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Liu Z, Zhao M, Tennakoon K, Liu C. Climate factors determine large-scale spatial patterns of stomatal index in Chinese herbaceous and woody dicotyledonous plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175112. [PMID: 39084391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The stomatal index (SI, %) and its response to climate factors (temperature and precipitation) can help our understanding of terrestrial carbon and water cycling and plant adaptation in the ecosystem, however, consensus has not yet been reached in this regard. In this study, we compiled an extensive dataset from the Chinese flora to investigate the response of SI to environmental change, including 891 herbaceous and woody species from 188 published papers. The results showed that mean values of the adaxial SI and abaxial SI for all species were 14.06 and 19.22, respectively, and the ratio of adaxial to abaxial SI was 0.84. For the adaxial SI, abaxial SI, and the ratio of adaxial to abaxial SI, the range of these values varied between 0.05-43.67, 0.01-48.17, and 0.03-4.31, respectively. Compared with woody plants, herbaceous plants showed higher values in both adaxial and abaxial SI. In terms of the impact of climate factors, the abaxial SI of herbaceous plants changed slower than the adaxial SI, while woody plants showed the opposite trend. Threshold effects of increased temperature and precipitation on SI were observed, indicating that SI responded differently to changes in climate factors at different levels. Climate factors play a crucial role in driving the adaxial SI than abaxial SI. Our findings highlight the significant challenges posed by divergent responses of SI in forecasting future water and carbon cycles associated with climatic and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kushan Tennakoon
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia Berwick Campus, No.100 Clyde Road, Berwick, VIC 3806, Australia
| | - Congcong Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Chen G, Qin Y, Wang J, Li S, Zeng F, Deng F, Chater C, Xu S, Chen ZH. Stomatal evolution and plant adaptation to future climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3299-3315. [PMID: 38757448 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is affecting plant photosynthesis and transpiration processes, as well as increasing weather extremes impacting socio-political and environmental events and decisions for decades to come. One major research challenge in plant biology and ecology is the interaction of photosynthesis with the environment. Stomata control plant gas exchange and their evolution was a crucial innovation that facilitated the earliest land plants to colonize terrestrial environments. Stomata couple homoiohydry, together with cuticles, intercellular gas space, with the endohydric water-conducting system, enabling plants to adapt and diversify across the planet. Plants control stomatal movement in response to environmental change through regulating guard cell turgor mediated by membrane transporters and signaling transduction. However, the origin, evolution, and active control of stomata remain controversial topics. We first review stomatal evolution and diversity, providing fossil and phylogenetic evidence of their origins. We summarize functional evolution of guard cell membrane transporters in the context of climate changes and environmental stresses. Our analyses show that the core signaling elements of stomatal movement are more ancient than stomata, while genes involved in stomatal development co-evolved de novo with the earliest stomata. These results suggest that novel stomatal development-specific genes were acquired during plant evolution, whereas genes regulating stomatal movement, especially cell signaling pathways, were inherited ancestrally and co-opted by dynamic functional differentiation. These two processes reflect the different adaptation strategies during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Caspar Chater
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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3
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Caine RS, Khan MS, Brench RA, Walker HJ, Croft HL. Inside-out: Synergising leaf biochemical traits with stomatal-regulated water fluxes to enhance transpiration modelling during abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3494-3513. [PMID: 38533601 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
As the global climate continues to change, plants will increasingly experience abiotic stress(es). Stomata on leaf surfaces are the gatekeepers to plant interiors, regulating gaseous exchanges that are crucial for both photosynthesis and outward water release. To optimise future crop productivity, accurate modelling of how stomata govern plant-environment interactions will be crucial. Here, we synergise optical and thermal imaging data to improve modelled transpiration estimates during water and/or nutrient stress (where leaf N is reduced). By utilising hyperspectral data and partial least squares regression analysis of six plant traits and fluxes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), we develop a new spectral vegetation index; the Combined Nitrogen and Drought Index (CNDI), which can be used to detect both water stress and/or nitrogen deficiency. Upon full stomatal closure during drought, CNDI shows a strong relationship with leaf water content (r2 = 0.70), with confounding changes in leaf biochemistry. By incorporating CNDI transformed with a sigmoid function into thermal-based transpiration modelling, we have increased the accuracy of modelling water fluxes during abiotic stress. These findings demonstrate the potential of using combined optical and thermal remote sensing-based modelling approaches to dynamically model water fluxes to improve both agricultural water usage and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Caine
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Robert A Brench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Heather J Walker
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- biOMICS Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Holly L Croft
