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Tzimas K, Rahiotis C, Pappa E. Biofilm Formation on Hybrid, Resin-Based CAD/CAM Materials for Indirect Restorations: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1474. [PMID: 38611989 PMCID: PMC11012497 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid materials are a recent addition in the field of restorative dentistry for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) indirect restorations. The long-term clinical success of modern dental restorative materials is influenced by multiple factors. Among the characteristics affecting the longevity of a restoration, the mechanical properties and physicοchemical interactions are of utmost importance. While numerous researchers constantly evaluate mechanical properties, the biological background of resin-based CAD/CAM biomaterials is scarcely investigated and, therefore, less described in the literature. This review aims to analyze biofilm formation on the surfaces of novel, hybrid, resin-based CAD/CAM materials and evaluate the methodological protocols followed to assess microbial growth. It is demonstrated that the surface structure, the composition and the finishing and polishing procedures on the surface of a dental restorative material influence initial bacterial adhesion; however, most studies focus on in vitro protocols, and in vivo and/or in situ research of microbiomics in CAD/CAM restorative materials is lacking, obstructing an accurate understanding of the bioadhesion phenomenon in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Rahiotis
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.T.); (E.P.)
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2
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Yakar N, Bostanci N, Özdemir G, Atmaca H, Türedi A, Şahin Ç, Köse T, Emingil G. Salivary inflammatory burden in pre- and postmenopausal women: Associations with body mass index, patient-reported health, serum cytokines, and periodontal parameters. J Periodontol 2024; 95:209-218. [PMID: 37851637 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline of estrogen levels during menopause impacts weight, mood, and overall health, both orally and systemically. This study assessed salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and IL-7 in postmenopausal (PMW) and regularly menstruating premenopausal (RMPW) women, while considering serum cytokine levels, body mass index (BMI), periodontal health, and self-reported physical and emotional well-being. METHODS In this study, 75 PMW and 71 RMPW were included. Clinical and periodontal parameters were evaluated, and perceived health was assessed with the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ). Cytokine levels in both saliva and serum were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Covariate evaluations of salivary cytokines were conducted using hierarchical linear regression modeling. RESULTS Cytokines were detectable in saliva from 71 PMW and 67 RMPW. In the initial unadjusted model, IL-7, IL-10, and TNF-α exibited significant differences between RMPW and PMW. However, these differences became non-significant (p > 0.05) in the final model after adjusting for age, which implies a negligible effect of the investigated covariates on salivary cytokine levels when age was considered. Lower levels of IL-6 in PMW, which initially showed no significant difference, became borderline (p = 0.054) in the final model after adjusting for age. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for multiple factors, no significant difference was found in the salivary levels of the investigated cytokines between RMPW and PMW. Factors such as BMI, perceived health, serum cytokine levels, and periodontal parameters seem to minimally influence these levels in PMW. However, age may be a stronger confounding factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Yakar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Section of Oral Health and Periodontology, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Güven Özdemir
- Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Harika Atmaca
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Asena Türedi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Şahin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Timur Köse
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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3
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Saliva Metabolomic Profile in Dental Medicine Research: A Narrative Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030379. [PMID: 36984819 PMCID: PMC10052075 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic research tends to increase in popularity over the years, leading to the identification of new biomarkers related to specific health disorders. Saliva is one of the most newly introduced and systematically developed biofluids in the human body that can serve as an informative substance in the metabolomic profiling armamentarium. This review aims to analyze the current knowledge regarding the human salivary metabolome, its alterations due to physiological, environmental and external factors, as well as the limitations and drawbacks presented in the most recent research conducted, focusing on pre—analytical and analytical workflows. Furthermore, the use of the saliva metabolomic profile as a promising biomarker for several oral pathologies, such as oral cancer and periodontitis will be investigated.
