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Sowders JM, Jewell JB, Tanaka K. CPK28 is a modulator of purinergic signaling in plant growth and defense. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1086-1101. [PMID: 38308597 PMCID: PMC11096078 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is a key signaling molecule that plays a pivotal role in plant growth and defense responses. The receptor P2K1 is responsible for perceiving eATP and initiating its signaling cascade. However, the signal transduction mechanisms downstream of P2K1 activation remain incompletely understood. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the P2K1 interactome using co-immunoprecipitation-coupled tandem mass spectrometry, leading to the identification of 121 candidate proteins interacting with P2K1. In silico analysis narrowed down the candidates to 47 proteins, including Ca2+-binding proteins, ion transport-related proteins, and receptor kinases. To investigate their involvement in eATP signaling, we employed a screening strategy based on changes in gene expression in response to eATP in mutants of the identified interactors. This screening revealed several Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) that significantly affected the expression of eATP-responsive genes, suggesting their potential roles in eATP signaling. Notably, CPK28 and CPK6 showed physical interactions with P2K1 both in yeast and plant systems. Calcium influx and gene expression studies demonstrated that CPK28 perturbed eATP-induced Ca2+ mobilization and some early transcriptional responses. Overexpression of CPK28 resulted in an antagonistic physiological response to P2K1-mediated eATP signaling during both plant growth and defense responses to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Our findings highlight CPK28, among other CPKs, as a modulator of P2K1-mediated eATP signaling, providing valuable insights into the coordination of eATP signaling in plant growth and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Sowders
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Jeremy B. Jewell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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2
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Jorge GL, Kim D, Xu C, Cho SH, Su L, Xu D, Bartley LE, Stacey G, Thelen JJ. Unveiling orphan receptor-like kinases in plants: novel client discovery using high-confidence library predictions in the Kinase-Client (KiC) assay. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1372361. [PMID: 38633461 PMCID: PMC11021772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1372361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Plants are remarkable in their ability to adapt to changing environments, with receptor-like kinases (RLKs) playing a pivotal role in perceiving and transmitting environmental cues into cellular responses. Despite extensive research on RLKs from the plant kingdom, the function and activity of many kinases, i.e., their substrates or "clients", remain uncharted. To validate a novel client prediction workflow and learn more about an important RLK, this study focuses on P2K1 (DORN1), which acts as a receptor for extracellular ATP (eATP), playing a crucial role in plant stress resistance and immunity. We designed a Kinase-Client (KiC) assay library of 225 synthetic peptides, incorporating previously identified P2K phosphorylated peptides and novel predictions from a deep-learning phosphorylation site prediction model (MUsite) and a trained hidden Markov model (HMM) based tool, HMMER. Screening the library against purified P2K1 cytosolic domain (CD), we identified 46 putative substrates, including 34 novel clients, 27 of which may be novel peptides, not previously identified experimentally. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis among phosphopeptide candidates revealed proteins associated with important biological processes in metabolism, structure development, and response to stress, as well as molecular functions of kinase activity, catalytic activity, and transferase activity. We offer selection criteria for efficient further in vivo experiments to confirm these discoveries. This approach not only expands our knowledge of P2K1's substrates and functions but also highlights effective prediction algorithms for identifying additional potential substrates. Overall, the results support use of the KiC assay as a valuable tool in unraveling the complexities of plant phosphorylation and provide a foundation for predicting the phosphorylation landscape of plant species based on peptide library results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lemes Jorge
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Daewon Kim
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sung-Hwan Cho
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lingtao Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Laura E. Bartley
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Chen Y, Zhao A, Wei Y, Mao Y, Zhu JK, Macho AP. GmFLS2 contributes to soybean resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:17-22. [PMID: 37391882 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Achen Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfei Mao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
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Liu L, Liu J, Xu N. Ligand recognition and signal transduction by lectin receptor-like kinases in plant immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1201805. [PMID: 37396638 PMCID: PMC10311507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRKs) locate on the cell membrane and play diverse roles in perceiving environmental factors in higher plants. Studies have demonstrated that LecRKs are involved in plant development and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we summarize the identified ligands of LecRKs in Arabidopsis, including extracellular purine (eATP), extracellular pyridine (eNAD+), extracellular NAD+ phosphate (eNADP+) and extracellular fatty acids (such as 3-hydroxydecanoic acid). We also discussed the posttranslational modification of these receptors in plant innate immunity and the perspectives of future research on plant LecRKs.
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Zhao L, Wang HJ, Martins PD, van Dongen JT, Bolger AM, Schmidt RR, Jing HC, Mueller-Roeber B, Schippers JHM. The Arabidopsis thaliana onset of leaf death 12 mutation in the lectin receptor kinase P2K2 results in an autoimmune phenotype. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:294. [PMID: 37264342 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant immunity relies on the perception of immunogenic signals by cell-surface and intracellular receptors and subsequent activation of defense responses like programmed cell death. Under certain circumstances, the fine-tuned innate immune system of plants results in the activation of autoimmune responses that cause constitutive defense responses and spontaneous cell death in the absence of pathogens. RESULTS Here, we characterized the onset of leaf death 12 (old12) mutant that was identified in the Arabidopsis accession Landsberg erecta. The old12 mutant is characterized by a growth defect, spontaneous cell death, plant-defense gene activation, and early senescence. In addition, the old12 phenotype is temperature reversible, thereby exhibiting all characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. Mapping the mutated locus revealed that the old12 phenotype is caused by a mutation in the Lectin Receptor Kinase P2-TYPE PURINERGIC RECEPTOR 2 (P2K2) gene. Interestingly, the P2K2 allele from Landsberg erecta is conserved among Brassicaceae. P2K2 has been implicated in pathogen tolerance and sensing extracellular ATP. The constitutive activation of defense responses in old12 results in improved resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that old12 is an auto-immune mutant and that allelic variation of P2K2 contributes to diversity in Arabidopsis immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Beijng Academy, Beijing, 100028, China
| | - Hao-Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Dalcin Martins
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joost T van Dongen
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anthony M Bolger
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- IBG-4: Bioinformatik,Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Romy R Schmidt
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Plant Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hai-Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Ruski 139 Blvd, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
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Sowders JM, Tanaka K. A histochemical reporter system to study extracellular ATP response in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183335. [PMID: 37332691 PMCID: PMC10272726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
When cells experience acute mechanical distress, they release ATP from their cellular compartment into the surrounding microenvironment. This extracellular ATP (eATP) can then act as a danger signal-signaling cellular damage. In plants, cells adjacent to damage detect rising eATP concentrations through the cell-surface receptor kinase, P2K1. Following eATP perception, P2K1 initiates a signaling cascade mobilizing plant defense. Recent transcriptome analysis revealed a profile of eATP-induced genes sharing pathogen- and wound-response hallmarks-consistent with a working model for eATP as a defense-mobilizing danger signal. To build on the transcriptional footprint and broaden our understanding of dynamic eATP signaling responses in plants, we aimed to i) generate a visual toolkit for eATP-inducible marker genes using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter system and ii) evaluate the spatiotemporal response of these genes to eATP in plant tissues. Here, we demonstrate that the promoter activities of five genes, ATPR1, ATPR2, TAT3, WRKY46, and CNGC19, were highly sensitive to eATP in the primary root meristem and elongation zones with maximal responses at 2 h after treatment. These results suggest the primary root tip as a hub to study eATP-signaling activity and provide a proof-of-concept toward using these reporters to further dissect eATP and damage signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Sowders