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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Yun J, Cho M, Culver M, Pearce DP, Kim C, Witzenburg CM, Murphy WL, Gopalan P. Characterization of Decellularized Plant Leaf as an Emerging Biomaterial Platform. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39214606 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Decellularized plants have emerged as promising biomaterials for cell culture and tissue engineering applications due to their distinct material characteristics. This study explores the biochemical, mechanical, and structural properties of decellularized leaves that make them useful as biomaterials for cell culture. Five monocot leaf species were decellularized via alkali treatment, resulting in the effective removal of DNA and proteins. The Van Soest method was used to quantitatively evaluate the changes in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content during decellularization. Tensile tests revealed considerable variations in mechanical strength depending on the plant species, the decellularization state, and the direction of applied mechanical force. Decellularized monocot leaves exhibited a notable reduction in mechanical strength and anisotropic properties depending on the leaf orientation. Imaging revealed inherent microgrooves on the epidermis of the monocot leaves. Permeability studies, including water uptake and biomolecule transport through decellularized leaves, confirmed excellent water uptake capability but limited biomolecule transport. Lastly, the plants were enzymatically degradable using typical plant enzymes, which were minimally cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Taken together, the features of decellularized plant leaves characterized in this study suggest ways in which they can be useful in cell culture and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Mina Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Matthew Culver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - Daniel P Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - Chanul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - Colleen M Witzenburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
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Askanbayeva B, Janová J, Kubásek J, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Schreiber L, Muir CD, Šantrůček J. Amphistomy: stomata patterning inferred from 13C content and leaf-side-specific deposition of epicuticular wax. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:437-454. [PMID: 38836501 PMCID: PMC11341673 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The benefits and costs of amphistomy (AS) vs. hypostomy (HS) are not fully understood. Here, we quantify benefits of access of CO2 through stomata on the upper (adaxial) leaf surface, using 13C abundance in the adaxial and abaxial epicuticular wax. Additionally, a relationship between the distribution of stomata and epicuticular wax on the opposite leaf sides is studied. METHODS We suggest that the 13C content of long-chain aliphatic compounds of cuticular wax records the leaf internal CO2 concentration in chloroplasts adjacent to the adaxial and abaxial epidermes. This unique property stems from: (1) wax synthesis being located exclusively in epidermal cells; and (2) ongoing wax renewal over the whole leaf lifespan. Compound-specific and bulk wax 13C abundance (δ) was related to amphistomy level (ASL; as a fraction of adaxial in all stomata) of four AS and five HS species grown under various levels of irradiance. The isotopic polarity of epicuticular wax, i.e. the difference in abaxial and adaxial δ (δab - δad), was used to calculate the leaf dorsiventral CO2 gradient. Leaf-side-specific epicuticular wax deposition (amphiwaxy level) was estimated and related to ASL. KEY RESULTS In HS species, the CO2 concentration in the adaxial epidermis was lower than in the abaxial one, independently of light conditions. In AS leaves grown in high-light and low-light conditions, the isotopic polarity and CO2 gradient varied in parallel with ASL. The AS leaves grown in high-light conditions increased ASL compared with low light, and δab - δad approached near-zero values. Changes in ASL occurred concomitantly with changes in amphiwaxy level. CONCLUSIONS Leaf wax isotopic polarity is a newly identified leaf trait, distinguishing between hypo- and amphistomatous species and indicating that increased ASL in sun-exposed AS leaves reduces the CO2 gradient across the leaf mesophyll. Stomata and epicuticular wax deposition follow similar leaf-side patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balzhan Askanbayeva
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Janová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoria V Zeisler-Diehl
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher D Muir
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 143 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Chen Y, Liang Q, Wei L, Zhou X. Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and White Clover Mosaic Virus Combined Infection Leads to Chloroplast Destruction and Alterations in Photosynthetic Characteristics of Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2024; 16:1255. [PMID: 39205229 PMCID: PMC11359596 DOI: 10.3390/v16081255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is one of the most widely distributed viruses; it often exhibits combined infection with white clover mosaic virus (WCMV). Even so, little is known about the effects of co-infection with AMV and WCMV on plants. To determine whether there is a synergistic effect of AMV and WCMV co-infection, virus co-infection was studied by electron microscopy, the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of AMV and WCMV co-infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, measurements were carried out on the photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results showed that the most severe disease development was induced by AMV and WCMV co-infection, and the disease grade was scale 7. N. benthamiana leaves induced mottled yellow-green alternating patterns, leaf wrinkling, and chlorosis, and chloroplasts were observed to be on the verge of disintegration. The relative accumulation of AMV CP and WCMV CP was significantly increased by 15.44-fold and 10.04-fold upon co-infection compared to that with AMV and WCMV single infection at 21 dpi. In