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Tieu S, Charchoglyan A, Paulsen L, Wagter-Lesperance LC, Shandilya UK, Bridle BW, Mallard BA, Karrow NA. N-Acetylcysteine and Its Immunomodulatory Properties in Humans and Domesticated Animals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1867. [PMID: 37891946 PMCID: PMC10604897 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an acetylated derivative of the amino acid L-cysteine, has been widely used as a mucolytic agent and antidote for acetaminophen overdose since the 1960s and the 1980s, respectively. NAC possesses antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and mucolytic properties, making it a promising therapeutic agent for a wide range of diseases in both humans and domesticated animals. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in the onset and progression of all these diseases. NAC's primary role is to replenish glutathione (GSH) stores, the master antioxidant in all tissues; however, it can also reduce levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-∝) and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β), inhibit the formation of microbial biofilms and destroy biofilms, and break down disulfide bonds between mucin molecules. Many experimental studies have been conducted on the use of NAC to address a wide range of pathological conditions; however, its effectiveness in clinical trials remains limited and studies often have conflicting results. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of promising NAC usages for the treatment of different human and domestic animal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tieu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Armen Charchoglyan
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
- Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lauryn Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Lauri C. Wagter-Lesperance
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
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2
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Rao SP, Dobariya P, Bellamkonda H, More SS. Role of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in Physiology and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030603. [PMID: 36978851 PMCID: PMC10045210 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) plays the important role of producing hydrogen sulfide. Conserved from bacteria to Mammalia, this enzyme is localized in mitochondria as well as the cytoplasm. 3-MST mediates the reaction of 3-mercaptopyruvate with dihydrolipoic acid and thioredoxin to produce hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is also produced through cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase, along with 3-MST, and is known to alleviate a variety of illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological conditions. The importance of cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase in hydrogen sulfide biogenesis is well-described, but documentation of the 3-MST pathway is limited. This account compiles the current state of knowledge about the role of 3-MST in physiology and pathology. Attempts at targeting the 3-MST pathway for therapeutic benefit are discussed, highlighting the potential of 3-MST as a therapeutic target.
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Behymer M, Mo H, Fujii N, Suresh V, Chan A, Lee J, Nath AK, Saha K, Mahon SB, Brenner M, MacRae CA, Peterson R, Boss GR, Knipp GT, Davisson VJ. Identification of Platinum(II) Sulfide Complexes Suitable as Intramuscular Cyanide Countermeasures. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1983-1996. [PMID: 36201358 PMCID: PMC9682522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapidly acting cyanide countermeasures using intramuscular injection (IM) represents an unmet medical need to mitigate toxicant exposures in mass casualty settings. Previous work established that cisplatin and other platinum(II) or platinum(IV)-based agents effectively mitigate cyanide toxicity in zebrafish. Cyanide's in vivo reaction with platinum-containing materials was proposed to reduce the risk of acute toxicities. However, cyanide antidote activity depended on a formulation of platinum-chloride salts with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by dilution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A working hypothesis to explain the DMSO requirement is that the formation of platinum-sulfoxide complexes activates the cyanide scavenging properties of platinum. Preparations of isolated NaPtCl5-DMSO and Na (NH3)2PtCl-DMSO complexes in the absence of excess DMSO provided agents with enhanced reactivity toward cyanide in vitro and fully recapitulated in vivo cyanide rescue in zebrafish and mouse models. The enhancement of the cyanide scavenging effects of the DMSO ligand could be attributed to the activation of platinum(IV) and (II) with a sulfur ligand. Unfortunately, the efficacy of DMSO complexes was not robust when administered IM. Alternative Pt(II) materials containing sulfide and amine ligands in bidentate complexes show enhanced reactivity toward cyanide addition. The cyanide addition products yielded tetracyanoplatinate(II), translating to a stoichiometry of 1:4 Pt to each cyanide scavenger. These new agents demonstrate a robust and enhanced potency over the DMSO-containing complexes using IM administration in mouse and rabbit models of cyanide toxicity. Using the zebrafish model with these Pt(II) complexes, no acute cardiotoxicity was detected, and dose levels required to reach lethality exceeded 100 times the effective dose. Data are presented to support a general chemical design approach that can expand a new lead candidate series for developing next-generation cyanide countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
