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Fu MM, Cao F, Qiu CW, Liu C, Tong T, Feng X, Cai S, Chen ZH, Wu F. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase 1 is a negative regulator of drought tolerance in barley via modulating lignin biosynthesis and stomatal closure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109171. [PMID: 39369646 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The projected increase in drought severity and duration worldwide poses a significant threat to crop growth and sustainable food production. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) family is essential in cell wall modification through the construction and restructuring of xyloglucan cross-links, but their role in drought tolerance and stomatal regulation is still illusive. We cloned and functionally characterized HvXTH1 using genetic, physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches in barley. Evolutionary bioinformatics showed that orthologues of XTH1 was originated from Streptophyte algae (e.g. some species in the Zygnematales) the closest clade to land plants based on OneKP database. HvXTH1 is highly expressed in leaves and HvXTH1 is localized to the plasma membrane. Under drought conditions, silencing HvXTH1 in drought-tolerant Tibetan wild barley XZ5 induced a significant reduction in water loss rate and increase in biomass, however overexpressing HvXTH1 exhibited drought sensitivity with significantly less drought-responsive stomata, lower lignin content and a thicker cell wall. Transcriptome profile of the wild type Golden Promise and HvXTH1-OX demonstrated that drought-induced differentially expressed genes in leaves are related to cell wall biosynthesis, abscisic acid and stomatal signaling, and stress response. Furthermore, overexpressing HvXTH1 suppressed both genes and metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway for lignin biosynthesis, leading to drought sensitivity of HvXTH1-OX. We provide new insight by deciphering the function of a novel protein HvXTH1 for drought tolerance in cell wall modification, stomatal regulation, and phenylpropanoid pathway for lignin biosynthesis in barley. The function of HvXTH1 in drought response will be beneficial to develop crop varieties adapted to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Fu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangbin Cao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Tong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xue Feng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shengguan Cai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Feibo Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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2
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Mills C, Bartlett MK, Buckley TN. The poorly-explored stomatal response to temperature at constant evaporative demand. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3428-3446. [PMID: 38602407 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Changes in leaf temperature are known to drive stomatal responses, because the leaf-to-air water vapour gradient (Δw) increases with temperature if ambient vapour pressure is held constant, and stomata respond to changes in Δw. However, the direct response of stomata to temperature (DRST; the response when Δw is held constant by adjusting ambient humidity) has been examined far less extensively. Though the meagre available data suggest the response is usually positive, results differ widely and defy broad generalisation. As a result, little is known about the DRST. This review discusses the current state of knowledge about the DRST, including numerous hypothesised biophysical mechanisms, potential implications of the response for plant adaptation, and possible impacts of the DRST on plant-atmosphere carbon and water exchange in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Mills
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
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3
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Chen G, Qin Y, Wang J, Li S, Zeng F, Deng F, Chater C, Xu S, Chen ZH. Stomatal evolution and plant adaptation to future climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3299-3315. [PMID: 38757448 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is affecting plant photosynthesis and transpiration processes, as well as increasing weather extremes impacting socio-political and environmental events and decisions for decades to come. One major research challenge in plant biology and ecology is the interaction of photosynthesis with the environment. Stomata control plant gas exchange and their evolution was a crucial innovation that facilitated the earliest land plants to colonize terrestrial environments. Stomata couple homoiohydry, together with cuticles, intercellular gas space, with the endohydric water-conducting system, enabling plants to adapt and diversify across the planet. Plants control stomatal movement in response to environmental change through regulating guard cell turgor mediated by membrane transporters and signaling transduction. However, the origin, evolution, and active control of stomata remain controversial topics. We first review stomatal evolution and diversity, providing fossil and phylogenetic evidence of their origins. We summarize functional evolution of guard cell membrane transporters in the context of climate changes and environmental stresses. Our analyses show that the core signaling elements of stomatal movement are more ancient than stomata, while genes involved in stomatal development co-evolved de novo with the earliest stomata. These results suggest that novel stomatal development-specific genes were acquired during plant evolution, whereas genes regulating stomatal movement, especially cell signaling pathways, were inherited ancestrally and co-opted by dynamic functional differentiation. These two processes reflect the different adaptation strategies during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Caspar Chater
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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4
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Singh VP, Jaiswal S, Wang Y, Feng S, Tripathi DK, Singh S, Gupta R, Xue D, Xu S, Chen ZH. Evolution of reactive oxygen species cellular targets for plant development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:865-877. [PMID: 38519324 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key players in regulating developmental processes of plants. Plants have evolved a large array of gene families to facilitate the ROS-regulated developmental process in roots and leaves. However, the cellular targets of ROS during plant evolutionary development are still elusive. Here, we found early evolution and large expansions of protein families such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the evolutionarily important plant lineages. We review the recent advances in interactions among ROS, phytohormones, gasotransmitters, and protein kinases. We propose that these signaling molecules act in concert to maintain cellular ROS homeostasis in developmental processes of root and leaf to ensure the fine-tuning of plant growth for better adaptation to the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India.
