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Mu R, Momeni S, Krieger M, Xie B, Cao X, Merritt J, Wu H. Plasmalogen, a glycerophospholipid crucial for Streptococcus mutans acid tolerance and colonization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0150023. [PMID: 38456674 PMCID: PMC11022534 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01500-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogen is a specific glycerophospholipid present in both animal and bacterial organisms. It plays a crucial function in eukaryotic cellular processes and is closely related to several human diseases, including neurological disorders and cancers. Nonetheless, the precise biological role of plasmalogen in bacteria is not well understood. In this study, we identified SMU_438c as the enzyme responsible for plasmalogen production in Streptococcus mutans under anaerobic conditions. The heterologous expression of SMU_438c in a plasmalogen-negative strain, Streptococcus sanguinis, resulted in the production of plasmalogen, indicating that this enzyme is sufficient for plasmalogen production. Additionally, the plasmalogen-deficient S. mutans exhibited significantly lower acid tolerance and diminished its colonization in Drosophila flies compared to the wild-type strain and complemented strain. In summary, our data suggest that plasmalogen plays a vital role in bacterial stress tolerance and in vivo colonization. IMPORTANCE This study sheds light on the biological role of plasmalogen, a specific glycerophospholipid, in bacteria, particularly in Streptococcus mutans. Plasmalogens are known for their significant roles in eukaryotic cells and have been linked to human diseases like neurological disorders and cancers. The enzyme SMU_438c, identified as essential for plasmalogen production under anaerobic conditions, was crucial for acid tolerance and in vivo colonization in Drosophila by S. mutans, underscoring its importance in bacterial stress response and colonization. These findings bridge the knowledge gap in bacterial physiology, highlighting plasmalogen's role in microbial survival and offering potential insights into microbial pathogenesis and host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Mu
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Stephanie Momeni
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Madeline Krieger
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Baotong Xie
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xixi Cao
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Bloch S, Hager-Mair FF, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Oral streptococci: modulators of health and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1357631. [PMID: 38456080 PMCID: PMC10917908 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus Streptococcus. In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bloch
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F. Hager-Mair
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Cao X, Scoffield J, Xie B, Morton DB, Wu H. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1279380. [PMID: 38192401 PMCID: PMC10773677 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1279380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a valuable model for investigating human biology, including the role of the microbiome in health and disease. Historically, studies involving the infection of D. melanogaster with single microbial species have yielded critical insights into bacterial colonization and host innate immunity. However, recent evidence has underscored that multiple microbial species can interact in complex ways through physical connections, metabolic cross-feeding, or signaling exchanges, with significant implications for healthy homeostasis and the initiation, progression, and outcomes of disease. As a result, researchers have shifted their focus toward developing more robust and representative in vivo models of co-infection to probe the intricacies of polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pioneering work and recent advances in the field, highlighting the utility of Drosophila as an alternative model for studying the multifaceted microbial interactions that occur within the oral cavity and other body sites. We will discuss the factors and mechanisms that drive microbial community dynamics, as well as their impacts on host physiology and immune responses. Furthermore, this review will delve into the emerging evidence that connects oral microbes to systemic conditions in both health and disease. As our understanding of the microbiome continues to evolve, Drosophila offers a powerful and tractable model for unraveling the complex interplay between host and microbes including oral microbes, which has far-reaching implications for human health and the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Cao
- Department of Integrative Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jessica Scoffield
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Baotong Xie
- Department of Integrative Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David B. Morton
- Department of Integrative Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Integrative Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Momeni SS, Cao X, Xie B, Rainey K, Childers NK, Wu H. Intraspecies interactions of Streptococcus mutans impact biofilm architecture and virulence determinants in childhood dental caries. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571561. [PMID: 38168339 PMCID: PMC10760078 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Early childhood dental caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease among children with a heavy disease burden among low socioeconomic populations. Streptococcus mutans is most frequently associated with initiation of ECC. Many studies report children with multiple S. mutans strains (i.e., genotypes) having greater odds of developing ECC, studies investigating intraspecies interactions in dental caries are lacking. In this study, the impact of intraspecies interactions on cariogenic and fitness traits of clinical S. mutans isolates are investigated using in-vitro and in-vivo approaches. Initially clinical S. mutans isolates of 10 children from a longitudinal epidemiological study were evaluated. S. mutans strains (G09 and G18, most prevalent) isolated from one child were used for subsequent analysis. Association analysis was used to determine if presence of multiple S. mutans genotypes within the first-year of colonization was associated with caries. Biofilm analysis was performed for single and mixed cultures to assess cariogenic traits, including biofilm biomass, intra-polysaccharide, pH, and glucan. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and time-lapse imaging were used to evaluate spatial and temporal biofilm dynamics, respectively. A Drosophila model was used to assess colonization in-vivo. Mean biofilm pH was significantly lower in co-cultured biofilms as compared with monoculture biofilms. Doubling of S. mutans in-vitro biofilms was observed by CLSM and in-vivo colonization in Drosophila for co-cultured S. mutans. Individual strains occupied specific domains in co-culture and G09 contributed most to increased co-culture biofilm thickness and colonization in Drosophila. Biofilm formation and acid production displayed distinct signatures in time-lapsed experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Momeni
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xixi Cao
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Baotong Xie
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine Rainey
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Noel K. Childers
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Sangavi R, Muthumanickam S, Malligarjunan N, Jothi R, Boomi P, Arivudainambi S, Raman M, Joshi CG, Pandian SK, Gowrishankar S. In silico analysis unravels the promising anticariogenic efficacy of fatty acids against dental caries causing Streptococcus mutans. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37993988 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2283155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Globally, dental caries is a prevalent oral disease caused by cariogenic bacteria, primarily Streptococcus mutans. It establishes caries either through sucrose-dependent (via glycosyltransferases) or through sucrose-independent (via surface adhesins Antigen I/II) mechanism. Sortase A (srtA) attaches virulence-associated adhesins to host tissues. Because of their importance in the formation of caries, targeting these proteins is decisive in the development of new anticariogenic drugs. High-throughput virtual screening with LIPID MAPS -a fatty acid database was performed. The selected protein-ligand complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (MDs). The Binding Free Energy of complexes was predicted using MM/PBSA. Further, the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties of ligands were also analyzed. Out of 46,200 FAs scrutinized virtually against the three protein targets (viz., GtfC, Ag I/II and srtA), top 5 FAs for each protein were identified as the best hit based on interaction energies viz., hydrogen bond numbers and hydrophobic interaction. Further, two common FAs (LMFA01050418 and LMFA01040045) that showed high binding affinity against Ag I/II and srtA were selected for MDs analysis. A 100ns MDs unveiled a stable conformation. Results of Rg signified that FAs does not induce significant structural & conformational changes. SASA indicated that the complexes maintain higher thermodynamic stability during MDs. The predicted binding free energy (MM/PBSA) of complexes elucidated their stable binding interaction. ADME analysis suggested the FAs are biologically feasible as therapeutic candidates. Overall, the presented in silico data is the first of its kind in delineating FAs as promising anticaries agents of future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichellam Sangavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Sankar Muthumanickam
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | | | - Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Pandi Boomi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Seenichamy Arivudainambi
- Department of Science & Technology, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Muthusamy Raman
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental University, Chennai, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Science & Technology, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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Ramage G, Borghi E, Rodrigues CF, Kean R, Williams C, Lopez-Ribot J. Our current clinical understanding of Candida biofilms: where are we two decades on? APMIS 2023; 131:636-653. [PMID: 36932821 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinically we have been aware of the concept of Candida biofilms for many decades, though perhaps without the formal designation. Just over 20 years ago the subject emerged on the back of progress made from the bacterial biofilms, and academic progress pace has continued to mirror the bacterial biofilm community, albeit at a decreased volume. It is apparent that Candida species have a considerable capacity to colonize surfaces and interfaces and form tenacious biofilm structures, either alone or in mixed species communities. From the oral cavity, to the respiratory and genitourinary tracts, wounds, or in and around a plethora of biomedical devices, the scope of these infections is vast. These are highly tolerant to antifungal therapies that has a measurable impact on clinical management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overight of our current clinical understanding of where these biofilms cause infections, and we discuss existing and emerging antifungal therapies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Medical School, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ryan Kean