M. Behymer
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue
University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Huaping Mo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States
| | - Naoaki Fujii
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States
| | - Vallabh Suresh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California92093, United States
| | - Jangweon Lee
- Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Anjali K. Nath
- Department
of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Calum A. MacRae
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Randall Peterson
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California92093, United States
| | - Gregory T. Knipp
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue
University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Vincent Jo Davisson
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States,
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Rao SP, Xie W, Christopher Kwon YI, Juckel N, Xie J, Dronamraju VR, Vince R, Lee MK, More SS. Sulfanegen stimulates 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activity and ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology and oxidative stress in vivo. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102484. [PMID: 36183541 PMCID: PMC9530613 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Treatment with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and H2S donors such as sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) can reduce oxidative stress in preclinical studies, however clinical benefits of such treatments are rather ambiguous. This is partly due to poor stability and bioavailability of the H2S donors, requiring impractically large doses that are associated with dose-limiting toxicity. Herein, we identified a bioavailable 3-mercaptopyruvate prodrug, sulfanegen, which is able to pose as a sacrificial redox substrate for 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST), one of the H2S biosynthetic enzymes in the brain. Sulfanegen is able to mitigate toxicity emanating from oxidative insults and the Aβ1-42 peptide by releasing H2S through the 3MST pathway. When administered to symptomatic transgenic mouse model of AD (APP/PS1; 7 and 12 months) and mice that were intracerebroventricularly administered with the Aβ1-42 peptide, sulfanegen was able to reverse oxidative and neuroinflammatory consequences of AD pathology by restoring 3MST function. Quantitative neuropathological analyses confirmed significant disease modifying effect of the compound on amyloid plaque burden and brain inflammatory markers. More importantly, sulfanegen treatment attenuated progressive neurodegeneration in these mice, as evident from the restoration of TH+ neurons in the locus coeruleus. This study demonstrates a previously unknown concept that supplementation of 3MST function in the brain may be a viable approach for the management of AD. Finally, brought into the spotlight is the potential of sulfanegen as a promising AD therapeutic for future drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Pavani Rao
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Juckel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael K Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Swati S More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Jadav D, Saraf A, Shekhawat RS, Kanchan T, Nalwa A. Accidental Deaths Due to Toxic Industrial Cyanide Inhalation: An Autopsy Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e25376. [PMID: 35774692 PMCID: PMC9236664 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autopsies of accidental deaths in industrial scenarios have always been a challenging job for a forensic pathologist. Industries that employ chemical agents pose a unique risk, especially when safety protocols are ignored. Exposure to cyanide salts creates an additional risk since death may occur quickly. We present one such incident of the accidental deaths of three industrial workers, which could have been prevented if proper safety measures had been followed. Four workers fell unconscious while cleaning the electroplating chamber of the handicraft industry. Three were declared dead on arrival at the emergency department, while one survived. Autopsy of all three victims showed similar findings of pink-colored post-mortem staining and multiple petechial hemorrhages over the heart and lungs. After histopathological and chemical analysis, the cause of death was opined to be due to complications of cyanide poisoning. In accidental industrial deaths, the forensic pathologist should consider the possibility of death due to toxic chemicals, such as cyanide, used in the manufacturing process. The industrial personnel should be educated about the risks involved, and proper use of safety equipment should be encouraged to avoid such hazardous outcomes. Additionally, the people employed in the autopsy of the deaths related to chemical disasters should ensure their personal safety and preventive measures.