| | - Saumya Jaiswal
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Shouli Feng
- Xianghu Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Stress Physiology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Department of Botany, S.N. Sen B.V. Post Graduate College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208001, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Xianghu Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Chater CCC. A tail of two horses? Guard cell abscisic acid and carbon dioxide signalling in the Equisetum ferns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:503-505. [PMID: 38453694 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Meigas et al. (2024), 243: 513–518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar C C Chater
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis, Soil, School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Shi W, Liu Y, Zhao N, Yao L, Li J, Fan M, Zhong B, Bai MY, Han C. Hydrogen peroxide is required for light-induced stomatal opening across different plant species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5081. [PMID: 38876991 PMCID: PMC11178795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stomatal movement is vital for plants to exchange gases and adaption to terrestrial habitats, which is regulated by environmental and phytohormonal signals. Here, we demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is required for light-induced stomatal opening. H2O2 accumulates specifically in guard cells even when plants are under unstressed conditions. Reducing H2O2 content through chemical treatments or genetic manipulations results in impaired stomatal opening in response to light. This phenomenon is observed across different plant species, including lycopodium, fern, and monocotyledonous wheat. Additionally, we show that H2O2 induces the nuclear localization of KIN10 protein, the catalytic subunit of plant energy sensor SnRK1. The nuclear-localized KIN10 interacts with and phosphorylates the bZIP transcription factor bZIP30, leading to the formation of a heterodimer between bZIP30 and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1), the master regulator of brassinosteroid signaling. This heterodimer complex activates the expression of amylase, which enables guard cell starch degradation and promotes stomatal opening. Overall, these findings suggest that H2O2 plays a critical role in light-induced stomatal opening across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yue Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Na Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lianmei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jinge Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bojian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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7
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Li S, Wei L, Gao Q, Xu M, Wang Y, Lin Z, Holford P, Chen ZH, Zhang L. Molecular and phylogenetic evidence of parallel expansion of anion channels in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2533-2548. [PMID: 38142233 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) and slow anion channels (SLACs) are important in various physiological processes in plants, including stomatal regulation, nutrient uptake, and in response to abiotic stress such as aluminum toxicity. To understand their evolutionary history and functional divergence, we conducted phylogenetic and expression analyses of ALMTs and SLACs in green plants. Our findings from phylogenetic studies indicate that ALMTs and SLACs may have originated from green algae and red algae, respectively. The ALMTs of early land plants and charophytes formed a monophyletic clade consisting of three subgroups. A single duplication event of ALMTs was identified in vascular plants and subsequent duplications into six clades occurred in angiosperms, including an identified clade, 1-1. The ALMTs experienced gene number losses in clades 1-1 and 2-1 and expansions in clades 1-2 and 2-2b. Interestingly, the expansion of clade 1-2 was also associated with higher expression levels compared to genes in clades that experienced apparent loss. SLACs first diversified in bryophytes, followed by duplication in vascular plants, giving rise to three distinct clades (I, II, and III), and clade II potentially associated with stomatal control in seed plants. SLACs show losses in clades II and III without substantial expansion in clade I. Additionally, ALMT clade 2-2 and SLAC clade III contain genes specifically expressed in reproductive organs and roots in angiosperms, lycophytes, and mosses, indicating neofunctionalization. In summary, our study demonstrates the evolutionary complexity of ALMTs and SLACs, highlighting their crucial role in the adaptation and diversification of vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Lanlan Wei
- College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenguo Lin
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St.Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
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Chen X, Zhao C, Yun P, Yu M, Zhou M, Chen ZH, Shabala S. Climate-resilient crops: Lessons from xerophytes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1815-1835. [PMID: 37967090 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing climate-resilient crops is critical for future food security and sustainable agriculture under current climate scenarios. Of specific importance are drought and soil salinity. Tolerance traits to these stresses are highly complex, and the progress in improving crop tolerance is too slow to cope with the growing demand in food production unless a major paradigm shift in crop breeding occurs. In this work, we combined bioinformatics and physiological approaches to compare some of the key traits that may differentiate between xerophytes (naturally drought-tolerant plants) and mesophytes (to which the majority of the crops belong). We show that both xerophytes and salt-tolerant mesophytes have a much larger number of copies in key gene families conferring some of the key traits related to plant osmotic adjustment, abscisic acid (ABA) sensing and signalling, and stomata development. We show that drought and salt-tolerant species have (i) higher reliance on Na for osmotic adjustment via more diversified and efficient operation of Na+ /H+ tonoplast exchangers (NHXs) and vacuolar H+ - pyrophosphatase (VPPases); (ii) fewer and faster stomata; (iii) intrinsically lower ABA content; (iv) altered structure of pyrabactin resistance/pyrabactin resistance-like (PYR/PYL) ABA receptors; and (v) higher number of gene copies for protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 2/open stomata 1 (SnRK2/OST1) ABA signalling components. We also show that the past trends in crop breeding for Na+ exclusion to improve salinity stress tolerance are counterproductive and compromise their drought tolerance. Incorporating these genetic insights into breeding practices could pave the way for more drought-tolerant and salt-resistant crops, securing agricultural yields in an era of climate unpredictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - Ping Yun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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9