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Microbiology Department, Morecambe Bay NHS Trust, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jose Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology and the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Javaid A, Thuy Nguyen Pham D, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Surface adherence and vacuolar internalization of bacterial pathogens to the Candida spp. cells: Mechanism of persistence and propagation. J Adv Res 2023; 53:115-136. [PMID: 36572338 PMCID: PMC10658324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-existence of Candida albicans with the bacteria in the host tissues and organs displays interactions at competitive, antagonistic, and synergistic levels. Several pathogenic bacteria take advantage of such types of interaction for their survival and proliferation. The chemical interaction involves the signaling molecules produced by the bacteria or Candida spp., whereas the physical attachment occurs by involving the surface proteins of the bacteria and Candida. In addition, bacterial pathogens have emerged to internalize inside the C. albicans vacuole, which is one of the inherent properties of the endosymbiotic relationship between the bacteria and the eukaryotic host. AIM OF REVIEW The interaction occurring by the involvement of surface protein from diverse bacterial species with Candida species has been discussed in detail in this paper. An in silico molecular docking study was performed between the surface proteins of different bacterial species and Als3P of C. albicans to explain the molecular mechanism involved in the Als3P-dependent interaction. Furthermore, in order to understand the specificity of C. albicans interaction with Als3P, the evolutionary relatedness of several bacterial surface proteins has been investigated. Furthermore, the environmental factors that influence bacterial pathogen internalization into the Candida vacuole have been addressed. Moreover, the review presented future perspectives for disrupting the cross-kingdom interaction and eradicating the endosymbiotic bacterial pathogens. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW With the involvement of cross-kingdom interactions and endosymbiotic relationships, the bacterial pathogens escape from the environmental stresses and the antimicrobial activity of the host immune system. Thus, the study of interactions between Candida and bacterial pathogens is of high clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Aqib Javaid
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Lamont RJ, Hajishengallis G, Koo H. Social networking at the microbiome-host interface. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0012423. [PMID: 37594277 PMCID: PMC10501221 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial species colonizing host ecosystems in health or disease rarely do so alone. Organisms conglomerate into dynamic heterotypic communities or biofilms in which interspecies and interkingdom interactions drive functional specialization of constituent species and shape community properties, including nososymbiocity or pathogenic potential. Cell-to-cell binding, exchange of signaling molecules, and nutritional codependencies can all contribute to the emergent properties of these communities. Spatial constraints defined by community architecture also determine overall community function. Multilayered interactions thus occur between individual pairs of organisms, and the relative impact can be determined by contextual cues. Host responses to heterotypic communities and impact on host surfaces are also driven by the collective action of the community. Additionally, the range of interspecies interactions can be extended by bacteria utilizing host cells or host diet to indirectly or directly influence the properties of other organisms and the community microenvironment. In contexts where communities transition to a dysbiotic state, their quasi-organismal nature imparts adaptability to nutritional availability and facilitates resistance to immune effectors and, moreover, exploits inflammatory and acidic microenvironments for their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang F, Wang Z, Tang J. The interactions of Candida albicans with gut bacteria: a new strategy to prevent and treat invasive intestinal candidiasis. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 37370138 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health, as it can affect host immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Invasive intestinal candidiasis is strongly associated with gut microbiota homeostasis. However, the nature of the interaction between Candida albicans and gut bacteria remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to determine the nature of interaction and the effects of gut bacteria on C. albicans so as to comprehend an approach to reducing intestinal invasive infection by C. albicans. METHODS This review examined 11 common gut bacteria's interactions with C. albicans, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Helicobacter pylori, Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium difficile, and Streptococcus spp. RESULTS Most of the studied bacteria demonstrated both synergistic and antagonistic effects with C. albicans, and just a few bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and Lactobacillus spp. demonstrated only antagonism against C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS Based on the nature of interactions reported so far by the literature between gut bacteria and C. albicans, it is expected to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of invasive intestinal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zetian Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Lu Y, Lin Y, Li M, He J. Roles of Streptococcus mutans- Candida albicans interaction in early childhood caries: a literature review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1151532. [PMID: 37260705 PMCID: PMC10229052 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1151532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common oral diseases in kids, early childhood caries affects the health of children throughout the world. Clinical investigations show the copresence of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in ECC lesions, and mechanistic studies reveal co-existence of C. albicans and S. mutans affects both of their cariogenicity. Clearly a comprehensive understanding of the interkingdom interaction between these two microorganisms has important implications for ECC treatment and prevention. To this end, this review summarizes advances in our understanding of the virulence of both C. albicans and S. mutans. More importantly, the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between these two microbes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li Y, Huang S, Du J, Wu M, Huang X. Current and prospective therapeutic strategies: tackling Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cross-kingdom biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1106231. [PMID: 37249973 PMCID: PMC10213903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most frequent strain associated with cross-kingdom infections in the oral cavity. Clinical evidence shows the co-existence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and C. albicans in the carious lesions especially in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and demonstrates the close interaction between them. During the interaction, both S. mutans and C. albicans have evolved a complex network of regulatory mechanisms to boost cariogenic virulence and modulate tolerance upon stress changes in the external environment. The intricate relationship and unpredictable consequences pose great therapeutic challenges in clinics, which indicate the demand for de novo emergence of potential antimicrobial therapy with multi-targets or combinatorial therapies. In this article, we present an overview of the clinical significance, and cooperative network of the cross-kingdom interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans. Furthermore, we also summarize the current strategies for targeting cross-kingdom biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minjing Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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12
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Wang L, Wang H, Zhang H, Wu H. Formation of a biofilm matrix network shapes polymicrobial interactions. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:467-477. [PMID: 36639539 PMCID: PMC9938193 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the same ecological niche as many commensals. However, little is known about how such commensals modulate staphylococcal fitness and persistence. Here we report a new mechanism that mediates dynamic interactions between a commensal streptococcus and S. aureus. Commensal Streptococcus parasanguinis significantly increased the staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro and enhanced its colonization in vivo. A streptococcal biofilm-associated protein BapA1, not fimbriae-associated protein Fap1, is essential for dual-species biofilm formation. On the other side, three staphylococcal virulence determinants responsible for the BapA1-dependent dual-species biofilm formation were identified by screening a staphylococcal transposon mutant library. The corresponding staphylococcal mutants lacked binding to recombinant BapA1 (rBapA1) due to lower amounts of eDNA in their culture supernatants and were defective in biofilm formation with streptococcus. The rBapA1 selectively colocalized with eDNA within the dual-species biofilm and bound to eDNA in vitro, highlighting the contributions of the biofilm matrix formed between streptococcal BapA1 and staphylococcal eDNA to dual-species biofilm formation. These findings have revealed an additional new mechanism through which an interspecies biofilm matrix network mediates polymicrobial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
- Department of Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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13
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Biofilm ecology associated with dental caries: Understanding of microbial interactions in oral communities leads to development of therapeutic strategies targeting cariogenic biofilms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 122:27-75. [PMID: 37085193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
A biofilm is a sessile community characterized by cells attached to the surface and organized into a complex structural arrangement. Dental caries is a biofilm-dependent oral disease caused by infection with cariogenic pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, and associated with frequent exposure to a sugar-rich diet and poor oral hygiene. The virulence of cariogenic biofilms is often associated with the spatial organization of S. mutans enmeshed with exopolysaccharides on tooth surfaces. However, in the oral cavity, S. mutans does not act alone, and several other microbes contribute to cariogenic biofilm formation. Microbial communities in cariogenic biofilms are spatially organized into complex structural arrangements of various microbes and extracellular matrices. The balance of microbiota diversity with reduced diversity and a high proportion of acidogenic-aciduric microbiota within the biofilm is closely related to the disease state. Understanding the characteristics of polymicrobial biofilms and the association of microbial interactions within the biofilm (e.g., symbiosis, cooperation, and competition) in terms of their potential role in the pathogenesis of oral disease would help develop new strategies for interventions in virulent biofilm formation.
