1
|
Yang D, Rui L, Qiu YJ, Wen TY, Ye JR, Wu XQ. The Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Effector BxNMP1 Targets PtTLP-L2 to Mediate PtGLU Promoting Parasitism and Virulence in Pinus thunbergii. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7452. [PMID: 39000560 PMCID: PMC11242139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinus is an important economic tree species, but pine wilt disease (PWD) seriously threatens the survival of pine trees. PWD caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a major quarantine disease worldwide that causes significant economic losses. However, more information about its molecular pathogenesis is needed, resulting in a lack of effective prevention and treatment measures. In recent years, effectors have become a hot topic in exploring the molecular pathogenic mechanism of pathogens. Here, we identified a specific effector, BxNMP1, from B. xylophilus. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that BxNMP1 was specifically expressed in dorsal gland cells and intestinal cells, and RT-qPCR experiments revealed that BxNMP1 was upregulated in the early stage of infection. The sequence of BxNMP1 was different in the avirulent strain, and when BxNMP1-silenced B. xylophilus was inoculated into P. thunbergii seedlings, the disease severity significantly decreased. We demonstrated that BxNMP1 interacted with the thaumatin-like protein PtTLP-L2 in P. thunbergii. Additionally, we found that the β-1,3-glucanase PtGLU interacted with PtTLP-L2. Therefore, we hypothesized that BxNMP1 might indirectly interact with PtGLU through PtTLP-L2 as an intermediate mediator. Both targets can respond to infection, and PtTLP-L2 can enhance the resistance of pine trees. Moreover, we detected increased salicylic acid contents in P. thunbergii seedlings inoculated with B. xylophilus when BxNMP1 was silenced or when the PtTLP-L2 recombinant protein was added. In summary, we identified a key virulence effector of PWNs, BxNMP1. It positively regulates the pathogenicity of B. xylophilus and interacts directly with PtTLP-L2 and indirectly with PtGLU. It also inhibits the expression of two targets and the host salicylic acid pathway. This study provides theoretical guidance and a practical basis for controlling PWD and breeding for disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (D.Y.); (L.R.); (Y.-J.Q.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lin Rui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (D.Y.); (L.R.); (Y.-J.Q.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (D.Y.); (L.R.); (Y.-J.Q.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tong-Yue Wen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (D.Y.); (L.R.); (Y.-J.Q.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (D.Y.); (L.R.); (Y.-J.Q.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (D.Y.); (L.R.); (Y.-J.Q.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui Z, Shen S, Meng L, Sun X, Jin Y, Liu Y, Liu D, Ma L, Wang H. Evasion of wheat resistance gene Lr15 recognition by the leaf rust fungus is attributed to the coincidence of natural mutations and deletion in AvrLr15 gene. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13490. [PMID: 38952297 PMCID: PMC11217590 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Employing race-specific resistance genes remains an effective strategy to protect wheat from leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt) worldwide, while the newly emerged Pt races, owing to rapid genetic evolution, frequently overcome the immune response delivered by race-specific resistance genes. The molecular mechanisms underlying the newly evolved virulence Pt pathogen remain unknown. Here, we identified an avirulence protein AvrLr15 from Pt that induced Lr15-dependent immune responses. Heterologously produced AvrLr15 triggered pronounced cell death in Lr15-isogenic wheat leaves. AvrLr15 contains a functional signal peptide, localized to the plant nucleus and cytosol and can suppress BAX-induced cell death. Evasion of Lr15-mediated resistance in wheat was associated with a deletion and point mutations of amino acids in AvrLr15 rather than AvrLr15 gene loss in the Lr15-breaking Pt races, implying that AvrLr15 is required for the virulence function of Pt. Our findings identified the first molecular determinant of wheat race-specific immunity and facilitated the identification of the first AVR/R gene pair in the Pt-wheat pathosystem, which will provide a molecular marker to monitor natural Pt populations and guide the deployment of Lr15-resistant wheat cultivars in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchi Cui
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei ProvinceBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Songsong Shen
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei ProvinceBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Linshuo Meng
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei ProvinceBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Xizhe Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationCollege of HorticultureBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Yuqing Jin
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei ProvinceBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Yuanxia Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei ProvinceBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Daqun Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei ProvinceBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Lisong Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationCollege of HorticultureBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Haiyan Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei ProvinceBaodingHebeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pečenková T, Potocký M, Stegmann M. More than meets the eye: knowns and unknowns of the trafficking of small secreted proteins in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3713-3730. [PMID: 38693754 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Small proteins represent a significant portion of the cargo transported through plant secretory pathways, playing crucial roles in developmental processes, fertilization, and responses to environmental stresses. Despite the importance of small secreted proteins, substantial knowledge gaps persist regarding the regulatory mechanisms governing their trafficking along the secretory pathway, and their ultimate localization or destination. To address these gaps, we conducted a comprehensive literature review, focusing particularly on trafficking and localization of Arabidopsis small secreted proteins with potential biochemical and/or signaling roles in the extracellular space, typically those within the size range of 101-200 amino acids. Our investigation reveals that while at least six members of the 21 mentioned families have a confirmed extracellular localization, eight exhibit intracellular localization, including cytoplasmic, nuclear, and chloroplastic locations, despite the presence of N-terminal signal peptides. Further investigation into the trafficking and secretion mechanisms of small protein cargo could not only deepen our understanding of plant cell biology and physiology but also provide a foundation for genetic manipulation strategies leading to more efficient plant cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Phytopathology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Javed T, Wang W, Yang B, Shen L, Sun T, Gao SJ, Zhang S. Pathogenesis related-1 proteins in plant defense: regulation and functional diversity. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38719539 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2344583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Climate change-related environmental stresses can negatively impact crop productivity and pose a threat to sustainable agriculture. Plants have a remarkable innate ability to detect a broad array of environmental cues, including stresses that trigger stress-induced regulatory networks and signaling pathways. Transcriptional activation of plant pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) proteins was first identified as an integral component of systemic acquired resistance in response to stress. Consistent with their central role in immune defense, overexpression of PR-1s in diverse plant species is frequently used as a marker for salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses. Recent advances demonstrated how virulence effectors, SA signaling cascades, and epigenetic modifications modulate PR-1 expression in response to environmental stresses. We and others showed that transcriptional regulatory networks involving PR-1s could be used to improve plant resilience to stress. Together, the results of these studies have re-energized the field and provided long-awaited insights into a possible function of PR-1s under extreme environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talha Javed
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
| | - Benpeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Linbo Shen
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zribi I, Ghorbel M, Jrad O, Masmoudi K, Brini F. The wheat pathogenesis-related protein (TdPR1.2) enhanced tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01955-w. [PMID: 38687397 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In plants, the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins have been identified as important regulators of biotic and abiotic stresses. PR proteins branch out into 19 different classes (PR1-PR19). Basically, all PR proteins display a well-established method of action, with the notable exception of PR1, which is a member of a large superfamily of proteins with a common CAP domain. We have previously isolated and characterized the first PR1 from durum wheat, called TdPR-1.2. In the current research work, TdPR1.2 gene was used to highlight its functional activities under various abiotic (sodium chloride (100 mM NaCl) and oxidative stresses (3 mM H2O2), hormonal salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), and abiotic stresses (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani). Enhancement survival index was detected in Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing TdPR1.2 gene. Moreover, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated induction of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). It equally revealed a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in transgenic Arabidopsis plants compared to control lines, confirming the role of TdPR1.2 in terms of alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Eventually, RT-qPCR results showed a higher expression of biotic stress-related genes (PR1 and PDF1.2) in addition to a downregulation of the wound-related gene (LOX3 and VSP2) in transgenic lines treated with jasmonic acid (JA). Notably, these findings provide evidence for the outstanding functions of PR1.2 from durum wheat which can be further invested to boost tolerance in crop plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Zribi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ghorbel