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Pedre B, Barayeu U, Ezeriņa D, Dick TP. The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC): The emerging role of H 2S and sulfane sulfur species. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107916. [PMID: 34171332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Initially adopted as a mucolytic about 60 years ago, the cysteine prodrug N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the standard of care to treat paracetamol intoxication, and is included on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines. Additionally, NAC increasingly became the epitome of an "antioxidant". Arguably, it is the most widely used "antioxidant" in experimental cell and animal biology, as well as clinical studies. Most investigators use and test NAC with the idea that it prevents or attenuates oxidative stress. Conventionally, it is assumed that NAC acts as (i) a reductant of disulfide bonds, (ii) a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and/or (iii) a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis. While these mechanisms may apply under specific circumstances, they cannot be generalized to explain the effects of NAC in a majority of settings and situations. In most cases the mechanism of action has remained unclear and untested. In this review, we discuss the validity of conventional assumptions and the scope of a newly discovered mechanism of action, namely the conversion of NAC into hydrogen sulfide and sulfane sulfur species. The antioxidative and cytoprotective activities of per- and polysulfides may explain many of the effects that have previously been ascribed to NAC or NAC-derived glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandán Pedre
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uladzimir Barayeu
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Gretarsdottir JM, Jonsdottir S, Lewis W, Hambley TW, Suman SG. Water-Soluble α-Amino Acid Complexes of Molybdenum as Potential Antidotes for Cyanide Poisoning: Synthesis and Catalytic Studies of Threonine, Methionine, Serine, and Leucine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:18190-18204. [PMID: 33249838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble complexes are desirable for the aqueous detoxification of cyanide. Molybdenum complexes with α-amino acid and disulfide ligands with the formula K[(L)Mo2O2(μ-S)2(S2)] (L = leu (1), met (2), thr (3), and ser (4)) were synthesized in a reaction of [(DMF)3MoO(μ-S)2(S2)] with deprotonated α-amino acids; leu, met, thr, and ser are the carboxylate anions of l-leucine, l-methionine, l-threonine, and l-serine, respectively. Potassium salts of α-amino acids (leu (1a), met (2a), thr (3a), and ser (4a)) were prepared as precursors for complexes 1-4, respectively, by employing a nonaqueous synthesis route. The ligand exchange reaction of [Mo2O2(μ-S)2(DMF)6](I)2 with deprotonated α-amino acids afforded bis-α-amino acid complexes, [(L)2Mo2O2(μ-S)2] (6-8). A tris-α-amino acid complex, [(leu)2Mo2O2(μ-S)2(μ-leu + H)] (5; leu + H is the carboxylate anion of l-leucine with the amine protonated), formed in the reaction with leucine. 5 crystallized from methanol with a third weakly bonded leucine as a bridging bidentate carboxylate. An adduct of 8 with SCN- coordinated, 9, crystallized and was structurally characterized. Complexes 1-4 are air stable and highly water-soluble chiral molecules. Cytotoxicity studies in the A549 cell line gave IC50 values that range from 80 to 400 μM. Cyclic voltammetry traces of 1-8 show solvent-dependent irreversible electrochemical behavior. Complexes 1-4 demonstrated the ability to catalyze the reaction of thiosulfate and cyanide in vitro to exhaustively transform cyanide to thiocyanate in less than 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Trevor W Hambley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sigridur G Suman
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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8
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Haouzi P, McCann M, Tubbs N. Azure B as a novel cyanide antidote: Preclinical in-vivo studies. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1459-1464. [PMID: 33194557 PMCID: PMC7645636 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the effects of azure B (AzB), the main demethylated metabolite of methylene blue (MB), on a model of lethal cyanide intoxication. Our rationale was the following: AzB 1- possesses redox properties very similar to those of MB, which is a potent cyanide antidote, 2- may present a higher intracellular diffusibility than MB, 3- is already present in commercially available solutions of MB, and 4- appears very quickly in the blood after MB administration. AzB could therefore be a member of the phenothiazium chromophore family of interest to treat cyanide intoxication. We found, in spontaneously breathing urethane sedated rats, that AzB mimicked the effects of MB by increasing metabolism, ventilation and cardiac contractility up to 30-40 mg/kg. AzB had a lethal toxicity when the dose of 60 mg/kg was reached. Doses of AzB were therefore chosen in keeping with these data and the doses of MB previously used against cyanide intoxication (4-20 mg/kg) in the rat - doses corresponding to those used in humans to treat methemoglobinemia. KCN, infused at the rate of 0.375 mg/kg/min iv for 13 min, was fatal within 15 min in 100 % of our un-anesthetized rats. AzB at the dose of 4 mg/kg (n = 5) or 10 mg/kg (n = 5) administered 3 min into cyanide infusion allowed 100 % of the animals to survive with no clinical sequelae. The onset of coma was also significantly delayed and no apnea or gasping occurred. At the dose of 20 mg/kg, AzB was much less effective. At 4 mg/kg, the antidotal effects of AzB were significantly better than those produced by MB at the same dose and were not different from the effects produced by 20 mg/kg MB. We conclude that AzB is a potent cyanide antidote at relatively low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Marissa McCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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9