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14
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Lin X, Wang Y, Ma Z, Xie M, Liu Z, Cheng J, Tian Y, Shi H. Correlation between caries activity and salivary microbiota in preschool children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1141474. [PMID: 37113131 PMCID: PMC10126836 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1141474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic infectious oral disease in preschool children worldwide. It is closely related to the caries activity (CA) of children. However, the distribution characteristics of oral saliva microbiomes in children with different CA are largely underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial community in saliva of preschool children with different CA and caries status, and to analyze the difference of microbial community in saliva of children with different CA and its correlation with ECC. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the Cariostat caries activity test: Group H, high CA (n=30); Group M, medium CA (n = 30); Group L, low CA (n=30). Questionnaire survey was used to explore the related influencing factors of CA. According to the caries status (on the basis of decayed mising filled teeth), these subjects were divided into caries-free group (dmft=0, n=19), caries-low group (0 < dmft ≤ 4, n=27) and caries-high group (dmft > 4, n=44). Microbial profiles of oral saliva were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. There were significant differences in the microbial structure (P < 0.05). Scardovia and Selenomonas were the biomarkers of both H group and high caries group. The genus Abiotrophia and Lautropia were the biomarkers of both the L group and the low caries group, while the Lactobacillus and Arthrospira spp. were significantly enriched in the M group. The area under the ROC curve of the combined application of dmft score, age, frequency of sugary beverage intake, and the genus Scardovia, Selenomonas, and Campylobacter in screening children with high CA was 0.842. Moreover, function prediction using the MetaCyc database showed that there were significant differences in 11 metabolic pathways of salivary microbiota among different CA groups. Certain bacteria genera in saliva such as Scardovia and Selenomonas may be helpful in screening children with high CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Lin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology and Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhao County Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology and Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Xie
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology and Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhao County Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinghui Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhao County Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuzhao Tian
- Department of Stomatology, Zhao County Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology and Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Shi,
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15
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Proline-rich protein from S. mutans can perform a competitive mineralization function to enhance bacterial adhesion to teeth. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22250. [PMID: 36564474 PMCID: PMC9789152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A proline-rich region was found in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) surface antigen I/II (Ag I/II). The functions of this region were explored to determine its role in the cariogenic abilities of S. mutans; specifically, the proline-rich region was compared with human amelogenin. The full-length amelogenin genes were cloned from human (AmH) and surface antigen I/II genes from S. mutans. Then, the genes expressed and purified. We analyzed the structure and self-assembly ability of AmH and Ag I/II, compared their capacities to induce mineralization, and assessed the adhesion ability of S. mutans to AmH- and Ag I/II-coated tooth slices. AmH formed ordered chains and net frames in the early stage of protein self-assembly, while Ag I/II formed irregular and overlapping structures. AmH induced mineralization possessed a parallel rosary structure, while Ag I/II-induced mineralization is rougher and more irregular. The S. mutans adhesion assay indicated that the adhesion ability S. mutans on the Ag I/II-induced crystal layer was significantly higher than that on the AmH-induced crystal layer. S. mutans' Ag I/II may have evolved to resemble human amelogenin and form a rougher crystal layer on teeth, which play a competitive mineralization role and promotes better bacterial adhesion and colonization. Thus, the cariogenic ability of S. mutans Ag I/II is increased.
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16
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Zhang B, Zhao M, Tian J, Lei L, Huang R. Novel antimicrobial agents targeting the Streptococcus mutans biofilms discovery through computer technology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1065235. [PMID: 36530419 PMCID: PMC9751416 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1065235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent and costly biofilm-associated infectious diseases worldwide. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is well recognized as the major causative factor of dental caries due to its acidogenicity, aciduricity and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) synthesis ability. The EPSs have been considered as a virulent factor of cariogenic biofilm, which enhance biofilms resistance to antimicrobial agents and virulence compared with planktonic bacterial cells. The traditional anti-caries therapies, such as chlorhexidine and antibiotics are characterized by side-effects and drug resistance. With the development of computer technology, several novel approaches are being used to synthesize or discover antimicrobial agents. In this mini review, we summarized the novel antimicrobial agents targeting the S. mutans biofilms discovery through computer technology. Drug repurposing of small molecules expands the original medical indications and lowers drug development costs and risks. The computer-aided drug design (CADD) has been used for identifying compounds with optimal interactions with the target via silico screening and computational methods. The synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) based on the rational design, computational design or high-throughput screening have shown increased selectivity for both single- and multi-species biofilms. These methods provide potential therapeutic agents to promote targeted control of the oral microbial biofilms in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Center of Oral Public Health, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Center of Oral Public Health, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiangang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Center of Oral Public Health, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Lei Lei, ; Ruizhe Huang,
| | - Ruizhe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Center of Oral Public Health, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Lei Lei, ; Ruizhe Huang,
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17
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Negrini TDC, Ren Z, Miao Y, Kim D, Simon-Soro Á, Liu Y, Koo H, Arthur RA. Dietary sugars modulate bacterial-fungal interactions in saliva and inter-kingdom biofilm formation on apatitic surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:993640. [PMID: 36439211 PMCID: PMC9681999 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.993640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi can interact to form inter-kingdom biofilms in the oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are frequently detected in saliva and in dental biofilms associated with early childhood caries (tooth-decay), a prevalent oral disease induced by dietary sugars. However, how different sugars influence this bacterial-fungal interaction remains unclear. Here, we investigate whether specific sugars affect the inter-kingdom interaction in saliva and subsequent biofilm formation on tooth-mimetic surfaces. The microbes were incubated in saliva containing common dietary sugars (glucose and fructose, sucrose, starch, and combinations) and analyzed via fluorescence imaging and quantitative computational analyses. The bacterial and fungal cells in saliva were then transferred to hydroxyapatite discs (tooth mimic) to allow microbial binding and biofilm development. We found diverse bacterial-fungal aggregates which varied in size, structure, and spatial organization depending on the type of sugars. Sucrose and starch+sucrose induced the formation of large mixed-species aggregates characterized by bacterial clusters co-bound with fungal cells, whereas mostly single-cells were found in the absence of sugar or in the presence of glucose and fructose. Notably, both colonization and further growth on the apatitic surface were dependent on sugar-mediated aggregation, leading to biofilms with distinctive spatial organizations and 3D architectures. Starch+sucrose and sucrose-mediated aggregates developed into large and highly acidogenic biofilms with complex network of bacterial and fungal cells (yeast and hyphae) surrounded by an intricate matrix of extracellular glucans. In contrast, biofilms originated from glucose and fructose-mediated consortia (or without sugar) were sparsely distributed on the surface without structural integration, growing predominantly as individual species with reduced acidogenicity. These findings reveal the impact of dietary sugars on inter-kingdom interactions in saliva and how they mediate biofilm formation with distinctive structural organization and varying acidogenicity implicated with human tooth-decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de Cássia Negrini
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Zhi Ren
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yilan Miao
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Áurea Simon-Soro
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Preventive & Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil,*Correspondence: Rodrigo Alex Arthur,
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18
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Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911623. [PMID: 36406433 PMCID: PMC9668886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a symbiotic fungus that commonly colonizes on oral mucosal surfaces and mainly affects immuno-compromised individuals. Polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and oral microbes influence the cellular and biochemical composition of the biofilm, contributing to change clinically relevant outcomes of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as pathogenesis, virulence, and drug-resistance. Notably, the symbiotic relationships between C. albicans and oral bacteria have been well-documented in dental caries, oral mucositis, endodontic and periodontal diseases, implant-related infections, and oral cancer. C. albicans interacts with co-existing oral bacteria through physical attachment, extracellular signals, and metabolic cross-feeding. This review discusses the bacterial-fungal interactions between C. albicans and different oral bacteria, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanism and its relevance to the development and clinical management of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Ma Q, Li J, Huang J, Lei L, Zhou X, Cheng L, Zou J, Ren B. Candida albicans CHK1 gene regulates its cross-kingdom interactions with Streptococcus mutans to promote caries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7251-7263. [PMID: 36195704 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cross-kingdom interactions between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans have played important roles in early childhood caries (ECC). However, the key pathways of C. albicans promoting the cariogenicity of S. mutans are still unclear. Here, we found that C. albicans CHK1 gene was highly upregulated in their dual-species biofilms. C. albicans chk1Δ/Δ significantly reduced the synergistical growth promotion, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production of S. mutans, the key cariogenic agent, compared to C. albicans wild type (WT) and CHK1 complementary strains. C. albicans WT upregulated the expressions of S. mutans EPS biosynthesis genes gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD, and their regulatory genes vicR and vicK, but chk1Δ/Δ had no effects. Both C. albicans WT and chk1Δ/Δ failed to promote the biofilm formation and EPS production of S. mutans ΔvicK and antisense-vicR strains, indicating that C. albicans CHK1 upregulated S. mutans vicR and vicK to increase the EPS biosynthesis gene expression, then enhanced the EPS production and biofilm formation to promote the cariogenicity. In rat caries model, the coinfection with chk1Δ/Δ and S. mutans decreased the colonization of S. mutans and developed less caries especially the severe caries compared to that from the combinations of S. mutans with C. albicans WT, indicating the essential role of C. albicans CHK1 gene in the development of dental caries. Our study for the first time demonstrated the key roles of C. albicans CHK1 gene in dental caries and suggested that it may be a practical target to reduce or treat ECC. KEY POINTS: • C. albicans CHK1 gene is important for its interaction with S. mutans. • CHK1 regulates S. mutans two-component system to promote its cariogenicity. • CHK1 gene regulates the cariogenicity of S. mutans in rat dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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20