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Cannon AE, Sabharwal T, Salmi ML, Chittari GK, Annamalai V, Leggett L, Morris H, Slife C, Clark G, Roux SJ. Two distinct light-induced reactions are needed to promote germination in spores of Ceratopteris richardii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150199. [PMID: 37332704 PMCID: PMC10272463 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Germination of Ceratopteris richardii spores is initiated by light and terminates 3-4 days later with the emergence of a rhizoid. Early studies documented that the photoreceptor for initiating this response is phytochrome. However, completion of germination requires additional light input. If no further light stimulus is given after phytochrome photoactivation, the spores do not germinate. Here we show that a crucial second light reaction is required, and its function is to activate and sustain photosynthesis. Even in the presence of light, blocking photosynthesis with DCMU after phytochrome photoactivation blocks germination. In addition, RT-PCR showed that transcripts for different phytochromes are expressed in spores in darkness, and the photoactivation of these phytochromes results in the increased transcription of messages encoding chlorophyll a/b binding proteins. The lack of chlorophyll-binding protein transcripts in unirradiated spores and their slow accumulation makes it unlikely that photosynthesis is required for the initial light reaction. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the transient presence of DCMU, only during the initial light reaction, had no effect on germination. Additionally, the [ATP] in Ceratopteris richardii spores increased coincidentally with the length of light treatment during germination. Overall, these results support the conclusion that two distinct light reactions are required for the germination of Ceratopteris richardii spores.
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10
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Hanba YT, Nishida K, Tsutsui Y, Matsumoto M, Yasui Y, Sizhe Y, Matsuura T, Kawaguchi Akitsu T, Kume A. Leaf optical properties and photosynthesis of fern species with a wide range of divergence time in relation to mesophyll anatomy. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:437-450. [PMID: 36749684 PMCID: PMC10072100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS For a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of changing plant photosynthetic capacity during plant evolutionary history, knowledge of leaf gas exchange and optical properties are essential, both of which relate strongly to mesophyll anatomy. Although ferns are suitable for investigating the evolutionary history of photosynthetic capacity, comprehensive research of fern species has yet to be undertaken in this regard. METHODS We investigated leaf optical properties, gas exchange and mesophyll anatomy of fern species with a wide range of divergence time, using 66 ferns from natural habitats and eight glasshouse-grown ferns. We used a spectroradiometer and an integrating sphere to measure light absorptance and reflectance by the leaves. KEY RESULTS The more newly divergent fern species had a thicker mesophyll, a larger surface area of chloroplasts facing the intercellular airspaces (Sc), thicker cell walls and large light absorptance. Although no trend with divergence time was obtained in leaf photosynthetic capacity on a leaf-area basis, when the traits were expressed on a mesophyll-thickness basis, trends in leaf photosynthetic capacity became apparent. On a mesophyll-thickness basis, the more newly divergent species had a low maximum photosynthesis rate, accompanied by a low Sc. CONCLUSIONS We found a strong link between light capture, mesophyll anatomy and photosynthesis rate in fern species for the first time. The thick mesophyll of the more newly divergent ferns does not necessarily relate to the high photosynthetic capacity on a leaf-area basis. Rather, the thick mesophyll accompanied by thick cell walls allowed the ferns to adapt to a wider range of environments through increasing leaf toughness, which would contribute to the diversification of fern species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko T Hanba
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nishida
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuri Tsutsui
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Mayu Matsumoto
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yutarou Yasui
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yang Sizhe
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Matsuura
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawaguchi Akitsu
- Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kume
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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11
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John SP, Svihla ZT, Hasenstein KH. Changes in endogenous abscisic acid and stomata of the resurrection fern, Pleopeltis polypodioides, in response to de- and rehydration. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16152. [PMID: 36896495 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE While angiosperms respond uniformly to abscisic acid (ABA) by stomatal closure, the response of ferns to ABA is ambiguous. We evaluated the effect of endogenous ABA, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), nitric oxide (NO), and Ca2+ , low and high light intensities, and blue light (BL) on stomatal opening of Pleopeltis polypodioides. METHODS Endogenous ABA was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; microscopy results and stomatal responses to light and chemical treatments were analyzed with Image J. RESULTS The ABA content increases during initial dehydration, peaks at 15 h and then decreases to one fourth of the ABA content of hydrated fronds. Following rehydration, ABA content increases within 24 h to the level of hydrated tissue. The stomatal aperture opens under BL and remains open even in the presence of ABA. Closure was strongly affected by BL, NO, and Ca2+ , regardless of ABA, H2 O2 effect was weak. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in the ABA content during extended dehydration and insensitivity of the stomata to ABA suggests that the drought tolerance mechanism of Pleopeltis polypodioides is independent of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P John
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
| | - Zachary T Svihla
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
