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de Gutierrez GM, Marin LM, Xiao Y, Escalante-Herrera A, Santos MTBR, Siqueira WL. Detection of periodontal disease activity based on histatin degradation in individuals with cerebral palsy. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10134. [PMID: 36046535 PMCID: PMC9421316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This proof-of-concept study aimed at evaluating the proteolytic profile of histatin 1 and 5 in saliva of adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) with gingivitis. Methods This cross-sectional study included 24 individuals allocated into three groups: G1 (CP with gingivitis; n = 8), G2 (without CP and without gingivitis; n = 8), and G3 (without CP and with gingivitis; n = 8). The gingival index (GI) and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI–S) were evaluated. Whole saliva was collected and used to assess the rate and mode of histatin 1 and 5 at different times. The degradation products were visualized after cationic PAGE and the protein band densities (BDs) were compared with a protein standard. Fragmentation products were collected from the gel, pooled by group and characterized by mass spectrometry. BDs and gingival health parameters were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis tests, whereas poisson multilevel regression was used to the factors that influenced histatin degradation (α = 5%). Results Groups G1 and G3 differed significantly on OHI–S, visible biofilm, oral calculus and GI (p < 0.001). Poisson Regression showed that: 1) CP and gingivitis influenced the degradation of histatin 1 and 5 (p < 0.05); 2) The degradation of histatin 5 was influenced by age and male sex (p < 0.05); and 3) GI influenced significantly the degradation of histatin 1 (p < 0.001). Unique histatin degradation peptides were identified in individuals with gingivitis. Conslusions These data demonstrated that both the kinetics and pattern of histatins degradation differ according to the gingival health or disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M de Gutierrez
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.,University of Cruzeiro do Sul, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Lina M Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrea Escalante-Herrera
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Maria T B R Santos
- University of Cruzeiro do Sul, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868 - Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Sato H, Nakajima D, Ishikawa M, Konno R, Nakamura R, Ohara O, Kawashima Y. Evaluation of the Suitability of Dried Saliva Spots for In-Depth Proteome Analyses for Clinical Applications. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1340-1348. [PMID: 35446574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we performed nontargeted proteome analysis using dried blood spots (DBSs) that are widely used in newborn screening for the clinical diagnosis of congenital genetic diseases and immunodeficiency. We have developed an efficient and simple pretreatment method for DBSs that can detect more than 1000 proteins. To complement proteins that are difficult to detect via DBS analysis with less invasive alternative body fluids, we conducted this study to investigate the proteins detected from dried saliva spots (DSSs) using single-shot LC-MS/MS, which is practical in clinical settings. We also clarified whether DSSs have the same advantages as DBSs, and we investigated the influence of saliva collection conditions and the storage environment on their protein profile. As a result, we detected approximately 5000 proteins in DSSs and whole saliva, and we concluded that they were sufficient to complement the proteins lacking in the blood analysis. DSSs could be used as an alternative tool to DBSs for detecting the presence of causative proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Sato
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Konno
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ren Nakamura
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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3
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de Paula Eduardo F, Bezinelli LM, de Araujo CAR, Moraes JVV, Birbrair A, Pinho JRR, Hamerschlak N, Al-Hashimi I, Heller D. Self-collected unstimulated saliva, oral swab, and nasopharyngeal swab specimens in the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1561-1567. [PMID: 34387730 PMCID: PMC8360804 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the saliva of patients infected with COVID-19 has been confirmed by several studies. However, the use of saliva for the diagnosis of COVID-19 remains limited, because of the discrepancies in the results, which might be due to using different saliva sampling methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the consistency of SARS-CoV-2 detection using two different saliva sampling methods (oral swab and unstimulated saliva) to that of the standard nasopharyngeal swab. METHODS Fifty-five subjects were recruited from a pool of COVID-19 inpatient at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Brazil. Nasopharyngeal swab, oral swab, and self-collected unstimulated saliva samples were examined for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. RESULTS Self-collected unstimulated saliva demonstrated 87.3% agreement in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus as compared with the nasopharyngeal swab, while oral swab displayed 65.9% agreement when compared to nasopharyngeal swab and 73% when compared to self-collected unstimulated saliva. CONCLUSION Unstimulated self-collected saliva samples have shown a higher agreement with the nasopharyngeal swab samples for SARS-COV-2 detection than that obtained when using oral swab samples. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study compares the accuracy of COVID-19 test using different saliva sampling methods to that of nasopharyngeal swab. Given the need for a simple self-applied test that can be performed at home, our findings support the efficacy of self-collected unstimulated saliva samples in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, alleviating the demands for swab supplies, personal protective equipment, and healthcare personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Ariel Rodrigues de Araujo
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01506-000, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Vanderlan Moraes
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciencias da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, 05652-900, Brazil. .,Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01506-000, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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4
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Jourdain M, Velard F, Pierrard L, Sergheraert J, Gangloff SC, Braux J. Cationic antimicrobial peptides and periodontal physiopathology: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:589-600. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Laure Jourdain
