles
- Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada
| | - Rasmus Astrup
- Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, Postboks 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Marie-Lou Lefrançois
- Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada
| | - K David Coates
- Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Bag 6000, Smithers, BC V0J2N0, Canada
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49
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Sack L, Scoffoni C, John GP, Poorter H, Mason CM, Mendez-Alonzo R, Donovan LA. Leaf mass per area is independent of vein length per area: avoiding pitfalls when modelling phenotypic integration (reply to Blonder et al. 2014). J Exp Bot 2014; 65:5115-23. [PMID: 25118296 PMCID: PMC4157720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently proposed that leaf vein length per area (VLA) is the major determinant of leaf mass per area ( MA), and would thereby determine other traits of the leaf economic spectrum (LES), such as photosynthetic rate per mass (A(mass)), nitrogen concentration per mass (N(mass)) and leaf lifespan (LL). In a previous paper we argued that this 'vein origin' hypothesis was supported only by a mathematical model with predestined outcomes, and that we found no support for the 'vein origin' hypothesis in our analyses of compiled data. In contrast to the 'vein origin' hypothesis, empirical evidence indicated that VLA and LMA are independent mechanistically, and VLA (among other vein traits) contributes to a higher photosynthetic rate per area (A(area)), which scales up to driving a higher A(mass), all independently of LMA, N(mass) and LL. In their reply to our paper, Blonder et al. (2014) raised questions about our analysis of their model, but did not address our main point, that the data did not support their hypothesis. In this paper we provide further analysis of an extended data set, which again robustly demonstrates the mechanistic independence of LMA from VLA, and thus does not support the 'vein origin' hypothesis. We also address the four specific points raised by Blonder et al. (2014) regarding our analyses. We additionally show how this debate provides critical guidance for improved modelling of LES traits and other networks of phenotypic traits that determine plant performance under contrasting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Rodrigo Mendez-Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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50
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Pivovaroff AL, Sack L, Santiago LS. Coordination of stem and leaf hydraulic conductance in southern California shrubs: a test of the hydraulic segmentation hypothesis. New Phytol 2014; 203:842-50. [PMID: 24860955 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of water movement among plant organs is important for understanding plant water use strategies. The hydraulic segmentation hypothesis (HSH) proposes that hydraulic conductance in shorter lived, 'expendable' organs such as leaves and longer lived, more 'expensive' organs such as stems may be decoupled, with resistance in leaves acting as a bottleneck or 'safety valve'. We tested the HSH in woody species from a Mediterranean-type ecosystem by measuring leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and stem hydraulic conductivity (KS). We also investigated whether leaves function as safety valves by relating Kleaf and the hydraulic safety margin (stem water potential minus the water potential at which 50% of conductivity is lost (Ψstem-Ψ50)). We also examined related plant traits including the operating range of water potentials, wood density, leaf mass per area, and leaf area to sapwood area ratio to provide insight into whole-plant water use strategies. For hydrated shoots, Kleaf was negatively correlated with KS , supporting the HSH. Additionally, Kleaf was positively correlated with the hydraulic safety margin and negatively correlated with the leaf area to sapwood area ratio. Consistent with the HSH, our data indicate that leaves may act as control valves for species with high KS , or a low safety margin. This critical role of leaves appears to contribute importantly to plant ecological specialization in a drought-prone environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria L Pivovaroff
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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