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, 81451, Ha'il City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfa Jrad
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- College of Food and Agriculture, Arid Land Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng H, Pei Y, Xu X, Du X, Xue Q, Gao Z, Shu P, Wu Y, Liu Z, Jian Y, Wu M, Wang Y, Li Z, Pirrello J, Bouzayen M, Deng W, Hong Y, Liu M. Ethylene-MPK8-ERF.C1-PR module confers resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato fruit without compromising ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:592-609. [PMID: 38402567 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays a critical role in fruit defense against Botrytis cinerea attack, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that ethylene response factor SlERF.C1 acts as a key regulator to trigger the ethylene-mediated defense against B. cinerea in tomato fruits without compromising ripening. Knockout of SlERF.C1 increased fruit susceptibility to B. cinerea with no effect on ripening process, while overexpression enhanced resistance. RNA-Seq, transactivation assays, EMSA and ChIP-qPCR results indicated that SlERF.C1 activated the transcription of PR genes by binding to their promoters. Moreover, SlERF.C1 interacted with the mitogen-activated protein kinase SlMPK8 which allowed SlMPK8 to phosphorylate SlERF.C1 at the Ser174 residue and increases its transcriptional activity. Knocking out of SlMPK8 increased fruit susceptibility to B. cinerea, whereas overexpression enhanced resistance without affecting ripening. Furthermore, genetic crosses between SlMPK8-KO and SlERF.C1-OE lines reduced the resistance to B. cinerea attack in SlERF.C1-OE fruits. In addition, B. cinerea infection induced ethylene production which in turn triggered SlMPK8 transcription and enhanced the phosphorylation of SlERF.C1. Overall, our findings reveal the regulatory mechanism of the 'Ethylene-MPK8-ERF.C1-PR' module in resistance against B. cinerea and provide new insight into the manipulation of gray mold disease in fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yangang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qihan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhuo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Peng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhaoqiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yongfei Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Mengbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yikui Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qiao Q, Wang X, Su Z, Han C, Zhao K, Qi K, Xie Z, Huang X, Zhang S. PuNDH9, a subunit of ETC Complex I regulates plant defense by interacting with PuPR1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:112009. [PMID: 38316345 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
NAD+ and NADH play critical roles in energy metabolism, cell death, and gene expression. The NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (Complex I) has been long known as a key enzyme in NAD+ and NADH metabolism. In the present study, we found and analyzed a new subunit of Complex I (NDH9), which was isolated from Pyrus ussuriensis combined with RT-PCR. Following infection with A. alternata, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated an increase in the expression of PuNDH9. Genetic manipulation of PuNDH9 levels suggested that PuNDH9 plays key roles in NADH/NAD+ homeostasis, defense enzyme activities, ROS generation, cell death, gene expression, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial functions during the pear- A. alternata interaction. Furthermore, Y2H, GST-pull down, and a split-luciferase complementation imaging assays revealed that PuNDH9 interacts with PuPR1. We discover that PuNDH9 and PuPR1 synergistically activate defense enzyme activities, ROS accumulation, cell death, and plant defenses. Collectively, our findings reveal that PuNDH9 is likely important for plant defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Qiao
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Su
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keke Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaosan Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao S, Li M, Ren X, Wang C, Sun X, Sun M, Yu X, Wang X. Enhancement of broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat through key genes involved in systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355178. [PMID: 38463563 PMCID: PMC10921362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible disease resistance phenomenon in plant species, providing plants with broad-spectrum resistance to secondary pathogen infections beyond the initial infection site. In Arabidopsis, SAR can be triggered by direct pathogen infection or treatment with the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), as well as its analogues 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH). The SA receptor non-expressor of pathogenesis-related protein gene 1 (NPR1) protein serves as a key regulator in controlling SAR signaling transduction. Similarly, in common wheat (Triticum aestivum), pathogen infection or treatment with the SA analogue BTH can induce broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, and other diseases. However, unlike SAR in the model plant Arabidopsis or rice, SAR-like responses in wheat exhibit unique features and regulatory pathways. The acquired resistance (AR) induced by the model pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 is regulated by NPR1, but its effects are limited to the adjacent region of the same leaf and not systemic. On the other hand, the systemic immunity (SI) triggered by Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (Xtc) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica (Psj) is not controlled by NPR1 or SA, but rather closely associated with jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and several transcription factors. Furthermore, the BTH-induced resistance (BIR) partially depends on NPR1 activation, leading to a broader and stronger plant defense response. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress on SAR in wheat, emphasizes the key regulatory role of NPR1 in wheat SAR, and summarizes the potential of pathogenesis-related protein (PR) genes in genetically modifying wheat to enhance broad-spectrum disease resistance. This review lays an important foundation for further analyzing the molecular mechanism of SAR and genetically improving broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Chuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pečenková T, Potocký M. Small secreted proteins and exocytosis regulators: do they go along? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2163340. [PMID: 36774640 PMCID: PMC9930824 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2163340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted proteins play an important role in plant development, as well as in reactions to changes in the environment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, they are predominantly members of highly expanded families, such as the pathogenesis-related (PR) 1-like protein family, whose most studied member PR1 is involved in plant defense responses by a so far unknown mechanism, or Clavata3/Endosperm Surrounding Region (CLE) protein family, whose members' functions in the development are well described. Our survey of the existing literature for the two families showed a lack of details on their localization, trafficking, and exocytosis. Therefore, in order to uncover the modes of their secretion, we tested the hypothesis that a direct link between the secreted cargoes and the secretion regulators such as Rab GTPases, SNAREs, and exocyst subunits could be established using in silico co-expression and clustering approaches. We employed several independent techniques to uncover that only weak co-expression links could be found for limited numbers of secreted cargoes and regulators. We propose that there might be particular spatio-temporal requirements for PR1 and CLE proteins to be synthesized and secreted, and efforts to experimentally cover these discrepancies should be invested along with functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Derbyshire MC, Raffaele S. Till death do us pair: Co-evolution of plant-necrotroph interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102457. [PMID: 37852141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use programmed cell death as a potent defense response against biotrophic pathogens that require living host cells to thrive. However, cell death can promote infection by necrotrophic pathogens. This discrepancy creates specific co-evolutionary dynamics in the interaction between plants and necrotrophs. Necrotrophic pathogens produce diverse cell death-inducing effectors that act redundantly on several plant targets and sometimes suppress plant immune responses as an additional function. Plants use surface receptors that recognize necrotrophic effectors to increase quantitative disease resistance, some of which evolved independently in several plant lineages. Co-evolution has shaped molecular mechanisms involved in plant-necrotroph interactions into robust systems, relying on degenerate and multifunctional modules, general-purpose components, and compartmentalized functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kariyawasam GK, Nelson AC, Williams SJ, Solomon PS, Faris JD, Friesen TL. The