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Frédéric Velard
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
| | - Loïc Pierrard
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Johan Sergheraert
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Sophie C. Gangloff
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Pharmacie Reims France
| | - Julien Braux
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
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Abstract
As molecular biology advances, an increasing number of proteins are becoming detectable at very low levels in different biological tissues. In this regard, saliva holds vast promise. Unlike blood, saliva can be sampled 1) non-invasively; 2) across all ages (newborn to elderly); 3) in the field; 4) by study participants; and 5) many times per day. With respect to psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), physiological measures of stress such as cortisol have been well characterized. Alpha amylase provides another physiological index of stress; it is a measure of autonomic nervous system activation and is quantifiable in saliva. Other salivary measures, such as inflammatory biomarkers and immunoglobulin A (IgA), provide valuable information pertaining to the effects of stress on inflammation, mucosal immunity, and oral health. Importantly, due to various methodological issues and a lack of strong correlation between saliva and blood measures, investigators should proceed with caution in drawing conclusions from measures of salivary inflammation that pertain to systemic immunity or generalized health.
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Helmerhorst EJ, Dawes C, Oppenheim FG. The complexity of oral physiology and its impact on salivary diagnostics. Oral Dis 2017; 24:363-371. [PMID: 28922514 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva contains biomarkers for systemic as well as oral diseases. This study was undertaken to assess the variability in the sources of such biomarkers (plasma, cells) and attempted to identify saliva deterioration markers in order to improve saliva diagnostic outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inter- and intrasubject variations in salivary gingival crevicular fluid levels were determined by measuring salivary albumin and transferrin levels. The purity of collected glandular secretions was determined by bacterial culture, and the variability in epithelial cell numbers by cell counting and optical density measurement. Saliva sample deterioration markers were identified by RP-HPLC and LC-ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS Tenfold variations were observed in plasma-derived albumin and transferrin levels, emphasizing the need for biomarker normalization with respect to plasma contributions to saliva. Epithelial cell levels varied 50-fold in samples collected before and after a meal. Salivary fungal levels varied within subjects and among subjects from 0 to >1,000 colony-forming units per milliliter. In saliva samples incubated for various time intervals at 37°C, five peptides were identified that steadily increased in intensity over time and which could be explored as "deterioration markers." CONCLUSION Taking saliva characteristics appropriately into account will help realize the promise that this body fluid is suitable to be exploited for reliable healthcare monitoring and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Dawes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - F G Oppenheim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Pillusky FM, Barcelos RCS, Vey LT, Barin LM, de Mello Palma V, Maciel RM, Kantorski KZ, Bürger ME, Danesi CC. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with photosensitizer in ethanol improves oxidative status and gingival collagen in a short-term in periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:119-127. [PMID: 28506773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) effects using the methylene blue (MB) in ethanol 20% on systemic oxidative status and collagen content from gingiva of rats with periodontitis. METHODS Rats were divided into five experimental groups: NC (negative control; no periodontitis); PC (positive control; periodontitis without any treatment); SRP (periodontitis and scaling and root planing), aPDT I (periodontitis and SRP+aPDT+MB solubilized in water), and aPDT II (periodontitis and SRP+aPDT+MB solubilized in ethanol 20%). After 7days of removal of the ligature, the periodontal treatments were performed. At 7/15/30days, gingival tissue was removed for morphometric analysis. The erythrocytes were used to evaluate systemic oxidative status. RESULTS PC group showed higher lipoperoxidation levels at 7/15/30days. aPDT indicated a protective influence in erythrocytes at 15days observed by the elevation in levels of systemic antioxidant defense. aPDT II group was the only one that restored the total collagen area in 15days, and recovered the type I collagen area at the same time point. CONCLUSIONS aPDT as an adjunct to the SRP can induce the systemic protective response against oxidative stress periodontitis-induced and recover the gingival collagen, thus promoting the healing periodontal, particularly when the MB is dissolved in ethanol 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Maia Pillusky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184, Centro, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Cristine Silva Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Taschetto Vey
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luisa Machado Barin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184, Centro, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Victor de Mello Palma
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Marinho Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184, Centro, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Karla Zanini Kantorski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184, Centro, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Estomatologia, Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184, Centro, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marilise Escobar Bürger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Cademartori Danesi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184, Centro, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) represent more than 20 zinc-containing endopeptidases that cleave internal peptide bonds, leading to protein degradation. They play a critical role in many physiological cell functions, including tissue remodeling, embryogenesis, and angiogenesis. They are also involved in the pathogenesis of a vast array of diseases, including but not limited to systemic inflammation, various cancers, and cardiovascular, neurological, and autoimmune diseases. Here, we describe gel zymography to detect MMPs in cell and tissue samples and in cell culture supernatants.