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Haouzi P, McCann M, Tubbs N, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Cheung J, Bouillaud F. Antidotal Effects of the Phenothiazine Chromophore Methylene Blue Following Cyanide Intoxication. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:82-94. [PMID: 30907955 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study was aimed at (1) determining the efficacy of the dye methylene blue (MB), following a rapidly lethal cyanide (CN) intoxication in un-sedated rats; (2) clarifying some of the mechanisms responsible for the antidotal properties produced by this potent cyclic redox dye. Sixty-nine awake rats acutely intoxicated by CN (IP, KCN 7 mg/kg) received saline, MB (20 mg/kg) or hydroxocobalamin (HyCo, 150 mg/kg) when in deep coma. Survival in this model was very low, reaching 9% at 60 min without any treatment. Methylene blue significantly increased survival (59%, p < .001) at 60 min, versus 37% with HyCo (p < .01). In addition, 8 urethane-anesthetized rats were exposed to a sublethal CN intoxication (KCN, 0.75 mg/kg/min IV for 4 min); they received MB (20 mg/kg, IV) or saline, 5 min after the end of CN exposure. All MB-treated rats displayed a significant reduction in hyperlactacidemia, a restoration of pyruvate/lactate ratio-a marker of NAD/NADH ratio-and an increase in CO2 production, a marker of the activity of the TCA cycle. These changes were also associated with a 2-fold increase in the pool of CN in red cells. Based on series of in vitro experiments, looking at the effects of MB on NADH, as well as the redox effects of MB on hemoglobin and cytochrome c, we hypothesize that the antidotal properties of MB can in large part be accounted for by its ability to readily restore NAD/NADH ratio and to cyclically re-oxidize then reduce the iron in hemoglobin and the electron chain complexes. All of these effects can account for the rapid antidotal properties of this dye following CN poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Marissa McCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cheung
- Center of Translational Medicine and Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederic Bouillaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Chai B, Li X, Liu H, Lu G, Dang Z, Yin H. Bacterial communities on soil microplastic at Guiyu, an E-Waste dismantling zone of China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110521. [PMID: 32222597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of microplastic have focused on aquatic environment, but its impacts on soil ecosystems were poorly understood, particularly on bacterial communities. In this study, the bacterial taxon and functional composition of soil microplastic-attached communities at Guiyu, a notorious e-waste dismantling area in Guangdong Province, China, were investigated by means of high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed that fundamental difference in bacterial communities existed among microplastics selected from three plots with different dismantling methods and their surroundings, suggesting that microplastic surface created a new ecological niche in soil environment, and the bacteria adapted well to the surface-related lifestyle. The formation of microplastic-attached bacteria depended not only on various dismantled plastic materials, but also on disassembly methods that caused different soil physicochemical characters which might also influence the bacterial communities. As the hydrocarbon degraders, the family Hyphomonadaceae were also found on soil microplastic, further confirming that microorganisms played a role in biodegrading microplastic in e-waste zone. The analysis of functional profiles speculated that microplastic-attached bacteria had the potential to degrade pollutants. This study provides a new perspective for exploring microplastic-associated bacteria and increasing our understanding of microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Resources and Information, Zhejiang Forestry Survey and Planning Company Limited, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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11
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Haouzi P, McCann M, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Song J, Sariyer I, Langford D, Santerre M, Tubbs N, Haouzi-Judenherc A, Cheung JY. Antidotal effects of methylene blue against cyanide neurological toxicity: in vivo and in vitro studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:108-121. [PMID: 32374444 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether methylene blue (MB) could directly oppose the neurological toxicity of a lethal cyanide (CN) intoxication. KCN, infused at the rate of 0.375 mg/kg/min intravenously, produced 100% lethality within 15 min in unanaesthetized rats (n = 12). MB at 10 (n = 5) or 20 mg/kg (n = 5), administered 3 min into CN infusion, allowed all animals to survive with no sequelae. No apnea and gasping were observed at 20 mg/kg MB (P < 0.001). The onset of coma was also significantly delayed and recovery from coma was shortened in a dose-dependent manner (median of 359 and 737 seconds, respectively, at 20 and 10 mg/kg). At 4 mg/kg MB (n = 5), all animals presented faster onset of coma and apnea and a longer period of recovery than at the highest doses (median 1344 seconds, P < 0.001). MB reversed NaCN-induced resting membrane potential depolarization and action potential depression in primary cultures of human fetal neurons intoxicated with CN. MB restored calcium homeostasis in the CN-intoxicated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. We conclude that MB mitigates the neuronal toxicity of CN in a dose-dependent manner, preventing the lethal depression of respiratory medullary neurons and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marissa McCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - JuFang Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilker Sariyer