Necrotrophic Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum Is a Master Manipulator of Wheat Defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:764-773. [PMID: 37581456 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0067-irw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Parastagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic pathogen of wheat that is particularly destructive in major wheat-growing regions of the United States, northern Europe, Australia, and South America. P. nodorum secretes necrotrophic effectors that target wheat susceptibility genes to induce programmed cell death (PCD), resulting in increased colonization of host tissue and, ultimately, sporulation to complete its pathogenic life cycle. Intensive research over the last two decades has led to the functional characterization of five proteinaceous necrotrophic effectors, SnTox1, SnToxA, SnTox267, SnTox3, and SnTox5, and three wheat susceptibility genes, Tsn1, Snn1, and Snn3D-1. Functional characterization has revealed that these effectors, in addition to inducing PCD, have additional roles in pathogenesis, including chitin binding that results in protection from wheat chitinases, blocking defense response signaling, and facilitating plant colonization. There are still large gaps in our understanding of how this necrotrophic pathogen is successfully manipulating wheat defense to complete its life cycle. This review summarizes our current knowledge, identifies knowledge gaps, and provides a summary of well-developed tools and resources currently available to study the P. nodorum-wheat interaction, which has become a model for necrotrophic specialist interactions. Further functional characterization of the effectors involved in this interaction and work toward a complete understanding of how P. nodorum manipulates wheat defense will provide fundamental knowledge about this and other necrotrophic interactions. Additionally, a broader understanding of this interaction will contribute to the successful management of Septoria nodorum blotch disease on wheat. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayan K Kariyawasam
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| | - Ashley C Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Justin D Faris
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| | - Timothy L Friesen
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin YH, Xu MY, Hsu CC, Damei FA, Lee HC, Tsai WL, Hoang CV, Chiang YR, Ma LS. Ustilago maydis PR-1-like protein has evolved two distinct domains for dual virulence activities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5755. [PMID: 37716995 PMCID: PMC10505147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversification of effector function, driven by a co-evolutionary arms race, enables pathogens to establish compatible interactions with hosts. Structurally conserved plant pathogenesis-related PR-1 and PR-1-like (PR-1L) proteins are involved in plant defense and fungal virulence, respectively. It is unclear how fungal PR-1L counters plant defense. Here, we show that Ustilago maydis UmPR-1La and yeast ScPRY1, with conserved phenolic resistance functions, are Ser/Thr-rich region mediated cell-surface localization proteins. However, UmPR-1La has gained specialized activity in sensing phenolics and eliciting hyphal-like formation to guide fungal growth in plants. Additionally, U. maydis hijacks maize cathepsin B-like 3 (CatB3) to release functional CAPE-like peptides by cleaving UmPR-1La's conserved CNYD motif, subverting plant CAPE-primed immunity and promoting fungal virulence. Surprisingly, CatB3 avoids cleavage of plant PR-1s, despite the presence of the same conserved CNYD motif. Our work highlights that UmPR-1La has acquired additional dual roles to suppress plant defense and sustain the infection process of fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yun Xu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | | | - Hui-Chun Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Tsai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ru Chiang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu G, Ge X, Wang P, Chen A, Li F, Wu J. The cotton miR171a-SCL6 module mediates plant resistance through regulating GhPR1 expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107995. [PMID: 37666042 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed intricate defense mechanisms in response to fluctuating environmental cues, including the use of microRNA (miRNA) as post-transcriptional regulators. However, the specific mechanisms through which miRNA contributes to disease resistance remain largely elusive. While the miR171-SCLs have been investigated in an eclectic array of plants, there has been a notable scarcity of research specifically focused on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). In our previous miRNA-sequencing analysis, we found that ghr-miR171a displayed a differential response to infections by Verticillium dahliae. In this study, we further investigated the function of the miR171a-SCL6 module in cotton during V. dahliae infection. The ghr-miR171a was confirmed to direct the cleavage of GhSCL6 mRNA in the post-transcriptional process, as evidenced by 5' RLM-RACE, β-glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical staining and enzyme activity assay. Interestingly, we found that overexpressing ghr-miR171a reduced cotton plants' resistance to V. dahliae, while suppressing ghr-miR171a increased the plants' defense capacity. The GhSCL6 protein, when fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP), localizes in the cell nucleus, indicating its potential role in gene regulation. This was further corroborated by yeast two-hybrid assays, which verified GhSCL6's transcriptional activation ability. Through quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), luciferase (LUC) fluorescence, and yeast one-hybrid assays, we found that GhSCL6 binds to the GT-box element of the GhPR1 promoter, activating its expression and thereby enhancing plant disease resistance. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the cotton miR171a-SCL6 module regulates Verticillium wilt resistance in plants through the post-transcriptional process. This insight may offer new perspectives for disease resistance strategies in cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- The Key Laboratory for the Creation of Cotton Varieties in the Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Join Hope Seeds Co. Ltd, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Jiahe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang SY, Pang YB, Tao Y, Shi XC, Zhang YJ, Wang YX, Jiang YH, Ji XY, Wang BL, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Laborda P. Dipicolinic acid enhances kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea by promoting phenolics accumulation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3177-3189. [PMID: 37024430 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kiwifruit is highly susceptible to fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, which reduce crop production and quality. In this study, dipicolinic acid (DPA), which is one of the main components of Bacillus spores, was evaluated as a new elicitor to enhance kiwifruit resistance to B. cinerea. RESULTS DPA enhances antioxidant capacity and induces the accumulation of phenolics in B. cinerea-infected 'Xuxiang' kiwifruit. The contents of the main antifungal phenolics in kiwifruit, including caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and isoferulic acid, increased after DPA treatment. DPA enhanced H2 O2 levels after 0 and 1 days, which promoted catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, reducing long-term H2 O2 levels. DPA promoted the up-regulation of several kiwifruit defense genes, including CERK1, MPK3, PR1-1, PR1-2, PR5-1 and PR5-2. Furthermore, DPA at 5 mM inhibited B. cinerea symptoms in kiwifruit (95.1% lesion length inhibition) more effectively than the commercial fungicides carbendazim, difenoconazole, prochloraz and thiram. CONCLUSIONS The antioxidant properties of DPA and the main antifungal phenolics of kiwifruit were examined for the first time. This study uncovers new insights regarding the potential mechanisms used by Bacillus species to induce disease resistance. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yi-Bo Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun-Jiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Yu Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bing-Lin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | | | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dos Santos C, Franco OL. Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) with Enzyme Activity Activating Plant Defense Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112226. [PMID: 37299204 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and induced factors combined as defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve a complex signaling network linking structural and biochemical defense. Antimicrobial and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are examples of this mechanism, which can accumulate extra- and intracellular space after infection. However, despite their name, some PR proteins are present at low levels even in healthy plant tissues. When they face a pathogen, these PRs can increase in abundance, acting as the first line of plant defense. Thus, PRs play a key role in early defense events, which can reduce the damage and mortality caused by pathogens. In this context, the present review will discuss defense response proteins, which have been identified as PRs, with enzymatic action, including constitutive enzymes, β-1,3 glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and ribonucleases. From the technological perspective, we discuss the advances of the last decade applied to the study of these enzymes, which are important in the early events of higher plant defense against phytopathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Dos Santos