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Shi Y, Liang J, Zhou X, Ren B, Wang H, Han Q, Li H, Cheng L. Effects of a Novel, Intelligent, pH-Responsive Resin Adhesive on Cariogenic Biofilms In Vitro. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091014. [PMID: 36145446 PMCID: PMC9502692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondary caries often result in a high failure rate of resin composite restoration. Herein, we studied the dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate−modified resin adhesive (DMAEM@RA) to investigate its pH-responsive antimicrobial effect on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms and on secondary caries. Methods: Firstly, the pH-responsive antimicrobial experiments including colony-forming units, scanning electron microscopy and exopoly-saccharide staining were measured. Secondly, lactic acid measurement and transverse microradiography analysis were performed to determine the preventive effect of DMAEM@RA on secondary caries. Lastly, quantitative real-time PCR was applied to investigate the antimicrobial effect of DMAEM@RA on cariogenic virulence genes. Results: DMAEM@RA significantly inhibited the growth, EPS, and acid production of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms under acidic environments (p < 0.05). Moreover, at pH 5 and 5.5, DMAEM@RA remarkably decreased the mineral loss and lesion depth of tooth hard tissue (p < 0.05) and down-regulated the expression of cariogenic genes, virulence-associated genes, and pH-regulated genes of dual-species biofilms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: DMAEM@RA played an antibiofilm role on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms, prevented the demineralization process, and attenuated cariogenic virulence in a pH-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.C.)
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21
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Wu R, Cui G, Cao Y, Zhao W, Lin H. Streptococcus Mutans Membrane Vesicles Enhance Candida albicans Pathogenicity and Carbohydrate Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:940602. [PMID: 35959374 PMCID: PMC9361861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.940602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, as the most common bacterium and fungus in the oral cavity respectively, are considered microbiological risk markers of early childhood caries.
S. mutans
membrane vesicles (MVs) contain virulence proteins, which play roles in biofilm formation and disease progression. Our previous research found that S. mutans MVs harboring glucosyltransferases augment C. albicans biofilm formation by increasing exopolysaccharide production, but the specific impact of S. mutans MVs on C. albicans virulence and pathogenicity is still unknown. In the present study, we developed C. albicans biofilms on the surface of cover glass, hydroxyapatite discs and bovine dentin specimens. The results showed that C. albicans can better adhere to the tooth surface with the effect of S. mutans MVs. Meanwhile, we employed C. albicans biofilm-bovine dentin model to evaluate the influence of S. mutans MVs on C. albicans biofilm cariogenicity. In the S. mutans MV-treated group, the bovine dentin surface hardness loss was significantly increased and the surface morphology showed more dentin tubule exposure and broken dentin tubules. Subsequently, integrative proteomic and metabolomic approaches were used to identify the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites of C. albicans when cocultured with S. mutans MVs. The combination of proteomics and metabolomics analysis indicated that significantly regulated proteins and metabolites were involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In summary, the results of the present study proved that S. mutans MVs increase bovine dentin demineralization provoked by C. albicans biofilms and enhance the protein and metabolite expression of C. albicans related to carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guxin Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yina Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhao, ; Huancai Lin,
| | - Huancai Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhao, ; Huancai Lin,
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22
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Zou J, Du Q, Ge L, Wang J, Wang X, Li Y, Song G, Zhao W, Chen X, Jiang B, Mei Y, Huang Y, Deng S, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhou X. Expert consensus on early childhood caries management. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:35. [PMID: 35835750 PMCID: PMC9283525 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant chronic disease of childhood and a rising public health burden worldwide. ECC may cause a higher risk of new caries lesions in both primary and permanent dentition, affecting lifelong oral health. The occurrence of ECC has been closely related to the core microbiome change in the oral cavity, which may be influenced by diet habits, oral health management, fluoride use, and dental manipulations. So, it is essential to improve parental oral health and awareness of health care, to establish a dental home at the early stage of childhood, and make an individualized caries management plan. Dental interventions according to the minimally invasive concept should be carried out to treat dental caries. This expert consensus mainly discusses the etiology of ECC, caries-risk assessment of children, prevention and treatment plan of ECC, aiming to achieve lifelong oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Du
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihong Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangtai Song
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Beizhan Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Mei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuli Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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23
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Sadiq FA, Hansen MF, Burmølle M, Heyndrickx M, Flint S, Lu W, Chen W, Zhang H. Towards understanding mechanisms and functional consequences of bacterial interactions with members of various kingdoms in complex biofilms that abound in nature. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6595875. [PMID: 35640890 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial world represents a phenomenal diversity of microorganisms from different kingdoms of life which occupy an impressive set of ecological niches. Most, if not all, microorganisms once colonise a surface develop architecturally complex surface-adhered communities which we refer to as biofilms. They are embedded in polymeric structural scaffolds serve as a dynamic milieu for intercellular communication through physical and chemical signalling. Deciphering microbial ecology of biofilms in various natural or engineered settings has revealed co-existence of microorganisms from all domains of life, including Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. The coexistence of these dynamic microbes is not arbitrary, as a highly coordinated architectural setup and physiological complexity show ecological interdependence and myriads of underlying interactions. In this review, we describe how species from different kingdoms interact in biofilms and discuss the functional consequences of such interactions. We highlight metabolic advances of collaboration among species from different kingdoms, and advocate that these interactions are of great importance and need to be addressed in future research. Since trans-kingdom biofilms impact diverse contexts, ranging from complicated infections to efficient growth of plants, future knowledge within this field will be beneficial for medical microbiology, biotechnology, and our general understanding of microbial life in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Mads Frederik Hansen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag, 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wenwei Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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24
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Li X, Liu Y, Yang X, Li C, Song Z. The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895537. [PMID: 35572634 PMCID: PMC9100676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity provides a habitat for oral microbial communities. The complexity of its anatomical structure, its connectivity to the outside, and its moist environment contribute to the complexity and ecological site specificity of the microbiome colonized therein. Complex endogenous and exogenous factors affect the occurrence and development of the oral microbiota, and maintain it in a dynamic balance. The dysbiotic state, in which the microbial composition is altered and the microecological balance between host and microorganisms is disturbed, can lead to oral and even systemic diseases. In this review, we discuss the current research on the composition of the oral microbiota, the factors influencing it, and its relationships with common oral diseases. We focus on the specificity of the microbiota at different niches in the oral cavity, the communities of the oral microbiome, the mycobiome, and the virome within oral biofilms, and interventions targeting oral pathogens associated with disease. With these data, we aim to extend our understanding of oral microorganisms and provide new ideas for the clinical management of infectious oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xingyou Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chengwen Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Li,
| | - Zhangyong Song
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Zhangyong Song,
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25
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Hwang G. In it together: Candida-bacterial oral biofilms and therapeutic strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:183-196. [PMID: 35218311 PMCID: PMC8957517 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under natural environmental settings or in the human body, the majority of microorganisms exist in complex polymicrobial biofilms adhered to abiotic and biotic surfaces. These microorganisms exhibit symbiotic, mutualistic, synergistic, or antagonistic relationships with other species during biofilm colonization and development. These polymicrobial interactions are heterogeneous, complex and hard to control, thereby often yielding worse outcomes than monospecies infections. Concerning fungi, Candida spp., in particular, Candida albicans is often detected with various bacterial species in oral biofilms. These Candida-bacterial interactions may induce the transition of C. albicans from commensal to pathobiont or dysbiotic organism. Consequently, Candida-bacterial interactions are largely associated with various oral diseases, including dental caries, denture stomatitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and oral cancer. Given the severity of oral diseases caused by cross-kingdom consortia that develop hard-to-remove and highly drug-resistant biofilms, fundamental research is warranted to strategically develop cost-effective and safe therapies to prevent and treat cross-kingdom interactions and subsequent biofilm development. While studies have shed some light, targeting fungal-involved polymicrobial biofilms has been limited. This mini-review outlines the key features of Candida-bacterial interactions and their impact on various oral diseases. In addition, current knowledge on therapeutic strategies to target Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding Author: Geelsu Hwang,
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26
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Menon LU, Scoffield JA, Jackson JG, Zhang P. Candida albicans and Early Childhood Caries. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.849274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a highly prevalent and costly chronic oral infectious disease in preschool children. Candida albicans has been frequently detected in children and has demonstrated cariogenic traits. However, since ECC is a multifactorial infectious disease with many predisposing non-microbial factors, it remains to be elucidated whether the presence and accumulation of C. albicans in ECC is merely a consequence of the adaptation of C. albicans to a cariogenic oral environment, or it plays an active role in the initiation and progression of dental caries. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on C. albicans and the risk of ECC, with a focus on its synergistic relationship with the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. We also highlight recent advances in the development of approaches to disrupt C. albicans-S. mutans cross-kingdom biofilms in ECC prevention and treatment. Longitudinal clinical studies, including interventional clinical trials targeting C. albicans, are necessary to ascertain if C. albicans indeed contributes in a significant manner to the initiation and progression of ECC. In addition, further work is needed to understand the influence of other bacteria and fungi of oral microbiota on C. albicans-S. mutans interactions in ECC.
