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Macedo PE, Batista JES, Souza LR, Dafre AL, Farina M, Kuca K, Posser T, Pinto PM, Boldo JT, Franco JL. Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for screening acetylcholinesterase reactivators. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:953-972. [PMID: 39292449 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2401382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The widely used insecticide chlorpyrifos (CP) is known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity attributed to result in various neurological disorders and acetylcholine-dependent organ functions including heart, skeletal muscle, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous systems. Enzyme reactivators, such as oximes, are known to restore AChE activity and mitigate adverse effects. The identification of compounds that reactivate AChE constitute agents with important therapeutic beneficial effects in cases of pesticide poisoning. However, the screening of novel drugs using traditional models may raise ethical concerns. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for screening AChE reactivators, with a focus on organophosphate poisoning. The efficacy of several oximes, including pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, methoxime, HI-6, K027, and K048, against CP-induced AChE activity inhibition in D. melanogaster was determined in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments. Molecular docking studies indicated a strong interaction between studied oximes and the active-site gorge of AChE. Data showed that selected oximes (100 μM) are effective in the reactivation of AChE inhibited by CP (10 μM) in vitro. Finally, in vivo investigations demonstrated that selected oximes, pralidoxime and K048 (1.5 ppm), reversed the locomotor deficits, inhibition of AChE activity as well as lowered the mortality rates induced by CP (0.75 ppm). Our findings contribute to utilization of D. melanogaster as a robust model for determination of actions of identified new AChE inhibitory agents with more effective therapeutic properties that those currently in use in the clinical practice in treatment of AChE associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Echeverria Macedo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Raspanti Souza
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thais Posser
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Juliano Tomazzoni Boldo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
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Horn G, Frielingsdorf F, Demel T, Rothmiller S, Worek F, Amend N. Concentration-dependent effects of the nerve agents cyclosarin and VX on cytochrome P450 in a HepaRG cell-based liver model. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39228234 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The exposure to highly toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including pesticides and nerve agents, is an ongoing medical challenge. OP can induce the uncontrolled overstimulation of the cholinergic system through inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver play a predominant role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and are involved in the oxidative biotransformation of most clinical drugs. Previous research concerning the interactions between OP and CYP has usually focused on organothiophosphate pesticides that require CYP-mediated bioactivation to their active oxon metabolites to act as inhibitors of AChE. Since there has been little data available concerning the effect of nerve agents on CYP, we performed a study with cyclosarin (GF) and O-ethyl-S-[2-(diisopropylamino)-ethyl]-methylphosphonothioate (VX) by using a well-established, metabolically competent in vitro liver model (HepaRG cells). The inhibitory effect of the nerve agents GF and VX on the CYP3A4 enzyme was investigated showing a low CYP3A4 inhibitory potency. Changes on the transcription level of CYP and associated oxygenases were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using the two nerve agent concentrations 250 nM and 250 μM. In conclusion, the results demonstrated various effects on oxygenase-associated genes in dependence of the concentration and the structure of the nerve agent. Such information might be of relevance for potential interactions between nerve agents, antidotes or other clinically administered drugs, which are metabolized by the affected CYP, for example, for the therapy with benzodiazepines, that are used for the symptomatic treatment of OP poisoning and that require CYP-mediated biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Demel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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3
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Wigenstam E, Bucht A, Thors L. Cellular responses following ex vivo lung exposure to the nerve agent VX - Potential for additional treatment targets? Chem Biol Interact 2024; 403:111225. [PMID: 39233266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Following inhalation exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents, symptoms rapidly develop and severe respiratory symptoms, such as bronchorrhea and bronchoconstriction are the leading causes of lethality. Nerve agent-induced lung injury is little investigated and the standard treatment for symptomatic relief targets the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic acetylcholine and GABAergic receptors. In the present study, cellular responses in lung tissue during the acute (40 min) and extended phase (24 h) following severe exposure to the nerve agent VX have been investigated using an ex vivo rat precision-cut lung slice model including electrostimulation to induce a cholinergic response. Changes in protein amount, cell viability, together with, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers have been determined in both the lung tissue and incubation medium. During the acute phase, VX caused significantly increased airway contraction and decreased airway relaxation. Five micromolar of VX did not affect the sample protein levels and cell viability in lung tissue. Among seven markers of cellular responses investigated in the lung tissue, increased levels of heme oxygenase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 together with decreased levels of glutathione in the incubation medium were observed in the acute phase following VX-exposure compared to electrostimulation only. No difference in cellular response was observed following VX-exposure for 24 h compared to the air control. In comparison, LPS-exposure resulted in time-dependent changes in all markers of inflammation and oxidative response. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated VX-specific patterns of oxidative responses in the lung, as well as, signs of inflammatory response and remodelling of extracellular matrix. These potential mechanisms of tissue injury should be further investigated for their potential as additional therapeutic targets during the acute phase of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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Basol ME, Seifert R. Bibliometric analysis of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology (1947-1974). NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:7141-7168. [PMID: 38652278 PMCID: PMC11422447 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology is the oldest pharmacological journal, founded in 1873. This bibliometric analysis examines the pivotal transformations within Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology from 1947 to 1974, identifying significant shifts from a national focus to a period of extensive internationalization and English-language adoption. Employing Python and Beautiful Soup for data extraction from SpringerLink, the study maps the journal's trajectory through post-World War II development, highlighting the decline in publication rates due to its initial emphasis on German-language articles predominantly from Germany. The transition towards English publications in the late 1960s is marked as a turning point, catalyzing an increase in global citations, publications, and recognition. This period witnesses the journal broadening its scientific horizon, with a notable emphasis on the cholinergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic systems, reflecting their central role in the journal's scientific discourse and citation prominence. The analysis demonstrates how shifting to English for academic publishing played a crucial role in revitalizing the journal's impact and visibility on the international stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Erkan Basol