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Yang H, Chen X, Yang R, Cheng J, Chen Y, Joosten MHAJ, Du Y. The potato StMKK5-StSIPK module enhances resistance to Phytophthora pathogens through activating the salicylic acid and ethylene signalling pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:399-412. [PMID: 36782107 PMCID: PMC10098055 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stress. A screen of a Nicotiana benthamiana cDNA virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) library for altered plant responses to inoculation with Phytophthora infestans previously identified an NbMKK gene, encoding a clade D MAPKK that we renamed as NbMKK5, which is involved in immunity to P. infestans. To study the role of the potato orthologous gene, referred to as StMKK5, in the response to P. infestans, we transiently overexpressed StMKK5 in N. benthamiana and observed that cell death occurred at 2 days postinfiltration. Silencing of the highly conserved eukaryotic protein SGT1 delayed the StMKK5-induced cell death, whereas silencing of the MAPK-encoding gene NbSIPK completely abolished the cell death response. Further investigations showed that StMKK5 interacts with, and directly phosphorylates, StSIPK. Furthermore, both StMKK5 and StSIPK trigger salicylic acid (SA)- and ethylene (Eth)-related gene expression, and co-expression of the salicylate hydroxylase NahG with the negative regulator of Eth signalling CTR1 hampers StSIPK-triggered cell death. This observation indicates that the cell death triggered by StMKK5-StSIPK is dependent on the combination of SA- and Eth-signalling. By introducing point mutations, we showed that the kinase activity of both StMKK5 and StSIPK is required for triggering cell death. Genetic analysis showed that StMKK5 depends on StSIPK to trigger plant resistance. Thus, our results define a potato StMKK5-SIPK module that positively regulates immunity to P. infestans via activation of both the SA and Eth signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ruixin Yang
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jing Cheng
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yong Chen
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | | | - Yu Du
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
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8
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Kim D, Chen D, Ahsan N, Jorge GL, Thelen JJ, Stacey G. The Raf-like MAPKKK INTEGRIN-LINKED KINASE 5 regulates purinergic receptor-mediated innate immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1572-1592. [PMID: 36762404 PMCID: PMC10118279 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades play important roles in eukaryotic defense against various pathogens. Activation of the extracellular ATP (eATP) receptor P2K1 triggers MAP kinase 3 and 6 (MPK3/6) phosphorylation, which leads to an elevated plant defense response. However, the mechanism by which P2K1 activates the MAPK cascade is unclear. In this study, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, P2K1 phosphorylates the Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) INTEGRIN-LINKED KINASE 5 (ILK5) on serine 192 in the presence of eATP. The interaction between P2K1 and ILK5 was confirmed both in vitro and in planta and their interaction was enhanced by ATP treatment. Similar to P2K1 expression, ILK5 expression levels were highly induced by treatment with ATP, flg22, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, and various abiotic stresses. ILK5 interacts with and phosphorylates the MAP kinase MKK5. Moreover, phosphorylation of MPK3/6 was significantly reduced upon ATP treatment in ilk5 mutant plants, relative to wild-type (WT). The ilk5 mutant plants showed higher susceptibility to P. syringae pathogen infection relative to WT plants. Plants expressing only the mutant ILK5S192A protein, with decreased kinase activity, did not activate the MAPK cascade upon ATP addition. These results suggest that eATP activation of P2K1 results in transphosphorylation of the Raf-like MAPKKK ILK5, which subsequently triggers the MAPK cascade, culminating in activation of MPK3/6 associated with an elevated innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewon Kim
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dongqin Chen
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gabriel Lemes Jorge
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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9
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Sun E, Yu H, Chen Z, Cai M, Mao X, Li Y, Zuo C. The enhanced Valsa canker resistance conferred by MdLecRK-S.4.3 in Pyrus betulifolia can be largely suppressed by PbePUB36. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad126. [PMID: 37013998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
L-type lectin receptor-like kinases (L-LecRKs) act as a sensor of extracellular signals and an initiator for plant immune responses. However, the function of LecRK-S.4 on plant immunity has not been extensively investigated. At present, in the apple (Malus domestica) genome, we identified that MdLecRK-S.4.3, a homologous gene of LecRK-S.4, was differentially expressed during the occursion of Valsa canker. Over-expression of MdLecRK-S.4.3 facilitated the induction of immune response and enhanced the Valsa canker resistance of apple and pear fruit, and 'Duli-G03' (Pyrus betulifolia) suspension cells. On the contrary, the expression of PbePUB36, RLCK XI subfamily member, was significantly repressed in the MdLecRK-S.4.3 overexpressed cell lines. Over-expression of PbePUB36 interfered with the Valsa canker resistance and immune response caused by up-regulation of MdLecRK-S.4.3. Furthermore, MdLecRK-S.4.3 interacted with BAK1 or PbePUB36 in vivo. In conclusion, MdLecRK-S.4.3 activated various immune responses and positively regulate Valsa canker resistance, which could be largely compromised by PbePUB36. MdLecRK-S.4.3 interacted with PbePUB36 and/or MdBAK1 to mediate the immune responses. This finding provides a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of resistance to Valsa canker and resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sun
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Hongqiang Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minrui Cai
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xia Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Cunwu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
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10
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Wang Z, Yang B, Zheng W, Wang L, Cai X, Yang J, Song R, Yang S, Wang Y, Xiao J, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang Y. Recognition of glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins by the immune receptor RXEG1 confers Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:769-781. [PMID: 36575911 PMCID: PMC10037148 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum) that results in substantial yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Reliable genetic resources for FHB resistance in wheat are lacking. In this study, we characterized glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) family proteins secreted by F. graminearum. We established that two GH12 proteins, Fg05851 and Fg11037, have functionally redundant roles in F. graminearum colonization of wheat. Furthermore, we determined that the GH12 proteins Fg05851 and Fg11037 are recognized by the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like protein RXEG1 in the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana. Heterologous expression of RXEG1 conferred wheat responsiveness to Fg05851 and Fg11037, enhanced wheat resistance to F. graminearum and reduced levels of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat grains in an Fg05851/Fg11037-dependent manner. In the RXEG1 transgenic lines, genes related to pattern-triggered plant immunity, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and anti-oxidative homeostasis signalling pathways were upregulated during F. graminearum infection. However, the expression of these genes was not significantly changed during infection by the deletion mutant ΔFg05851/Fg11037, suggesting that the recognition of Fg05851/Fg11037 by RXEG1 triggered plant resistance against FHB. Moreover, introducing RXEG1 into three other different wheat cultivars via crossing also conferred resistance to F. graminearum. Expression of RXEG1 did not have obvious deleterious effects on plant growth and development in wheat. Our study reveals that N. benthamiana RXEG1 remains effective when transferred into wheat, a monocot, which in turn suggests that engineering wheat with interfamily plant immune receptor transgenes is a viable strategy for increasing resistance to FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkuan Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- College of Grassland ScienceNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xingxing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Rongrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Sen Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuyin Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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11
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Li F, Chen X, Yang R, Zhang K, Shan W, Joosten MHAJ, Du Y. Potato protein tyrosine phosphatase StPTP1a is activated by StMKK1 to negatively regulate plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:646-661. [PMID: 36519513 PMCID: PMC9946141 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans causes severe losses in potato production. The MAPK kinase StMKK1 was previously found to negatively regulate potato immunity to P. infestans. Our results showed that StMKK1 interacts with a protein tyrosine phosphatase, referred to as StPTP1a, and StMKK1 directly phosphorylates StPTP1a at residues Ser-99, Tyr-223 and Thr-290. StPTP1a is a functional phosphatase and the phosphorylation of StPTP1a at these three residues enhances its stability and catalytic activity. StPTP1a negatively regulates potato immunity and represses SA-related gene expression. Furthermore, StPTP1a interacts with, and dephosphorylates, the StMKK1 downstream signalling targets StMPK4 and -7 at their Tyr-203 residue resulting in the repression of salicylic acid (SA)-related immunity. Silencing of NbPTP1a + NbMPK4 or NbPTP1a + NbMPK7 abolished the plant immunity to P. infestans caused by NbPTP1a silencing, indicating that PTP1a functions upstream of NbMPK4 and NbMPK7. StMKK1 requires StPTP1a to negatively regulate SA-related immunity and StPTP1a is phosphorylated and stabilized during immune activation to promote the de-phosphorylation of StMPK4 and -7. Our results reveal that potato StMKK1 activates and stabilizes the tyrosine phosphatase StPTP1a that in its turn de-phosphorylates StMPK4 and -7, thereby repressing plant SA-related immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Ruixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | | | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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12