- Department of Neurosciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diane Langford
- Department of Neurosciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Annick Haouzi-Judenherc
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Neuromodulatory activity of trèvo on cyanide-induced neurotoxicity viz neurochemical, antioxidants, cytochrome C oxidase and p53. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Murphy B, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease. FASEB J 2019; 33:13098-13125. [PMID: 31648556 PMCID: PMC6894098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide can signal through 3 distinct mechanisms: 1) reduction and/or direct binding of metalloprotein heme centers, 2) serving as a potent antioxidant through reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species scavenging, or 3) post-translational modification of proteins by addition of a thiol (-SH) group onto reactive cysteine residues: a process known as persulfidation. Below toxic levels, hydrogen sulfide promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and function, thereby conferring protection against cellular stress. For these reasons, increases in hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide-producing enzymes have been implicated in several human disease states. This review will first summarize our current understanding of hydrogen sulfide production and metabolism, as well as its signaling mechanisms; second, this work will detail the known mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide in the mitochondria and the implications of its mitochondrial-specific impacts in several pathologic conditions.-Murphy, B., Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, P. Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennah Murphy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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14
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Determination of free cyano-cobinamide in swine and rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:100-108. [PMID: 31185415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Cobinamide (Cbi) has shown promise as a therapeutic for cyanide poisoning. There are several forms of Cbi based on the identity of the ligands bound to the cobalt in Cbi and these different forms of Cbi have divergent behavior (e.g., the aquo and hydroxo forms of Cbi readily bind to proteins, limiting their distribution significantly, whereas [Cbi(CN)2] does not). While current analysis techniques only measure total Cbi, methods to elucidate the behavior of 'available' Cbi versus cyanide-complexed Cbi would be valuable for biomedical and pharmacokinetic studies. Therefore, a method was developed for the analysis of cyanide-complexed Cbi in plasma via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Plasma samples were prepared by denaturing proteins with 10% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile. The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed, dried, and reconstituted. Cyanide-complexed Cbi was then analyzed via LC-MS-MS. The limit of detection was 0.2 μM, and the linear dynamic range was between 1 and 200 μM. The accuracy was 100 ± 17% and the precision, measured by relative standard deviation (%RSD), was ≤18.5%. Carryover, a severe problem when analyzing Cbi via liquid chromatography was eliminated using a polymeric-based stationary phase (PLRP-S) and a controlled washing protocol. The method allowed evaluation of the cyanide-bound and 'available' Cbi from treated animals and, when paired with a method for total Cbi analysis, allows for estimation of Cbi utilization when treating cyanide poisoning.
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Cheung JY, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Song J, Tomar D, Madesh M, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Haouzi P. Methylene blue counteracts cyanide cardiotoxicity: cellular mechanisms. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1164-1176. [PMID: 29420146 PMCID: PMC6050200 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00967.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult left ventricular mouse myocytes, exposure to sodium cyanide (NaCN) in the presence of glucose dose-dependently reduced contraction amplitude, with ~80% of maximal inhibitory effect attained at 100 µM. NaCN (100 µM) exposure for 10 min significantly decreased contraction and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transient amplitudes, systolic but not diastolic [Ca2+]i, and maximal L-type Ca2+ current ( ICa) amplitude, indicating acute alteration of [Ca2+]i homeostasis largely accounted for the observed excitation-contraction abnormalities. In addition, NaCN depolarized resting membrane potential ( Em), reduced action potential (AP) amplitude, prolonged AP duration at 50% (APD50) and 90% repolarization (APD90), and suppressed depolarization-activated K+ currents but had no effect on Na+-Ca2+ exchange current ( INaCa). NaCN did not affect cellular adenosine triphosphate levels but depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased superoxide (O2·-) levels. Methylene blue (MB; 20 µg/ml) added 3 min after NaCN restored contraction and [Ca2+]i transient amplitudes, systolic [Ca2+]i, Em, AP amplitude, APD50, APD90, ICa, depolarization-activated K+ currents, ΔΨm, and O2·- levels toward normal. We conclude that MB reversed NaCN-induced cardiotoxicity by preserving intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and excitation-contraction coupling ( ICa), minimizing risks of arrhythmias ( Em, AP configuration, and depolarization-activated K+ currents), and reducing O2·- levels. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cyanide poisoning due to industrial exposure, smoke inhalation, and bioterrorism manifests as cardiogenic shock and requires rapidly effective antidote. In the early stage of cyanide exposure, adenosine triphosphate levels are normal but myocyte contractility is reduced, largely due to alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis because of changes in oxidation-reduction environment of ion channels. Methylene blue, a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, ameliorates cyanide toxicity by normalizing oxidation-reduction state and Ca2+ channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Cheung