addition, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, the net photosynthetic rate, the water use efficiency, the apparent electron transport rate, the PSII maximum photochemical efficiency, the actual photochemical quantum yield, and photochemical quenching were significantly reduced in leaves co-infected with AMV and WCMV compared to AMV- or WCMV-infected leaves and CK. On the contrary, the carotenoid content, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, minimal fluorescence value, and non-photochemical quenching were significantly increased. These findings suggest that there was a synergistic effect between AMV and WCMV, and AMV and WCMV co-infection severely impacted the normal function of photosynthesis in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiaolan Liang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Hao DL, Zhou JY, Qu J, Lu HL, Li L, Yao X, Chen JB, Liu JX, Guo HL, Zong JQ. Screening of environmental stimuli for the positive regulation of stomatal aperture in centipedegrass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108838. [PMID: 38878388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Grasslands, the largest carbon pool in China, possess enormous potential for carbon sequestration. Increasing the stomatal aperture to increase the CO2 absorption capacity is a potential method to improve plant photosynthetic efficiency and ultimately enhance the carbon sequestration capacity of grass plants. Research on stomatal aperture regulation has focused mostly on Arabidopsis or crops, while research on grass plants in these areas is scarce, which seriously restricts the implementation of this grassland carbon sequestration strategy. Here, a widely used ecological grass, centipedegrass, was used as the experimental material. First, a convenient method for observing the stomatal aperture was developed. The leaves were floated in a potassium ion-containing open solution (67 mM KCl, pH 6.0) with the adaxial surface rather than the abaxial surface in contact with the solution and were cultivated under light for 1.5 h. Then, nail polish was applied on the adaxial surface, and a large number of open stomata were imprinted. Second, with the help of this improved method, the concentration‒response characteristics of the stomatal aperture to eleven environmental stimuli were tested. The stomatal aperture is dependent on these environmental stimuli in a concentration-dependent manner. The addition of 100 μM brassinolide led to the maximal stomatal aperture. This study provided a technical basis for manipulating stomatal opening to increase the carbon sequestration capacity of centipedegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Hao
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhou
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest, Jurong, 212400, China
| | - Jia Qu
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Hai-Long Lu
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ling Li
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiang Yao
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jing-Bo Chen
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jian-Xiu Liu
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hai-Lin Guo
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Jun-Qin Zong
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Hakeem S, Ali Z, Saddique MAB, Habib-Ur-Rahman M, Wiehle M. Dissecting wheat above-ground architecture for enhanced water use efficiency and grain yield in the subtropics. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2024; 65:13. [PMID: 38753196 PMCID: PMC11098988 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing wheat under climate change scenarios challenges, scientists to develop drought and heat-tolerant genotypes. The adaptive traits should therefore be explored and engineered for this purpose. Thus, this study aimed to dissect surface traits and optimizing the leaf architecture to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield. Twenty-six wheat genotypes were assessed for five novel leaf traits (NLTs: leaf prickle hairs, groove type, rolling, angle and wettability) under normal, drought and heat conditions following triplicated factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD). The data for NLTs, physiological traits (stomatal conductance, WUE, transpiration, and photosynthesis), and standard morphological and yield traits were recorded. Leaves were sampled at the stem elongation stage (Zadoks 34) to measure the leaf water content (%), contact angle, and to obtain pictures through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The air moisture harvesting efficiency was evaluated for five selected genotypes. The ideotype concept was applied to evaluate the best-performing genotypes. RESULTS The correlation analysis indicated that long leaf prickle hairs (> 100 μm), short stomatal aperture and density (40-60 mm- 2), inward to spiral leaf rolling, medium leaf indentation, low contact angle hysteresis (< 10°), and cuticular wax were positively associated with WUE. This, in turn, was significantly correlated to grain yield. Thus, the genotypes (E-1) with these traits and alternate leaf wettability had maximum grain yield (502 g m- 2) and WUE supported with high photosynthesis rate, and relative water content (94 and 75% under normal and stress conditions, respectively). However, the genotype (1-hooded) with dense leaf hairs on edges but droopy leaves, spiral leaf rolling, and lighter groove, also performed better in terms of grain yield (450 g m- 2) under heat stress conditions by maintaining high photosynthesis and WUE with low stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. CONCLUSION The SEM analysis verified that the density of hairs on the leaf surface and epicuticular wax contributes towards alternate wettability patterns thereby increasing the water-use efficiency and yield of the wheat plant. This study paves a way towards screening and and developing heat and drought-tolerant cultivars that are water-saving and climate-resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Hakeem
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Programs and Projects Department, Islamic Organization for Food Security, Mangilik Yel Ave. 55/21 AIFC, Unit 4, C4.2, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan.