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Zhu Y, Chong X, Luo Z, Zhao X, Liu J, Chen J, Liu W, Zhang L, Meng WQ. Visual detection and discrimination of nerve and blood agents using a dual-site fluorescent probe in living cells and mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134604. [PMID: 38759283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Of all chemical warfare agents (CWAs), only nerve and blood agents cause massive mortality at low concentrations. To better detect and discriminate nerve and blood agents, a reliable detection method is desirable. We report a series of fluorescent probes for nerve and blood agent detection. Among the tested probes, SR-Pip detected nerve and blood agents quickly (within 10 s for nerve agents and 1 min for blood agents). SR-Pip coupled with nerve agent produced a weak orange fluorescence with good sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD)= 5.5 μM]. Upon reaction with blood agent, the fluorescence of SR-Pip changed from orange fluorescence to blue fluorescence with detection limits as low as 9.6 nM. This probe effectively visualised different concentrations of nerve agents in living cells and mice. A portable test kit using SR-Pip instantly detected nerve and blood agents. To the best of our knowledge, SR-Pip is the first fluorescent probe for nerve and blood agent detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaodan Chong
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Translational Medicine Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zimeng Luo
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Qi Meng
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Mlakić M, Čadež T, Šinko G, Škorić I, Kovarik Z. New Heterostilbene and Triazole Oximes as Potential CNS-Active and Cholinesterase-Targeted Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2024; 14:679. [PMID: 38927082 PMCID: PMC11201660 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
New furan, thiophene, and triazole oximes were synthesized through several-step reaction paths to investigate their potential for the development of central nervous systems (CNS)-active and cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in organophosphorus compound (OP) poisonings. Treating patients with acute OP poisoning is still a challenge despite the development of a large number of oxime compounds that should have the capacity to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The activity of these two enzymes, crucial for neurotransmission, is blocked by OP, which has the consequence of disturbing normal cholinergic nerve signal transduction in the peripheral and CNS, leading to a cholinergic crisis. The oximes in use have one or two pyridinium rings and cross the brain-blood barrier poorly due to the quaternary nitrogen. Following our recent study on 2-thienostilbene oximes, in this paper, we described the synthesis of 63 heterostilbene derivatives, of which 26 oximes were tested as inhibitors and reactivators of AChE and BChE inhibited by OP nerve agents-sarin and cyclosarin. While the majority of oximes were potent inhibitors of both enzymes in the micromolar range, we identified several oximes as BChE or AChE selective inhibitors with the potential for drug development. Furthermore, the oximes were poor reactivators of AChE; four heterocyclic derivatives reactivated cyclosarin-inhibited BChE up to 70%, and cis,trans-5 [2-((Z)-2-(5-((E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)benzonitrile] had a reactivation efficacy comparable to the standard oxime HI-6. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies, including molecular dynamics simulation, connected kinetic data to the structural features of these oximes and confirmed their productive interactions with the active site of cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Based on inhibition and reactivation and their ADMET properties regarding lipophilicity, CNS activity, and hepatotoxicity, these compounds could be considered for further development of CNS-active reactivators in OP poisoning as well as cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tena Čadež
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Barth H, Worek F, Steinritz D, Papatheodorou P, Huber-Lang M. Trauma-toxicology: concepts, causes, complications. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2935-2948. [PMID: 37999755 PMCID: PMC11074020 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Trauma and toxic substances are connected in several aspects. On the one hand, toxic substances can be the reason for traumatic injuries in the context of accidental or violent and criminal circumstances. Examples for the first scenario is the release of toxic gases, chemicals, and particles during house fires, and for the second scenario, the use of chemical or biological weapons in the context of terroristic activities. Toxic substances can cause or enhance severe, life-threatening trauma, as described in this review for various chemical warfare, by inducing a tissue trauma accompanied by break down of important barriers in the body, such as the blood-air or the blood-gut barriers. This in turn initiates a "vicious circle" as the contribution of inflammatory responses to the traumatic damage enhances the macro- and micro-barrier breakdown and often results in fatal outcome. The development of sophisticated methods for detection and identification of toxic substances as well as the special treatment of the intoxicated trauma patient is summarized in this review. Moreover, some highly toxic substances, such as the protein toxins from the pathogenic bacterium Clostridioides (C.) difficile, cause severe post-traumatic complications which significantly worsens the outcome of hospitalized patients, in particular in multiply injured trauma patients. Therefore, novel pharmacological options for the treatment of such patients are necessarily needed and one promising strategy might be the neutralization of the toxins that cause the disease. This review summarizes recent findings on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of toxic chemicals and bacterial toxins that contribute to barrier breakdown in the human body as wells pharmacological options for treatment, in particular in the context of intoxicated trauma patients. "trauma-toxicology" comprises concepts regrading basic research, development of novel pharmacological/therapeutic options and clinical aspects in the complex interplay and "vicious circle" of severe tissue trauma, barrier breakdown, pathogen and toxin exposure, tissue damage, and subsequent clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Barth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Papatheodorou
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
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Amend N, Timperley CM, Bird M, Green AC, Worek F, Seeger T. Restoration of nerve agent impaired neuromuscular transmission in rat diaphragm by bispyridinium non-oximes - Structure-activity relationships. Toxicology 2024; 503:153741. [PMID: 38311098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is currently treated with atropine, oximes and benzodiazepines. The nicotinic signs, i.e., respiratory impairment, can only be targeted indirectly via the use of oximes as reactivators of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Hence, compounds selectively targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) might fundamentally improve current treatment options. The bispyridinium compound MB327 has previously shown some therapeutic effect against nerve agents in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, compound optimization was deemed necessary, due to limitations (e.g., toxicity and efficacy). The current study investigated a series of 4-tert-butyl bispyridinium compounds and of corresponding bispyridinium compounds without substituents in a rat diaphragm model using an indirect field stimulation technique. The length of the respective linker influenced the ability of the bispyridinium compounds to restore muscle function in rat hemidiaphragms. The current data show structure-activity relationships for a series of bispyridinium compounds and provide insight for future structure-based molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Mike Bird