| | - Karl H Hasenstein
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
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Rasouli F, Kiani-Pouya A, Movahedi A, Wang Y, Li L, Yu M, Pourkheirandish M, Zhou M, Chen Z, Zhang H, Shabala S. Guard Cell Transcriptome Reveals Membrane Transport, Stomatal Development and Cell Wall Modifications as Key Traits Involved in Salinity Tolerance in Halophytic Chenopodium quinoa. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:204-220. [PMID: 36355785 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative investigation was conducted to evaluate transcriptional changes in guard cells (GCs) of closely related halophytic (Chenopodium quinoa) and glycophytic (Spinacia oleracea) species. Plants were exposed to 3 weeks of 250 mM sodium chloride treatment, and GC-enriched epidermal fragments were mechanically prepared. In both species, salt-responsive genes were mainly related to categories of protein metabolism, secondary metabolites, signal transduction and transport systems. Genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and ABA biosynthesis were strongly induced in quinoa but not in spinach GCs. Also, expression of the genes encoding transporters of amino acids, proline, sugars, sucrose and potassium increased in quinoa GCs under salinity stress. Analysis of cell-wall-related genes suggests that genes involved in lignin synthesis (e.g. lignin biosynthesis LACCASE 4) were highly upregulated by salt in spinach GCs. In contrast, transcripts related to cell wall plasticity Pectin methylesterase3 (PME3) were highly induced in quinoa. Faster stomatal response to light and dark measured by observing kinetics of changes in stomatal conductance in quinoa might be associated with higher plasticity of the cell wall regulated by PME3 Furthermore, genes involved in the inhibition of stomatal development and differentiation were highly expressed by salt in quinoa, but not in spinach. These changes correlated with reduced stomatal density and index in quinoa, thus improving its water use efficiency. The fine modulation of transporters, cell wall modification and controlling stomatal development in GCs of quinoa may have resulted in high K+/Na+ ratio, lower stomatal conductance and higher stomatal speed for better adaptation to salinity stress in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rasouli
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Ali Kiani-Pouya
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Leiting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Mohammad Pourkheirandish
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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13
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Jiang W, Tong T, Chen X, Deng F, Zeng F, Pan R, Zhang W, Chen G, Chen ZH. Molecular response and evolution of plant anion transport systems to abiotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:397-412. [PMID: 34846607 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose that anion channels are essential players for green plants to respond and adapt to the abiotic stresses associated changing climate via reviewing the literature and analyzing the molecular evolution, comparative genetic analysis, and bioinformatics analysis of the key anion channel gene families. Climate change-induced abiotic stresses including heatwave, elevated CO2, drought, and flooding, had a major impact on plant growth in the last few decades. This scenario could lead to the exposure of plants to various stresses. Anion channels are confirmed as the key factors in plant stress responses, which exist in the green lineage plants. Numerous studies on anion channels have shed light on their protein structure, ion selectivity and permeability, gating characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms, but a great quantity of questions remain poorly understand. Here, we review function of plant anion channels in cell signaling to improve plant response to environmental stresses, focusing on climate change related abiotic stresses. We investigate the molecular response and evolution of plant slow anion channel, aluminum-activated malate transporter, chloride channel, voltage-dependent anion channel, and mechanosensitive-like anion channel in green plant. Furthermore, comparative genetic and bioinformatic analysis reveal the conservation of these anion channel gene families. We also discuss the tissue and stress specific expression, molecular regulation, and signaling transduction of those anion channels. We propose that anion channels are essential players for green plants to adapt in a diverse environment, calling for more fundamental and practical studies on those anion channels towards sustainable food production and ecosystem health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tao Tong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Riaz A, Deng F, Chen G, Jiang W, Zheng Q, Riaz B, Mak M, Zeng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Regulation and Evolution of Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Machinery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112085. [PMID: 36358456 PMCID: PMC9686623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in plant biology have significantly improved our understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signaling molecules in the redox regulation of complex cellular processes. In plants, free radicals and non-radicals are prevalent intra- and inter-cellular ROS, catalyzing complex metabolic processes such as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis homeostasis is maintained by thiol-based systems and antioxidative enzymes, which belong to some of the evolutionarily conserved protein families. The molecular and biological functions of redox regulation in photosynthesis are usually to balance the electron transport chain, photosystem II, photosystem I, mesophyll and bundle sheath signaling, and photo-protection regulating plant growth and productivity. Here, we review the recent progress of ROS signaling in photosynthesis. We present a comprehensive comparative bioinformatic analysis of redox regulation in evolutionary distinct photosynthetic cells. Gene expression, phylogenies, sequence alignments, and 3D protein structures in representative algal and plant species revealed conserved key features including functional domains catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions. We then discuss the antioxidant-related ROS signaling and important pathways for achieving homeostasis of photosynthesis. Finally, we highlight the importance of plant responses to stress cues and genetic manipulation of disturbed redox status for balanced and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Riaz
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Bisma Riaz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
| | - Michelle Mak
