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Chernova T, Mikshina P, Petrova A, Ibragimova N, Ageeva M, Gorshkova T. Rhamnogalacturonan I with β-(1,4)-Galactan Side Chains as an Ever-Present Component of Tertiary Cell Wall of Plant Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17253. [PMID: 38139081 PMCID: PMC10743774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellulose-enriched tertiary cell walls present in many plant fibers have specific composition, architecture, machinery of formation, and function. To better understand the mechanisms underlying their mode of action and to reveal the peculiarities of fibers from different plant species, it is necessary to more deeply characterize the major components. Next to overwhelming cellulose, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) is considered to be the key polymer of the tertiary cell wall; however, it has been isolated and biochemically characterized in very few plant species. Here, we add RG-I to the list from the phloem fibers of the Phaseolus vulgaris stem that was isolated and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic light scattering, and immunolabeling, both within tissue and as an isolated polymer. Additionally, fibers with tertiary cell walls from nine species of dicotyledonous plants from the orders Malphigiales, Fabales, and Rosales were labeled with RG-I-related antibodies to check the presence of the polymer and compare the in situ presentation of its backbone and side chains. The obtained results confirm that RG-I is an obligatory polymer of the tertiary cell wall. However, there are differences in the structure of this polymer from various plant sources, and these peculiarities may be taxonomically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (P.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Nadezhda Ibragimova
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (P.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
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da Silva JR, Yule TS, Ribas ACDA, Scremin-Dias E. Do root secondary xylem functional traits differ between growth forms in Fabaceae species in a seasonally dry Neotropical environment? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:401-412. [PMID: 37665958 PMCID: PMC10667001 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whole-plant performance in water-stressed and disturbance-prone environments depends on a suitable supply of water from the roots to the leaves, storage of reserves during periods of shortage, and a morphological arrangement that guarantees the maintenance of the plants anchored to the soil. All these functions are performed by the secondary xylem of roots. Here, we investigate whether different growth forms of Fabaceae species from the seasonally dry Neotropical environment have distinct strategies for water transport, mechanical support and non-structural carbon and water storage in the root secondary xylem. METHODS We evaluated cross-sections of root secondary xylem from species of trees, shrubs and subshrubs. We applied linear models to verify the variability in secondary xylem anatomical traits among growth forms. KEY RESULTS Secondary xylem with larger vessels and lower vessel density was observed in tree species. Vessel wall thickness, vessel grouping index, potential hydraulic conductivity and cell fractions (vessels, fibres, rays and axial parenchyma) were not statistically different between growth forms, owing to the high interspecific variation within the groups studied. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the variability in anatomical traits of the secondary xylem of the root is species specific. In summary, the cellular complexity of the secondary xylem ensures multiple functional strategies in species with distinct growth forms, a key trait for resource use in an environment with strong water seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências (Inbio), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Tamires Soares Yule
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências (Inbio), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar de Aquino Ribas
- Agência de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Edna Scremin-Dias
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências (Inbio), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
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Sperotto P, Roque N, Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Vasconcelos T. Climbing mechanisms and the diversification of neotropical climbing plants across time and space. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1561-1573. [PMID: 37381080 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Climbers germinate on the ground but need external support to sustain their stems, which are maintained attached to supports through modified organs, that is, climbing mechanisms. Specialized climbing mechanisms have been linked to higher diversification rates. Also, different mechanisms may have different support diameter restrictions, which might influence climbers' spatial distribution. We test these assumptions by linking climbing mechanisms to the spatiotemporal diversification of neotropical climbers. A dataset of climbing mechanisms is presented for 9071 species. WCVP was used to standardize species names, map geographical distributions, and estimate diversification rates of lineages with different mechanisms. Twiners appear concentrated in the Dry Diagonal of South America and climbers with adhesive roots in the Chocó region and Central America. However, climbing mechanisms do not significantly influence the distribution of neotropical climbers. Also, we found no strong support for correlations between specialized climbing mechanisms and higher diversification rates. Climbing mechanisms do not strongly impact the spatiotemporal diversification of neotropical climbers on a macroevolutionary scale. We argue that the climbing habit is a synnovation, meaning the spatiotemporal diversification it promotes is due to the sum effect of all the habit's traits rather than isolated traits, such as climbing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Sperotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, CEP 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Nádia Roque
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, CEP 40170-115, BA, Brazil
| | - Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 37012, DC, USA
| | - Thaís Vasconcelos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