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Lv Q, Jiang PY, Xia JM, Liang LH, Chen B, Yang Y, Yan L, Yu HL, Liu CC. Discriminative detection of soman or VX exposure using europium chelated microparticle-based immunofluorescence microfluidic chip. Anal Biochem 2024; 685:115388. [PMID: 37967783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The retrospective detection of organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) exposure has been achieved by the off-site analysis of OPNA-human serum albumin (HSA) adducts using mass spectrometry-based detection approaches. However, few specific methods are accessible for on-site detection. To address this, a novel immunofluorescence microfluidic chip (IFMC) testing system combining europium chelated microparticle (EuCM) with self-driven microfluidic chip assay has been established to unambiguously determine soman (GD) and VX exposure within 20 min, respectively. The detection system was based on the principle of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The specific monoclonal antibodies that respectively recognized the phosphonylated tyrosine 411 of GD-HSA and VX-HSA adducts were labeled by EuCM to capture corresponding adducts in the exposed samples. The phosphonylated peptides in the test line and goat-anti-rabbit antibody in the control line were utilized to bind the EuCM-labeled antibodies for signal exhibition. The developed IFMC chip could discriminatively detect exposed HSA adducts with high specificity, demonstrating a low limit of detection at exposure concentrations of 0.5 × 10-6 mol/L VX and 1.0 × 10-6 mol/L GD. The exposed serum samples can be qualitatively detected following an additional pretreatment procedure. This is a novel rapid detection system capable of discriminating GD and VX exposure, providing an alternative method for rapidly identifying OPNA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Pei-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jun-Mei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
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Pirollo KF, Moghe M, Guan M, Rait AS, Wang A, Kim SS, Chang EH, Harford JB. A Pralidoxime Nanocomplex Formulation Targeting Transferrin Receptors for Reactivation of Brain Acetylcholinesterase After Exposure of Mice to an Anticholinesterase Organophosphate. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:307-326. [PMID: 38229703 PMCID: PMC10790653 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s443498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Organophosphates are among the deadliest of known chemicals based on their ability to inactivate acetylcholinesterase in neuromuscular junctions and synapses of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The consequent accumulation of acetylcholine can produce severe acute toxicities and death. Oxime antidotes act by reactivating acetylcholinesterase with the only such reactivator approved for use in the United States being 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride (a.k.a., pralidoxime or 2-PAM). However, this compound does not cross the blood-brain barrier readily and so is limited in its ability to reactivate acetylcholinesterase in the brain. Methods We have developed a novel formulation of 2-PAM by encapsulating it within a nanocomplex designed to cross the blood-brain barrier via transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis. This nanocomplex (termed scL-2PAM) has been subjected to head-to-head comparisons with unencapsulated 2-PAM in mice exposed to paraoxon, an organophosphate with anticholinesterase activity. Results and Discussion In mice exposed to a sublethal dose of paraoxon, scL-2PAM reduced the extent and duration of cholinergic symptoms more effectively than did unencapsulated 2-PAM. The scL-2PAM formulation was also more effective than unencapsulated 2-PAM in rescuing mice from death after exposure to otherwise-lethal levels of paraoxon. Improved survival rates in paraoxon-exposed mice were accompanied by a higher degree of reactivation of brain acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion Our data indicate that scL-2PAM is superior to the currently used form of 2-PAM in terms of both mitigating paraoxon toxicity in mice and reactivating acetylcholinesterase in their brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Manish Moghe
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Miaoyin Guan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Antonina S Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Aibing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, 20854, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Joe B Harford
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, 20854, USA
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11
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Wigenstam E, Artursson E, Bucht A, Thors L. Pharmacological prophylaxis with pyridostigmine bromide against nerve agents adversely impact on airway function in an ex vivo rat precision-cut lung slice model. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:732-740. [PMID: 37537757 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2238060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The carbamate pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is the only fielded pharmacological prophylaxis for military use against nerve agents. Previous studies have shown differences in the PB-pretreatment efficacy for various nerve agents and in the influence of post-exposure treatment with common antidotes. In the present study, the aim was to evaluate the possibility of using an ex vivo rat precision-cut lung slice model to determine the impact of PB pretreatment on VX-induced bronchoconstriction. In addition, the efficacy of post-exposure treatment with atropine sulfate following PB-prophylaxis was investigated.Bronchoconstriction was induced by electric-field stimulation and was significantly aggravated by 10 µM PB. Airway recovery was decreased by both 1 and 10 µM PB. Evaluation of acetylcholineesterese inhibition by PB showed that the lower concentration met the clinical criteria of residual enzyme activity while the higher concentration completely inhibited the activity. Exposure to VX with or without pretreatment demonstrated similar contractions. However, VX-incubation following pretreatment caused decreased airway relaxation compared to pretreatment alone. Atropine treatment following PB- and VX-exposure significantly decreased the maximum airway contraction and increased the relaxation.In conclusion, no beneficial effect of PB-prophylaxis on VX-induced contractions was observed. The atropine efficacy to relax airways was significant demonstrating the importance of efficient post-exposure therapeutics to protect against the life-threatening respiratory contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wigenstam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - E Artursson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Amend N, Koller M, Schmitt C, Worek F, Wille T. The suitability of a polydimethylsiloxane-based (PDMS) microfluidic two compartment system for the toxicokinetic analysis of organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Lett 2023; 388:24-29. [PMID: 37827339 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip platforms are an emerging technology in experimental and regulatory toxicology (species-specific differences, ethical considerations). They address gaps between in vivo and in vitro models. However, there are still certain limitations considering material, setup and applicability. The current study examined the suitability of a commercially available polydimethylsiloxane-based (PDMS) organ-chip for the toxicokinetic characterization of the highly toxic nerve agent VX and the organophosphate pesticide parathion. The respective concentrations of 1000 µmol/L and 100 µmol/L VX and parathion were chosen deliberately high in order to study concentrations even if high compound absorption by PDMS might occur. Neuronal and liver spheroids, totaling 2 × 106 cells were used to study concentration changes of VX and parathion. In addition, VX enantiomers were quantified. The current study suggests a significant absorption of VX, respectively parathion by PDMS. This might require future investigation of alternative materials or coatings to limit absorption for organophosphorus compounds in toxicokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marianne Koller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schmitt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Department F, Medical CBRN Defence, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Ingolstädter Str 240, Munich 80939, Germany