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Matthus E, Ning Y, Shafiq F, Davies JM. Phosphate-deprivation and damage signalling by extracellular ATP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1098146. [PMID: 36714742 PMCID: PMC9879614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1098146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate deprivation compromises plant productivity and modulates immunity. DAMP signalling by extracellular ATP (eATP) could be compromised under phosphate deprivation by the lowered production of cytosolic ATP and the need to salvage eATP as a nutritional phosphate source. Phosphate-starved roots of Arabidopsis can still sense eATP, indicating robustness in receptor function. However, the resultant cytosolic free Ca2+ signature is impaired, indicating modulation of downstream components. This perspective on DAMP signalling by extracellular ATP (eATP) addresses the salvage of eATP under phosphate deprivation and its promotion of immunity, how Ca2+ signals are generated and how the Ca2+ signalling pathway could be overcome to allow beneficial fungal root colonization to fulfill phosphate demands. Safe passage for an endophytic fungus allowing root colonization could be achieved by its down-regulation of the Ca2+ channels that act downstream of the eATP receptors and by also preventing ROS accumulation, thus further impairing DAMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Youzheng Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad Shafiq
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Tian Z, Zhang Z, Kang L, Li M, Zhang J, Feng Y, Yin J, Gong X, Zhao J. Small G Protein StRab5b positively regulates potato resistance to Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1065627. [PMID: 36699835 PMCID: PMC9868449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rabproteins are the largest members of the small G protein family and are widely distributed in eukaryotes. It comprises eight subfamilies and is responsible for regulating vesicle transport, plant growth and development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this study, the small G protein gene StRab5b was cloned from potato, and its biological information, expression profile and induced expression level, overexpression and gene silencing were examined on regulating potato resistance to Phytophthora infestans using PCR, qPCR and Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Our results indicate that the amino acid of StRab5b shows the highest and lowest homology with NbRab5b in N. benthamiana and StRab in potato respectively. StRab5b expression varied among different potato tissues and varieties, and was induced by P. infestans infection. Transiently ectopic expression of StRab5b in N. benthamiana enhanced its resistance to P. infestans, whereas, silencing of StRab5b and its homologous gene facilitated pathogen infection in potato and N. benthamiana respectively. Furthermore, stable expression of the StRab5b gene in potatoes enhanced its redox-stress response capacity, as manifested by the accumulation of H2O2 in infected leaves and subsequent increase in the activity and expression of ROS scavenging enzymes, thereby attenuating the development of P. infestans and ultimately reducing the lesions on infected potato leaves. In addition, the LOX gene transcripts and JA level were upregulated rapidly after inoculation with P. infestans. Collectively, our results suggest that StRab5b positively regulates the resistance against potato late blight (PLB) via JA-mediated defense signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaimin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Liru Kang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jiang Yin
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xuechen Gong
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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14
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Jewell JB, Berim A, Tripathi D, Gleason C, Olaya C, Pappu HR, Gang DR, Tanaka K. Activation of indolic glucosinolate pathway by extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1574-1578. [PMID: 36000925 PMCID: PMC9614461 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Jewell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Cristian Olaya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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15
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Han P, Li R, Yue Q, Li F, Nie J, Yin Z, Xu M, Guan Q, Huang L. The Apple Receptor-Like Kinase MdSRLK3 Positively Regulates Resistance Against Pathogenic Fungus Valsa mali by Affecting the Ca 2+ Signaling Pathway. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2187-2197. [PMID: 35509209 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-21-0471-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Valsa mali is the main pathogenic fungus that causes the apple Valsa canker, a destructive disease severely threatening apple production in the world. However, the underlying key components involved in resistance against V. mali in apple trees remain largely unexplored. Here, we isolated and functionally characterized a G-type lectin S-receptor-like protein kinase MdSRLK3 from the cultivar Royal Gala derivative line GL-3. qRT-PCR showed that the relative expression of MdSRLK3 in apple branches reached its highest level at 24 h post V. mali inoculation, which was 13.42 times higher than without inoculation. Transient overexpression of MdSRLK3 enhanced apple resistance against V. mali, while transient silencing of MdSRLK3 reduced its resistance against the pathogen. More importantly, stable silencing of MdSRLK3 resulted in reduced resistance against this fungus. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MdSRLK3 positively regulated apple resistance by affecting the Ca2+ signaling pathway, and the regulation was also related to the H2O2 and callose signaling pathways. Overall, our data reveal that MdSRLK3 is a positive regulator of apple immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qianyu Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fudong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiajun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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16
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Guo L, Qi Y, Mu Y, Zhou J, Lu W, Tian Z. Potato StLecRK-IV.1 negatively regulates late blight resistance by affecting the stability of a positive regulator StTET8. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac010. [PMID: 35147183 PMCID: PMC9016858 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) regulate many processes in plants. Many RLKs perform significant roles in plant immunity. Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) are a large family of RLKs. However, the function of most of LecRLKs is poorly understood. In this study, we show that a potato LecRLK, StLecRK-IV.1, is involved in plant immunity against Phytophthora infestans. As a negative regulator of immunity, StLecRK-IV.1 is down-regulated by P. infestans and activated by abscisic acid (ABA). The transient expression of StLecRK-IV.1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced P. infestans leaf colonization significantly. In contrast, the disease lesion size caused by P. infestans was reduced in Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of StLecRK-IV.1 orthologue in N. benthamiana, NbLecRK-IV.1, as well as in potato plants with stable RNA interference of StLecRK-IV.1. Tetraspanin-8 (StTET8) was identified to be interacting with StLecRK-IV.1 using a membrane yeast-2-hybrid system, which was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation, a luciferase complementation assay, and a bimolecular fluorescence complementary (BiFC) test. StTET8 is a positive immune regulator that restrains P. infestans infection. The co-expression of StLecRK-IV.1 with StTET8 antagonized the positive roles of StTET8 against P. infestans. Moreover, the co-expression of StTET8 with StLecRK-IV.1 affected the stability of StTET8, which was confirmed by a Western blot assay and confocal assay. Taken together, our work firstly revealed that a potato L-type Lectin RLK, StLecRK-IV.1, negatively regulates plant immunity by targeting a positive regulator, StTET8, through affecting its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenhe Lu
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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17
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Ai G, Liu J, Fu X, Li T, Zhu H, Zhai Y, Xia C, Pan W, Li J, Jing M, Shen D, Xia A, Dou D. Making Use of Plant uORFs to Control Transgene Translation in Response to Pathogen Attack. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9820540. [PMID: 37850142 PMCID: PMC10521741 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9820540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing crop loss to diseases is urgently needed to meet increasing food production challenges caused by the expanding world population and the negative impact of climate change on crop productivity. Disease-resistant crops can be created by expressing endogenous or exogenous genes of interest through transgenic technology. Nevertheless, enhanced resistance by overexpressing resistance-produced genes often results in adverse developmental affects. Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are translational control elements located in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of eukaryotic mRNAs and may repress the translation of downstream genes. To investigate the function of three uORFs from the 5' -UTR of ACCELERATED CELL 11 (uORFsACD11), we develop a fluorescent reporter system and find uORFsACD11 function in repressing downstream gene translation. Individual or simultaneous mutations of the three uORFsACD11 lead to repression of downstream translation efficiency at different levels. Importantly, uORFsACD11-mediated translational inhibition is impaired upon recognition of pathogen attack of plant leaves. When coupled with the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE 1 (PR1) promoter, the uORFsACD11 cassettes can upregulate accumulation of Arabidopsis thaliana LECTIN RECEPTOR KINASE-VI.2 (AtLecRK-VI.2) during pathogen attack and enhance plant resistance to Phytophthora capsici. These findings indicate that the uORFsACD11 cassettes can be a useful toolkit that enables a high level of protein expression during pathogen attack, while for ensuring lower levels of protein expression at normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ai