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Klimm F, Speck T, Thielen M. Force Generation in the Coiling Tendrils of Passiflora caerulea. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301496. [PMID: 37544907 PMCID: PMC10558631 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Tendrils of climbing plants coil along their length, thus forming a striking helical spring and generating tensional forces. It is found that, for tendrils of the passion flower Passiflora caerulea, the generated force lies in the range of 6-140 mN, which is sufficient to lash the plant tightly to its substrate. Further, it is revealed that the generated force strongly correlates with the water status of the plant. Based on a combination of in situ force measurements with anatomical investigations and dehydration-rehydration experiments on both entire tendril segments and isolated lignified tissues, a two-phasic mechanism for spring formation is proposed. First, during the free coiling phase, the center of the tendril begins to lignify unilaterally. At this stage, both the generated tension and the stability of the form of the spring still depend on turgor pressure. The unilateral contraction of a bilayer as being the possible driving force for the tendril coiling motion is discussed. Second, in a stabilization phase, the entire center of the coiled tendril lignifies, stiffening the spring and securing its function irrespective of its hydration status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Klimm
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1D‐79104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105D‐79110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)Stefan‐Meier‐Straße 21D‐79104FreiburgGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgD‐79110FreiburgGermany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1D‐79104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105D‐79110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)Stefan‐Meier‐Straße 21D‐79104FreiburgGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgD‐79110FreiburgGermany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1D‐79104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105D‐79110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)Stefan‐Meier‐Straße 21D‐79104FreiburgGermany
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Review: Tertiary cell wall of plant fibers as a source of inspiration in material design. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Losada JM, He Z, Holbrook NM. Sieve tube structural variation in Austrobaileya scandens and its significance for lianescence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2460-2475. [PMID: 35606891 PMCID: PMC9540405 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lianas combine large leaf areas with slender stems, features that require an efficient vascular system. The only extant member of the Austrobaileyaceae is an endemic twining liana of the tropical Australian forests with well-known xylem hydraulics, but the vascular phloem continuum aboveground remains understudied. Microscopy analysis across leaf vein orders and stems of Austrobaileya scandens revealed a low foliar xylem:phloem ratio, with isodiametric vascular elements along the midrib, but tapered across vein orders. Sieve plate pore radii increased from 0.08 µm in minor veins to 0.12 µm in the petiole, but only to 0.20 µm at the stem base, tens of metres away. In easily bent searcher branches, phloem conduits have pectin-rich walls and simple plates, whereas in twining stems, conduits were connected through highly angled and densely porated sieve plates. The hydraulic resistance of phloem conduits in the twisted and elongated stems of A. scandens is large compared with trees of similar stature; phloem hydraulic resistance decreases from leaves to stems, consistent with the efficient delivery of photoassimilates from sources under Münch predictions. Sink strength of a continuously growing canopy might be stronger than in self-supporting understory plants, favoring resource allocation to aerial organs and the attainment of vertical stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Losada
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture ‘La Mayora’—CSIC—UMAAvda. Dr. Wienberg s/nAlgarrobo‐CostaMálaga29750Spain
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zhe He
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - N. Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Sousa-Baena MS, Onyenedum JG. Bouncing back stronger: Diversity, structure, and molecular regulation of gelatinous fiber development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102198. [PMID: 35286861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gelatinous fibers (G-fibers) are specialized contractile cells found in a diversity of vascular plant tissues, where they provide mechanical support and/or facilitate plant mobility. G-fibers are distinct from typical fibers by the presence of an innermost thickened G-layer, comprised mainly of axially oriented cellulose microfibrils. Despite the disparate developmental origins-tension wood fibers from the vascular cambium or primary phloem fibers from the procambium-G-fiber development, composition, and molecular signatures are remarkably similar; however, important distinctions do exist. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of the phylogenetic diversity, compositional makeup, and the molecular profiles that characterize G-fiber development and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane S Sousa-Baena
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Joyce G Onyenedum
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Sun X, Andrew IG, Harris PJ, Hoskin SO, Joblin KN, He Y. Mapping Pectic-Polysaccharide Epitopes in Cell Walls of Forage Chicory ( Cichorium intybus) Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:762121. [PMID: 34880888 PMCID: PMC8646105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.762121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The cell walls of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) leaves are known to contain high proportions of pectic polysaccharides. However, little is known about the distribution of pectic polysaacharides among walls of different cell types/tissues and within walls. In this study, immunolabelling with four monoclonal antibodies was used to map the distribution of pectic polysaccharides in the cell walls of the laminae and midribs of these leaves. The antibodies JIM5 and JIM7 are specific for partially methyl-esterified homogalacturonans; LM5 and LM6 are specific for (1→4)-β-galactan and (1→5)-α-arabinan side chains, respectively, of rhamnogalacturonan I. All four antibodies labelled the walls of the epidermal cells with different intensities. JIM5 and JIM7, but not LM5 or LM6, labelled the middle lamella, tricellular junctions, and the corners of intercellular spaces of ground, xylem and phloem parenchyma. LM5, but not LM6, strongly labelled the walls of the few sclerenchyma fibres in the phloem of the midrib and lamina vascular bundles. The LM5 epitope was absent from some phloem parenchyma cells. LM6, but not LM5, strongly labelled the walls of the stomatal guard cells. The differential distribution of pectic epitopes among walls of different cell types and within walls may reflect the deposition and modification of these polysaccharides which are involved in cell wall properties and cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Sun
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | | | - Philip J. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Keith N. Joblin
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yuhua He
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
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