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13
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Das B, Majumder D. A molecular docking-based comparative assessment of various anticholinergic drugs as antidotes to different nerve agent poisoning. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7809-7820. [PMID: 36152998 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2125904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agent poisoning is still a threat to civilization. Nerve agents function by binding with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase irreversibly. Accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse causes over-stimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors. Thus miosis, glandular hyper secretion, bronchoconstriction, vomiting, diarrhea and bradycardia occurs (by M1-M5 receptors stimulation); whereas convulsion and seizures occur due to the nicotinic receptors. Atropine is a non-selective muscarinic antagonists but no nicotinic antagonists are known. Seizures are controlled by diazepam. Enzyme aging occurs without treatment which causes the enzyme resistant to oxime therapy. Though numerous wet-lab based works has carried out, however, recent time there is an over-growing trend to make comparative assessment of drugs and toxicants. Here we made a molecular docking based comparative assessments between nerve agents toxicity and efficacy of different drugs to prevent this toxicity. Our results suggest that VX is the most harmful organophosphate nerve agents and HI-6 is the best drug followed by Obidoxime and Pralidoxime to free acetylcholinestarase. Docking results correspond the data trend of different in vivo experiments for the assessment of severity of different nerve agents and/or effectiveness of different antidote drugs. Our study reinforces the utility of pretreatment of the enzyme with a carbamic acid derivative like Pyridostigmine bromide which inhibits the enzyme reversibly to a smaller extent and thus, prevent the enzyme from aging and the nerve agent binding.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwajit Das
- Society for Systems Biology & Translational Research, Kolkata, India
- Department of Physiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, India
| | - Durjoy Majumder
- Department of Physiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, India
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14
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Amend N, Thiermann H, Worek F, Wille T. A pharmacologically pre-contracted smooth muscle bowel model for the study of highly-potent opioid receptor agonists and antagonists. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00187-X. [PMID: 37245850 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Isolated organ models are a versatile tool for pharmacological and toxicological research. Small bowel has been used to assess the inhibition of smooth muscle contraction by opioids. In the present study, we set out to establish a pharmacologically stimulated rat bowel model. The effects of carfentanil, remifentanil and the new synthetic opioid U-48800 and their respective antagonists naloxone, nalmefene and naltrexone were studied in a small bowel model in rats. The IC50 values of the tested opioids were as follows: carfentanil (IC50 = 0.02 µmol/L, CI 0.02-0.03 µmol/L) ≫ remifentanil (IC50 = 0.51 µmol/L, CI 0.40-0.66 µmol/L) ≫ U-48800 (IC50 = 1.36 µmol/L, CI 1.20-1.54 µmol/L). The administration of the opioid receptor antagonists naloxone, naltrexone and nalmefene led to progressive, parallel rightward shifts of the dose-response curves. Naltrexone was most potent in antagonizing the effects of U-48800, whereas naltrexone and nalmefene were most effective in antagonizing the effects of carfentanil. In summary, the current model seems to be a robust tool to study opioid effects in a small bowel model without the necessity of using electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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15
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Dobariya P, Adhya P, Vaidya B, Khandave PY, Sharma SS, Pande AH. Fused human paraoxonase 1 as a prophylactic agent against organophosphate poisoning. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110209. [PMID: 36764031 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are highly neurotoxic compounds and certain OP-compounds are also exploited as a weapon of mass destruction and chemical warfare in terrorist attacks. Available prophylactic and post-exposure treatments are less effective and also have serious side-effects. Thus, there is a dire need to develop effective and safe prophylactic agent(s) against OP-poisoning. Human Paraoxonase 1 (hPON1) can hydrolyze a wide range of OP molecules and can be developed as an effective and safe prophylactic agent. Thus, there is a dire need in the art to develop variant(s) of rhPON1 that not only possess 'good' OP-hydrolyzing activity but also have improved pharmacokinetic properties. In this report, we describe the characterization of the fused hPON1 (FHP) variant that not only exhibit enhanced in vivo pharmacokinetic properties but also delay / prevent the symptoms of OP-poisoning and prevents OP-induced mortality in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakashkumar Dobariya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Pratik Adhya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupesh Vaidya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Prakash Y Khandave
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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16
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Izquierdo PG, Charvet CL, Neveu C, Green AC, Tattersall JEH, Holden-Dye L, O'Connor V. Modelling organophosphate intoxication in C. elegans highlights nicotinic acetylcholine receptor determinants that mitigate poisoning. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284786. [PMID: 37083685 PMCID: PMC10121051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate intoxication via acetylcholinesterase inhibition executes neurotoxicity via hyper stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. Here, we use the organophosphate paraoxon-ethyl to treat C. elegans and use its impact on pharyngeal pumping as a bio-assay to model poisoning through these neurotoxins. This assay provides a tractable measure of acetylcholine receptor mediated contraction of body wall muscle. Investigation of the time dependence of organophosphate treatment and the genetic determinants of the drug-induced inhibition of pumping highlight mitigating modulation of the effects of paraoxon-ethyl. We identified mutants that reduce acetylcholine receptor function protect against the consequence of intoxication by organophosphates. Data suggests that reorganization of cholinergic signalling is associated with organophosphate poisoning. This reinforces the under investigated potential of using therapeutic approaches which target a modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function to treat the poisoning effects of this important class of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Izquierdo
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Claude L Charvet
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Cedric Neveu