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27
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Tao L, Wang M, Guan G, Zhang Y, Hao T, Li C, Li S, Chen Y, Huang G. Streptococcus mutans suppresses filamentous growth of Candida albicans through secreting mutanocyclin, an unacylated tetramic acid. Virulence 2022; 13:542-557. [PMID: 35311622 PMCID: PMC8942415 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2046952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guobo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaihu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms
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28
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Oral Cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the Development of Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030335. [PMID: 35335659 PMCID: PMC8953496 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida colonisation of the oral cavity increases in immunocompromised individuals which leads to the development of oral candidiasis. In addition, host factors such as xerostomia, smoking, oral prostheses, dental caries, diabetes and cancer treatment accelerate the disease process. Candida albicans is the primary causative agent of this infection, owing to its ability to form biofilm and hyphae and to produce hydrolytic enzymes and candialysin. Although mucosal immunity is activated, from the time hyphae-associated toxin is formed by the colonising C. albicans cells, an increased number and virulence of this pathogenic organism collectively leads to infection. Prevention of the development of infection can be achieved by addressing the host physiological factors and habits. For maintenance of oral health, conventional oral hygiene products containing antimicrobial compounds, essential oils and phytochemicals can be considered, these products can maintain the low number of Candida in the oral cavity and reduce their virulence. Vulnerable patients should be educated in order to increase compliance.
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29
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Pohl CH. Recent Advances and Opportunities in the Study of Candida albicans Polymicrobial Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:836379. [PMID: 35252039 PMCID: PMC8894716 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.836379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, can form polymicrobial biofilms with a variety of bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo, and that these polymicrobial biofilms can impact the course and management of disease. Although specific interactions are often described as either synergistic or antagonistic, this may be an oversimplification. Polymicrobial biofilms are complex two-way interacting communities, regulated by inter-domain (inter-kingdom) signaling and various molecular mechanisms. This review article will highlight advances over the last six years (2016-2021) regarding the unique biology of polymicrobial biofilms formed by C. albicans and bacteria, including regulation of their formation. In addition, some of the consequences of these interactions, such as the influence of co-existence on antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence, will be discussed. Since the aim of this knowledge is to inform possible alternative treatment options, recent studies on the discovery of novel anti-biofilm compounds will also be included. Throughout, an attempt will be made to identify ongoing challenges in this area.
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30
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Ardizzoni A, Boaretto G, Pericolini E, Pinetti D, Capezzone de Joannon A, Durando L, Ragni L, Blasi E. Effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes containing benzydamine on Candida albicans adhesion, biofilm formation, regrowth, and persistence. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3613-3625. [PMID: 35066687 PMCID: PMC8979862 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine on different stages of Candida albicans biofilm: adhesion, formation, persistence, and regrowth (if perturbed). Materials and methods C. albicans CA1398, carrying the bioluminescence ACT1p-gLUC59 fusion product, was employed. Fungal cells were exposed for 1′, 5′, or 15′ to 4 different benzydamine concentrations (0.075 to 0.6%) to 2 mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine and to a placebo MoW (without benzydamine). Treated cells were tested for adhesion (90 min) and biofilm formation (24-h assay). Next, 24- and 48-h-old biofilms were exposed to benzydamine and MoWs to assess regrowth and persistence, respectively. The effects of benzydamine, MoWs containing benzydamine, and placebo on different biofilm stages were quantified by bioluminescence assay and by the production of quorum sensing (QS) molecules. Results Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impaired C. albicans ability to adhere and form biofilm, counteracted C. albicans persistence and regrowth, and impaired a 48-h-old biofilm. Some of these effects paralleled with alterations in QS molecule secretion. Conclusions Our results show for the first time that benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impair C. albicans capacity to form biofilm and counteract biofilm persistence and regrowth. Clinical relevance Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine capacity to affect C. albicans biofilm provides an interesting tool to prevent and treat oral candidiasis. Likely, restraining C. albicans colonization through daily oral hygiene may counteract colonization and persistence by other critical oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, whose increased virulence has been linked to the presence of C. albicans biofilm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-021-04330-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Boaretto
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Diego Pinetti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti (C.I.G.S.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Durando
- Global R&D PLCM-Angelini Pharma S.p.A., via Vecchia del Pinocchio 22, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorella Ragni
- Global R&D PLCM-Angelini Pharma S.p.A., via Vecchia del Pinocchio 22, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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31
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Molecular mechanisms of inhibiting glucosyltransferases for biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:30. [PMID: 34588414 PMCID: PMC8481554 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) play critical roles in the etiology and pathogenesis of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)- mediated dental caries including early childhood caries. Gtfs enhance the biofilm formation and promotes colonization of cariogenic bacteria by generating biofilm extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), the key virulence property in the cariogenic process. Therefore, Gtfs have become an appealing target for effective therapeutic interventions that inhibit cariogenic biofilms. Importantly, targeting Gtfs selectively impairs the S. mutans virulence without affecting S. mutans existence or the existence of other species in the oral cavity. Over the past decade, numerous Gtfs inhibitory molecules have been identified, mainly including natural and synthetic compounds and their derivatives, antibodies, and metal ions. These therapeutic agents exert their inhibitory role in inhibiting the expression gtf genes and the activities and secretion of Gtfs enzymes with a wide range of sensitivity and effectiveness. Understanding molecular mechanisms of inhibiting Gtfs will contribute to instructing drug combination strategies, which is more effective for inhibiting Gtfs than one drug or class of drugs. This review highlights our current understanding of Gtfs activities and their potential utility, and discusses challenges and opportunities for future exploration of Gtfs as a therapeutic target.