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4
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Huang Z, Yang X, Huang Y, Tang Z, Chen Y, Liu H, Huang M, Qing L, Li L, Wang Q, Jie Z, Jin X, Jia B. Saliva - a new opportunity for fluid biopsy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:4-32. [PMID: 36285724 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex biological fluid with a variety of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota, which can be used for the screening and diagnosis of many diseases. In addition, saliva has the characteristics of simple collection, non-invasive and convenient storage, which gives it the potential to replace blood as a new main body of fluid biopsy, and it is an excellent biological diagnostic fluid. This review integrates recent studies and summarizes the research contents of salivaomics and the research progress of saliva in early diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. This review aims to explore the value and prospect of saliva diagnosis in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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5
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López-Martínez MJ, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Rubić I, González-Sánchez JC, Mrljak V, Martínez-Subiela S, Muñoz-Prieto A. A Proteomic Approach to Elucidate the Changes in Saliva and Serum Proteins of Pigs with Septic and Non-Septic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126738. [PMID: 35743177 PMCID: PMC9223627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by an infectious agent and is recognized by the World Health Organization as a global concern, since it is one of the major causes of severe illness in humans and animals. The study of the changes that can occur in saliva and serum in sepsis can contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the process and also to discover potential biomarkers that can help in its diagnosis and monitoring. The objective of this study was to characterize the changes that occur in the salivary and serum proteome of pigs with experimentally-induced sepsis. The study included five pigs with sepsis induced by LPS administration and five pigs with non-septic inflammation induced by turpentine for comparative purposes. In saliva, there were eighteen salivary proteins differentially expressed in the sepsis condition and nine in non-septic inflammation. Among these, significant increments in aldolase A and serpin B12 only occurred in the sepsis model. Changes in aldolase A were validated in a larger population of pigs with sepsis due to Streptococcus suis infection. In serum, there were 30 proteins differentially expressed in sepsis group and 26 proteins in the non-septic group, and most of the proteins that changed in both groups were related to non-specific inflammation. In the saliva of the septic animals there were some specific pathways activated, such as the organonitrogen compound metabolic process and lipid transport, whereas, in the serum, one of the main activated pathways was the regulation of protein secretion. Overall, saliva and serum showed different proteome variations in response to septic inflammation and could provide complementary information about the pathophysiological mechanisms occurring in this condition. Additionally, salivary aldolase A could be a potential biomarker of sepsis in pigs that should be confirmed in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.C.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Anđelo Beletić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | | | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (A.O.-B.); (D.E.); (I.R.); (S.M.-S.)
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.C.); (A.M.-P.)
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Sato H, Nakajima D, Ishikawa M, Konno R, Nakamura R, Ohara O, Kawashima Y. Evaluation of the Suitability of Dried Saliva Spots for In-Depth Proteome Analyses for Clinical Applications. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1340-1348. [PMID: 35446574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we performed nontargeted proteome analysis using dried blood spots (DBSs) that are widely used in newborn screening for the clinical diagnosis of congenital genetic diseases and immunodeficiency. We have developed an efficient and simple pretreatment method for DBSs that can detect more than 1000 proteins. To complement proteins that are difficult to detect via DBS analysis with less invasive alternative body fluids, we conducted this study to investigate the proteins detected from dried saliva spots (DSSs) using single-shot LC-MS/MS, which is practical in clinical settings. We also clarified whether DSSs have the same advantages as DBSs, and we investigated the influence of saliva collection conditions and the storage environment on their protein profile. As a result, we detected approximately 5000 proteins in DSSs and whole saliva, and we concluded that they were sufficient to complement the proteins lacking in the blood analysis. DSSs could be used as an alternative tool to DBSs for detecting the presence of causative proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Sato
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Konno
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ren Nakamura
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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7
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The Quantification of Salivary Flow and pH and Stomatognathic System Rehabilitation Interference in Patients with Oral Diseases, Post-Radiotherapy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Xerostomia is a common complication post-radiotherapy in patients with oral cancer. The acute and long-term side effects can considerably reduce the patient’s quality of life. The aim of our study was to perform analysis of salivary flow and pH in patients after radiotherapy. Methodology: Clinical and laboratory evaluations were conducted in the 2014–2019 period; out of a total 58 subjects aged between 45 and 84, 28 individuals with oral cancer were selected from St. Spiridon Hospital, Clinic of Maxillo-facial Surgery and Oncology Hospital, Iasi post-radiotherapy. Results: Significant downsized mean values of the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in saliva (p < 0.001) were recorded in patients after radiotherapy, pH value = 4.580 (±1.051). The mean value of resting salivary flow (MRSF) was significantly lower for the group of patients with radiotherapy (MRSF) = 0.145 mL/min. In 89.29% of cases (25 post-radiotherapy cases), in order to perform oral complex rehabilitation treatment, several endodontic and periodontal treatments were performed. A total of 78.57% of the cases received complex oral rehabilitation as mobile or hybrid prostheses or fixed solutions. Conclusion: Understanding post-radiotherapy salivary biochemic modifications in patients with oral cancer could be of critical importance, in view of related oral disorder prevention.