| | | | - Muhammad Habib-Ur-Rahman
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
- Crop Science Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Wiehle
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, Witzenhausen, D-37213, Germany.
- Centre for International Rural Development, University of Kassel, Steinstraße 19, Witzenhausen, D-37213, Germany.
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9
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Wang L, Chang C. Stomatal improvement for crop stress resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1823-1833. [PMID: 38006251 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The growth and yield of crop plants are threatened by environmental challenges such as water deficit, soil flooding, high salinity, and extreme temperatures, which are becoming increasingly severe under climate change. Stomata contribute greatly to plant adaptation to stressful environments by governing transpirational water loss and photosynthetic gas exchange. Increasing evidence has revealed that stomata formation is shaped by transcription factors, signaling peptides, and protein kinases, which could be exploited to improve crop stress resistance. The past decades have seen unprecedented progress in our understanding of stomata formation, but most of these advances have come from research on model plants. This review highlights recent research in stomata formation in crops and its multifaceted functions in abiotic stress tolerance. Current strategies, limitations, and future directions for harnessing stomatal development to improve crop stress resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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10
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Lemonnier P, Lawson T. Calvin cycle and guard cell metabolism impact stomatal function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:59-70. [PMID: 36894379 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal conductance (gs) determines CO2 uptake for photosynthesis (A) and water loss through transpiration, which is essential for evaporative cooling and maintenance of optimal leaf temperature as well as nutrient uptake. Stomata adjust their aperture to maintain an appropriate balance between CO2 uptake and water loss and are therefore critical to overall plant water status and productivity. Although there is considerable knowledge regarding guard cell (GC) osmoregulation (which drives differences in GC volume and therefore stomatal opening and closing), as well as the various signal transduction pathways that enable GCs to sense and respond to different environmental stimuli, little is known about the signals that coordinate mesophyll demands for CO2. Furthermore, chloroplasts are a key feature in GCs of many species, however, their role in stomatal function is unclear and a subject of debate. In this review we explore the current evidence regarding the role of these organelles in stomatal behaviour, including GC electron transport and Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle activity as well as their possible involvement correlating gs and A along with other potential mesophyll signals. We also examine the roles of other GC metabolic processes in stomatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lemonnier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - T Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
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11
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Yang Y, He T, Ravindran P, Wen F, Krishnamurthy P, Wang L, Zhang Z, Kumar PP, Chae E, Lee C. All-organic transparent plant e-skin for noninvasive phenotyping. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7488. [PMID: 38363835 PMCID: PMC10871535 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Real-time in situ monitoring of plant physiology is essential for establishing a phenotyping platform for precision agriculture. A key enabler for this monitoring is a device that can be noninvasively attached to plants and transduce their physiological status into digital data. Here, we report an all-organic transparent plant e-skin by micropatterning poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. This plant e-skin is optically and mechanically invisible to plants with no observable adverse effects to plant health. We demonstrate the capabilities of our plant e-skins as strain and temperature sensors, with the application to Brassica rapa leaves for collecting corresponding parameters under normal and abiotic stress conditions. Strains imposed on the leaf surface during growth as well as diurnal fluctuation of surface temperature were captured. We further present a digital-twin interface to visualize real-time plant surface environment, providing an intuitive and vivid platform for plant phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Tianyiyi He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Pratibha Ravindran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Sustainable Urban Farming, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Pannaga Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Sustainable Urban Farming, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Luwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Prakash P Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Sustainable Urban Farming, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Sustainable Urban Farming, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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12