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han Z, Xiong D, Schneiter R, Tian C. The function of plant PR1 and other members of the CAP protein superfamily in plant-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:651-668. [PMID: 36932700 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of plants have originally been identified as proteins that are strongly induced upon biotic and abiotic stress. These proteins fall into 17 distinct classes (PR1-PR17). The mode of action of most of these PR proteins has been well characterized, except for PR1, which belongs to a widespread superfamily of proteins that share a common CAP domain. Proteins of this family are not only expressed in plants but also in humans and in many different pathogens, including phytopathogenic nematodes and fungi. These proteins are associated with a diverse range of physiological functions. However, their precise mode of action has remained elusive. The importance of these proteins in immune defence is illustrated by the fact that PR1 overexpression in plants results in increased resistance against pathogens. However, PR1-like CAP proteins are also produced by pathogens and deletion of these genes results in reduced virulence, suggesting that CAP proteins can exert both defensive and offensive functions. Recent progress has revealed that plant PR1 is proteolytically cleaved to release a C-terminal CAPE1 peptide, which is sufficient to activate an immune response. The release of this signalling peptide is blocked by pathogenic effectors to evade immune defence. Moreover, plant PR1 forms complexes with other PR family members, including PR5, also known as thaumatin, and PR14, a lipid transfer protein, to enhance the host's immune response. Here, we discuss possible functions of PR1 proteins and their interactors, particularly in light of the fact that these proteins can bind lipids, which have important immune signalling functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chengming Tian
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li P, Tan X, Liu R, Rahman FU, Jiang J, Sun L, Fan X, Liu J, Liu C, Zhang Y. QTL detection and candidate gene analysis of grape white rot resistance by interspecific grape ( Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis davidii Foex.) crossing. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad063. [PMID: 37249950 PMCID: PMC10208900 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Grape white rot, a devastating disease of grapevines caused by Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Sacc., leads to significant yield losses in grape. Breeding grape cultivars resistant to white rot is essential to reduce the regular use of chemical treatments. In recent years, Chinese grape species have gained more attention for grape breeding due to their high tolerance to various biotic and abiotic factors along with changing climatic conditions. In this study, we employed whole-genome resequencing (WGR) to genotype the parents of 'Manicure Finger' (Vitis vinifera, female) and '0940' (Vitis davidii, male), along with 101 F1 mapping population individuals, thereby constructing a linkage genetic map. The linkage map contained 9337 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with an average marker distance of 0.3 cM. After 3 years of phenotypic evaluation of the progeny for white rot resistance, we confirmed one stable quantitative trait locus (QTL) for white rot resistance on chromosome 3, explaining up to 17.9% of the phenotypic variation. For this locus, we used RNA-seq to detect candidate gene expression and identified PR1 as a candidate gene involved in white rot resistance. Finally, we demonstrated that recombinant PR1 protein could inhibit the growth of C. diplodiella and that overexpression of PR1 in susceptible V. vinifera increased grape resistance to the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xibei Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ruitao Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Faiz Ur Rahman
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jianfu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiucai Fan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Du Y, Amin N, Ahmad N, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Song Y, Fan S, Wang P. Identification of the Function of the Pathogenesis-Related Protein GmPR1L in the Resistance of Soybean to Cercospora sojina Hara. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040920. [PMID: 37107678 PMCID: PMC10137329 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related proteins, often used as molecular markers of disease resistance in plants, can enable plants to obtain systemic resistance. In this study, a gene encoding a pathogenesis-related protein was identified via RNA-seq sequencing analysis performed at different stages of soybean seedling development. Because the gene sequence showed the highest similarity with PR1L sequence in soybean, the gene was named GmPR1-9-like (GmPR1L). GmPR1L was either overexpressed or silenced in soybean seedlings through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to examine the resistance of soybean to infection caused by Cercospora sojina Hara. The results revealed that GmPR1L-overexpressing soybean plants had a smaller lesion area and improved resistance to C. sojina infection, whereas GmPR1L-silenced plants had low resistance to C. sojina infection. Fluorescent real-time PCR indicated that overexpression of GmPR1L induced the expression of genes such as WRKY, PR9, and PR14, which are more likely to be co-expressed during C. sojina infection. Furthermore, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and PAL were significantly increased in GmPR1L-overexpressing soybean plants after seven days of infection. The resistance of the GmPR1L-overexpressing lines OEA1 and OEA2 to C. sojina infection was significantly increased from a neutral level in wild-type plants to a moderate level. These findings predominantly reveal the positive role of GmPR1L in inducing resistance to C. sojina infection in soybean, which may facilitate the production of improved disease-resistant soybean cultivars in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeyao Du
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Nooral Amin
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hanzhu Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Seed Management Station, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yang Song
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Sujie Fan
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Piwu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Singh SK, Shree A, Verma S, Singh K, Kumar K, Srivastava V, Singh R, Saxena S, Singh AP, Pandey A, Verma PK. The nuclear effector ArPEC25 from the necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta rabiei targets the chickpea transcription factor CaβLIM1a and negatively modulates lignin biosynthesis, increasing host susceptibility. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1134-1159. [PMID: 36585808 PMCID: PMC10015165 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens deploy a barrage of secreted effectors to subvert host immunity, often by evading, disrupting, or altering key components of transcription, defense signaling, and metabolic pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms of effectors and their host targets are largely unexplored in necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Here, we describe the effector protein Ascochyta rabiei PEXEL-like Effector Candidate 25 (ArPEC25), which is secreted by the necrotroph A. rabiei, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and is indispensable for virulence. After entering host cells, ArPEC25 localizes to the nucleus and targets the host LIM transcription factor CaβLIM1a. CaβLIM1a is a transcriptional regulator of CaPAL1, which encodes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the regulatory, gatekeeping enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. ArPEC25 inhibits the transactivation of CaβLIM1a by interfering with its DNA-binding ability, resulting in negative regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and decreased levels of intermediates of lignin biosynthesis, thereby suppressing lignin production. Our findings illustrate the role of fungal effectors in enhancing virulence by targeting a key defense pathway that leads to the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites and antifungal compounds. This study provides a template for the study of less explored necrotrophic effectors and their host target functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreenivas Kumar Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ankita Shree
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sandhya Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kunal Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Samiksha Saxena
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Agam Prasad Singh
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xiao K, Qiao K, Cui W, Xu X, Pan H, Wang F, Wang S, Yang F, Xuan Y, Li A, Han X, Song Z, Liu J. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the importance of GmSWEET15 in soybean susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1119016. [PMID: 36778863 PMCID: PMC9909833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is a disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that causes incalculable losses in soybean yield each year. Considering the lack of effective resistance resources and the elusive resistance mechanisms, we are urged to develop resistance genes and explore their molecular mechanisms. Here, we found that loss of GmSWEET15 enhanced the resistance to S. sclerotiorum, and we explored the molecular mechanisms by which gmsweet15 mutant exhibit enhanced resistance to S. sclerotiorum by comparing transcriptome. At the early stage of inoculation, the wild type (WT) showed moderate defense response, whereas gmsweet15 mutant exhibited more extensive and intense transcription reprogramming. The gmsweet15 mutant enriched more biological processes, including the secretory pathway and tetrapyrrole metabolism, and it showed stronger changes in defense response, protein ubiquitination, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. The more intense and abundant transcriptional reprogramming of gmsweet15 mutant may explain how it effectively delayed colonization by S. sclerotiorum. In addition, we identified common and specific differentially expressed genes between WT and gmsweet15 mutant after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum, and gene sets and genes related to gmsweet15_24 h were identified through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Moreover, we constructed the protein-protein interaction network and gene co-expression networks and identified several groups of regulatory networks of gmsweet15 mutant in response to S. sclerotiorum, which will be helpful for the discovery of candidate functional genes. Taken together, our results elucidate molecular mechanisms of delayed colonization by S. sclerotiorum after loss of GmSWEET15 in soybean, and we propose novel resources for improving resistance to SSR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaibin Qiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xun Xu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengting Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shoudong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anmo Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuojian Song