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tianli Li
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Chuyan Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiye Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jialu Li
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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18
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Cho SH, Tóth K, Kim D, Vo PH, Lin CH, Handakumbura PP, Ubach AR, Evans S, Paša-Tolić L, Stacey G. Activation of the plant mevalonate pathway by extracellular ATP. Nat Commun 2022; 13:450. [PMID: 35064110 PMCID: PMC8783019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway plays a critical role in multiple cellular processes in both animals and plants. In plants, the products of this pathway impact growth and development, as well as the response to environmental stress. A forward genetic screen of Arabidopsis thaliana using Ca2+-imaging identified mevalonate kinase (MVK) as a critical component of plant purinergic signaling. MVK interacts directly with the plant extracellular ATP (eATP) receptor P2K1 and is phosphorylated by P2K1 in response to eATP. Mutation of P2K1-mediated phosphorylation sites in MVK eliminates the ATP-induced cytoplasmic calcium response, MVK enzymatic activity, and suppresses pathogen defense. The data demonstrate that the plasma membrane associated P2K1 directly impacts plant cellular metabolism by phosphorylation of MVK, a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. The results underline the importance of purinergic signaling in plants and the ability of eATP to influence the activity of a key metabolite pathway with global effects on plant metabolism. Products of the mevalonate pathway support plant development. Here the authors show that the extracellular ATP receptor P2K1 phosphorylates mevalonate kinase and this affects the mevalonate pathway.
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19
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Sun K, Schipper D, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Govers F, Bouwmeester K, Bai Y. Silencing susceptibility genes in potato hinders primary infection of Phytophthora infestans at different stages. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab058. [PMID: 35043191 PMCID: PMC8968627 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most potato cultivars are susceptible to late blight disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A new source of resistance to prevent or diminish pathogen infection is found in the genetic loss of host susceptibility. Previously, we showed that RNAi-mediated silencing of the potato susceptibility (S) genes StDND1, StDMR1 and StDMR6 leads to increased late blight resistance. The mechanisms underlying this S-gene mediated resistance have thus far not been identified. In this study, we examined the infection process of P. infestans on StDND1-, StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced potato lines. Microscopic analysis showed that penetration of P. infestans spores was hampered on StDND1-silenced plants. On StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants, P. infestans infection was arrested at a primary infection stage by enhanced cell death responses. Histochemical staining revealed that StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants display elevated ROS levels in cells at the infection sites. Resistance in StDND1-silenced plants, however, seems not to rely on a cell death response as ROS accumulation was found to be absent at most inoculated sites. Quantitative analysis of marker gene expression suggests that the increased resistance observed in StDND1- and StDMR6-silenced plants relies on an early onset of SA- and ET-mediated signalling pathways. Resistance mediated by silencing StDMR1 was found to be correlated with the early induction of SA-mediated signalling. These data provide evidence that different defense mechanisms are involved in late blight resistance mediated by functional impairment of different potato S-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Schipper
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Li T, Zhang H, Xu L, Chen X, Feng J, Wu W, Du Y. StMPK7 phosphorylates and stabilizes a potato RNA-binding protein StUBA2a/b to enhance plant defence responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac177. [PMID: 36324643 PMCID: PMC9614683 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in regulating plant immunity. MAPKs usually transduce signals and regulate plant immunity by phosphorylating the downstream defence-related components. Our previous study indicates that StMPK7 positively regulates plant defence to Phytophthora pathogens via SA signalling pathway. However, the downstream component of StMPK7 remains unknown. In this study, we employed GFP-StMPK7 transgenic potato and performed immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) to identify the downstream component of StMPK7. We found that an RNA binding protein StUBA2a/b interacted with StMPK7, as revealed by luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Transient expression of StUBA2a/b in Nicociana benthamiana enhanced plant resistance to Phytophthora pathogens, while silencing of UBA2a/b decreased the resistance, suggesting a positive regulator role of UBA2a/b in plant immunity. Similar to StMPK7, StUBA2a/b was also involved in SA signalling pathway and induced SGT1-dependent cell death as constitutively activated (CA)-StMPK7 did. Immune blotting indicated that StMPK7 phosphorylates StUBA2a/b at thr248 and thr408 (T248/408) sites and stabilizes StUBA2a/b. Silencing of MPK7 in N. benthamiana suppressed StUBA2a/b-induced cell death, while co-expression with StMPK7 enhanced the cell death. Besides, StUBA2a/bT248/408A mutant showed decreased ability to trigger cell death and elevate the expression of PR genes, indicating the phosphorylation by StMPK7 enhances the functions of StUBA2a/b. Moreover, CA-StMPK7-induced cell death was largely suppressed by silencing of NbUBA2a/b, genetically implying UBA2a/b acts as the downstream component of StMPK7. Collectively, our results reveal that StMPK7 phosphorylates and stabilizes its downstream substrate StUBA2a/b to enhance plant immunity via the SA signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liwen Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiashu Feng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weijun Wu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, China
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21
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Ray T, Pandey A, Pandey SS, Singh S, Shanker K, Kalra A. Molecular insights into enhanced resistance of Papaver somniferum against downy mildew by application of endophyte bacteria Microbacterium sp. SMR1. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1862-1881. [PMID: 34407205 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew is one of the most serious diseases of Papaver somniferum. Endophytes isolated from different parts of P. somniferum were screened for their ability to enhance resistance against downy mildew caused by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Peronospora meconopsidis. Two endophytes (SMR1 and SMR2) reduced the downy mildew on three P. somniferum genotypes (Sampada, J-16, and I-14). SMR1 (Microbacterium sp.) also enhanced the resistance of P. somniferum against downy mildew under field conditions. The biochemical markers of plant susceptibility under biotic stresses (proline and malondialdehyde) were found to be reduced in P. somniferum upon SMR1 treatment. To understand the mechanisms underlying the enhanced resistance to downy mildew in SMR1 endophyte-treated P. somniferum genotype J-16, we compared the expression profiles using the next-generation RNA sequencing approach between P. somniferum pretreated with SMR1 and untreated endophyte-free control plants following exposure to downy mildew pathogen. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of transcripts belonging to broad classes of signal transduction, protein modification, disease/defense proteins, transcription factors, and phytohormones in SMR1-primed P. somniferum after infection with downy mildew pathogen. Furthermore, enhanced salicylic acid content was observed in SMR1-primed P. somniferum after exposure to downy mildew pathogen. This study sheds light on molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced resistance to downy mildew in SMR1-primed P. somniferum. Finally, we propose that the SA-dependent defense pathway, the hallmark of systemic acquired resistance, is activated in SMR1-primed P. somniferum, triggering the endophyte-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ray
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Shiv S Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Sucheta Singh
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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22
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Naithani S, Komath SS, Nonomura A, Govindjee G. Plant lectins and their many roles: Carbohydrate-binding and beyond. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153531. [PMID: 34601337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are ubiquitous proteins that reversibly bind to specific carbohydrates and, thus, serve as readers of the sugar code. In photosynthetic organisms, lectin family proteins play important roles in capturing and releasing photosynthates via an endogenous lectin cycle. Often, lectin proteins consist of one or more lectin domains in combination with other types of domains. This structural diversity of lectins is the basis for their current classification, which is consistent with their diverse functions in cell signaling associated with growth and development, as well as in the plant's response to biotic, symbiotic, and abiotic stimuli. Furthermore, the lectin family shows evolutionary expansion that has distinct clade-specific signatures. Although the function(s) of many plant lectin family genes are unknown, studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insights into their diverse roles. Here, we have used a biocuration approach rooted in the critical review of scientific literature and information available in the public genomic databases to summarize the expression, localization, and known functions of lectins in Arabidopsis. A better understanding of the structure and function of lectins is expected to aid in improving agricultural productivity through the manipulation of candidate genes for breeding climate-resilient crops, or by regulating metabolic pathways by applications of plant growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Naithani
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA.