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Christopher Green
- Dstl, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - John E H Tattersall
- Dstl, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- Dstl, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent O'Connor
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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17
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Bourassa S, Noebert D, Dauphin M, Rambaud J, Kawaguchi A, Léger F, Beijer D, Fortier Y, Dligui M, Ivanovski H, Simard S, Jouvet P, Leclerc J. Acute care for patients exposed to a chemical attack: protocol for an international multicentric observational study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065015. [PMID: 36175098 PMCID: PMC9528586 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of weapons of mass destruction against civilian populations is of serious concern to public health authorities. Chemical weapons are of particular concern. A few studies have investigated medical responses in prehospital settings in the immediate aftermath of a chemical attack, and they were limited by the paucity of clinical data. This study aims to describe the acute management of patients exposed to a chemical attack from the incident site until their transfer to a medical facility. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This international multicentric observational study addresses the period from 1970 to 2036. An online electronic case report form was created to collect data; it will be hosted on the Biomedical Telematics Laboratory Platform of the Quebec Respiratory Health Research Network. Participating medical centres and their clinicians are being asked to provide contextual and clinical information, including the use of protective equipment and decontamination capabilities for the medical evacuation of the patient from the incident site of the chemical attack to the moment of admission at the medical facility. In brief, variables are categorised as follows: (1) chemical exposure (threat); (2) prehospital and hospital/medical facility capabilities (staffing, first aid, protection, decontamination, disaster plans and medical guidelines); (3) clinical interventions before hospital admission, including the use of protection and decontamination and (4) outcomes (survivability vs mortality rates). Judgement criteria focus on decontamination drills applied to any of the patient's conditions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Sainte-Justine Research Centre Ethics Committee approved this multicentric study and is acting as the main evaluating centre. Study results will be disseminated through various means, including conferences, indexed publications in medical databases and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05026645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Bourassa
- Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CFINTCOMD (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Noebert
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- DCBRND&RCAF (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Dauphin
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- RCAMC (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Léger
- CFINTCOMD (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daan Beijer
- DCBRND&RCAF (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yvan Fortier
- University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mina Dligui
- University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hristijan Ivanovski
- Centre for Defence and Security Studies, University of Manitoba Faculty of Arts, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Serge Simard
- Research Centre Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Jouvet
- Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Leclerc
- RCAMC (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Research Centre Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nursing, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Brunka Z, Ryl J, Brushtulli P, Gromala D, Walczak G, Zięba S, Pieśniak D, Sein Anand J, Wiergowski M. Selected Political Criminal Poisonings in the Years 1978-2020: Detection and Treatment. TOXICS 2022; 10:468. [PMID: 36006147 PMCID: PMC9413450 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Criminal poisonings are among the least frequently detected crimes in the world. Lack of suspicion of this type of event by police officers and prosecutors, clinical symptoms imitating many somatic diseases and technical difficulties in diagnostics, as well as high research costs make the actual frequency of these events difficult to estimate. The substance used for criminal poisoning is often characterized by: lack of taste, color and smell, delayed action, easy availability and difficulty to detect. The aim of the study was to analyze selected cases of political poisoning that took place in the years 1978-2020, to describe the mechanisms of action of the substances used and to evaluate the diagnosis and treatment. The analyzed cases of criminal poisoning concerned: Georgi Markov (ricin), Khalid Maszal (fentanyl), Wiktor Yushchenko (TCDD dioxin), Jasir Arafat (polonium 210Po isotope), Alexander Litvinenko (polonium 210Po isotope), Kim Jong-Nam (VX), Sergei Skripal (Novichok) and Alexei Navalny (Novichok). Contemporary poisons, to a greater extent than in the past, are based on the use of synthetic substances from the group of organophosphorus compounds and radioactive substances. The possibility of taking appropriate and effective treatment in such cases is the result of many factors, including the possibility of quick and competent rescue intervention, quick and reliable detection of the toxic substance and the possibility of using an antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Brunka
- Student Scientific Society of the Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Ryl
- Student Scientific Society of the Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Brushtulli
- Student Scientific Society of the Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Gromala
- Student Scientific Society of the Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Walczak
- Student Scientific Society of the Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sonia Zięba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Pieśniak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Sein Anand
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
- Pomeranian Center of Toxicology, Kartuska 4/6 Str., 80-104 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
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19
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Elsinghorst PW, Wille T, Barić D, Mertens MD, Baumann M, Küppers J, Gütschow M. Aminoalkoxy-substituted coumarins: Synthesis and evaluation for reactivation of inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200208. [PMID: 35876340 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase remains an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus compounds, such as nerve agents or pesticides. Although drugs like obidoxime or pralidoxime have been used with considerable success, there is a need for new substances capable of reactivating acetylcholinesterase with a broader scope and increased efficacy. Possible screening candidates must fulfill two fundamental requirements: They must (i) show an affinity to acetylcholinesterase well balanced between sufficient binding and competitive inhibition and (ii) facilitate the nucleophilic cleavage of the phosphorylated catalytic serine residue. We attached a variety of nonaromatic primary and secondary amines to a coumarin core through selected alkoxy side linkers attached at coumarin positions 6 or 7 to obtain a small set of possible reactivators. Evaluation of their inhibition and reactivation potential in vitro showed some activity with respect to acetylcholinesterase inhibited by cyclosarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Elsinghorst
- Food Chemistry, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Garching, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, München, Germany
| | - Danijela Barić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matthias D Mertens