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8
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Rovera A, Hector M, Anderson P. Parotid saliva 1 H-NMR analysis for colon cancer metabolomics: A case report. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2021; 42:80-85. [PMID: 34293207 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key priority in colon cancer research is the identification of molecular biomarkers to improve early diagnosis, guide prognosis, and the design of new therapeutic approaches. Saliva is a powerful diagnostic biofluid that can be used to detect systemic alterations. This study aimed to investigate the parotid saliva (PS) metabolic Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H-NMR) profile of a patient diagnosed with colon cancer, and the subsequent changes 1 year after the end of chemotherapy. CASE REPORT We describe the 1 H-NMR PS spectrum of a 65-year-old woman diagnosed with colon cancer (G3 pT3 pN1c) (T0), and the changes in the spectrum from PS collected 1 year after the end of chemotherapy (XELOX: capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) (T1). The data was co-analyzed with blood test cancer antigens (S-CEA; S-CA19-9) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) measurements obtained simultaneously in order to identify peaks and interpret the spectra. The blood cancer antigens (S-CEA; S-CA19-9) and the PS 1 H-NMR peaks for fatty acids, lactate, acetate, N-acetyl sugars, citrate, tyrosine, saccharides, and formate decreased at T1 compared to T0. Whereas, the thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) blood values increased at T1 compared to T0 reflecting the changes in the 1 H-NMR spectral window of 1-3.5 ppm. CONCLUSION PS 1 H-NMR profiling identified modified metabolites that revealed cancer cells metabolism disturbances that subsequently decreased with time throughout treatment. These altered metabolites are potential biomarkers, providing a molecular diagnostic approach for clinical diagnosis, and prognosis of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rovera
- Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark Hector
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul Anderson
- Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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9
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Katsiki P, Nazmi K, Loos BG, Laine ML, Schaap K, Hepdenizli E, Bikker FJ, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Nicu EA. Comparing periodontitis biomarkers in saliva, oral rinse and gingival crevicular fluid: A pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 48:1250-1259. [PMID: 33998029 PMCID: PMC8453974 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the feasibility of screening for periodontitis by measuring biomarkers, namely total proteolytic activity (TPA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, chitinase, lysozyme or their combination, in saliva, oral rinse and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects were recruited among healthy/gingivitis individuals and untreated periodontitis patients in Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA). All participants donated samples of unstimulated whole saliva, oral rinse and GCF. The protein concentrations and MMP-8 levels were determined by ELISA. Enzymatic activities were measured using appropriate fluorogenic substrates. RESULTS In oral rinse samples, periodontitis patients (n = 19) exhibited significantly higher concentrations of MMP-8 and TPA than controls (n = 20). MMP-8 in combination with chitinase explained 88% of the variance and assigned a subject to control or periodontitis group, with best accuracy (87.2%) in oral rinse. CONCLUSIONS The combination of MMP-8 and chitinase in the current oral rinse procedure has the potential to discriminate periodontitis from periodontal health/gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Katsiki
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Schaap
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esen Hepdenizli
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S Brand
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C I Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oprisdent, Sibiu, Romania
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10
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Lau WW, Hardt M, Zhang YH, Freire M, Ruhl S. The Human Salivary Proteome Wiki: A Community-Driven Research Platform. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1510-1519. [PMID: 34032471 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211014432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva has become an attractive body fluid for on-site, remote, and real-time monitoring of oral and systemic health. At the same time, the scientific community needs a saliva-centered information platform that keeps pace with the rapid accumulation of new data and knowledge by annotating, refining, and updating the salivary proteome catalog. We developed the Human Salivary Proteome (HSP) Wiki as a public data platform for researching and retrieving custom-curated data and knowledge on the saliva proteome. The HSP Wiki is dynamically compiled and updated based on published saliva proteome studies and up-to-date protein reference records. It integrates a wide range of available information by funneling in data from established external protein, genome, transcriptome, and glycome databases. In addition, the HSP Wiki incorporates data from human disease-related studies. Users can explore the proteome of saliva simply by browsing the database, querying the available data, performing comparisons of data sets, and annotating existing protein entries using a simple, intuitive interface. The annotation process includes both user feedback and curator committee review to ensure the quality and validity of each entry. Here, we present the first overview of features and functions the HSP Wiki offers. As a saliva proteome-centric, publicly accessible database, the HSP Wiki will advance the knowledge of saliva composition and function in health and disease for users across a wide range of disciplines. As a community-based data- and knowledgebase, the HSP Wiki will serve as a worldwide platform to exchange salivary proteome information, inspire novel research ideas, and foster cross-discipline collaborations. The HSP Wiki will pave the way for harnessing the full potential of the salivary proteome for diagnosis, risk prediction, therapy of oral and systemic diseases, and preparedness for emerging infectious diseases.Database URL: https://salivaryproteome.nidcr.nih.gov/.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Lau
- Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Hardt
- Forsyth Center for Salivary Diagnostics, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y H Zhang
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M Freire
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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11
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Gholizadeh N, Mohebbi AH, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Sheykhbahaei N. α1 adrenergic receptors in serum and saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1705-1710. [PMID: 33644847 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotransmitters released from the sympathetic nervous system attach to the adrenergic receptors on the surface of tumoral cells in response to stress, and alter the expression of genes programming cellular activity. This study aimed to assess the expression of α1 adrenergic receptors in the serum and saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared with healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, serum and stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 26 OSCC patients and 26 healthy controls. ELISA kits were used for measurement of the serum and salivary levels of α1 adrenergic receptors. RESULTS The level of α1 adrenergic receptors was significantly higher in the stimulated and unstimulated saliva of OSCC patients than healthy controls (P = 0.000). However, their serum level was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.389). The serum level of α1 adrenergic receptors significantly increased by an increase in OSCC grade. No significant correlation was noted between the serum and salivary levels of α1 adrenergic receptors in OSCC patients. The salivary level of α1 adrenergic receptors was significantly higher in patients with tumors located in the gingiva, compared with other sites. CONCLUSION Significantly higher salivary level of α1 adrenergic receptors in OSCC patients compared with healthy controls, and no significant difference in their serum level between the two groups may indirectly indicate the over-expression of these receptors in OSCC cells, compared with normal oral mucosa. Further studies and particularly histological analyses are required to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Gholizadeh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Mohebbi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Sheykhbahaei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Duarte D, Castro B, Pereira JL, Marques JF, Costa AL, Gil AM. Evaluation of Saliva Stability for NMR Metabolomics: Collection and Handling Protocols. Metabolites 2020; 10:E515. [PMID: 33352779 PMCID: PMC7766053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a salivary metabolic profile upon sample collection and preparation is determinant in metabolomics. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify metabolite changes during short-term storage, at room temperature (RT)/4 °C/-20 °C, and after sample preparation, at RT/4 °C (mimicking typical clinical/laboratory settings). Interestingly, significant metabolic inter-individual and inter-day variability were noted, probably determining sample stability to some extent. After collection, no changes were noted at -20 °C (at least for 4 weeks). RT storage induced decreases in methylated macromolecules (6 h); lactate (8 h); alanine (12 h); galactose, hypoxanthine, pyruvate (24 h); sarcosine, betaine, choline, N-acetyl-glycoproteins (48 h), while acetate increased (48 h). Less, but different, changes were observed at 4 °C, suggesting different oral and microbial status at different temperatures (with a possible contribution from inter-individual and inter-day variability), and identifying galactose, hypoxanthine, and possibly, choline esters, as potential general stability indicators. After preparation, addition of NaN3 did not impact significantly on saliva stabilization, neither at RT nor at 4 °C, although its absence was accompanied by slight increases in fucose (6.5 h) and proline (8 h) at RT, and in xylose (24 h) at 4 °C. The putative metabolic origins of the above variations are discussed, with basis on the salivary microbiome. In summary, after collection, saliva can be stored at RT/4 °C for up to 6 h and at -20 °C for at least 4 weeks. Upon preparation for NMR analysis, samples are highly stable at 25 °C up to 8 h and at 4 °C up to 48 h, with NaN3 addition preventing possible early changes in fucose, proline (6-8 h), and xylose (24 h) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Duarte
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Beatriz Castro
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Joana Leonor Pereira
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.L.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Joana Faria Marques
- GIBBO-Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, CEMBDE-COCHRANE Portugal—Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ana Luísa Costa
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.L.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Ana M. Gil
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
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13