| | - Sneha Sudha Komath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Arthur Nonomura
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, South San Francisco Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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23
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Xie L, Wu Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Yang B, Duan X, Li T. Fumonisin B1 induced aggressiveness and infection mechanism of Fusarium proliferatum on banana fruit. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117793. [PMID: 34274647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are increasingly considered as micropollutants in the environment. Fumonisins, as one of the most important mycotoxins, cause potential health threats to humans and animals due to their ubiquitous contamination on cereals, fruit, vegetables and other environmental samples around the world. However, the contribution of fumonisins to the interaction of fungi with plant hosts is not still fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the infection of Fusarium proliferatum on banana fruit and the underlying mechanisms from the host perspective. Our results found that FB1 treatment increased the aggressiveness of F. proliferatum on banana fruit and inhibited the defense ability of banana fruit via decreasing phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) and chitinase (CHI) activities. Meanwhile, FB1 accelerated cell death, indicated by higher relative conductivity, MDA content and higher transcripts of cell death-related genes. FB1 treatment resulted in higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content possibly due to MaRBOHs induction. These consequences accelerated the ROS-dependent cell death, which subsequently result in reduction of disease resistance of banana fruit. Additionally, energy metabolism and MaDORN1s-mediated eATP signaling might involve in FB1-meidiated suppression of banana defense responses. Collectively, results of the current study indicated that FB1 contamination triggered the cell death of banana peel, subsequently instigating the invasion and growth of F. proliferatum on banana fruit. In summary, for the first time, we demonstrated a previously unidentified role of fumonisins as a potential virulence factor of F. proliferatum in modulating fruit defense response, which provides new insight on the biological roles of fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Zhongshan Customs Technical Center, Zhongshan, 442000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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24
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Liu L, Chen F, Chen S, Fang W, Liu Y, Guan Z. Dual species dynamic transcripts reveal the interaction mechanisms between Chrysanthemum morifolium and Alternaria alternata. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:523. [PMID: 34243707 PMCID: PMC8268330 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) black spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the plant's most destructive diseases. Dual RNA-seq was performed to simultaneously assess their transcriptomes to analyze the potential interaction mechanism between the two species, i.e., host and pathogen. RESULTS C. morifolium and A. alternata were subjected to dual RNA-seq at 1, 12, and 24 h after inoculation, and differential expression genes (DEGs) in both species were identified. This analysis confirmed 153,532 DEGs in chrysanthemum and 14,932 DEGs in A. alternata, which were involved in plant-fungal interactions and phytohormone signaling. Fungal DEGs such as toxin synthesis related enzyme and cell wall degrading enzyme genes played important roles during chrysanthemum infection. Moreover, a series of key genes highly correlated with the early, middle, or late infection stage were identified, together with the regulatory network of key genes annotated in the Plant Resistance Genes database (PRGdb) or Pathogen-Host Interactions database (PHI-base). Highly correlated genes were identified at the late infection stage, expanding our understanding of the interplay between C. morifolium and A. alternata. Additionally, six DEGs each from chrysanthemum and A. alternata were selected for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays to validate the RNA-seq output. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, data obtained in this study enriches the resources available for research into the interactions that exist between chrysanthemum and A. alternata, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of new chrysanthemum cultivars with resistance to pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
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25
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Biotechnological advances with applicability in potatoes for resistance against root-knot nematodes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:226-233. [PMID: 34217954 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Potato production is negatively affected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). There are no commercially available potato cultivars that are resistant to root-knot nematodes. To reduce the reliance on chemical controls, genetic engineering for nematode resistance in potato shows promise. Genetically modified potatoes that silence a parasitism gene or that express toxic protease inhibitors display reduced nematode infections. Modifying potato immune responses may also offer new opportunities for nematode resistance in potato. Plant defense elicitors, including those secreted by modified bacteria, enhanced resistance against root-knot nematodes in potato. The use of transgenic bacteria as delivery vehicles of defense-related molecules presents several possibilities for sophisticated nematode management and because this does not involve transgenic plants, it may garner greater public acceptance.
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26
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Zhang H, Li F, Li Z, Cheng J, Chen X, Wang Q, Joosten MH, Shan W, Du Y. Potato StMPK7 is a downstream component of StMKK1 and promotes resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:644-657. [PMID: 33764635 PMCID: PMC8126187 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A cascade formed by phosphorylation events of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) takes part in plant stress responses. However, the roles of these MAPKs in resistance of potato (Solanum tuberosum) against Phytophthora pathogens is not well studied. Our previous work showed that a Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector targets and stabilizes the negative regulator of MAPK kinase 1 of potato (StMKK1). Because in Arabidopsis thaliana the AtMPK4 is the downstream phosphorylation target of AtMKK1, we performed a phylogenetic analysis and found that potato StMPK4/6/7 are closely related and are orthologs of AtMPK4/5/11/12. Overexpression of StMPK4/7 enhances plant resistance to P. infestans and P. parasitica. Yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that StMPK7 interacts with StMKK1, and StMPK7 is phosphorylated on flg22 treatment and by expressing constitutively active StMKK1 (CA-StMKK1), indicating that StMPK7 is a direct downstream signalling partner of StMKK1. Overexpression of StMPK7 in potato enhances potato resistance to P. infestans. Constitutively active StMPK7 (CA-StMPK7; StMPK7D198G, E202A ) was found to promote immunity to Phytophthora pathogens and to trigger host cell death when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Cell death triggered by CA-StMPK7 is SGT1/RAR1-dependent. Furthermore, cell death triggered by CA-StMPK7 is suppressed on coexpression with the salicylate hydroxylase NahG, and StMPK7 activation promotes salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene expression. We conclude that potato StMPK7 is a downstream signalling component of the phosphorelay cascade involving StMKK1 and StMPK7 plays a role in immunity to Phytophthora pathogens via an SA-dependent signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houxiao Zhang
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Fangfang Li
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Jing Cheng
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | | | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yu Du
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
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27
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Chen X, Wang W, Cai P, Wang Z, Li T, Du Y. The role of the MAP kinase-kinase protein StMKK1 in potato immunity to different pathogens. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:117. [PMID: 34059659 PMCID: PMC8167122 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in plant immunity. Previously, we reported that the potato StMKK1 protein negatively regulates Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to Phytophthora infestans. However, the functions of StMKK1 in potato immunity are unknown. To investigate the roles of StMKK1 in potato resistance to different pathogens, such as the potato late-blight pathogen P. infestans, the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, and the gray-mold fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, we generated StMKK1 transgenic lines and investigated the response of potato transformants to destructive oomycete, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. The results showed that overexpression and silencing of StMKK1 do not alter plant growth and development. Interestingly, we found that StMKK1 negatively regulated potato resistance to the hemibiotrophic/biotrophic pathogens P. infestans and R. solanacearum, while it positively regulated potato resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea. Further investigation showed that overexpression of StMKK1 suppressed potato pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and salicylic acid (SA)-related responses, while silencing of StMKK1 enhanced PTI and SA-related immune responses. Taken together, our results showed that StMKK1 plays dual roles in potato defense against different plant pathogens via negative regulation of PTI and SA-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pingping Cai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yu Du
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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S-acylation of P2K1 mediates extracellular ATP-induced immune signaling in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2750. [PMID: 33980819 PMCID: PMC8115640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
S-acylation is a reversible protein post-translational modification mediated by protein S-acyltransferases (PATs). How S-acylation regulates plant innate immunity is our main concern. Here, we show that the plant immune receptor P2K1 (DORN1, LecRK-I.9; extracellular ATP receptor) directly interacts with and phosphorylates Arabidopsis PAT5 and PAT9 to stimulate their S-acyltransferase activity. This leads, in a time-dependent manner, to greater S-acylation of P2K1, which dampens the immune response. pat5 and pat9 mutants have an elevated extracellular ATP-induced immune response, limited bacterial invasion, increased phosphorylation and decreased degradation of P2K1 during immune signaling. Mutation of S-acylated cysteine residues in P2K1 results in a similar phenotype. Our study reveals that S-acylation effects the temporal dynamics of P2K1 receptor activity, through autophosphorylation and protein degradation, suggesting an important role for this modification in regulating the ability of plants in respond to external stimuli.