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Jinliang Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peters Haugrud AR, Zhang Z, Friesen TL, Faris JD. Genetics of resistance to septoria nodorum blotch in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3685-3707. [PMID: 35050394 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) is a foliar disease of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum. Research over the last two decades has shown that the wheat-P. nodorum pathosystem mostly follows an inverse gene-for-gene model. The fungus produces necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that interact with specific host gene products encoded by dominant sensitivity (S) genes. When a compatible interaction occurs, a 'defense response' in the host leads to programmed cell death thereby provided dead/dying cells from which the pathogen, being a necrotroph, can acquire nutrients allowing it to grow and sporulate. To date, nine S gene-NE interactions have been characterized in this pathosystem. Five NE-encoding genes, SnTox1, SnTox3, SnToxA, SnTox5, and SnTox267, have been cloned along with three host S genes, Tsn1, Snn1, and Snn3-D1. Studies have shown that P. nodorum hijacks multiple and diverse host targets to cause disease. SNB resistance is often quantitative in nature because multiple compatible interactions usually occur concomitantly. NE gene expression plays a key role in disease severity, and the effect of each compatible interaction can vary depending on the other existing compatible interactions. Numerous SNB-resistance QTL have been identified in addition to the known S genes, and more research is needed to understand the nature of these resistance loci. Marker-assisted elimination of S genes through conventional breeding practices and disruption of S genes using gene editing techniques are both effective strategies for the development of SNB-resistant wheat cultivars, which will become necessary as the global demand for sustenance grows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zengcui Zhang
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Timothy L Friesen
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Justin D Faris
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Miltenburg MG, Bonner C, Hepworth S, Huang M, Rampitsch C, Subramaniam R. Proximity-dependent biotinylation identifies a suite of candidate effector proteins from Fusarium graminearum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:369-382. [PMID: 35986640 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight in cereal crops. The identification of proteins secreted from pathogens to overcome plant defenses and cause disease, collectively known as effectors, can reveal the etiology of a disease process. Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) was used to identify potential effector proteins secreted in planta by F. graminearum during the infection of Arabidopsis. Mass spectrometry analysis of streptavidin affinity-purified proteins revealed over 300 proteins from F. graminearum, of which 62 were candidate effector proteins (CEPs). An independent analysis of secreted proteins from axenic cultures of F. graminearum showed a 42% overlap with CEPs, thereby assuring confidence in the BioID methodology. The analysis also revealed that 19 out of 62 CEPs (approx. 30%) had been previously characterized with virulence function in fungi. The functional characterization of additional CEPs was undertaken through deletion analysis by the CRISPR/Cas9 method, and by overexpression into Triticum aestivum (wheat) leaves by the Ustilago hordei delivery system. Deletion studies of 12 CEPs confirmed the effector function of three previously characterized CEPs and validated the function of another four CEPs on wheat inflorescence or vegetative tissues. Lastly, overexpression in wheat showed that all seven CEPs enhanced resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Miltenburg
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christopher Bonner
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Shelley Hepworth
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mei Huang
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wei Y, Zhu B, Ma G, Shao X, Xie H, Cheng X, Zeng H, Shi H. The coordination of melatonin and anti-bacterial activity by EIL5 underlies ethylene-induced disease resistance in cassava. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:683-697. [PMID: 35608142 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and melatonin are widely involved in plant development and environmental stress responses. However, the role of their direct relationship in the immune response and the underlying molecular mechanisms in plants remain elusive. Here, we found that Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) infection increased endogenous ethylene levels, which positively modulated plant disease resistance through activating melatonin accumulation in cassava. In addition, the ethylene-responsive transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE LIKE5 (MeEIL5), a positive regulator of disease resistance, was essential for ethylene-induced melatonin accumulation and disease resistance in cassava. Notably, the identification of heat stress transcription factor 20 (MeHsf20) as an interacting protein of MeEIL5 indicated the association between ethylene and melatonin in plant disease resistance. MeEIL5 physically interacted with MeHsf20 to promote the transcriptional activation of the gene encoding N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase 2 (MeASMT2), thereby improving melatonin accumulation. Moreover, MeEIL5 promoted the physical interaction of MeHsf20 and pathogen-related gene 3 (MePR3), resulting in improved anti-bacterial activity of MePR3. This study illustrates the dual roles of MeEIL5 in fine-tuning MeHsf20-mediated coordination of melatonin biosynthesis and anti-bacterial activity, highlighting the ethylene-responsive MeEIL5 as the integrator of ethylene and melatonin signals in the immune response in cassava.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Guowen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Xiaodie Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Haoqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Hongqiu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources (Provincial Ministry Building State Key Laboratory Breeding Base), College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang F, Shen S, Zhao C, Cui Z, Meng L, Wu W, Liu D, Wang H. TaPR1 Interacts With TaTLP1 via the αIV Helix to Be Involved in Wheat Defense to Puccinia triticina Through the CAPE1 Motif. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874654. [PMID: 35720612 PMCID: PMC9199852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins play important roles in plant defense response and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). PR1 has antifungal activity against many plant pathogens. In our previous study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on resistant wheat line TcLr19 and sensitive wheat cultivar Chinese Spring inoculated with Puccinia triticina (Pt) race PHNT. In this study, seven salicylic acid (SA)-induced TaPR1 genes involved in plant disease resistance were found in the RNA-seq library. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) results showed that TaPR1-4 was most induced by Pt among these seven TaPR1 genes in the incompatible interaction. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) results showed that TaPR1-4 interacted with TaTLP1 via the αIV helix. Protein-mediated phenotyping assays in vivo and antifungal activity in vitro demonstrated that wheat leaves infiltrated with pure TaPR1-4 protein developed significantly less disease compared to control leaves. This effect was correlated with a strong increase in defense gene expression, and resistance activity was dependent on the CAPE1 motif located in the C-terminal region of TaPR1-4. These findings increase current knowledge regarding the interaction of TaPR1 and TaTLP1 and provide new insights on the role of TaPR1 protein in the resistance of wheat to Pt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Songsong Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Cunpeng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhongchi Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Linshuo Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenyue Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lewis RW, Okubara PA, Sullivan TS, Madden BJ, Johnson KL, Charlesworth MC, Fuerst EP. Proteome-Wide Response of Dormant Caryopses of the Weed, Avena fatua, After Colonization by a Seed-Decay Isolate of Fusarium avenaceum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1103-1117. [PMID: 35365054 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0234-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Promoting seed decay is an ecological approach to reducing weed persistence in the soil seedbank. Previous work demonstrated that Fusarium avenaceum F.a.1 decays dormant Avena fatua (wild oat) caryopses and induces several defense enzyme activities in vitro. The objectives of this study were to obtain a global perspective of proteins expressed after F.a.1-caryopsis colonization by conducting proteomic evaluations on (i) leachates, soluble extrinsic (seed-surface) proteins released upon washing caryopses in buffer and (ii) proteins extracted from whole caryopses; interactions with aluminum (Al) were also evaluated in the latter study because soil acidification and associated metal toxicity are growing problems. Of the 119 leachate proteins classified as defense/stress, 80 were induced or repressed. Defense/stress proteins were far more abundant in A. fatua (35%) than in F.a.1 (12%). Avena defense/stress proteins were also the most highly regulated category, with 30% induced and 35% repressed by F.a.1. Antifungal proteins represented 36% of Avena defense proteins and were the most highly regulated, with 36% induced and 37% repressed by F.a.1. These results implicate selective regulation of Avena defense proteins by F.a.1. Fusarium proteins were also highly abundant in the leachates, with 10% related to pathogenicity, 45% of which were associated with host cell wall degradation. In whole caryopsis extracts, fungal colonization generally resulted in induction of a similar set of Avena proteins in the presence and absence of Al. Results advance the hypothesis that seed decay pathogens elicit intricate and dynamic biochemical responses in dormant seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricky W Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Patricia A Okubara