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Wall S, Lemonnier P, Milliken AL, Davey P, Lawson T. Simultaneous and Independent Abaxial and Adaxial Gas Exchange Measurements. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:63-76. [PMID: 38649566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stomata can be distributed exclusively on the abaxial or adaxial leaf surface, but they are most commonly found on both leaf surfaces. Variations in stomatal arrangement, patterning, and the impact on photosynthesis can be measured using an infrared gas exchange system. However, when using standard gas exchange techniques, both surfaces are measured together and averaged to provide leaf-level values. Employing an innovative gas exchange apparatus with two infrared gas analyzers, separate gaseous flux from both leaf surfaces can be quantified simultaneously and independently. Here, we provide examples of typical measurements that can be performed using a "split chamber" gas exchange system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellie Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | | | - Phillip Davey
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
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13
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Walker BJ, Driever SM, Kromdijk J, Lawson T, Busch FA. Tools for Measuring Photosynthesis at Different Scales. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:1-26. [PMID: 38649563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of in vivo photosynthesis are powerful tools that probe the largest fluxes of carbon and energy in an illuminated leaf, but often the specific techniques used are so varied and specialized that it is difficult for researchers outside the field to select and perform the most useful assays for their research questions. The goal of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the current tools available for the study of photosynthesis, both in vivo and in vitro, so as to provide a foundation for selecting appropriate techniques, many of which are presented in detail in subsequent chapters. This chapter will also organize current methods into a comparative framework and provide examples of how they have been applied to research questions of broad agronomical, ecological, or biological importance. This chapter closes with an argument that the future of in vivo measurements of photosynthesis lies in the ability to use multiple methods simultaneously and discusses the benefits of this approach to currently open physiological questions. This chapter, combined with the relevant methods chapters, could serve as a laboratory course in methods in photosynthesis research or as part of a more comprehensive laboratory course in general plant physiology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley J Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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14
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McAusland L, Acevedo‐Siaca LG, Pinto RS, Pinto F, Molero G, Garatuza‐Payan J, Reynolds MP, Murchie EH, Yepez EA. Night-time warming in the field reduces nocturnal stomatal conductance and grain yield but does not alter daytime physiological responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:1622-1636. [PMID: 37430457 PMCID: PMC10952344 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Global nocturnal temperatures are rising more rapidly than daytime temperatures and have a large effect on crop productivity. In particular, stomatal conductance at night (gsn ) is surprisingly poorly understood and has not been investigated despite constituting a significant proportion of overall canopy water loss. Here, we present the results of 3 yr of field data using 12 spring Triticum aestivum genotypes which were grown in NW Mexico and subjected to an artificial increase in night-time temperatures of 2°C. Under nocturnal heating, grain yields decreased (1.9% per 1°C) without significant changes in daytime leaf-level physiological responses. Under warmer nights, there were significant differences in the magnitude and decrease in gsn , values of which were between 9 and 33% of daytime rates while respiration appeared to acclimate to higher temperatures. Decreases in grain yield were genotype-specific; genotypes categorised as heat tolerant demonstrated some of the greatest declines in yield in response to warmer nights. We conclude the essential components of nocturnal heat tolerance in wheat are uncoupled from resilience to daytime temperatures, raising fundamental questions for physiological breeding. Furthermore, this study discusses key physiological traits such as pollen viability, root depth and irrigation type may also play a role in genotype-specific nocturnal heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna McAusland
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Liana G. Acevedo‐Siaca
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)Carretera México‐Veracruz Km 45, El Batán, TexcocoMéxicoCP 56237Mexico
| | - R. Suzuky Pinto
- Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON)5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro, Cd. Obregón, SonoraMéxicoCP 85000Mexico
| | - Francisco Pinto
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)Carretera México‐Veracruz Km 45, El Batán, TexcocoMéxicoCP 56237Mexico
| | - Gemma Molero
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)Carretera México‐Veracruz Km 45, El Batán, TexcocoMéxicoCP 56237Mexico
| | - Jaime Garatuza‐Payan
- Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON)5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro, Cd. Obregón, SonoraMéxicoCP 85000Mexico
| | - Matthew P. Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)Carretera México‐Veracruz Km 45, El Batán, TexcocoMéxicoCP 56237Mexico
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Enrico A. Yepez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON)5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro, Cd. Obregón, SonoraMéxicoCP 85000Mexico
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15