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29
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Liu X, Ao K, Yao J, Zhang Y, Li X. Engineering plant disease resistance against biotrophic pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:101987. [PMID: 33434797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for disease resistance against microbial pathogens is essential for food security in modern agriculture. Conventional breeding, although widely accepted, is time consuming. An alternative approach is generating crop plants with desirable traits through genetic engineering. The collective efforts of many labs in the past 30 years have led to a comprehensive understanding of how plant immunity is achieved, enabling the application of genetic engineering to enhance disease resistance in crop plants. Here, we briefly review the engineering of disease resistance against biotrophic pathogens using various components of the plant immune system. Recent breakthroughs in immune receptors signaling and systemic acquired resistance (SAR), along with innovations in precise gene editing methods, provide exciting new opportunities for the development of improved environmentally friendly crop varieties that are disease resistant and high-yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Rm 3156, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Rm 3156, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jia Yao
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, 55 University Town South Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Rm 3156, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Rm 3156, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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30
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Sun J, Ning Y, Wang L, Wilkins KA, Davies JM. Damage Signaling by Extracellular Nucleotides: A Role for Cyclic Nucleotides in Elevating Cytosolic Free Calcium? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:788514. [PMID: 34925428 PMCID: PMC8675005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is now held to be a constitutive damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that is released by wounding, herbivory or pathogen attack. The concentration of eATP must be tightly regulated as either depletion or overload leads to cell death. In Arabidopsis thaliana, sensing of eATP is by two plasma membrane legume-like lectin serine-threonine receptor kinases (P2K1 and P2K2), although other receptors are postulated. The transcriptional response to eATP is dominated by wound- and defense-response genes. Wounding and pathogen attack can involve the cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) which, in common with eATP, can increase cytosolic-free Ca2+ as a second messenger. This perspective on DAMP signaling by eATP considers the possibility that the eATP pathway involves production of cyclic nucleotides to promote opening of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and so elevates cytosolic-free Ca2+. In silico analysis of P2K1 and P2K2 reveals putative adenylyl and guanylyl kinase sequences that are the hallmarks of "moonlighting" receptors capable of cAMP and cGMP production. Further, an Arabidopsis loss of function cngc mutant was found to have an impaired increase in cytosolic-free Ca2+ in response to eATP. A link between eATP, cyclic nucleotides, and Ca2+ signaling therefore appears credible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Youzheng Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A. Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Julia M. Davies,
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31
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Perrine-Walker F. Phytophthora palmivora-Cocoa Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030167. [PMID: 32916858 PMCID: PMC7558484 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is an hemibiotrophic oomycete capable of infecting over 200 plant species including one of the most economically important crops, Theobroma cacao L. commonly known as cocoa. It infects many parts of the cocoa plant including the pods, causing black pod rot disease. This review will focus on P. palmivora’s ability to infect a plant host to cause disease. We highlight some current findings in other Phytophthora sp. plant model systems demonstrating how the germ tube, the appressorium and the haustorium enable the plant pathogen to penetrate a plant cell and how they contribute to the disease development in planta. This review explores the molecular exchange between the oomycete and the plant host, and the role of plant immunity during the development of such structures, to understand the infection of cocoa pods by P. palmivora isolates from Papua New Guinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perrine-Walker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, LEES Building (F22), Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Institute of Agriculture, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
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Yang C, Li J, Huang Z, Zhang X, Gao X, Zhu C, Morris PF, Zhang X. Structural and catalytic analysis of two diverse uridine phosphorylases in Phytophthora capsici. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9051. [PMID: 32493959 PMCID: PMC7271239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine phosphorylase (UP) is a key enzyme of pyrimidine salvage pathways that enables the recycling of endogenous or exogenous-supplied pyrimidines and plays an important intracellular metabolic role. Here, we biochemically and structurally characterized two evolutionarily divergent uridine phosphorylases, PcUP1 and PcUP2 from the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Our analysis of other oomycete genomes revealed that both uridine phosphorylases are present in Phytophthora and Pythium genomes, but only UP2 is seen in Saprolegnia spp. which are basal members of the oomycetes. Moreover, uridine phosphorylases are not found in obligate oomycete pathogens such as Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Albugo spp. PcUP1 and PcUP2 are upregulated 300 and 500 fold respectively, within 90 min after infection of pepper leaves. The crystal structures of PcUP1 in ligand-free and in complex with uracil/ribose-1-phosphate, 2'-deoxyuridine/phosphate and thymidine/phosphate were analyzed. Crystal structure of this uridine phosphorylase showed strict conservation of key residues in the binding pocket. Structure analysis of PcUP1 with bound ligands, and site-directed mutagenesis of key residues provide additional support for the "push-pull" model of catalysis. Our study highlights the importance of pyrimidine salvage during the earliest stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Zhenling Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Xuefa Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Xiaolei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Chunyuang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Paul F Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - XiuGuo Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China.
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Woo JY, Kim YJ, Paek KH. CaLecRK-S.5, a pepper L-type lectin receptor kinase gene, accelerates Phytophthora elicitin-mediated defense response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:951-956. [PMID: 32059849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity in plants relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the plant cell surface. CaLecRK-S.5, a pepper L-type lectin receptor kinase, has been shown to confer broad-spectrum resistance through priming activation. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism of CaLecRK-S.5, transgenic tobacco plants were generated in this study. Interestingly, hemizygous transgenic plants exhibited a high accumulation of CaLecRK-S.5, but this accumulation was completely abolished in homozygous transgenic plants by a cosuppression mechanism. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses revealed that CaLecRK-S.5 plays a positive role in Phytophthora elicitin-mediated defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yong Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Diversity, Function and Regulation of Cell Surface and Intracellular Immune Receptors in Solanaceae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040434. [PMID: 32244634 PMCID: PMC7238418 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of the plant immune system comprises plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins and intracellular receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily. Together, these immune receptors act as a network of surveillance machines in recognizing extracellular and intracellular pathogen invasion-derived molecules, ranging from conserved structural epitopes to virulence-promoting effectors. Successful pathogen recognition leads to physiological and molecular changes in the host plants, which are critical for counteracting and defending against biotic attack. A breadth of significant insights and conceptual advances have been derived from decades of research in various model plant species regarding the structural complexity, functional diversity, and regulatory mechanisms of these plant immune receptors. In this article, we review the current state-of-the-art of how these host surveillance proteins function and how they are regulated. We will focus on the latest progress made in plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family, because of their tremendous importance as model organisms and agriculturally valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (C.D.M.C.)