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Tarah S Sullivan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Benjamin J Madden
- Mayo Clinic Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kenneth L Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - E Patrick Fuerst
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
- Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pečenková T, Pejchar P, Moravec T, Drs M, Haluška S, Šantrůček J, Potocká A, Žárský V, Potocký M. Immunity functions of Arabidopsis pathogenesis-related 1 are coupled but not confined to its C-terminus processing and trafficking. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:664-678. [PMID: 35122385 PMCID: PMC8995067 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) proteins are members of the cross-kingdom conserved CAP superfamily (from Cysteine-rich secretory protein, Antigen 5, and PR1 proteins). PR1 mRNA expression is frequently used for biotic stress monitoring in plants; however, the molecular mechanisms of its cellular processing, localization, and function are still unknown. To analyse the localization and immunity features of Arabidopsis thaliana PR1, we employed transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of the tagged full-length PR1 construct, and also disrupted variants with C-terminal truncations or mutations. We found that en route from the endoplasmic reticulum, the PR1 protein transits via the multivesicular body and undergoes partial proteolytic processing, dependent on an intact C-terminal motif. Importantly, only nonmutated or processing-mimicking variants of PR1 are secreted to the apoplast. The C-terminal proteolytic cleavage releases a protein fragment that acts as a modulator of plant defence responses, including localized cell death control. However, other parts of PR1 also have immunity potential unrelated to cell death. The described modes of the PR1 contribution to immunity were found to be tissue-localized and host plant ontogenesis dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Matěj Drs
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of Food and Biochemical TechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Andrea Potocká
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Luo X, Tian T, Feng L, Yang X, Li L, Tan X, Wu W, Li Z, Treves H, Serneels F, Ng IS, Tanaka K, Ren M. Pathogenesis-related protein 1 suppresses oomycete pathogen by targeting against AMPK kinase complex. J Adv Res 2022; 43:13-26. [PMID: 36585103 PMCID: PMC9811325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the arms race between plants and pathogens, pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) in host plants play a crucial role in disease resistance, especially PR1. PR1 constitute a secretory peptide family, and their role in plant defense has been widely demonstrated in both hosts and in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which they control host-pathogen interactions and the nature of their targets within the pathogen remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-oomycete activity of secretory PR1 proteins and elaborate their underlying mechanisms. METHODS This study was conducted in the potato-Phytophthora infestans pathosystem. After being induced by the pathogen infection, the cross-kingdom translocation of secretory PR1 was demonstrated by histochemical assays and western blot, and their targets in P. infestans were identified by yeast-two-hybrid assays, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, and co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS The results showed that the expression of secretory PR1-encoding genes was induced during pathogen infection, and the host could deliver PR1 into P. infestans to inhibit its vegetative growth and pathogenicity. The translocated secretory PR1 targeted the subunits of the AMPK kinase complex in P. infestans, thus affecting the AMPK-driven phosphorylation of downstream target proteins, preventing ROS homeostasis, and down-regulating the expression of RxLR effectors. CONCLUSION The results provide novel insights into the molecular function of PR1 in protecting plants against pathogen infection, and uncover a potential target for preventing pre- and post-harvest late blight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Linxuan Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Xue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Francois Serneels
- Centre for agriculture and agro-industry of Hainaut Province, Ath 7800, Belgium
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 701, China
| | - Kan Tanaka
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu DS, Outram MA, Crean E, Smith A, Sung YC, Darma R, Sun X, Ma L, Jones DA, Solomon PS, Williams SJ. Optimized Production of Disulfide-Bonded Fungal Effectors in Escherichia coli Using CyDisCo and FunCyDisCo Coexpression Approaches. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:109-118. [PMID: 34672679 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0218-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are a key part of the arsenal of plant-pathogenic fungi and promote pathogen virulence and disease. Effectors typically lack sequence similarity to proteins with known functional domains and motifs, limiting our ability to predict their functions and understand how they are recognized by plant hosts. As a result, cross-disciplinary approaches involving structural biology and protein biochemistry are often required to decipher and better characterize effector function. These approaches are reliant on high yields of relatively pure protein, which often requires protein production using a heterologous expression system. For some effectors, establishing an efficient production system can be difficult, particularly those that require multiple disulfide bonds to achieve their naturally folded structure. Here, we describe the use of a coexpression system within the heterologous host Escherichia coli, termed CyDisCo (cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation in E. coli) to produce disulfide bonded fungal effectors. We demonstrate that CyDisCo and a naturalized coexpression approach termed FunCyDisCo (Fungi CyDisCo) can significantly improve the production yields of numerous disulfide-bonded effectors from diverse fungal pathogens. The ability to produce large quantities of functional recombinant protein has facilitated functional studies and crystallization of several of these reported fungal effectors. We suggest this approach could be broadly useful in the investigation of the function and recognition of a broad range of disulfide bond-containing effectors.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Yu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Emma Crean
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ashley Smith
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yi-Chang Sung
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Reynaldi Darma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David A Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alkan M, Bayraktar H, İmren M, Özdemir F, Lahlali R, Mokrini F, Paulitz T, Dababat AA, Özer G. Monitoring of Host Suitability and Defense-Related Genes in Wheat to Bipolaris sorokiniana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020149. [PMID: 35205903 PMCID: PMC8877012 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. This study investigated the aggressiveness of B. sorokiniana isolates from different wheat-growing areas of Bolu province in Turkey on the cultivar Seri-82. Host susceptibility of 55 wheat cultivars was evaluated against the most aggressive isolate. Our results indicated that the cultivars Anafarta and Koç-2015 were the most resistant. A specific and sensitive qPCR assay was developed for detecting the pathogen in plant tissues and evaluating wheat plants with different resistance levels. Three primer sets, BsGAPDHF/BsGAPDHR, BsITSF/BsITSR, and BsSSUF/BsSSUR, were designed based on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, internal transcribed spacers, and 18S rRNA loci of B. sorokiniana with detection limits of 1, 0.1, and 0.1 pg of pathogen DNA, respectively. The qPCR assay was highly sensitive and did not amplify DNA from the other closely related fungal species and host plants. The protocol differentiated wheat plants with varying degrees of resistance. The assay developed a useful tool for the quantification of the pathogen in the early stages of infection and may provide a significant contribution to a more efficient selection of wheat genotypes in breeding studies. In the present study, expression levels of PR proteins, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes were upregulated in Anafarta (resistant) and Nenehatun (susceptible) cultivars at different post-infection time points, but more induced in the susceptible cultivar. The results showed considerable variation in the expression levels and timing of defense genes in both cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Alkan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey; (M.A.); (M.İ.)