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Salivary MRP-8/14 and the presence of periodontitis-associated bacteria in children with bonded maxillary expansion treatment. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3767-3774. [PMID: 33270150 PMCID: PMC8137619 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate changes in saliva concentration of the inflammatory marker MRP-8/14 and the presence of some periodontitis-associated bacteria in patients with mixed dentition treated with a rigid acrylic, bonded maxillary expander. METHODS Fifteen patients in mixed dentition treated with a bonded palatal expander were enrolled in this longitudinal study. Saliva samples were taken before the therapy, as well as in 2 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the beginning of the therapy. In each sample, the levels of MRP-8/14 were determined by ELISA and the presence of 11 bacteria was detected by PCR followed by DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS Salivary concentration of MRP-8/14 and the amount of Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Eikenella corrodens were significantly increased during treatment with bonded maxillary expander. These changes were transient and the maximal levels of MRP-8/14 and periodontitis-associated pathogens were observed 6-9 months after the beginning of the therapy. CONCLUSION Therapy with bonded maxillary results in higher MRP-8/14 levels and increased prevalence of some periodontitis-associated bacteria, namely T. forsythia, T. denticola, and E. corrodens. The results suggest the detection of salivary MRP-8/14 levels may be a potential tool to reflect the oral health status in children with fixed orthodontic treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data suggest that the treatment with bonded maxillary expander might influence the oral health status and should be accompanied by the careful control of the oral health during the therapy.
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14
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Chávez-Alderete J, Gochicoa-Rangel L, Del-Río-Hidalgo R, Guerrero-Zúñiga S, Mora-Romero U, Benítez-Pérez R, Rodríguez-Moreno L, Torre-Bouscoulet L, Vargas MH. Salivary concentrations of cytokines and other analytes in healthy children. Cytokine 2020; 138:155379. [PMID: 33271384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood has been the usual biological fluid for measuring analytes, but there is mounting evidence that saliva may be also useful for detecting cytokines in a noninvasive way. Thus, in this study we aimed to determine concentration of cytokines and other analytes in saliva from a population of healthy children. METHODS We collected un-stimulated whole saliva samples from clinically healthy children, and concentration of 17 cytokines and 12 other analytes were measured in supernatants. All values were adjusted by albumin content and were log-transformed before multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS We included 114 children (53.5% females) between 6.0 and 11.9 years old. The highest concentrations (medians, pg/µg albumin) were seen for visfatin (183.70) and adiponectin (162.26) and the lowest for IL-13 and IL-2 (~0.003). Albumin concentration was associated with age (rS = 0.39, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, five analytes (C peptide, ghrelin, GLP-1, glucagon, leptin) inversely correlated with age and positively with height-for-age. Age was also positively associated with PAI-1, while height-for-age was also positively associated with insulin and visfatin. Finally, BMI-for-age had a positive correlation with GM-CSF and insulin. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we provided concentration values for 29 analytes in saliva from healthy children that may be useful as preliminary reference framework in the clinical research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Chávez-Alderete
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Gochicoa-Rangel
- Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratorio de Función Pulmonar, Instituto de Desarrollo e Innovación en Fisiología Respiratoria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Del-Río-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Selene Guerrero-Zúñiga
- Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Uri Mora-Romero
- Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosaura Benítez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Función Pulmonar, Instituto de Desarrollo e Innovación en Fisiología Respiratoria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Función Pulmonar, Instituto de Desarrollo e Innovación en Fisiología Respiratoria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Torre-Bouscoulet
- Laboratorio de Función Pulmonar, Instituto de Desarrollo e Innovación en Fisiología Respiratoria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario H Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
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15
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Saitou M, Gaylord EA, Xu E, May AJ, Neznanova L, Nathan S, Grawe A, Chang J, Ryan W, Ruhl S, Knox SM, Gokcumen O. Functional Specialization of Human Salivary Glands and Origins of Proteins Intrinsic to Human Saliva. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108402. [PMID: 33207190 PMCID: PMC7703872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary proteins are essential for maintaining health in the oral cavity and proximal digestive tract, and they serve as potential diagnostic markers for monitoring human health and disease. However, their precise organ origins remain unclear. Through transcriptomic analysis of major adult and fetal salivary glands and integration with the saliva proteome, the blood plasma proteome, and transcriptomes of 28+ organs, we link human saliva proteins to their source, identify salivary-gland-specific genes, and uncover fetal- and adult-specific gene repertoires. Our results also provide insights into the degree of gene retention during gland maturation and suggest that functional diversity among adult gland types is driven by specific dosage combinations of hundreds of transcriptional regulators rather than by a few gland-specific factors. Finally, we demonstrate the heterogeneity of the human acinar cell lineage. Our results pave the way for future investigations into glandular biology and pathology, as well as saliva's use as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A; Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A; Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Viken, Norway