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Cereal Root Interactions with Soilborne Pathogens—From Trait to Gene and Back. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Realizing the yield potential of crop plants in the presence of shifting pathogen populations, soil quality, rainfall, and other agro-environmental variables remains a challenge for growers and breeders worldwide. In this review, we discuss current approaches for combatting the soilborne phytopathogenic nematodes, Pratylenchus and Heterodera of wheat and barley, and Meloidogyne graminicola Golden and Birchfield, 1965 of rice. The necrotrophic fungal pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn 1858 AG-8 and Fusarium spp. of wheat and barley, also are discussed. These pathogens constitute major causes of yield loss in small-grain cereals of the Pacific Northwest, USA and throughout the world. Current topics include new sources of genetic resistance, molecular leads from whole genome sequencing and genome-wide patterns of hosts, nematode or fungal gene expression during root-pathogen interactions, host-induced gene silencing, and building a molecular toolbox of genes and regulatory sequences for deployment of resistance genes. In conclusion, improvement of wheat, barley, and rice will require multiple approaches.
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Nellist CF, Vickerstaff RJ, Sobczyk MK, Marina-Montes C, Wilson FM, Simpson DW, Whitehouse AB, Harrison RJ. Quantitative trait loci controlling Phytophthora cactorum resistance in the cultivated octoploid strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:60. [PMID: 31069084 PMCID: PMC6491645 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa (Fragaria spp.) is the most economically important global soft fruit. Phytophthora cactorum, a water-borne oomycete causes economic losses in strawberry production globally. A bi-parental cross of octoploid cultivated strawberry segregating for resistance to P. cactorum, the causative agent of crown rot disease, was screened using artificial inoculation. Multiple putative resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified and mapped. Three major effect QTL (FaRPc6C, FaRPc6D and FaRPc7D) explained 37% of the variation observed. There were no epistatic interactions detected between the three major QTLs. Testing a subset of the mapping population progeny against a range of P. cactorum isolates revealed no significant interaction (p = 0.0593). However, some lines showed higher susceptibility than predicted, indicating that additional undetected factors may affect the expression of some quantitative resistance loci. Using historic crown rot disease score data from strawberry accessions, a preliminary genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 114 individuals revealed an additional locus associated with resistance to P. cactorum. Mining of the Fragaria vesca Hawaii 4 v1.1 genome revealed candidate resistance genes in the QTL regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte F. Nellist
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - Robert J. Vickerstaff
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - Maria K. Sobczyk
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - César Marina-Montes
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - Fiona M. Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - David W. Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - Adam B. Whitehouse
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - Richard J. Harrison
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ UK
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Pattern Recognition Receptors—Versatile Genetic Tools for Engineering Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infestations of crop plants with pathogens pose a major threat to global food supply. Exploiting plant defense mechanisms to produce disease-resistant crop varieties is an important strategy to control plant diseases in modern plant breeding and can greatly reduce the application of agrochemicals. The discovery of different types of immune receptors and a detailed understanding of their activation and regulation mechanisms in the last decades has paved the way for the deployment of these central plant immune components for genetic plant disease management. This review will focus on a particular class of immune sensors, termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), that activate a defense program termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and outline their potential to provide broad-spectrum and potentially durable disease resistance in various crop species—simply by providing plants with enhanced capacities to detect invaders and to rapidly launch their natural defense program.
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Molecular Mechanism of Plant Recognition of Extracellular ATP. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:233-253. [PMID: 29064066 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a ubiquitously dispersed biomolecule, is not only a major source of biochemical energy for living cells, but also acts as a critical signaling molecule through inter-cellular communication. Recent studies have clearly shown that extracellular ATP is involved in various physiological processes in plants, including root growth, stomata movement, pollen tube development, gravitropism, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. The first plant purinergic receptor for extracellular ATP, DORN1 (the founding member of the P2K family of purinergic receptors), was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana by a forward genetic screen. DORN1 consists of an extracellular lectin domain, transmembrane domain, and serine/threonine kinase, intracellular domain. The predicted structure of the DORN1 extracellular domain revealed putative key ATP binding residues but an apparent lack of sugar binding. In this chapter, we summarize recent studies on the molecular mechanism of plant recognition of extracellular ATP with specific reference to the role of DORN1.
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Tripathi D, Tanaka K. A crosstalk between extracellular ATP and jasmonate signaling pathways for plant defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1432229. [PMID: 29370573 PMCID: PMC6103277 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1432229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as extracellular ATP, act as danger signals in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Extracellular ATP is perceived by a plant purinoceptor, P2 receptor kinase 1 (P2K1), inducing downstream signaling for defense responses. How ATP induces these defense responses has not been well studied. A recent study by Tripathi et al. (Plant Physiology, 176: 511-523, 2018) revealed a synergistic interaction between extracellular ATP and jasmonate (JA) signaling during plant defense responses. This signaling crosstalk requires the formation of secondary messengers, i.e., cytosolic calcium, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. This finding has given a new direction towards understanding the defense signals activated by DAMPs. In this addendum, we discuss possible insights into how extracellular ATP signaling interacts with the JA signaling pathway for plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Song Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Valkenburg D, Zhang X, Zhu L, Thomma BPHJ. Transfer of tomato immune receptor Ve1 confers Ave1-dependent Verticillium resistance in tobacco and cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:638-648. [PMID: 28796297 PMCID: PMC5787823 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilts caused by soilborne fungal species of the Verticillium genus are economically important plant diseases that affect a wide range of host plants and are notoriously difficult to combat. Perception of pathogen(-induced) ligands by plant immune receptors is a key component of plant innate immunity. In tomato, race-specific resistance to Verticillium wilt is governed by the cell surface-localized immune receptor Ve1 through recognition of the effector protein Ave1 that is secreted by race 1 strains of Verticillium spp. It was previously demonstrated that transgenic expression of tomato Ve1 in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana leads to Verticillium wilt resistance. Here, we investigated whether tomato Ve1 can confer Verticillium resistance when expressed in the crop species tobacco (Nicotiana tabcum) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We show that transgenic tobacco and cotton plants constitutively expressing tomato Ve1 exhibit enhanced resistance against Verticillium wilt in an Ave1-dependent manner. Thus, we demonstrate that the functionality of tomato Ve1 in Verticillium wilt resistance through recognition of the Verticillium effector Ave1 is retained after transfer to tobacco and cotton, implying that the Ve1-mediated immune signalling pathway is evolutionary conserved across these plant species. Moreover, our results suggest that transfer of tomato Ve1 across sexually incompatible plant species can be exploited in breeding programmes to engineer Verticillium wilt resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Song
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Linlin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yidong Wang
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Islam MT, Hussain HI, Rookes JE, Cahill DM. Transcriptome analysis, using RNA-Seq of Lomandra longifolia roots infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi reveals the complexity of the resistance response. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:130-142. [PMID: 28881083 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamon the causal agent of disease in numerous species, is a major threat to natural vegetation and has economic impacts in agriculture. The pathogen principally invades the root system, which, in susceptible species, is rapidly colonised and functionally destroyed. Few species are resistant, however, where resistance is expressed the pathogen is restricted to small, localised lesions. The molecular mechanisms that underpin this response in resistant species are not well understood. Lomandra longifolia, an Australian native species, is highly resistant to P. cinnamomi. In an earlier study, we showed induction of resistance-related components such as callose, lignin and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) in L. longifolia roots that had been inoculated with P. cinnamomi. Here, in order to further identify, during the very early stages of infection, the molecular components and regulatory networks that may trigger resistance, a comprehensive root transcriptome analysis was performed using next generation sequencing. Overall, 18 cDNA libraries were produced generating 52.8 GB 126 base pair reads, which were de novo assembled into contigs. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified allowing the identification of infection-responsive candidate genes that were putatively related to resistance, and from this set ten were selected for qRT-PCR to validate the RNA-Seq expression value. Further analysis of individual candidates revealed that many were involved in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI; pattern recognition receptors, glutathione S-transferase, callose synthases, pathogenesis-related protein-1, mitogen activated protein kinases) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (NBS-LRR, signalling genes, transcription factors and anti-pathogenic compound synthase genes). As these candidate genes or mediated components activate different defence signalling systems, they may have potential for investigation of novel approaches to disease control and in transgenic approaches for improvement, in susceptible species, of resistance to P. cinnamomi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Islam