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
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15
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Peng P, Li R, Chen ZH, Wang Y. Stomata at the crossroad of molecular interaction between biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1031891. [PMID: 36311113 PMCID: PMC9614343 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1031891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global food production is threatened by harsh environmental conditions along with biotic stresses, requiring massive new research into integrated stress resistance in plants. Stomata play a pivotal role in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses, but their orchestrated interactions at the molecular, physiological, and biochemical levels were less investigated. Here, we reviewed the influence of drought, pathogen, and insect herbivory on stomata to provide a comprehensive overview in the context of stomatal regulation. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms of stomatal response triggered by these stresses. To further investigate the effect of stomata-herbivore interaction at a transcriptional level, integrated transcriptome studies from different plant species attacked by different pests revealed evidence of the crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress. Comprehensive understanding of the involvement of stomata in some plant-herbivore interactions may be an essential step towards herbivores' manipulation of plants, which provides insights for the development of integrated pest management strategies. Moreover, we proposed that stomata can function as important modulators of plant response to stress combination, representing an exciting frontier of plant science with a broad and precise view of plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengshuai Peng
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Deppisch P, Helfrich-Förster C, Senthilan PR. The Gain and Loss of Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family Members during Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1613. [PMID: 36140781 PMCID: PMC9498864 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cryptochrome/photolyase (CRY/PL) family represents an ancient group of proteins fulfilling two fundamental functions. While photolyases repair UV-induced DNA damages, cryptochromes mainly influence the circadian clock. In this study, we took advantage of the large number of already sequenced and annotated genes available in databases and systematically searched for the protein sequences of CRY/PL family members in all taxonomic groups primarily focusing on metazoans and limiting the number of species per taxonomic order to five. Using BLASTP searches and subsequent phylogenetic tree and motif analyses, we identified five distinct photolyases (CPDI, CPDII, CPDIII, 6-4 photolyase, and the plant photolyase PPL) and six cryptochrome subfamilies (DASH-CRY, mammalian-type MCRY, Drosophila-type DCRY, cnidarian-specific ACRY, plant-specific PCRY, and the putative magnetoreceptor CRY4. Manually assigning the CRY/PL subfamilies to the species studied, we have noted that over evolutionary history, an initial increase of various CRY/PL subfamilies was followed by a decrease and specialization. Thus, in more primitive organisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, simple eukaryotes, and in basal metazoans), we find relatively few CRY/PL members. As species become more evolved (e.g., cnidarians, mollusks, echinoderms, etc.), the CRY/PL repertoire also increases, whereas it appears to decrease again in more recent organisms (humans, fruit flies, etc.). Moreover, our study indicates that all cryptochromes, although largely active in the circadian clock, arose independently from different photolyases, explaining their different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pingkalai R. Senthilan
- Neurobiology & Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany
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17
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Chen Y, Zhu W, Yan T, Chen D, Jiang L, Chen ZH, Wu D. Stomatal morphological variation contributes to global ecological adaptation and diversification of Brassica napus. PLANTA 2022; 256:64. [PMID: 36029339 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density and guard cell length of 274 global core germplasms of rapeseed reveal that the stomatal morphological variation contributes to global ecological adaptation and diversification of Brassica napus. Stomata are microscopic structures of plants for the regulation of CO2 assimilation and transpiration. Stomatal morphology has changed substantially in the adaptation to the external environment during land plant evolution. Brassica napus is a major crop to produce oil, livestock feed and biofuel in the world. However, there are few studies on the regulatory genes controlling stomatal development and their interaction with environmental factors as well as the genetic mechanism of adaptive variation in B. napus. Here, we characterized stomatal density (SD) and guard cell length (GL) of 274 global core germplasms at seedling stage. It was found that among the significant phenotypic variation, European germplasms are mostly winter rapeseed with high stomatal density and small guard cell length. However, the germplasms from Asia (especially China) are semi-winter rapeseed, which is characterized by low stomatal density and large guard cell length. Through selective sweep analysis and homology comparison, we identified several candidate genes related to stomatal density and guard cell length, including Epidermal Patterning Factor2 (EPF2; BnaA09g23140D), Epidermal Patterning Factor Like4 (EPFL4; BnaC01g22890D) and Suppressor of LLP1 (SOL1 BnaC01g22810D). Haplotype and phylogenetic analysis showed that natural variation in EPF2, EPFL4 and SOL1 is closely associated with the winter, spring, and semi-winter rapeseed ecotypes. In summary, this study demonstrated for the first time the relation between stomatal phenotypic variation and ecological adaptation in rapeseed, which is useful for future molecular breeding of rapeseed in the context of evolution and domestication of key stomatal traits and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeke Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weizhuo Zhu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Yan
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Danyi Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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18