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10
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Gualtero DF, Suarez Castillo A. Biomarkers in saliva for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma and their potential use for early diagnosis: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 2015; 74:170-7. [PMID: 26577643 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2015.1110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the capacity of salivary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Study design A systematic review of the literature was performed based on the English titles listed in the PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane, Science Direct, ISI web Science and SciELO databases using the following search descriptors: Oral cancer, diagnosis, biomarkers, saliva and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Abstracts and full-text articles were assessed independently by two reviewers. International checklists for assessment of methodological quality were used. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation through the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) template were recognized. The units of analysis were identified through a reference matrix. Results Through the research strategy and after application of different filters and considering choosing criteria, six studies were obtained for analysis. Salivary biomarkers for oral cancer most frequently found were mRNA and proteins for IL-8, CD44, MMP-1 and MMP-3. New peptide-biomarkers such as Cyfra 21-1 and ZNF510 were found. ZNF 510 was the only biomarker which increased in the population with tumour stage T1 + T2 and T3 + T4. Only one study showed a sensitivity and specificity of 96% when the biomarker ZNF 510 is employed to discriminate early and late tumour stages. Conclusions There is no sufficient scientific evidence to support the capacity of the identified salivary biomarkers for the early diagnosis of oral cancer (sub-clinical stages of the pathogenic period before cancer phenotypes are manifested). Salivary biomarkers, however, may be employed to discriminate between healthy and cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Gualtero
- a Dental Sciences Research Group , Institución Universitaria Colegios De Colombia (UNICOC) School of Dentistry , Bogotá , D.C , Colombia
- b Unit of Basic Oral Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry , El Bosque University , Bogota , D.C , Colombia
| | - Angela Suarez Castillo
- a Dental Sciences Research Group , Institución Universitaria Colegios De Colombia (UNICOC) School of Dentistry , Bogotá , D.C , Colombia
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Trindade F, Amado F, Oliveira-Silva RP, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Ferreira R, Klein J, Faria-Almeida R, Gomes PS, Vitorino R. Toward the definition of a peptidome signature and protease profile in chronic periodontitis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:917-27. [PMID: 25669956 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a complex immuno-inflammatory disease that results from preestablished gingivitis. We investigated potential differences in salivary peptidome in health and CP. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Saliva was collected from nine CP patients and ten healthy subjects, from which five CP and five healthy were enriched following endoProteoFASP approach, separated and identified by nanoHPLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF. Protease prediction was carried out in silico with Proteasix. Parallel gelatin and collagen (I) zymographies were performed to study proteolytic activity in CP. RESULTS An association of CP with increased gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activity was observed, which is mainly attributed to metalloproteases, remarkably MMP9. Protease prediction revealed distinct protease profiles in CP and in health. Peptidomic data corroborated the inflammatory status, and demonstrated that intact histatin 1 may play an important role in the defense response against oral pathogens. The application of the endoProteoFASP approach to study the salivary peptidome of CP subjects resulted in the identification of eight surrogate peptide markers, which may be used in multiplex to identify CP. These peptides belong to acidic PRP and to P-B peptide. Particularly, P-B peptide fragments exhibited domains with potential predicted antimicrobial activity, corroborating an antimicrobial function. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The comparison between the salivary peptidome obtained by control and CP samples showed a specific association of eight peptides to CP, with remarkable predicted antimicrobial activity, which should be further validated in studies with large number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA, Mass spectrometry center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, Mass spectrometry center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui P Oliveira-Silva
- QOPNA, Mass spectrometry center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,CICECO, Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Daniel-da-Silva
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Mass spectrometry center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Julie Klein
- Mosaiques-Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Pedro S Gomes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration-Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA, Mass spectrometry center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,iBiMED, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Top-down analytical platforms for the characterization of the human salivary proteome. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:563-81. [PMID: 24568357 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the human salivary proteome is an important step towards the possible use of saliva for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The contribution of the different sources to whole saliva, and the evaluation of individual variability and physiological modifications have been investigated by top-down proteomic approaches, disclosing the faceted and complex profile of the human salivary proteome. All this information is essential to develop saliva protein biomarkers. In this Review the major results obtained in the field by top-down platforms, and the improvements required to allow a more complete picture, will be discussed.