| | - Harun Bayraktar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (A.A.D.); (G.Ö.); Tel.: +90-31-2596-1270 (H.B.); +90-53-0406-2825 (A.A.D.); +90-50-5385-8234 (G.Ö.)
| | - Mustafa İmren
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey; (M.A.); (M.İ.)
| | - Fatih Özdemir
- Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya 42050, Turkey;
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, BPS 40, Meknes 50001, Morocco;
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Laboratory of Nematology, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Rabat 10060, Morocco;
| | - Timothy Paulitz
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Abdelfattah A. Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 39, Emek, Ankara 06170, Turkey
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (A.A.D.); (G.Ö.); Tel.: +90-31-2596-1270 (H.B.); +90-53-0406-2825 (A.A.D.); +90-50-5385-8234 (G.Ö.)
| | - Göksel Özer
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey; (M.A.); (M.İ.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (A.A.D.); (G.Ö.); Tel.: +90-31-2596-1270 (H.B.); +90-53-0406-2825 (A.A.D.); +90-50-5385-8234 (G.Ö.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Q, Guo N, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Liu S. Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of Pathogenesis-Related 1 ( PR-1) Gene Family in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Response to Blister-Blight Disease Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031292. [PMID: 35163217 PMCID: PMC8836084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) proteins, which are defense proteins in plant–pathogen interactions, play an important role in the resistance and defense of plants against diseases. Blister blight disease is caused by Exobasidium vexans Massee and a major leaf disease of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). However, the systematic characterization and analysis of the PR-1 gene family in tea plants is still lacking, and the defense mechanism of this family remains unknown. In this study, 17 CsPR-1 genes were identified from the tea plant genome and classified into five groups based on their signal peptide, isoelectric point, and C-terminus extension. Most of the CsPR-1 proteins contained an N-terminal signal peptide and a conserved PR-1 like domain. CsPR-1 genes comprised multiple cis-acting elements and were closely related to the signal-transduction pathways involving TCA, NPR1, EDS16, BGL2, PR4, and HCHIB. These characteristics imply an important role of the genes in the defense of the tea plant. In addition, the RNA-seq data and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the CsPR-1-2, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -14, -15, and -17 genes were significantly upregulated under tea blister-blight stress. This study could help to increase understanding of CsPR-1 genes and their defense mechanism in response to tea blister blight.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kariyawasam GK, Richards JK, Wyatt NA, Running KLD, Xu SS, Liu Z, Borowicz P, Faris JD, Friesen TL. The Parastagonospora nodorum necrotrophic effector SnTox5 targets the wheat gene Snn5 and facilitates entry into the leaf mesophyll. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:409-426. [PMID: 34231227 PMCID: PMC9291777 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parastagonospora nodorum is an economically important necrotrophic fungal pathogen of wheat. Parastagonospora nodorum secretes necrotrophic effectors that target wheat susceptibility genes to induce programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, we cloned and functionally validated SnTox5 and characterized its role in pathogenesis. We used whole genome sequencing, genome-wide association study (GWAS) mapping, CRISPR-Cas9-based gene disruption, gain-of-function transformation, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, haplotype and isoform analysis, protein modeling, quantitative PCR, and laser confocal microscopy to validate SnTox5 and functionally characterize SnTox5. SnTox5 is a mature 16.26 kDa protein with high structural similarity to SnTox3. Wild-type and mutant P. nodorum strains and wheat genotypes of SnTox5 and Snn5, respectively, were used to show that SnTox5 not only targets Snn5 to induce PCD but also facilitates the colonization of the mesophyll layer even in the absence of Snn5. Here we show that SnTox5 facilitates the efficient colonization of the mesophyll tissue and elicits PCD specific to host lines carrying Snn5. The homology to SnTox3 and the ability of SnTox5 to facilitate the colonizing of the mesophyll also suggest a role in the suppression of host defense before PCD induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan K. Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University – Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Nathan A. Wyatt
- Cereal Crops Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceEdward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterFargoND58102USA
| | | | - Steven S. Xu
- Cereal Crops Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceEdward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterFargoND58102USA
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
| | - Pawel Borowicz
- Department of Animal SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
| | - Justin D. Faris
- Cereal Crops Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceEdward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterFargoND58102USA
- Department of Plant ScienceNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
| | - Timothy L. Friesen
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
- Cereal Crops Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceEdward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterFargoND58102USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Richards JK, Kariyawasam GK, Seneviratne S, Wyatt NA, Xu SS, Liu Z, Faris JD, Friesen TL. A triple threat: the Parastagonospora nodorum SnTox267 effector exploits three distinct host genetic factors to cause disease in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:427-442. [PMID: 34227112 PMCID: PMC9292537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Parastagonospora nodorum is a fungal pathogen of wheat. As a necrotrophic specialist, it deploys effector proteins that target dominant host susceptibility genes to elicit programmed cell death (PCD). Here we identify and functionally validate the effector targeting the host susceptibility genes Snn2, Snn6 and Snn7. We utilized whole-genome sequencing, association mapping, gene-disrupted mutants, gain-of-function transformants, virulence assays, bioinformatics and quantitative PCR to characterize these interactions. A single proteinaceous effector, SnTox267, targeted Snn2, Snn6 and Snn7 to trigger PCD. Snn2 and Snn6 functioned cooperatively to trigger PCD in a light-dependent pathway, whereas Snn7-mediated PCD functioned in a light-independent pathway. Isolates harboring 20 SnTox267 protein isoforms quantitatively varied in virulence. The diversity and distribution of isoforms varied between populations, indicating adaptation to local selection pressures. SnTox267 deletion resulted in the upregulation of effector genes SnToxA, SnTox1 and SnTox3. We validated a novel effector operating in an inverse-gene-for-gene manner to target three genetically distinct host susceptibility genes and elicit PCD. The discovery of the complementary gene action of Snn2 and Snn6 indicates their potential function in a guard or decoy model. Additionally, differences in light dependency in the elicited pathways and upregulation of unlinked effectors sheds new light onto a complex fungal necrotroph-host interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | | | | | - Nathan A. Wyatt
- Cereal Crops Research UnitEdward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoND58102USA
| | - Steven S. Xu
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
- Cereal Crops Research UnitEdward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoND58102USA
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
| | - Justin D. Faris
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
- Cereal Crops Research UnitEdward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoND58102USA
| | - Timothy L. Friesen
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58102USA
- Cereal Crops Research UnitEdward T. Schaffer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoND58102USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao J, Bi W, Zhao S, Su J, Li M, Ma L, Yu X, Wang X. Wheat Apoplast-Localized Lipid Transfer Protein TaLTP3 Enhances Defense Responses Against Puccinia triticina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:771806. [PMID: 34899796 PMCID: PMC8657149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.771806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant apoplast serves as the frontier battlefield of plant defense in response to different types of pathogens. Many pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are accumulated in apoplastic space during the onset of plant-pathogen interaction, where they act to suppress pathogen infection. In this study, we found the expression of Triticum aestivum lipid transfer protein 3 (TaLTP3) gene was unregulated during incompatible interaction mediated by leaf rust resistance genes Lr39/41 at the early infection stage. Stable transgenic wheat lines overexpressing TaLTP3 exhibited enhanced resistance to leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina. Transcriptome analysis revealed that overexpression of TaLTP3 specifically activated the transcription of pathogenesis-related protein 1a (TaPR1a) and multiple plant hormone pathways, including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and auxin, in response to the infection of the model bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Further investigation indicated that TaLTP3 physically associated with wheat TaPR1a protein in the apoplast. Transgenic wheat lines overexpressing TaLTP3 and TaPR1a showed higher accumulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant defense responses. All these findings suggested that TaLTP3 is involved in wheat resistance against leaf rust pathogen infection and forming a TaLTP3-TaPR1a complex in apoplast against this pathogen, which provides new insights into the functional roles of PR proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weishuai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jun Su