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Clark JW, Harris BJ, Hetherington AJ, Hurtado-Castano N, Brench RA, Casson S, Williams TA, Gray JE, Hetherington AM. The origin and evolution of stomata. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R539-R553. [PMID: 35671732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of stomata is one of the key innovations that led to the colonisation of the terrestrial environment by the earliest land plants. However, our understanding of the origin, evolution and the ancestral function of stomata is incomplete. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that, firstly, stomata are ancient structures, present in the common ancestor of land plants, prior to the divergence of bryophytes and tracheophytes and, secondly, there has been reductive stomatal evolution, especially in the bryophytes (with complete loss in the liverworts). From a review of the evidence, we conclude that the capacity of stomata to open and close in response to signals such as ABA, CO2 and light (hydroactive movement) is an ancestral state, is present in all lineages and likely predates the divergence of the bryophytes and tracheophytes. We reject the hypothesis that hydroactive movement was acquired with the emergence of the gymnosperms. We also conclude that the role of stomata in the earliest land plants was to optimise carbon gain per unit water loss. There remain many other unanswered questions concerning the evolution and especially the origin of stomata. To address these questions, it will be necessary to: find more fossils representing the earliest land plants, revisit the existing early land plant fossil record in the light of novel phylogenomic hypotheses and carry out more functional studies that include both tracheophytes and bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Brogan J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Alexander J Hetherington
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Natalia Hurtado-Castano
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert A Brench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart Casson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Suissa JS, Friedman WE. Rapid diversification of vascular architecture underlies the Carboniferous fern radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212209. [PMID: 35473384 PMCID: PMC9043699 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular plants account for 93% of Earth's terrestrial flora. Xylem and phloem, vital for transporting water and nutrients through the plant, unite this diverse clade. Three-dimensional arrangements of these tissues (vascular architecture) are manifold across living and extinct species. However, the evolutionary processes underlying this variation remain elusive. Using ferns, a diverse clade with multiple radiations over their ca 400-million-year history, we synthesized data across 3339 species to explore the tempo and mode of vascular evolution and to contextualize dynamics of phenotypic innovation during major fern diversification events. Our results reveal three paradigm shifts in our understanding of fern vascular evolution. (i) The canonical theory on the stepwise and unidirectional evolution of vascular architecture does not capture the complexities of character evolution among ferns. Rather, a new model permitting additional transitions, rate heterogeneity and multiple reversions is more likely. (ii) Major shifts in vascular architecture correspond to developmental changes in body size, not regional water availability. (iii) The early Carboniferous radiation of crown-group ferns was characterized by an explosion of phenotypic innovation. By contrast, during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic rise of eupolypods, rates of vascular evolution were dramatically low and seemingly decoupled from lineage diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Suissa
- The Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Boston, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - William E Friedman
- The Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Boston, Boston, MA 02131, USA
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20
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Petrella DP, Breuillin-Sessoms F, Watkins E. Layering contrasting photoselective filters improves the simulation of foliar shade. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:16. [PMID: 35135559 PMCID: PMC8822638 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutral density shade cloth is commonly used for simulating foliar shade, in which it reduces light intensity without altering spectral quality. However, foliar shade also alters spectral quality, reducing the ratio of red to far-red (R:FR) light, altering the ratio of blue to green (B:G) light, and reducing ultraviolet light. Unlike shade cloth, photoselective filters can alter spectral quality, but the filters used in previous literature have not simulated foliar shade well. We examined the spectral quality of sunlight under color temperature blue (CTB), plus green (PG), and neutral density (ND) filters from LEE Filters, Rosco e-colour + and Cinegel brands either alone or layered, hypothesizing that the contrasting filter qualities would improve simulations. As a proof-of-concept, we collected spectral data under foliar shade to compare to data collected under photoselective filters. RESULTS Under foliar shade reductions in the R:FR ratio ranged from 0.11 to 0.54 (~ 1.18 in full sun), while reductions in the B:G ratio were as low as 0.53 in deep shade, or were as high as 1.11 in moderate shade (~ 0.87 in full sun). Neutral density filters led to near-neutral reductions in photosynthetically active radiation and reduced the R:FR ratio similar to foliar shade. Color temperature blue filters simulated the increased B:G ratio observed under moderate foliar shade, but did not reduce the R:FR ratio low enough. On their own, PG filters did not simulate any type of foliar shade. Different brands of the same filter type also had disparate effects on spectral quality. Layered CTB and ND filters improved the accuracy of moderate foliar shade simulations, and layering CTB, PG, and ND filters led to accurate simulations of deep foliar shade. CONCLUSIONS Layering photoselective filters with contrasting effects on the spectral quality of sunlight results in more accurate simulations of foliar shade compared to when these filters are used separately. Layered filters can re-create the spectral motifs of moderate and deep foliar shade; they could be used to simulate shade scenarios found in different cropping systems. Photoselective filters offer numerous advantages over neutral density shade cloth and could be a direct replacement for researchers currently using neutral density shade cloth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Petrella
- Department of Horticultural Science, Univ. of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | | | - Eric Watkins
- Department of Horticultural Science, Univ. of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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21