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32
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Structure-function characterization of Streptococcus intermedius surface antigen Pas. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0017521. [PMID: 34339301 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00175-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus intermedius, an oral commensal bacterium, is found at various sites including subgingival dental plaque, purulent infections, and in cystic fibrosis lungs. Oral streptococci utilize proteins on their surface to adhere to tissues and/or surfaces localizing the bacteria, which subsequently leads to the development of biofilms, colonization and infection. Among the 19 genomically annotated cell-wall attached surface proteins on S. intermedius, Pas is an adhesin that belongs to the Antigen I/II (AgI/II) family. Here we have structurally and functionally characterized Pas, particularly focusing on its microbial-host as well as microbial-microbial interactions. The crystal structures of VPas and C123Pas show high similarity with AgI/II of S. mutans. VPas hosts a conserved metal binding site, and likewise the C123Pas structure retains its conserved metal binding sites and isopeptide bonds within its three DEv-IgG domains. Pas interacts with nanomolar affinity to lung alveolar glycoprotein 340 (Gp340), its scavenger receptor cysteine rich domains (SRCRs) and with fibrinogen. Both Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the opportunistic pathogens that cohabitate with S. intermedius in the lungs of CFTR patients were studied in dual-species biofilm studies. The Pas deficient mutant (Δpas) displayed significant reduction in dual biofilm formation with C. albicans. In similar studies with P. aeruginosa, Pas did not mediate the biofilm formation with either the acute isolate (PAO1), or the chronic isolate (FRD1). However, the Sortase A deficient mutant (ΔsrtA) displayed reduced biofilm formation with both C. albicans and P. aeruginosa FRD1. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of Pas in both microbial-host and interkingdom interactions and expose its potential role in disease outcomes. Importance Streptococcus intermedius, an oral commensal bacterium, has been clinically observed in subgingival dental plaque, purulent infections, and in cystic fibrosis lungs. In this study, we have (a) determined the crystal structure of the V- and C-regions of Pas; (b) shown that its surface protein Pas adheres to fibrinogen, which could potentially ferry the microbe through the blood stream from the oral cavity; (c) characterized Pas's high affinity adherence to lung alveolar protein Gp340 that could fixate the microbe on lung epithelial cells; and (d) most importantly shown that these surface proteins on the oral commensal S. intermedius enhances biofilms of known pathogens Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Intervening in Symbiotic Cross-Kingdom Biofilm Interactions: a Binding Mechanism-Based Nonmicrobicidal Approach. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00651-21. [PMID: 34006656 PMCID: PMC8262967 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00651-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries is a severe oral disease that results in aggressive tooth decay. Particularly, a synergistic association between a fungus, Candida albicans, and a cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus mutans, promotes the development of hard-to-remove and highly acidic biofilms, exacerbating the virulent damage. These interactions are largely mediated via glucosyltransferases (GtfB) binding to mannans on the cell wall of C. albicans. Here, we present an enzymatic approach to target GtfB-mannan interactions in this cross-kingdom consortium using mannan-degrading exo- and endo-enzymes. These exo- and endo-enzymes are highly effective in reducing biofilm biomass without killing microorganisms, as well as alleviating the production of an acidic pH environment conducive to tooth decay. To corroborate these results, we present biophysical evidence using single-molecule atomic force microscopy, biofilm shearing, and enamel surface topography analyses. Data show a drastic decrease in binding forces of GtfB to C. albicans (∼15-fold reduction) following enzyme treatment. Furthermore, enzymatic activity disrupted biofilm mechanical stability and significantly reduced human tooth enamel demineralization without cytotoxic effects on gingival keratinocytes. Our results represent significant progress toward a novel nonbiocidal therapeutic intervention against pathogenic bacterial-fungal biofilms by targeting the interkingdom receptor-ligand binding interactions.
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Khan F, Bamunuarachchi NI, Pham DTN, Tabassum N, Khan MSA, Kim YM. Mixed biofilms of pathogenic Candida-bacteria: regulation mechanisms and treatment strategies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:699-727. [PMID: 34003065 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1921696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-species biofilm is one of the most frequently recorded clinical problems. Mixed biofilms develop as a result of interactions between microorganisms of a single or multiple species (e.g. bacteria and fungi). Candida spp., particularly Candida albicans, are known to associate with various bacterial species to form a multi-species biofilm. Mixed biofilms of Candida spp. have been previously detected in vivo and on the surfaces of many biomedical instruments. Treating infectious diseases caused by mixed biofilms of Candida and bacterial species has been challenging due to their increased resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Here, we review and discuss the clinical significance of mixed Candida-bacteria biofilms as well as the signalling mechanisms involved in Candida-bacteria interactions. We also describe possible approaches for combating infections associated with mixed biofilms, such as the use of natural or synthetic drugs and combination therapy. The review presented here is expected to contribute to the advances in the biomedical field on the understanding of underlying interaction mechanisms of pathogens in mixed biofilm, and alternative approaches to treating the related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nilushi Indika Bamunuarachchi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Tangalle, Sri Lanka
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Center of Excellence for Biochemistry and Natural Products, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industrial Convergence Bionix Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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35
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Xiong K, Chen X, Zhu H, Ji M, Zou L. Anticaries activity of GERM CLEAN in Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilm. Oral Dis 2021; 28:829-839. [PMID: 33583105 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of a peptide containing novel oral spray GERM CLEAN on dual-species biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and to investigate whether GERM CLEAN inhibits the demineralization procedure of bovine enamel in vitro. METHODS The antimicrobial effects of GERM CLEAN on dual-species biofilm were analyzed by initial adherence rate calculation, water-insoluble exopolysaccharides quantification, total biomass quantification, and colony-forming units (CFUs) counting. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were applied to evaluate the impacts of GERM CLEAN on the biofilm structure. Further, the effects of GERM CLEAN on acidogenicity of dual-species were appraised via glycolytic pH drop analysis and hydroxyapatite dissolution measurement. The percentage of Surface Microhardness Reduction (%SMHR) evaluation, Atomic Force Micrograph (AFM) examination, and Transverse Microradiography (TMR) analysis after pH cycling were used to determine whether GERM CLEAN inhibited the demineralization of bovine enamel. RESULTS GERM CLEAN decreased the adherence rate, water-insoluble EPS production, biofilm formation, and acidogenicity of the dual-species. Moreover, GERM CLEAN significantly inhibited the demineralization status of bovine enamels. CONCLUSION This peptide containing novel oral spray GERM CLEAN has antimicrobial potential toward the dual-species. GERM CLEAN can also impede the demineralization procedure of enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hualing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengzhen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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36
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Understanding Human Microbiota Offers Novel and Promising Therapeutic Options against Candida Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020183. [PMID: 33572162 PMCID: PMC7915436 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens particularly of Candida species are one of the major causes of hospital acquired infections in immunocompromised patients. The limited arsenal of antifungal drugs to treat Candida infections with concomitant evolution of multidrug resistant strains further complicates the management of these infections. Therefore, deployment of novel strategies to surmount the Candida infections requires immediate attention. The human body is a dynamic ecosystem having microbiota usually involving symbionts that benefit from the host, but in turn may act as commensal organisms or affect positively (mutualism) or negatively (pathogenic) the physiology and nourishment of the host. The composition of human microbiota has garnered a lot of recent attention, and despite the common occurrence of Candida spp. within the microbiota, there is still an incomplete picture of relationships between Candida spp. and other microorganism, as well as how such associations are governed. These relationships could be important to have a more holistic understanding of the human microbiota and its connection to Candida infections. Understanding the mechanisms behind commensalism and pathogenesis is vital for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies for these Candida infections. The concept of host-microbiota crosstalk plays critical roles in human health and microbiota dysbiosis and is responsible for various pathologies. Through this review, we attempted to analyze the types of human microbiota and provide an update on the current understanding in the context of health and Candida infections. The information in this article will help as a resource for development of targeted microbial therapies such as pre-/pro-biotics and microbiota transplant that has gained advantage in recent times over antibiotics and established as novel therapeutic strategy.