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bauters L, Stojilković B, Gheysen G. Pathogens pulling the strings: Effectors manipulating salicylic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1436-1448. [PMID: 34414650 PMCID: PMC8518561 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated ways to cope with different biotic and abiotic stresses. Phytohormones and secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defence responses against invading pathogens. One of the key hormones involved in plant immunity is salicylic acid (SA), of which the role in plant defence is well established and documented. Plants produce an array of secondary metabolites categorized in different classes, with the phenylpropanoids as major players in plant immunity. Both SA and phenylpropanoids are needed for an effective immune response by the plant. To successfully infect the host, pathogens secrete proteins, called effectors, into the plant tissue to lower defence. Secreted effectors can interfere with several metabolic or signalling pathways in the host to facilitate infection. In this review, we will focus on the different strategies pathogens have developed to affect the levels of SA and phenylpropanoids to increase plant susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lander Bauters
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Boris Stojilković
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Luo X, Wu W, Feng L, Treves H, Ren M. Short Peptides Make a Big Difference: The Role of Botany-Derived AMPs in Disease Control and Protection of Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11363. [PMID: 34768793 PMCID: PMC8583512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botany-derived antimicrobial peptides (BAMPs), a class of small, cysteine-rich peptides produced in plants, are an important component of the plant immune system. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated their powerful antimicrobial activity. Besides in plants, BAMPs have cross-kingdom applications in human health, with toxic and/or inhibitory effects against a variety of tumor cells and viruses. With their diverse molecular structures, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, multiple mechanisms of action, and low cytotoxicity, BAMPs provide ideal backbones for drug design, and are potential candidates for plant protection and disease treatment. Lots of original research has elucidated the properties and antimicrobial mechanisms of BAMPs, and characterized their surface receptors and in vivo targets in pathogens. In this paper, we review and introduce five kinds of representative BAMPs belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family, dissect their antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer mechanisms, and forecast their prospects in agriculture and global human health. Through the deeper understanding of BAMPs, we provide novel insights for their applications in broad-spectrum and durable plant disease prevention and control, and an outlook on the use of BAMPs in anticancer and antiviral drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yamaguchi K, Kawasaki T. Pathogen- and plant-derived peptides trigger plant immunity. Peptides 2021; 144:170611. [PMID: 34303752 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to pathogens in their immediate environment. Plants sense the invasion of pathogens by recognizing the components including peptide fragments derived from pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plants also produce immunogenic peptides called phytocytokines that regulate immune responses. These molecules are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) at plasma membrane. Activated PRRs induce a variety of immune responses including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of Ca2+ influx and activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) wards off microbes and pests. In this review, we summarize recent our advances in understanding how the peptide fragments are generated and perceived by plant PRRs at cell surface, and the activated PRRs transduce the downstream immune signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Outram MA, Sung YC, Yu D, Dagvadorj B, Rima SA, Jones DA, Ericsson DJ, Sperschneider J, Solomon PS, Kobe B, Williams SJ. The crystal structure of SnTox3 from the necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum reveals a unique effector fold and provides insight into Snn3 recognition and pro-domain protease processing of fungal effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2282-2296. [PMID: 34053091 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause disease through secreted effector proteins, which act to promote infection. Typically, the sequences of effectors provide little functional information and further targeted experimentation is required. Here, we utilized a structure/function approach to study SnTox3, an effector from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, which causes cell death in wheat-lines carrying the sensitivity gene Snn3. We developed a workflow for the production of SnTox3 in a heterologous host that enabled crystal structure determination and functional studies. We show this approach can be successfully applied to study effectors from other pathogenic fungi. The β-barrel fold of SnTox3 is a novel fold among fungal effectors. Structure-guided mutagenesis enabled the identification of residues required for Snn3 recognition. SnTox3 is a pre-pro-protein, and the pro-domain of SnTox3 can be cleaved in vitro by the protease Kex2. Complementing this, an in silico study uncovered the prevalence of a conserved motif (LxxR) in an expanded set of putative pro-domain-containing fungal effectors, some of which can be cleaved by Kex2 in vitro. Our in vitro and in silico study suggests that Kex2-processed pro-domain (designated here as K2PP) effectors are common in fungi and this may have broad implications for the approaches used to study their functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yi-Chang Sung
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel Yu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bayantes Dagvadorj
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sharmin A Rima
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David A Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ericsson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular Crystallography, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Friesen TL, Faris JD. Characterization of Effector-Target Interactions in Necrotrophic Pathosystems Reveals Trends and Variation in Host Manipulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:77-98. [PMID: 33909478 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-120320-012807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in defining the details of the plant defense response involving biotrophic fungal and bacterial pathogens. The groundwork for the current model was laid by H.H. Flor and others who defined the gene-for-gene hypothesis, which is now known to involve effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is also a highly effective response to most pathogens because of the recognition of common pathogen molecules by pattern recognition receptors. In this article, we consider the three pathogens that make up the foliar disease complex of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Parastagonospora nodorum, to review the means by which necrotrophic pathogens circumvent, or outright hijack, the ETI and PTI pathways to cause disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Friesen
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA; ,
| | - Justin D Faris
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dagvadorj B, Solomon PS. Simple and efficient heterologous expression of necrosis-inducing effectors using the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e341. [PMID: 34466773 PMCID: PMC8381856 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant fungal pathogens cause devastating diseases on cereal plants and threaten global food security. During infection, these pathogens secrete proteinaceous effectors that promote disease. Some of these effectors from necrotrophic plant pathogens induce a cell death response (necrosis), which facilitates pathogen growth in planta. Characterization of these effectors typically requires heterologous expression, and microbial expression systems such as bacteria and yeast are the predominantly used. However, microbial expression systems often require optimization for any given effector and are, in general, not suitable for effectors involving cysteine bridges and posttranslational modifications for activity. Here, we describe a simple and efficient method for expressing such effectors in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Briefly, an effector protein is transiently expressed and secreted into the apoplast of N. benthamiana by Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. Two to three days subsequent to agroinfiltration, the apoplast from the infiltrated leaves is extracted and can be directly used for phenotyping on host plants. The efficacy of this approach was demonstrated by expressing the ToxA, Tox3, and Tox1 necrosis-inducing effectors from Parastagonospora nodorum. All three effectors produced in N. benthamiana were capable of inducing necrosis in wheat lines, and two of three showed visible bands on Coomassie-stained gel. These data suggest that N. benthamiana-agroinfiltration system is a feasible tool to obtain fungal effectors, especially those that require disulfide bonds and posttranslational modifications. Furthermore, due to the low number of proteins typically observed in the apoplast (compared with intracellular), this simple and high-throughput approach circumvents the requirement to lyse cells and further purifies the target proteins that are required in other heterologous systems. Because of its simplicity and potential for high-throughput, this method is highly amenable to the phenotyping of candidate protein effectors on host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bayantes Dagvadorj
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Peter S. Solomon
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| |
Collapse
|