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - JuFang Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
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16
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Haouzi P, Gueguinou M, Sonobe T, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Tubbs N, Trebak M, Cheung J, Bouillaud F. Revisiting the physiological effects of methylene blue as a treatment of cyanide intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:828-840. [PMID: 29451035 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1429615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although methylene blue (MB) had long been proposed to counteract the effects of cyanide (CN) intoxication, research on its mechanisms of action and efficacy has been abandoned for decades. Recent studies on the benefits of MB in post-anoxic injuries have prompted us to reexamine the relevance of this historical observation. METHODS Our study was performed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and on HEK293T epithelial cells. First, the effects and toxicity of MB (0-80 mg/kg) on circulation and metabolism were established in four urethane-anesthetized rats. Then nine rats received a lethal infusion of a solution of KCN (0.75 mg/kg/min) and were treated by either saline or MB, at 20 mg/kg, a dose that we found to be innocuous in rat and to correspond to a dose of about 4 mg/kg in humans. MB was also administered 5 min after the end of a sub-lethal exposure to CN in a separate group of 10 rats. In addition, ATP/ADP ratio, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and cellular O2 consumption rate (OCR) were determined in HEK293T cells exposed to toxic levels of CN (200 µM for 10 min) before and after applying a solution containing MB (1-100 µM for 10 min). RESULTS Methylene blue was found to be innocuous up to 50 mg/kg. KCN infusion (0.75 mg/kg/min) killed all animals within 7-8 min. MB (20 mg/kg) administered at the same time restored blood pressure, cardiac contractility and limited O2 deficit, allowing all the animals to survive, without any significant methemoglobinemia. When administered 5 min after a non-lethal CN intoxication, MB sped up the recovery of lactate and O2 deficit. Finally, MB was able to decrease the production of ROS and restore the ATP/ADP ratio, Δψm as well as OCR of epithelial cells intoxicated by CN. CONCLUSIONS The present observations should make us consider the potential interest of MB in the treatment of CN intoxication. The mechanisms of the antidotal properties of MB cannot be accounted for by the creation of a cyanomethemoglobinemia, rather its protective effects appears to be related to the unique properties of this redox dye, which, depending on the dose, could directly oppose some of the consequences of the metabolic depression produced by CN at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Maxime Gueguinou
- b Department of Physiology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- d Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- b Department of Physiology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Joseph Cheung
- c Department of Medicine , Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,e Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Frederic Bouillaud
- f Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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Summerhill EM, Hoyle GW, Jordt SE, Jugg BJ, Martin JG, Matalon S, Patterson SE, Prezant DJ, Sciuto AM, Svendsen ER, White CW, Veress LA. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Chemical Inhalational Disasters. Biology of Lung Injury, Development of Novel Therapeutics, and Medical Preparedness. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14:1060-1072. [PMID: 28418689 PMCID: PMC5529138 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201704-297ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is based on the proceedings from the Inhalational Lung Injury Workshop jointly sponsored by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) program on May 21, 2013, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The CounterACT program facilitates research leading to the development of new and improved medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents. The workshop was initiated by the Terrorism and Inhalational Disasters Section of the Environmental, Occupational, and Population Health Assembly of the ATS. Participants included both domestic and international experts in the field, as well as representatives from U.S. governmental funding agencies. The meeting objectives were to (1) provide a forum to review the evidence supporting current standard medical therapies, (2) present updates on our understanding of the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology of inhalational lung injuries, (3) discuss innovative investigative approaches to further delineating mechanisms of lung injury and identifying new specific therapeutic targets, (4) present promising novel medical countermeasures, (5) facilitate collaborative research efforts, and (6) identify challenges and future directions in the ongoing development, manufacture, and distribution of effective and specific medical countermeasures. Specific inhalational toxins discussed included irritants/pulmonary toxicants (chlorine gas, bromine, and phosgene), vesicants (sulfur mustard), chemical asphyxiants (cyanide), particulates (World Trade Center dust), and respirable nerve agents.
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