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Erica Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lubov Neznanova
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Anissa Grawe
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jolie Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - William Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
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16
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Pappa E, Vougas K, Zoidakis J, Vastardis H. Proteomic advances in salivary diagnostics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Fernandes LL, Pacheco VB, Borges L, Athwal HK, de Paula Eduardo F, Bezinelli L, Correa L, Jimenez M, Dame-Teixeira N, Lombaert IMA, Heller D. Saliva in the Diagnosis of COVID-19: A Review and New Research Directions. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1435-1443. [PMID: 32936047 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520960070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents literature that highlights saliva's utility as a biofluid in the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19. A systematic search was performed in 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science). Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed the potential diagnostic value and/or other discriminatory properties of biological markers in the saliva of patients with COVID-19. As of July 22, 2020, a total of 28 studies have investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva. Several of those studies confirmed reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva of patients with COVID-19. Saliva offered sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 detection comparable to that of the current standard of nasopharyngeal and throat swabs. However, the utility of saliva in diagnosing COVID-19 infection remains understudied. Clinical studies with larger patient populations that measure recordings at different stages during the disease are still necessary to confirm the accuracy of COVID-19 diagnosis with saliva. Nevertheless, the utility of saliva as a diagnostic tool opens the possibility of using rapid and less invasive diagnostic strategies by targeting bioanalytes rather than the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V B Pacheco
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Borges
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H K Athwal
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - F de Paula Eduardo
- Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Bezinelli
- Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Correa
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Jimenez
- Departamento de Didáctica de la Educación Física y Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - N Dame-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - I M A Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - D Heller
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil.,Experimental Research, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Kang JH, Kho HS. Blood contamination in salivary diagnostics: current methods and their limitations. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:1115-1124. [PMID: 30511922 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of saliva samples in clinical studies has increased. However, the diagnostic value of whole saliva is compromised in the presence of blood contamination, owing to the higher levels of analytes in blood compared with those in saliva. The aim of this study was to review the existing methods and their limitations for measuring the levels of blood contamination in saliva. A literature search was performed using Web of Science, SCOPUS, and PubMed databases and 49 articles dealing with salivary diagnostics and measurements of blood contamination were included. Five methods for measuring the degree of blood components in saliva were discussed, including "visual inspection", use of "strip for urinalysis", and detection of plasma proteins such as "hemoglobin", "albumin", and "transferrin". Each method has its limitations, and transferrin has been regarded as the most reliable and valid marker for blood contamination in saliva. However, transferrin in whole saliva may not be solely a product of blood, and its level in whole saliva can be influenced by several factors such as age, gonadal hormones, salivary flow rate, chewing performance, and oral microorganisms. In conclusion, when quantitatively analyzing whole saliva samples, the influence of blood contamination should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea (ROK).,Clinic of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea (ROK)
| | - Hong-Seop Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea (ROK).,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (ROK), Phone: +82-2-2072-3989, Fax: +82-2-744-9135
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19