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Hong Y, Wang Z, Li M, Su Y, Wang T. First Multi-Organ Full-Length Transcriptome of Tree Fern Alsophila spinulosa Highlights the Stress-Resistant and Light-Adapted Genes. Front Genet 2022; 12:784546. [PMID: 35186007 PMCID: PMC8854977 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.784546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alsophila spinulosa, a relict tree fern, is a valuable plant for investigating environmental adaptations. Its genetic resources, however, are scarce. We used the PacBio and Illumina platforms to sequence the polyadenylated RNA of A. spinulosa root, rachis, and pinna, yielding 125,758, 89,107, and 89,332 unigenes, respectively. Combining the unigenes from three organs yielded a non-redundant reference transcriptome with 278,357 unigenes and N50 of 4141 bp, which were further reconstructed into 38,470 UniTransModels. According to functional annotation, pentatricopeptide repeat genes and retrotransposon-encoded polyprotein genes are the most abundant unigenes. Clean reads mapping to the full-length transcriptome is used to assess the expression of unigenes. The stress-induced ASR genes are highly expressed in all three organs, which is validated by qRT-PCR. The organ-specific upregulated genes are enriched for pathways involved in stress response, secondary metabolites, and photosynthesis. Genes for five types of photoreceptors, CRY signaling pathway, ABA biosynthesis and transduction pathway, and stomatal movement-related ion channel/transporter are profiled using the high-quality unigenes. The gene expression pattern coincides with the previously identified stomatal characteristics of fern. This study is the first multi-organ full-length transcriptome report of a tree fern species, the abundant genetic resources and comprehensive analysis of A. spinulosa, which provides the groundwork for future tree fern research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjuan Su
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yingjuan Su, ; Ting Wang,
| | - Ting Wang
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingjuan Su, ; Ting Wang,
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22
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Tong T, Li Q, Jiang W, Chen G, Xue D, Deng F, Zeng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Evolution of Calcium Signaling and Transport in Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12308. [PMID: 34830190 PMCID: PMC8618852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to unfavorable abiotic stresses is one of the key processes in the evolution of plants. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is characterized by the spatiotemporal pattern of Ca2+ distribution and the activities of multi-domain proteins in integrating environmental stimuli and cellular responses, which are crucial early events in abiotic stress responses in plants. However, a comprehensive summary and explanation for evolutionary and functional synergies in Ca2+ signaling remains elusive in green plants. We review mechanisms of Ca2+ membrane transporters and intracellular Ca2+ sensors with evolutionary imprinting and structural clues. These may provide molecular and bioinformatics insights for the functional analysis of some non-model species in the evolutionarily important green plant lineages. We summarize the chronological order, spatial location, and characteristics of Ca2+ functional proteins. Furthermore, we highlight the integral functions of calcium-signaling components in various nodes of the Ca2+ signaling pathway through conserved or variant evolutionary processes. These ultimately bridge the Ca2+ cascade reactions into regulatory networks, particularly in the hormonal signaling pathways. In summary, this review provides new perspectives towards a better understanding of the evolution, interaction and integration of Ca2+ signaling components in green plants, which is likely to benefit future research in agriculture, evolutionary biology, ecology and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Qi Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310030, China; (Q.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310030, China; (Q.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia
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23
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Plackett ARG, Emms DM, Kelly S, Hetherington AM, Langdale JA. Conditional stomatal closure in a fern shares molecular features with flowering plant active stomatal responses. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4560-4570.e5. [PMID: 34450089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stomata evolved as plants transitioned from water to land, enabling carbon dioxide uptake and water loss to be controlled. In flowering plants, the most recently divergent land plant lineage, stomatal pores actively close in response to drought. In this response, the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) triggers signaling cascades that lead to ion and water loss in the guard cells of the stomatal complex, causing a reduction in turgor and pore closure. Whether this stimulus-response coupling pathway acts in other major land plant lineages is unclear, with some investigations reporting that stomatal closure involves ABA but others concluding that closure is passive. Here, we show that in the model fern Ceratopteris richardii active stomatal closure is conditional on sensitization by pre-exposure to either low humidity or exogenous ABA and is promoted by ABA. RNA-seq analysis and de novo transcriptome assembly reconstructed the protein-coding complement of the C. richardii genome, with coverage comparable to other plant models, enabling transcriptional signatures of stomatal sensitization and closure to be inferred. In both cases, changes in abundance of homologs of ABA, Ca2+, and ROS-related signaling components were observed, suggesting that the closure-response pathway is conserved in ferns and flowering plants. These signatures further suggested that sensitization is achieved by lowering the threshold required for a subsequent closure-inducing signal to trigger a response. We conclude that the canonical signaling network for active stomatal closure functioned in at least a rudimentary form in the stomata of the last common ancestor of ferns and flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R G Plackett
- University of Oxford, Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - David M Emms
- University of Oxford, Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- University of Oxford, Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jane A Langdale
- University of Oxford, Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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24