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Madlen Baumann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, München, Germany
| | - Jim Küppers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Kohoutova Z, Malinak D, Andrys R, Svobodova J, Psotka M, Schmidt M, Prchal L, Musilek K. Charged pyridinium oximes with thiocarboxamide moiety are equally or less effective reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases compared to analogous carboxamides. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:760-767. [PMID: 35193448 PMCID: PMC8881075 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2041628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organophosphorus antidotes, so-called oximes, are able to restore the enzymatic function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) via cleavage of organophosphate from the active site of the phosphylated enzyme. In this work, the charged pyridinium oximes containing thiocarboxamide moiety were designed, prepared and tested. Their stability and pKa properties were found to be analogous to parent carboxamides (K027, K048 and K203). The inhibitory ability of thiocarboxamides was found in low µM levels for AChE and high µM levels for BChE. Their reactivation properties were screened on human recombinant AChE and BChE inhibited by nerve agent surrogates and paraoxon. One thiocarboxamide was able to effectively restore function of NEMP- and NEDPA-AChE, whereas two thiocarboxamides were able to reactivate BChE inhibited by all tested organophosphates. These results were confirmed by reactivation kinetics, where thiocarboxamides were proved to be effective, but less potent reactivators if compared to carboxamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kohoutova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Svobodova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Psotka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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21
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Lv Q, Yu HL, Yang Y, Meng FH, Dai XD, Jiang PY, Liu CC. Screening of monoclonal antibodies against specific phosphonylation sites and analysis of serum samples exposed to soman and VX using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2713-2724. [PMID: 35083511 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) covalently bind to tyrosine 411 of human serum albumin (HSA) and the formed adducts are stable biomarkers of OPNA exposure. The detection of these adducts has been limited to mass spectrometry techniques combined with protein digestion. Here, we developed indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) methods to verify OPNA exposure by the detection of OPNA-phosphonylated adducts at tyrosine 411 residue (OPNA-HSA adducts), in which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against phosphonylation sites at tyrosine 411 were introduced. The two mAbs were prepared by the fourth generation of rabbit mAb technology using the phosphonylated peptides of LVRY(GD or VX)TKKVPQC as the haptens. These mAbs were screened using our developed competitive ELISA method and then selected based on their individual affinity and selectivity. As a result, we obtained two mAbs that recognized the HSA Tyr 411 adduct of GD (mAb-5G2) or VX (mAb-12B9), respectively. They shared the highest affinity exhibiting a Kd value of about 10-6 mol/L of the OPNA exposure concentration. They also had remarkable selectivity, which could especially recognize their individual OPNA-HSA adducts in a native state but did not recognize other OPNA-HSAs and unadducted HSAs. Especially for mAb-12B9, it could clearly distinguish VX-HSA and GB-HSA between which there was only one alkyl difference in their phosphonyl portion of the adducted sites. The two mAbs were then used to build the icELISA method for analysis of the serum samples exposed to OPNA. It was found that the detectable lowest GD- and VX-exposed concentrations in serum samples were respectively 1.0 × 10-6 mol/L and 10.0 × 10-6 mol/L. This study provides one novel approach and strategy for the retrospective detection of OPNA exposure, and the two mAbs have great potential to be extended for point-of-care testing of OPNA intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Fan-Hua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xian-Dong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Pei-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
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22
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Thiermann H, Worek F. Oximes should be used routinely in organophosphate poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:5064-5069. [PMID: 35023196 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In poisoning with organophosphorus compounds, patients can only profit from the regeneration of acetylcholinesterase, when the poison load has dropped below a toxic level. Every measure that allows an increase of synaptic AChE activity at the earliest is essential for timely termination of the cholinergic crisis. Only a drug induced reactivation allows to achieve fast restoration of the inhibited AChE. Obidoxime and pralidoxime have proved to be able to reactivate inhibited cholinesterase thereby saving life of poisoned animals. A plasma level of obidoxime or pralidoxime allowing reactivation in humans poisoned by OP can be adjusted. There is no doubt that obidoxime and pralidoxime are able to reactivate OP inhibited AChE activity in poisoned patients thereby increasing AChE activity and contributing substantially to terminate cholinergic crisis. Hence, a benefit may be expected when substantial reactivation is achieved. A test system allowing determination of red blood cell AChE activity, reactivatability, inhibitory equivalents and BChE activity is available for relatively low cost. If any reactivation is possible while inhibiting equivalents are present, oxime therapy should be maintained. In particular, when balancing the benefit risk assessment, obidoxime or palidoxime should be given as soon as possible and as long as a substantial reactivation may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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23
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Maksimović ŽM, Škrbić R, Stojiljković MP. Dose-Dependency of Toxic Signs and Outcomes of Paraoxon Poisoning in Rats. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRALOVE) 2022; 65:8-17. [PMID: 35793503 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds induce irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, which then produces clinically manifested muscarinic, nicotinic and central effects. The aim of the study was to analyse the clinical signs of acute paraoxon poisoning in rats and to determine the relationship between the intensity of signs of poisoning and the dose of paraoxon and/or the outcome of poisoning in rats. Animals were treated with either saline or atropine (10 mg/kg intramuscularly). The median subcutaneous lethal dose (LD50) of paraoxon was 0.33 mg/kg and protective ratio of atropine was 2.73. The presence and intensity of signs of poisoning in rats (dyspnoea, lacrimation, exophthalmos, fasciculations, tremor, ataxia, seizures, piloerection, stereotypic movements) were observed and recorded for 4 h after the injection of paraoxon. Intensity of these toxic phenomena was evaluated as: 0 - absent, 1 - mild/moderate, 2 - severe. Fasciculations, seizures and tremor were more intense at higher doses of paraoxon and in non-survivors. In unprotected rats piloerection occurred more often and was more intense at higher doses of paraoxon as well as in non-survivors. In atropine-protected rats, piloerection did not correlate with paraoxon dose or outcome of poisoning. The intensity of fasciculations and seizures were very strong prognostic parameters of the poisoning severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žana M Maksimović
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Miloš P Stojiljković
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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24