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Wang S, Long L, Yang X, Qiu Y, Tao T, Peng X, Li Y, Han A, Senadheera DB, Downey JS, Goodman SD, Zhou X, Cvitkovitch DG. Dissecting the Role of VicK Phosphatase in Aggregation and Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res 2021; 100:631-638. [PMID: 33530836 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520979798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
VicRK (WalRK or YycFG) is a conserved 2-component regulatory system (TCS) that regulates cell division, cell wall biosynthesis, and homeostasis in low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. VicRK is also associated with biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans on the tooth surface as it directly regulates the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis. Of the 2 components, VicK possesses both autokinase and phosphatase activities, which regulate the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the regulator VicR in response to environmental cues. However, the dual mechanism of VicK as the autokinase/phosphatase in regulating S. mutans' responses is not well elucidated. Previously, it has been shown that the phosphatase activity depends on the PAS domain and residues in the DHp domain of VicK in S. mutans. Specifically, mutating proline at 222 in the PAS domain inhibits VicK phosphatase activity. We generated a VicKP222A mutant to determine the level of VicR-P in the cytoplasm by Phos-tag sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We show that in VicKP222A phosphatase, attenuation increased phosphorylated VicR (VicR-P) that downregulated glucosyltransferases, gtfBC, thereby reducing the synthesis of water-insoluble polysaccharides (WIS-EPS) in the biofilm. In addition, VicKP222A presented as long-rod cells, reduced growth, and displayed asymmetrical division. A major adhesin of S. mutans, SpaP was downregulated in VicKP222A, making it unable to agglutinate in saliva. In summary, we have confirmed that VicK phosphatase activity is critical to maintain optimal phosphorylation status of VicR in S. mutans, which is important for cell growth, cell division, EPS synthesis, and bacterial agglutination in saliva. Hence, VicK phosphatase activity may represent a promising target to modulate S. mutans' pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - T Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - A Han
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - D B Senadheera
- School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J S Downey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - X Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - D G Cvitkovitch
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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In Silico Selection and In Vitro Evaluation of New Molecules That Inhibit the Adhesion of Streptococcus mutants through Antigen I/II. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010377. [PMID: 33396525 PMCID: PMC7795114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the main early colonizing cariogenic bacteria because it recognizes salivary pellicle receptors. The Antigen I/II (Ag I/II) of S. mutans is among the most important adhesins in this process, and is involved in the adhesion to the tooth surface and the bacterial co-aggregation in the early stage of biofilm formation. However, this protein has not been used as a target in a virtual strategy search for inhibitors. Based on the predicted binding affinities, drug-like properties and toxicity, molecules were selected and evaluated for their ability to reduce S. mutans adhesion. A virtual screening of 883,551 molecules was conducted; cytotoxicity analysis on fibroblast cells, S. mutans adhesion studies, scanning electron microscopy analysis for bacterial integrity and molecular dynamics simulation were also performed. We found three molecules ZINC19835187 (ZI-187), ZINC19924939 (ZI-939) and ZINC19924906 (ZI-906) without cytotoxic activity, which inhibited about 90% the adhesion of S. mutans to polystyrene microplates. Molecular dynamic simulation by 300 nanoseconds showed stability of the interaction between ZI-187 and Ag I/II (PDB: 3IPK). This work provides new molecules that targets Ag I/II and have the capacity to inhibit in vitro the S. mutans adhesion on polystyrene microplates.
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Manzer HS, Nobbs AH, Doran KS. The Multifaceted Nature of Streptococcal Antigen I/II Proteins in Colonization and Disease Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:602305. [PMID: 33329493 PMCID: PMC7732690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.602305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the natural microbiota of humans and animals. Certain streptococcal species are known as opportunistic pathogens with the potential to cause severe invasive disease. Antigen I/II (AgI/II) family proteins are sortase anchored cell surface adhesins that are nearly ubiquitous across streptococci and contribute to many streptococcal diseases, including dental caries, respiratory tract infections, and meningitis. They appear to be multifunctional adhesins with affinities to various host substrata, acting to mediate attachment to host surfaces and stimulate immune responses from the colonized host. Here we will review the literature including recent work that has demonstrated the multifaceted nature of AgI/II family proteins, focusing on their overlapping and distinct functions and their important contribution to streptococcal colonization and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider S. Manzer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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40
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Huffines JT, Scoffield JA. Disruption of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergy by a commensal streptococcus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19661. [PMID: 33184348 PMCID: PMC7661713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial interactions in dental plaque play a significant role in dysbiosis and homeostasis in the oral cavity. In early childhood caries, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are often co-isolated from carious lesions and associated with increased disease severity. Studies have demonstrated that metabolic and glucan-dependent synergism between C. albicans and S. mutans contribute to enhanced pathogenesis. However, it is unclear how oral commensals influence pathogen synergy. Streptococcus parasanguinis, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) producing oral commensal, has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. In this study, we utilized a three species biofilm model to understand the impact of S. parasanguinis on S. mutans and C. albicans synergy. We report that S. parasanguinis disrupts S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm synergy in a contact and H2O2-independent manner. Further, metabolomics analysis revealed a S. parasanguinis-driven alteration in sugar metabolism that restricts biofilm development by S. mutans. Moreover, S. parasanguinis inhibits S. mutans glucosyltransferase (GtfB) activity, which is important for glucan matrix development and GtfB-mediated binding to C. albicans mannan. Taken together, our study describes a new antimicrobial role for S. parasanguinis and highlights how this abundant oral commensal may be utilized to attenuate pathogen synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Huffines
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 845 19th St. South, Room 744A, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Jessica A Scoffield
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 845 19th St. South, Room 744A, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA.
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41
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Wu R, Tao Y, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Lin H. Streptococcus mutans Membrane Vesicles Harboring Glucosyltransferases Augment Candida albicans Biofilm Development. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581184. [PMID: 33042098 PMCID: PMC7517897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, as the most common fungus in the oral cavity, is often detected in early childhood caries. Streptococcus mutans is the major etiological agent of dental caries, but the role of S. mutans on C. albicans growth and biofilm development remains to be elucidated. Membrane vesicles (MVs) are a cell-secreted subcellular fraction that play an important role in intercellular communication and disease progression. In the present study, we investigated whether MVs from S. mutans augment C. albicans growth and biofilm development. The results indicated that S. mutans MVs augmented C. albicans biofilm development but had no significant effect on C. albicans growth under planktonic conditions. Subsequently, we labeled S. mutans MVs with PKH26 and used confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to track S. mutans MVs, which were observed to be located in the C. albicans biofilm extracellular matrix. Monosaccharide tests showed that S. mutans MVs contribute to sucrose metabolism in C. albicans. Polysaccharides were significantly enriched in the S. mutans MV-treated group. MVs from ΔgtfBC mutant strains were compared with those from the wild-type S. mutans. The results revealed that MVs from the ΔgtfBC mutant had no effect on C. albicans biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production. In addition, C. albicans biofilm transcriptional regulators (Ndt80, Als1, Mnn9, Van1, Pmr1, Gca1, and Big1) expression were upregulated in S. mutans MV-treated group. In summary, the results of the present study showed that S. mutans MVs harboring glucosyltransferases involved in exopolysaccharide production augment C. albicans biofilm development, revealing a key role for S. mutans MVs in cross-kingdom interactions between S. mutans and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yina Cao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Jurczak A, Jamka-Kasprzyk M, Bębenek Z, Staszczyk M, Jagielski P, Kościelniak D, Gregorczyk-Maga I, Kołodziej I, Kępisty M, Kukurba-Setkowicz M, Bryll A, Krzyściak W. Differences in Sweet Taste Perception and Its Association with the Streptococcus mutans Cariogenic Profile in Preschool Children with Caries. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092592. [PMID: 32858903 PMCID: PMC7551438 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis about differences in sweet taste perception in the group of preschool children with and without caries, and to determine its relationship with cariogenic microbiota and the frequency of sweets consumption in children. The study group included of 63 children aged 2–6 years: 32 with caries and 31 without caries. The study consisted of collecting questionnaire data and assessment of dental status using the decayed, missing, filled in primary teeth index (dmft) and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). The evaluation of sweet taste perception was carried out using a specific method that simultaneously assessed the level of taste preferences and the sensitivity threshold for a given taste. The microbiological analysis consisted of the assessment of the quantitative and qualitative compositions of the oral microbiota of the examined children. The sweet taste perception of children with caries was characterized by a lower susceptibility to sucrose (the preferred sucrose solution concentration was >4 g/L) compared to children without caries (in the range ≤ 4 g/L, p = 0.0015, chi-square test). A similar relationship was also observed for frequent snacking between meals (p = 0.0038, chi-square test). The analysis of studied variables showed the existence of a strong positive correlation between the perception of sweet taste and the occurrence and intensity of the cariogenic process (p = 0.007 for dmft; and p = 0.012 for ICDAS II), as well as the frequency of consuming sweets (p ≤ 0.001 for frequent and repeated consumption of sweets during the day, Spearman test) in children with caries. Additionally, children with an elevated sucrose taste threshold were more than 10-times more likely to develop S. mutans presence (OR = 10.21; 95% CI 3.11–33.44). The results of this study suggest the future use of taste preferences in children as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of increased susceptibility to caries through microbial dysbiosis towards specific species of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurczak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Jamka-Kasprzyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Zuzanna Bębenek