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Chen F, Dong G, Wang F, Shi Y, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Ruan B, Wu Y, Feng X, Zhao C, Yong MT, Holford P, Zeng D, Qian Q, Wu L, Chen Z, Yu Y. A β-ketoacyl carrier protein reductase confers heat tolerance via the regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and stress signaling in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:655-672. [PMID: 34260064 PMCID: PMC9292003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major environmental threat affecting crop growth and productivity. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with plant responses to heat stress are poorly understood. Here, we identified a heat stress-sensitive mutant, hts1, in rice. HTS1 encodes a thylakoid membrane-localized β-ketoacyl carrier protein reductase (KAR) involved in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Phylogenetic and bioinformatic analysis showed that HTS1 probably originated from streptophyte algae and is evolutionarily conserved in land plants. Thermostable HTS1 is predominantly expressed in green tissues and strongly induced by heat stress, but is less responsive to salinity, cold and drought treatments. An amino acid substitution at A254T in HTS1 causes a significant decrease in KAR enzymatic activity and, consequently, impairs fatty acid synthesis and lipid metabolism in the hts1 mutant, especially under heat stress. Compared to the wild-type, the hts1 mutant exhibited heat-induced higher H2 O2 accumulation, a larger Ca2+ influx to mesophyll cells, and more damage to membranes and chloroplasts. Also, disrupted heat stress signaling in the hts1 mutant depresses the transcriptional activation of HsfA2s and the downstream target genes. We suggest that HTS1 is critical for underpinning membrane stability, chloroplast integrity and stress signaling for heat tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yingqi Shi
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Jiayu Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Yepin Wu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Xue Feng
- College of AgronomyQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao266109China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Miing T. Yong
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Limin Wu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Zhong‐Hua Chen
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Yanchun Yu
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
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25
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Vialet-Chabrand S, Matthews JSA, Lawson T. Light, power, action! Interaction of respiratory energy- and blue light-induced stomatal movements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2231-2246. [PMID: 34101837 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the signalling pathway of blue light (BL)-dependent stomatal opening is well characterized, little is known about the interspecific diversity, the role it plays in the regulation of gas exchange and the source of energy used to drive the commonly observed increase in pore aperture. Using a combination of red and BL under ambient and low [O2 ] (to inhibit respiration), the interaction between BL, photosynthesis and respiration in determining stomatal conductance was investigated. These findings were used to develop a novel model to predict the feedback between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance under these conditions. Here we demonstrate that BL-induced stomatal responses are far from universal, and that significant species-specific differences exist in terms of both rapidity and magnitude. Increased stomatal conductance under BL reduced photosynthetic limitation, at the expense of water loss. Moreover, we stress the importance of the synergistic effect of BL and respiration in driving rapid stomatal movements, especially when photosynthesis is limited. These observations will help reshape our understanding of diurnal gas exchange in order to exploit the dynamic coordination between the rate of carbon assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (gs ), as a target for enhancing crop performance and water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
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26
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Chater CCC. Light in the darkness: how ferns flourished in the ancestral angiosperm forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:886-888. [PMID: 33725385 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar C C Chater
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
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27
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Li Q, Tong T, Jiang W, Cheng J, Deng F, Wu X, Chen ZH, Ouyang Y, Zeng F. Highly Conserved Evolution of Aquaporin PIPs and TIPs Confers Their Crucial Contribution to Flowering Process in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761713. [PMID: 35058944 PMCID: PMC8764411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is the key process for the sexual reproduction in seed plants. In gramineous crops, the process of flowering, which includes the actions of both glume opening and glume closing, is directly driven by the swelling and withering of lodicules due to the water flow into and out of lodicule cells. All these processes are considered to be controlled by aquaporins, which are the essential transmembrane proteins that facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across the biological membranes. In the present study, the evolution of aquaporins and their contribution to flowering process in plants were investigated via an integration of genome-wide analysis and gene expression profiling. Across the barley genome, we found that HvTIP1;1, HvTIP1;2, HvTIP2;3, and HvPIP2;1 were the predominant aquaporin genes in lodicules and significantly upregulated in responding to glume opening and closing, suggesting the importance of them in the flowering process of barley. Likewise, the putative homologs of the above four aquaporin genes were also abundantly expressed in lodicules of the other monocots like rice and maize and in petals of eudicots like cotton, tobacco, and tomato. Furthermore, all of them were mostly upregulated in responding to the process of floret opening, indicating a conserved function of these aquaporin proteins in plant flowering. The phylogenetic analysis based on the OneKP database revealed that the homologs of TIP1;1, TIP1;2, TIP2;3, and PIP2;1 were highly conserved during the evolution, especially in the angiosperm species, in line with their conserved function in controlling the flowering process. Taken together, it could be concluded that the highly evolutionary conservation of TIP1;1, TIP1;2, TIP2;3 and PIP2;1 plays important roles in the flowering process for both monocots and eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Tong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Younan Ouyang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fanrong Zeng,
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