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Zhou S, Li W, Zhao Q, Dong H, Wang Y, Lu F, Zhao J, Liu S, Chen H, Wang L, Liu W, Zhang M, Chen S. Detoxification of the Toxic Sulfur Mustard Simulant by a Supramolecular Antidote in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58291-58300. [PMID: 34846119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although great potential hazards and threats still occur from sulfur mustard, there are no specific medicine or therapy for the intoxication of sulfur mustard. Herein, we have demonstrated a supramolecular approach for the detoxification of the sulfur mustard simulant CEES (4) in vitro and in vivo by carboxylatopillar[5]arene potassium salts (CP[5]AK 1) efficiently based on host-guest interactions. The encapsulation of CEES (4) by the cavity of the pillar[5]arene 2 is driven by C-H···π interactions between CEES (4) and the electron-rich cavity of pillar[5]arene 2, which was investigated by 1H NMR titration, density functional theory studies, and the independent gradient model studies. CEES (4) is degradated to the reactive sulfonium salts quickly in aqueous media, resulting in the alkylation of DNA and proteins. The sulfonium salts can be encapsulated by CP[5]AK 1 efficiently, which accelerates the degradation of the sulfonium salts about 14 times. The cell and animal experiments indicated that the bioactivities of the sulfonium salts are inhibited with the formation of stable host-guest complexes, and CP[5]AK 1 has a good therapeutic effect on the damages caused by CEES (4) at either pre- or post-treatments. Due to the low cytotoxicity and good therapeutic effect, the anionic pillar[5]arenes are expected to be developed as specific antidotes against sulfur mustard (HD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wangzi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Hongqiang Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feihong Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingchang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shigui Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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25
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Thors L, Wästerby P, Wigenstam E, Larsson A, Öberg L, Bucht A. Do cold weather temperatures affect the efficacy of skin decontamination? J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:961-969. [PMID: 34850419 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin decontamination in cold weather temperatures might be challenging due to the aggravating circumstances. However, no information is available on the efficacy of commonly used procedures in winter conditions. Therefore, the efficacy of the reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL) and soapy water decontamination following skin exposure to the nerve agent VX was evaluated at three ambient air temperatures (-5°C, -15°C and room temperature). Experiments were performed in vitro using human dermatomed skin. The ability of RSDL to degrade VX at the three different air temperatures was separately evaluated. The ambient air temperature in experiments without decontamination did not influence the penetration rate of VX through skin. RSDL decontamination was highly efficient in removing VX from skin when performed in all three ambient temperatures, despite the slower agent degradation rate of VX at the lower temperatures. Decontamination with soapy water at RT resulted in an increased skin penetration of VX compared with the control without decontamination; however, in colder temperatures the VX skin penetration was similar to the corresponding control without decontamination. At RT, dry removal prior to washing with soapy water did not improve decontamination of VX compared with washing solely with soapy water. This study demonstrated high efficacy of RSDL decontamination following skin exposure to VX also at cold temperatures. The previously reported 'wash-in' effect of soapy water on VX skin penetration was reduced at cold temperatures. Altogether, this study found a scientific basis to establish guidelines for skin decontamination of chemical casualties at cold weather temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Wästerby
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Larsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Öberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
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26
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Amend N, Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Investigation of cardiac glycosides from oleander in a human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocyte model. Toxicol Lett 2021; 350:261-266. [PMID: 34371141 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of Nerium oleander and Thevetia peruviana are common causes for poisoning in Southeast Asia. All parts of the oleander shrub contain cardiac glycosides of the cardenolide type. These glycosides act via inhibition of a Na+/K+-ATPase which might cause severe arrhythmia and subsequent death in oleander-poisoned patients. The current study uses human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) in a microelectrode array (MEA) system to assess the cardiac effects of neriifolin, oleandrin, digitoxigenin, peruvoside and thevetin A from the oleander plant. Digoxin was used as established reference compound. All tested compounds showed a corrected field potential duration (FPDc) shortening and was the lowest for 600 nM digitoxigenin with -36.9 ± 1.2 %. Next to the dose-dependent pro-arrhythmic potential, a complete beat arrest of the spontaneously beating hiPSC-CM was observed at a concentration of 300 nM for neriifolin, 600 nM for oleandrin and 1000 nM for digitoxigenin and peruvoside. Thevetin A did not cause arrhythmia up to a final concentration of 1000 nM. Thus, it was possible to establish a cardiac effect rank order of the tested substances: neriifolin > oleandrin > digitoxigenin = peruvoside > digoxin > thevetin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, München, Germany
| | - F Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, München, Germany
| | - H Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, München, Germany
| | - T Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, München, Germany.
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27
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Pashirova TN, Bogdanov A, Masson P. Therapeutic nanoreactors for detoxification of xenobiotics: Concepts, challenges and biotechnological trends with special emphasis to organophosphate bioscavenging. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109577. [PMID: 34274336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of enzyme nanoreactors in medicine is relatively new. However, this technology has already been experimentally successful in cancer treatments, struggle against toxicity of reactive oxygen species in inflammatory processes, detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics, and correction of metabolic and genetic defects by using encapsulated enzymes, acting in single or cascade reactions. Biomolecules, e.g. enzymes, antibodies, reactive proteins capable of inactivating toxicants in the body are called bioscavengers. In this review, we focus on enzyme-containing nanoreactors for in vivo detoxification of organophosphorous compounds (OP) to be used for prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment of OP poisoning. A particular attention is devoted to bioscavenger-containing injectable nanoreactors operating in the bloodstream. The nanoreactor concept implements single or multiple enzymes and cofactors co-encapsulated in polymeric semi-permeable nanocontainers. Thus, the detoxification processes take place in a confined space containing highly concentrated bioscavengers. The article deals with historical and theoretical backgrounds about enzymatic detoxification of OPs in nanoreactors, nanoreactor polymeric enveloppes, realizations and advantages over other approaches using bioscavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Bogdanov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick Masson
- Kazan Federal University, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kremlevskaya str., 18, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.