- Department of Mycology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Czysta St 18, 31-121 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Staszczyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Science, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Grzegórzecka St 20, 31-531 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kościelniak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Kołodziej
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kępisty
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kukurba-Setkowicz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Amira Bryll
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-620-57-60
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Khoury ZH, Vila T, Puthran TR, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Melo MAS, Jabra-Rizk MA. The Role of Candida albicans Secreted Polysaccharides in Augmenting Streptococcus mutans Adherence and Mixed Biofilm Formation: In vitro and in vivo Studies. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:307. [PMID: 32256460 PMCID: PMC7093027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a complex environment harboring diverse microbial species that often co-exist within biofilms formed on oral surfaces. Within a biofilm, inter-species interactions can be synergistic in that the presence of one organism generates a niche for another enhancing colonization. Among these species are the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and the bacterial species Streptococcus mutans, the etiologic agents of oral candidiasis and dental caries, respectively. Recent studies have reported enhanced prevalence of C. albicans in children with caries indicating potential clinical implications for this fungal-bacterial interaction. In this study, we aimed to specifically elucidate the role of C. albicans-derived polysaccharide biofilm matrix components in augmenting S. mutans colonization and mixed biofilm formation. Comparative evaluations of single and mixed species biofilms demonstrated significantly enhanced S. mutans retention in mixed biofilms with C. albicans. Further, S. mutans single species biofilms were enhanced upon exogenous supplementation with purified matrix material derived from C. albicans biofilms. Similarly, growth in C. albicans cell-free spent biofilm culture media enhanced S. mutans single species biofilm formation, however, the observed increase in S. mutans biofilms was significantly affected upon enzymatic digestion of polysaccharides in spent media, identifying C. albicans secreted polysaccharides as a key factor in mediating mixed biofilm formation. The enhanced S. mutans biofilms mediated by the various C. albicans effectors was also demonstrated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Importantly, a clinically relevant mouse model of oral co-infection was adapted to demonstrate the C. albicans-mediated enhanced S. mutans colonization in a host. Analyses of harvested tissue and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated significantly higher S. mutans retention on teeth and tongues of co-infected mice compared to mice infected only with S. mutans. Collectively, the findings from this study strongly indicate that the secretion of polysacharides from C. albicans in the oral environment may impact the development of S. mutans biofilms, ultimately increasing dental caries and, therefore, Candida oral colonization should be considered as a factor in evaluating the risk of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Khoury
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taissa Vila
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taanya R Puthran
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Salehi B, Kregiel D, Mahady G, Sharifi-Rad J, Martins N, Rodrigues CF. Management of Streptococcus mutans- Candida spp. Oral Biofilms' Infections: Paving the Way for Effective Clinical Interventions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E517. [PMID: 32075040 PMCID: PMC7074106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases are considered the most common noncommunicable diseases and are related to serious local and systemic disorders. Oral pathogens can grow and spread in the oral mucosae and frequently in biomaterials (e.g., dentures or prostheses) under polymicrobial biofilms, leading to several disorders such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Biofilms harbor a complex array of interacting microbes, increasingly unapproachable to antimicrobials and with dynamic processes key to disease pathogenicity, which partially explain the gradual loss of response towards conventional therapeutic regimens. New drugs (synthesized and natural) and other therapies that have revealed promising results for the treatment or control of these mixed biofilms are presented and discussed here. A structured search of bibliographic databases was applied to include recent research. There are several promising new approaches in the treatment of Candida spp.-Streptococcus mutans oral mixed biofilms that could be clinically applied in the near future. These findings confirm the importance of developing effective therapies for oral Candida-bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran;
| | - Dorota Kregiel
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171/173, Poland;
| | - Gail Mahady
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Clinical Pharmacognosy Laboratories, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
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Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk MA. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010015. [PMID: 31963180 PMCID: PMC7151112 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as “thrush,” is an opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects the oral mucosa. The main causative agent, Candida albicans, is a highly versatile commensal organism that is well adapted to its human host; however, changes in the host microenvironment can promote the transition from one of commensalism to pathogen. This transition is heavily reliant on an impressive repertoire of virulence factors, most notably cell surface adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, morphologic switching, and the development of drug resistance. In the oral cavity, the co-adhesion of C. albicans with bacteria is crucial for its persistence, and a wide range of synergistic interactions with various oral species were described to enhance colonization in the host. As a frequent colonizer of the oral mucosa, the host immune response in the oral cavity is oriented toward a more tolerogenic state and, therefore, local innate immune defenses play a central role in maintaining Candida in its commensal state. Specifically, in addition to preventing Candida adherence to epithelial cells, saliva is enriched with anti-candidal peptides, considered to be part of the host innate immunity. The T helper 17 (Th17)-type adaptive immune response is mainly involved in mucosal host defenses, controlling initial growth of Candida and inhibiting subsequent tissue invasion. Animal models, most notably the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis and the rat model of denture stomatitis, are instrumental in our understanding of Candida virulence factors and the factors leading to host susceptibility to infections. Given the continuing rise in development of resistance to the limited number of traditional antifungal agents, novel therapeutic strategies are directed toward identifying bioactive compounds that target pathogenic mechanisms to prevent C. albicans transition from harmless commensal to pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissa Vila
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-0508; Fax: +1-410-706-0519
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Deng L, Xue J, Jiang L, Zou L, Li W. [Research progress on interactions between Candida albicans and common oral pathogens]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:671-676. [PMID: 31875449 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of microbiome studies have enabled the development of a greater understanding of how antagonistic and synergetic microbial interactions influence disease outcomes. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that is commonly found in human oral microflora. In a healthy oral environment, Candida albicans may potentially but sig-nificantly influence the balance between the oral bacterial ecosystem and the host, leading tooral diseases. The aim of this study is to review the correlation between Candida albicans and oral pathogens and provide a deeper understanding of the nature of oral infec-tious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Negrini TDC, Koo H, Arthur RA. Candida–Bacterial Biofilms and Host–Microbe Interactions in Oral Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:119-141. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Montelongo-Jauregui D, Lopez-Ribot JL. Candida Interactions with the Oral Bacterial Microbiota. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040122. [PMID: 30400279 PMCID: PMC6308928 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity is normally colonized by a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, Archaea, viruses, and protozoa. Within the different oral microenvironments these organisms are often found as part of highly organized microbial communities termed biofilms, which display consortial behavior. Formation and maintenance of these biofilms are highly dependent on the direct interactions between the different members of the microbiota, as well as on the released factors that influence the surrounding microbial populations. These complex biofilm dynamics influence oral health and disease. In the latest years there has been an increased recognition of the important role that interkingdom interactions, in particular those between fungi and bacteria, play within the oral cavity. Candida spp., and in particular C. albicans, are among the most important fungi colonizing the oral cavity of humans and have been found to participate in these complex microbial oral biofilms. C. albicans has been reported to interact with individual members of the oral bacterial microbiota, leading to either synergistic or antagonistic relationships. In this review we describe some of the better characterized interactions between Candida spp. and oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infections Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infections Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Cross BW, Ruhl S. Glycan recognition at the saliva - oral microbiome interface. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:19-33. [PMID: 30274839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mouth is a first critical interface where most potentially harmful substances or pathogens contact the host environment. Adaptive and innate immune defense mechanisms are established there to inactivate or eliminate pathogenic microbes that traverse the oral environment on the way to their target organs and tissues. Protein and glycoprotein components of saliva play a particularly important role in modulating the oral microbiota and helping with the clearance of pathogens. It has long been acknowledged that glycobiological and glycoimmunological aspects play a pivotal role in oral host-microbe, microbe-host, and microbe-microbe interactions in the mouth. In this review, we aim to delineate how glycan-mediated host defense mechanisms in the oral cavity support human health. We will describe the role of glycans attached to large molecular size salivary glycoproteins which act as a first line of primordial host defense in the human mouth. We will further discuss how glycan recognition contributes to both colonization and clearance of oral microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Cross
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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