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13
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Trindade F, Oppenheim FG, Helmerhorst EJ, Amado F, Gomes PS, Vitorino R. Uncovering the molecular networks in periodontitis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:748-61. [PMID: 24828325 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex immune-inflammatory disease that results from a preestablished infection in gingiva, mainly due to Gram-negative bacteria that colonize deeper in gingival sulcus and latter periodontal pocket. Host inflammatory and immune responses have both protective and destructive roles. Although cytokines, prostaglandins, and proteases struggle against microbial burden, these molecules promote connective tissue loss and alveolar bone resorption, leading to several histopathological changes, namely destruction of periodontal ligament, deepening of periodontal pocket, and bone loss, which can converge to attain tooth loss. Despite the efforts of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics/peptidomics, and metabolomics, there is no available biomarker for periodontitis diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation, which could assist on the established clinical evaluation. Nevertheless, some genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites have already shown a different expression in healthy subjects and in patients. Though, so far, 'omics approaches only disclosed the host inflammatory response as a consequence of microbial invasion in periodontitis and the diagnosis in periodontitis still relies on clinical parameters, thus a molecular tool for assessing periodontitis lacks in current dental medicine paradigm. Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid have been attracting researchers due to their diagnostic potential, ease, and noninvasive nature of collection. Each one of these fluids has some advantages and disadvantages that are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Vitorino R, Ferreira R, Caseiro A, Amado F. Salivary Peptidomics Targeting Clinical Applications. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62650-9.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Meschiari CA, Marcaccini AM, Santos Moura BC, Zuardi LR, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF. Salivary MMPs, TIMPs, and MPO levels in periodontal disease patients and controls. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 421:140-6. [PMID: 23501330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases with an important role in physiological and pathological remodeling. Their activity is regulated by tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Excess MMPs and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity have been associated with loss of tooth supporting tissues in periodontal disease (PD). We investigate the changes in salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and MPO concentrations during PD treatment and compare results with plasma levels. METHODS MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were analyzed by ELISA. Gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 forms was determined by zymography, and the MPO activity was determined by colorimetric assay. RESULTS Subjects were divided into 2 groups: PD and control, which were further divided into 2 subgroups each, namely PD before (PB) and after 3 months (PA) of non-surgical periodontal therapy, and healthy volunteers at baseline (CB) and 3months after baseline (CA). Subgroup PA presented lower gelatinolytic activity and MMP-8 and TIMP-2 concentrations in the saliva compared with PB (p<0.05). The MPO activity was higher in PB compared with CB (p<0.05). There were significant correlations between the gelatinolytic activity of the saliva and MMP-8 and MMP-9 plasma levels. There was a significant correlation between plasma and saliva TIMP-2 levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest attenuation of some inflammatory markers in the saliva and plasma after PD treatment. Moreover, correlations between salivary and plasma levels exist for some of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meschiari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Do T, Devine D, Marsh PD. Oral biofilms: molecular analysis, challenges, and future prospects in dental diagnostics. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2013; 5:11-9. [PMID: 23674928 PMCID: PMC3652372 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s31005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms are functionally and structurally organized polymicrobial communities that are embedded in an extracellular matrix of exopolymers on mucosal and dental surfaces. These biofilms are found naturally in health, and provide benefits to the host. However, this relationship can break down, and disease can occur; disease is associated with a shift in the balance of the species within these biofilms. Simple diagnostic tests have been developed that involve the culture of selected bacteria, eg, those implicated in dental caries, facilitating an assessment of risk of further disease in individual patients. However, oral diseases have a complex etiology, and because only around 50% of oral biofilm can be grown at present, culture-independent molecular-based approaches are being developed that give a more comprehensive assessment of the presence of a range of putative pathogens in samples. The diversity of these biofilms creates challenges in the interpretation of findings, and future work is investigating the ability of novel techniques to detect biological activity and function in oral biofilms, rather than simply providing a catalogue of microbial names.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Do
- Department of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds
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