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28
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Wigenstam E, Forsberg E, Bucht A, Thors L. Efficacy of atropine and scopolamine on airway contractions following exposure to the nerve agent VX. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 419:115512. [PMID: 33785355 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents are highly toxic organophosphorus compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase resulting in rapid accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) causing a cholinergic syndrome including respiratory failure. In the present study, respiratory responses and antimuscarinic treatment efficacy was evaluated ex vivo using rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) exposed to the nerve agent VX. The respiratory effects were evaluated either by adding exogenous ACh directly to the culture medium or by applying electric-field stimulation (EFS) to the PCLS to achieve a release of endogenous ACh from neurons in the lung tissue. The airway contraction induced by both methods was enhanced by VX and resulted in lingering airway recovery, in particular when airways were exposed to a high VX-dose. Both contractions induced by EFS and exogenously added ACh were significantly reduced by administration of the antimuscarinic drugs atropine or scopolamine. Two additions of atropine or scopolamine after maximal ACh-induced airway response was demonstrated effective to reverse the contraction. By adding consecutive doubled doses of antimuscarinics, high efficiency to reduce the cholinergic airway response was observed. However, the airways were not completely recovered by atropine or scopolamine, indicating that non-muscarinic mechanisms were involved in the smooth muscle contractions. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that antimuscarinic treatment reversed airway contraction induced by VX but supplemental pharmacological interventions are needed to fully recover the airways. Further studies should therefore clarify the mechanisms of physiological responses in lung tissue following nerve agent exposures to improve the medical management of poisoned individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wigenstam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - E Forsberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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29
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Angrand L, Takillah S, Malissin I, Berriche A, Cervera C, Bel R, Gerard Q, Knoertzer J, Baati R, Kononchik JP, Megarbane B, Thibault K, Dal Bo G. Persistent brainwave disruption and cognitive impairment induced by acute sarin surrogate sub-lethal dose exposure. Toxicology 2021; 456:152787. [PMID: 33887375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Warfare neurotoxicants such as sarin, soman or VX, are organophosphorus compounds which irreversibly inhibit cholinesterase. High-dose exposure with nerve agents (NA) is known to produce seizure activity and related brain damage, while less is known about the effects of acute sub-lethal dose exposure. The aim of this study was to characterize behavioral, brain activity and neuroinflammatory modifications at different time points after exposure to 4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (NIMP), a sarin surrogate. In order to decipher the impacts of sub-lethal exposure, we chose 4 different doses of NIMP each corresponding to a fraction of the median lethal dose (LD50). First, we conducted a behavioral analysis of symptoms during the first hour following NIMP challenge and established a specific scoring scale for the intoxication severity. The intensity of intoxication signs was dose-dependent and proportional to the cholinesterase activity inhibition evaluated in mice brain. The lowest dose (0.3 LD50) did not induce significant behavioral, electrocorticographic (ECoG) nor cholinesterase activity changes. Animals exposed to one of the other doses (0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 LD50) exhibited substantial changes in behavior, significant cholinesterase activity inhibition, and a disruption of brainwave distribution that persisted in a dose-dependent manner. To evaluate long lasting changes, we conducted ECoG recording for 30 days on mice exposed to 0.5 or 0.9 LD50 of NIMP. Mice in both groups showed long-lasting impairment of theta rhythms, and a lack of restoration in hippocampal ChE activity after 1-month post-exposure. In addition, an increase in neuroinflammatory markers (IBA-1, TNF-α, NF-κB) and edema were transiently observed in mice hippocampus. Furthermore, a novel object recognition test showed an alteration of short-term memory in both groups, 1-month post-NIMP intoxication. Our findings identified both transient and long-term ECoG alterations and some long term cognitive impairments following exposure to sub-lethal doses of NIMP. These may further impact morphopathological alterations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Angrand
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France; EnvA, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Team Relaix, Créteil, France
| | - Samir Takillah
- Departement of Neuroscience, Unit of Fatigue and Vigilance, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France; VIFASOM Team (EA 7330), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Malissin
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Federation of Toxicology APHP, Paris-Diderot University, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
| | - Asma Berriche
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France; CEA, Fontenay aux roses, France
| | - Chloe Cervera
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France
| | - Rosalie Bel
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France
| | - Quentin Gerard
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France; Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Julie Knoertzer
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, Institut de Chimie des Procédés, pour l'Energie, l'Environnement, et la Santé, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph P Kononchik
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France
| | - Bruno Megarbane
- VIFASOM Team (EA 7330), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France; Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Federation of Toxicology APHP, Paris-Diderot University, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
| | - Karine Thibault
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France.
| | - Gregory Dal Bo
- Departement of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny sur Orge, France.
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30
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Thors L, Wigenstam E, Qvarnström J, Bucht A. Efficient agent degradation within skin is important for decontamination of percutaneously exposed VX. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:95-102. [PMID: 33759679 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1902342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Following percutaneous exposure to the nerve agent VX, the remaining intact agent within the skin after decontamination is of great concern. Consequently, this leads to prolonged agent release to the blood circulation resulting in sustained intoxication, which may complicate the medical management. The decontamination procedure used should therefore possess the ability for agent removal both on and within the skin. The efficacy of three decontamination procedures was evaluated by measuring VX and the primary degradation product ethyl methyl phosphonic acid (EMPA) penetrated through human skin and the amount remaining within the skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Decontamination was initiated 5 min post-exposure to VX on human dermatomed skin. Experiments were conducted using an in vitro skin penetration model and the amount remaining within the skin was determined by combining the tape-stripping technique and acetylcholinesterase activity measurements. RESULTS In control experiments without decontamination, higher amounts of VX were recovered in the deeper layers of skin compared to EMPA, which was primarily located in the stratum corneum. Both Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) and the RSDL training kit (TRSDL) significantly reduced the amount of VX within the skin and decreased the penetration through the skin. However, the degradation ability of RSDL was demonstrated to be beneficial by the reduction of intact agents remaining in the skin compared to TRSDL without agent degradation capability. Soapy water decontamination caused a "wash-in" effect of VX with decreased agent amounts within stratum corneum but increased the amount VX penetrated through the skin. CONCLUSION Efficient skin decontamination of VX requires skin decontaminants reaching deeper layers of the skin, and that both absorption and degradation properties are important. In addition, the "wash-in" effect by using soapy water may enhance VX release to the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Qvarnström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
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