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Wang X, Wu T, Asim M, Ling A, Sun Y, Shi Y, Yan H. The asymmetric photosynthetic characteristics of the isobilateral sorghum leaves under the illumination of the diffuse light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218076. [PMID: 37521922 PMCID: PMC10374316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The difference between photosynthesis on the two leaf sides (dorsoventral asymmetry) of photosynthesis is important for light-use patterns, but the asymmetry is environment dependent. Its role in photosynthetic regulation has been intensively studied, but little is known about the impacts of direct and diffuse light on the asymmetry. Because of the current changing fraction of diffuse light in sky radiation, this study investigated the dorsoventral asymmetry of photosynthetic traits under direct and diffuse light conditions in an important food and energy crop, Sorghum bicolor L. A unique method was used to investigate the specific gas exchange of each leaf surface. Anatomical and morphological traits were different between the two surfaces of sorghum leaves, which might result in photosynthetic asymmetry. The variations in photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were significant between the two surfaces in direct and diffuse light, but the degree of dorsoventral asymmetry decreased in diffuse light. The integrated P N and G s of the adaxial illumination were significantly higher than that of abaxial illumination both in direct and diffuse light in sorghum leaves, but the ASI of the integrated P Nwas 2.83 in direct light, while significantly dropped to 1.69 in diffuse light. Significant morphological differences between the two surfaces might cause photosynthetic asymmetry in the sorghum leaves. The variations of specific gas exchange were significant between direct and diffuse light, including in the incident and self-transmitted light. Compared with direct light, diffuse light reduced the stomatal sensitivity, with the degree of decline being greater in the adaxial surface, which caused weak dorsoventral asymmetry in photosynthesis. The specific photosynthetic characteristics in sorghum leaves varied obviously in direct and diffuse light, including in the incident and self-transmitted light, which contributed to the different overall gas exchange. Compared with direct light, the decline of stomatal sensitivity, which showed positive correlation with stomatal density, caused weakened dorsoventral asymmetry in photosynthesis in diffuse light. The findings provide new insights into dorsoventral asymmetry and the impact of diffuse light on photosynthesis in isobilateral leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Research and Development of Center, Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Aifen Ling
- Research and Development of Center, Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, China
| | - Yanguo Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huifeng Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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16
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Wall S, Cockram J, Vialet-Chabrand S, Van Rie J, Gallé A, Lawson T. The impact of growth at elevated [CO2] on stomatal anatomy and behavior differs between wheat species and cultivars. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2860-2874. [PMID: 36633860 PMCID: PMC10134898 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants to respond to changes in the environment is crucial to their survival and reproductive success. The impact of increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration (a[CO2]), mediated by behavioral and developmental responses of stomata, on crop performance remains a concern under all climate change scenarios, with potential impacts on future food security. To identify possible beneficial traits that could be exploited for future breeding, phenotypic variation in morphological traits including stomatal size and density, as well as physiological responses and, critically, the effect of growth [CO2] on these traits, was assessed in six wheat relative accessions (including Aegilops tauschii, Triticum turgidum ssp. Dicoccoides, and T. turgidum ssp. dicoccon) and five elite bread wheat T. aestivum cultivars. Exploiting a range of different species and ploidy, we identified key differences in photosynthetic capacity between elite hexaploid wheat and wheat relatives. We also report differences in the speed of stomatal responses which were found to be faster in wheat relatives than in elite cultivars, a trait that could be useful for enhanced photosynthetic carbon gain and water use efficiency. Furthermore, these traits do not all appear to be influenced by elevated [CO2], and determining the underlying genetics will be critical for future breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellie Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - James Cockram
- NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | | | - Jeroen Van Rie
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Gallé
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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17
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Zanella CM, Rotondo M, McCormick‐Barnes C, Mellers G, Corsi B, Berry S, Ciccone G, Day R, Faralli M, Galle A, Gardner KA, Jacobs J, Ober ES, Sánchez del Rio A, Van Rie J, Lawson T, Cockram J. Longer epidermal cells underlie a quantitative source of variation in wheat flag leaf size. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1558-1573. [PMID: 36519272 PMCID: PMC10107444 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The wheat flag leaf is the main contributor of photosynthetic assimilates to developing grains. Understanding how canopy architecture strategies affect source strength and yield will aid improved crop design. We used an eight-founder population to investigate the genetic architecture of flag leaf area, length, width and angle in European wheat. For the strongest genetic locus identified, we subsequently created a near-isogenic line (NIL) pair for more detailed investigation across seven test environments. Genetic control of traits investigated was highly polygenic, with colocalisation of replicated quantitative trait loci (QTL) for one or more traits identifying 24 loci. For QTL QFll.niab-5A.1 (FLL5A), development of a NIL pair found the FLL5A+ allele commonly conferred a c. 7% increase in flag and second leaf length and a more erect leaf angle, resulting in higher flag and/or second leaf area. Increased FLL5A-mediated flag leaf length was associated with: (1) longer pavement cells and (2) larger stomata at lower density, with a trend for decreased maximum stomatal conductance (Gsmax ) per unit leaf area. For FLL5A, cell size rather than number predominantly determined leaf length. The observed trade-offs between leaf size and stomatal morphology highlight the need for future studies to consider these traits at the whole-leaf level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilena Rotondo
- NIAB93 Lawrence Weaver RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
- University of MessinaMessina98122Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giulia Ciccone
- NIAB93 Lawrence Weaver RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
- University of MessinaMessina98122Italy
| | - Rob Day
- NIAB93 Lawrence Weaver RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
| | - Michele Faralli
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterCO4 3SQUK
| | - Alexander Galle
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center (BBCC) – Innovation Center GhentTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 1019052GhentBelgium
| | | | - John Jacobs
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center (BBCC) – Innovation Center GhentTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 1019052GhentBelgium
| | | | | | - Jeroen Van Rie
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center (BBCC) – Innovation Center GhentTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 1019052GhentBelgium
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterCO4 3SQUK
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18
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Yang M, He J, Sun Z, Li Q, Cai J, Zhou Q, Wollenweber B, Jiang D, Wang X. Drought priming mechanisms in wheat elucidated by in-situ determination of dynamic stomatal behavior. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138494. [PMID: 36875605 PMCID: PMC9983753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play a critical role in balancing photosynthesis and transpiration, which are essential processes for plant growth, especially in response to abiotic stress. Drought priming has been shown to improve drought tolerance. Lots of studies have been done with the response of stomatal behavior to drought stress. However, how the stomatal dynamic movement in intact wheat plants response to drought priming process is not known. Here, a portable microscope was used to take microphotographs in order to in-stiu determination of stomatal behavior. Non-invasive micro-test technology was used for measurements of guard cell K+, H+ and Ca2+ fluxes. Surprisingly, the results found that primed plants close stomatal much faster under drought stress, and reopening the stomatal much quicker under recovery, in relation to non-primed plants. Compared with non-primed plants, primed plants showed higher accumulation of ABA and Ca2+ influx rate in guard cells under drought stress. Furthermore, genes encoding anion channels were higher expressed and K+ outward channels activated, leading to enhanced K+ efflux, resulting in faster stomatal closure in primed plants than non-primed plants. During recovery, both guard cell ABA and Ca2+ influx of primed plants were found to be significantly reducing K+ efflux and accelerating stomatal reopening. Collectively, a portable non-invasive stomatal observation of wheat found that priming promoted faster stomatal closure under drought stress and faster reopening during post-drought recovery in relation to non-primed plants, thereby enhancing overall drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Wang T, Zheng L, Xiong D, Wang F, Man J, Deng N, Cui K, Huang J, Peng S, Ling X. Stomatal Ratio Showing No Response to Light Intensity in Oryza. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:66. [PMID: 36616195 PMCID: PMC9823486 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control carbon and water exchange between the leaves and the ambient. However, the plasticity responses of stomatal traits to growth conditions are still unclear, especially for monocot leaves. The current study investigated the leaf anatomical traits, stomatal morphological traits on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and photosynthetic traits of Oryza leaves developed in two different growth conditions. Substantial variation exists across the Oryza species in leaf anatomy, stomatal traits, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance. The abaxial stomatal density was higher than the adaxial stomatal density in all the species, and the stomatal ratios ranged from 0.35 to 0.46 across species in two growth environments. However, no difference in the stomatal ratio was observed between plants in the growth chamber and outdoors for a given species. Photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance, leaf width, major vein thickness, minor vein thickness, inter-vein distance, and stomatal pore width values for leaves grown outdoors were higher than those for plants grown in the growth chamber. Our results indicate that a broad set of leaf anatomical, stomatal, and photosynthetic traits of Oryza tend to shift together during plasticity to diverse growing conditions, but the previously projected sensitive trait, stomatal ratio, does not shape growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoxia Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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