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Mark Welch JL, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG. Biogeography of the Oral Microbiome: The Site-Specialist Hypothesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:335-358. [PMID: 31180804 PMCID: PMC7153577 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities are complex and dynamic, composed of hundreds of taxa interacting across multiple spatial scales. Advances in sequencing and imaging technology have led to great strides in understanding both the composition and the spatial organization of these complex communities. In the human mouth, sequencing results indicate that distinct sites host microbial communities that not only are distinguishable but to a meaningful degree are composed of entirely different microbes. Imaging suggests that the spatial organization of these communities is also distinct. Together, the literature supports the idea that most oral microbes are site specialists. A clear understanding of microbiota structure at different sites in the mouth enables mechanistic studies, informs the generation of hypotheses, and strengthens the position of oral microbiology as a model system for microbial ecology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Floyd E. Dewhirst
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge MA 02142 and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston MA 02115
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20
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Correlation of periodontal and microbiological evaluations, with serum levels of estradiol and progesterone, during different trimesters of gestation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11762. [PMID: 31409865 PMCID: PMC6692383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpouse was to identify quantitatively and qualitatively the subgingival flora in different gestational trimesters, compared to non-pregnant women; evaluating the correlations between epidemiological characteristics, clinical diagnosis, microbiological findings and levels of estradiol and progesterone. 52 pregnant women divided into 3 groups, according to the gestational trimester and 15 non-pregnant patients, without hormonal contraceptives, were evaluated. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated. Subgingival biofilm samples were processed by the qPCR technique and the serum levels of estradiol and progesterone quantified by chemiluminescence. Clinical diagnosis during gestation was correlated with the total bacterial count. A higher prevalence of Tannerella forsythia (Tf) was identified in first trimester of pregnancy and this periodontopathogen was correlated with the diagnosis of gingivitis among pregnant women. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) showed a positive correlation with progesterone levels in the first trimester. High prevalence of periodontopathogens was noticed in this population. Clinical diagnosis in gestation was positively correlated with the total amount of bacteria, without influence of the hormonal levels or the epidemiological factors evaluated. The presence of Tf favored occurrence of gingivitis during pregnancy and the progesterone levels in the first trimester enhanced the growth of Pg.
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21
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Gardner A, Parkes HG, So PW, Carpenter GH. Determining bacterial and host contributions to the human salivary metabolome. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1617014. [PMID: 34109015 PMCID: PMC7610937 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1617014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salivary metabolomics is rapidly advancing. Aim and methods: To determine the extent to which salivary metabolites reflects host or microbial metabolic activity whole-mouth saliva (WMS), parotid saliva (PS) and plasma collected contemporaneously from healthy volunteers were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Spectra underwent principal component analysis and k-means cluster analysis and metabolite quantification. WMS samples were cultured on both sucrose and peptide-enriched media. Correlation between metabolite concentration and bacterial load was assessed. Results: WMS contained abundant short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which were minimal in PS and plasma. WMS spectral exhibited greater inter-individual variation than those of PS or plasma (6.7 and 3.6 fold, respectively), likely reflecting diversity of microbial metabolomes. WMS bacterial load correlated strongly with SCFA levels. Additional WMS metabolites including amines, amino acids and organic acids were positively correlated with bacterial load. Lactate, urea and citrate appeared to enter WMS via PS and the circulation. Urea correlated inversely with WMS bacterial load. Conclusions: Oral microbiota contribute significantly to the WMS metabolome. Several WMS metabolites (lactate, urea and citrate) are derived from the host circulation. WMS may be particularly useful to aid diagnosis of conditions reflective of dysbiosis. WMS could also complement other gastrointestinal fluids in future metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gardner
- Department of Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harold G Parkes
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Po-Wah So
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Guy H Carpenter
- Department of Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Hrubešová K, Fousková M, Habartová L, Fišar Z, Jirák R, Raboch J, Setnička V. Search for biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: Recent insights, current challenges and future prospects. Clin Biochem 2019; 72:39-51. [PMID: 30953619 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the trend of prolonged lifespan leading to higher incidence of age-related diseases, the demand for reliable biomarkers of dementia rises. In this review, we present novel biomarkers of high potential, especially those found in blood, urine or saliva, which could lead to a more comfortable patient experience and better time- and cost-effectivity, compared to the currently used diagnostic methods. We focus on biomarkers that might allow for the detection of Alzheimer's disease before its clinical manifestations. Such biomarkers might be helpful for better understanding the etiology of the disease and identifying its risk factors. Moreover, it could be a base for developing new treatment or at least help to prolong the presymptomatic stage in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. As potential candidates, we present, for instance, neurofilament light in both cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma or amyloid β in plasma. Above all, we provide an overview of different approaches to the diagnostics, analyzing patient's biofluids as a whole using molecular spectroscopy. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy and especially chiroptical methods provide information not only on the chemical composition, but also on molecular structure. Therefore, these techniques are promising for the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease, as the accumulation of amyloid β in abnormal conformation is one of the hallmarks of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrubešová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Fousková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Habartová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jirák
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Raboch
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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A New Approach for the Diagnosis of Systemic and Oral Diseases Based on Salivary Biomolecules. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:8761860. [PMID: 30906485 PMCID: PMC6398069 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8761860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis represents the target of contemporary medicine and has an important role in the prognosis and further treatment. Saliva is a biofluid that generated a high interest among researchers due to its multiple advantages over other body fluids. The multitude of components that can act as biomarkers influenced the existing technologies to develop protocols that could allow saliva to become the new noninvasive diagnostic method. Saliva as a diagnostic tool can bring substantial addition to the diagnostic armamentarium, providing important information about oral and general health. The diagnostic applications of saliva extended and had a rapid evolution due to the advancement in salivaomics. The present review summarizes the latest researches in saliva-related studies and explores the information and correlations that saliva can offer regarding the systemic and oral diseases, highlighting its great potential of diagnosis. It is expected that in the future specific guidelines and results regarding the salivary diagnostics are to be available, together with high-sensitivity and specificity tests for multiple systemic and oral diseases.
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Salivary Detection of Dengue Virus NS1 Protein with a Label-Free Immunosensor for Early Dengue Diagnosis. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082641. [PMID: 30103543 PMCID: PMC6111667 DOI: 10.3390/s18082641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a highly pathogenic, arthropod-borne virus transmitted between people by Aedes mosquitoes. Despite efforts to prevent global spread, the potential for DENV epidemics is increasing world-wide. Annually, 3.6 billion people are at risk of infection. With no licensed vaccine, early diagnosis of dengue infection is critical for clinical management and patient survival. Detection of DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a clinically accepted biomarker for the early detection of DENV infection. Unfortunately, virtually all of the laboratory and commercial DENV NS1 diagnostic methods require a blood draw for sample analysis, limiting point-of-care diagnostics and decreases patient willingness. Alternatively, NS1 in human saliva has been identified for the potential early diagnosis of DENV infection. The collection of saliva is simple, non-invasive, painless, and inexpensive, even by minimally trained personnel. In this study, we present a label-free chemiresistive immunosensor for the detection of the DENV NS1 protein utilizing a network of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with anti-dengue NS1 monoclonal antibodies. NS1 was successfully detected in adulterated artificial human saliva over the range of clinically relevant concentrations with high sensitivity and selectivity. It has potential application in clinical diagnosis and the ease of collection allows for self-testing, even within the home.
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Pappa E, Kousvelari E, Vastardis H. Saliva in the "Omics" era: A promising tool in paediatrics. Oral Dis 2018; 25:16-25. [PMID: 29750386 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In vulnerable populations, such as infants and children, saliva makes the perfect diagnostic medium because of its noninvasive collection, easy handling and storage of samples. Its unique biomarker profiles help tremendously in the diagnosis of many diseases and conditions. In fact, saliva genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and microbiome-based discoveries have led to complementary and powerful diagnostic information. In children and neonates, saliva is the preferred medium not only for diagnosis of caries and aggressive periodontitis but also for a number of systemic conditions, metabolic diseases, cognitive functions, stress assessment and evaluation of immunological and inflammatory responses to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of current and future applications of saliva diagnostics to various diseases and conditions and highlight studies in paediatrics across the "omic" spectrum. Emerging frontiers in salivary diagnostics research that may significantly advance the field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Pappa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kousvelari
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Heleni Vastardis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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