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - H I Hussain
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - J E Rookes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - D M Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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Extracellular ATP elicits DORN1-mediated RBOHD phosphorylation to regulate stomatal aperture. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2265. [PMID: 29273780 PMCID: PMC5741621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to acting as a cellular energy source, ATP can also act as a damage-associated molecular pattern in both animals and plants. Stomata are leaf pores that control gas exchange and, therefore, impact critical functions such as photosynthesis, drought tolerance, and also are the preferred entry point for pathogens. Here we show the addition of ATP leads to the rapid closure of leaf stomata and enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Psuedomonas syringae. This response is mediated by ATP recognition by the receptor DORN1, followed by direct phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, resulting in elevated production of reactive oxygen species and stomatal closure. Mutation of DORN1 phosphorylation sites on RBOHD eliminates the ability of ATP to induce stomatal closure. The data implicate purinergic signaling via DORN1 in the control of stomatal aperture with important implications for the control of plant photosynthesis, water homeostasis, pathogen resistance, and ultimately yield. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers signaling responses to wounding and environmental stimuli in plants. Here Chen et al. show that ATP perception by DORN1 can trigger stomatal closure mediated via RBOHD phosphorylation and ROS production.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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44
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Boutrot F, Zipfel C. Function, Discovery, and Exploitation of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors for Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:257-286. [PMID: 28617654 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to would-be pathogens and pests, and thus have a sophisticated immune system to ward off these threats, which otherwise can have devastating ecological and economic consequences on ecosystems and agriculture. Plants employ receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to monitor their apoplastic environment and detect non-self and damaged-self patterns as signs of potential danger. Plant PRRs contribute to both basal and non-host resistances, and treatment with pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by plant PRRs induces both local and systemic immunity. Here, we comprehensively review known PAMPs/DAMPs recognized by plants as well as the plant PRRs described to date. In particular, we describe the different methods that can be used to identify PAMPs/DAMPs and PRRs. Finally, we emphasize the emerging biotechnological potential use of PRRs to improve broad-spectrum, and potentially durable, disease resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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45
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Rodriguez-Moreno L, Song Y, Thomma BP. Transfer and engineering of immune receptors to improve recognition capacities in crops. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:42-49. [PMID: 28472757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors are pivotal elements of the plant immune system that act as sentinels for microbial invasion. Knowingly or unknowingly, breeding for resistance has largely relied on the transfer of immune receptor recognition specificities between plant genotypes. For decades such transfers were limited to crossable species. However, advents in transgene technologies have allowed overcoming species barriers. Novel strategies for mining of recognition specificities, combined with our recently increased understanding of immune receptor functioning, allows to increase and alter recognition specificities, which should ultimately increase the spectrum of recognition specificities that are available to control plant diseases in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodriguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yin Song
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Phj Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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46
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Franco-Orozco B, Berepiki A, Ruiz O, Gamble L, Griffe LL, Wang S, Birch PRJ, Kanyuka K, Avrova A. A new proteinaceous pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) identified in Ascomycete fungi induces cell death in Solanaceae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1657-1672. [PMID: 28386988 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are detected by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which gives rise to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We characterized a novel fungal PAMP, Cell Death Inducing 1 (RcCDI1), identified in the Rhynchosporium commune transcriptome sampled at an early stage of barley (Hordeum vulgare) infection. The ability of RcCDI1 and its homologues from different fungal species to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana was tested following agroinfiltration or infiltration of recombinant proteins produced by Pichia pastoris. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transient expression of Phytophthora infestans effectors PiAVR3a and PexRD2 were used to assess the involvement of known components of PTI in N. benthamiana responses to RcCDI1. RcCDI1 was highly upregulated early during barley colonization with R. commune. RcCDI1 and its homologues from different fungal species, including Zymoseptoria tritici, Magnaporthe oryzae and Neurospora crassa, exhibited PAMP activity, inducing cell death in Solanaceae but not in other families of dicots or monocots. RcCDI1-triggered cell death was shown to require N. benthamiana Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-Associated Kinase 1 (NbBAK1), N. benthamiana suppressor of BIR1-1 (NbSOBIR1) and N. benthamiana SGT1 (NbSGT1), but was not suppressed by PiAVR3a or PexRD2. We report the identification of a novel Ascomycete PAMP, RcCDI1, recognized by Solanaceae but not by monocots, which activates cell death through a pathway that is distinct from that triggered by the oomycete PAMP INF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Franco-Orozco
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Adokiye Berepiki
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Olaya Ruiz
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Louise Gamble
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Lucie L Griffe
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shumei Wang
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Anna Avrova
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Van Holle S, De Schutter K, Eggermont L, Tsaneva M, Dang L, Van Damme EJM. Comparative Study of Lectin Domains in Model Species: New Insights into Evolutionary Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061136. [PMID: 28587095 PMCID: PMC5485960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are present throughout the plant kingdom and are reported to be involved in diverse biological processes. In this study, we provide a comparative analysis of the lectin families from model species in a phylogenetic framework. The analysis focuses on the different plant lectin domains identified in five representative core angiosperm genomes (Arabidopsisthaliana, Glycine max, Cucumis sativus, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and Oryza sativa ssp. indica). The genomes were screened for genes encoding lectin domains using a combination of Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), hidden Markov models, and InterProScan analysis. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships were investigated by constructing maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees. The results demonstrate that the majority of the lectin families are present in each of the species under study. Domain organization analysis showed that most identified proteins are multi-domain proteins, owing to the modular rearrangement of protein domains during evolution. Most of these multi-domain proteins are widespread, while others display a lineage-specific distribution. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses reveal that some lectin families evolved to be similar to the phylogeny of the plant species, while others share a closer evolutionary history based on the corresponding protein domain architecture. Our results yield insights into the evolutionary relationships and functional divergence of plant lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Holle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lore Eggermont
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mariya Tsaneva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Liuyi Dang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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uORF-mediated translation allows engineered plant disease resistance without fitness costs. Nature 2017; 545:491-494. [PMID: 28514448 PMCID: PMC5532539 DOI: 10.1038/nature22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controlling plant disease has been a struggle for mankind since the advent of agriculture. Studies of plant immune mechanisms have led to strategies of engineering resistant crops through ectopic transcription of plants’ own defence genes, such as the master immune regulatory gene NPR11. However, enhanced resistance obtained through such strategies is often associated with significant penalties to fitness2, making the resulting products undesirable for agricultural applications. To remedy this problem, we sought more stringent mechanisms of expressing defence proteins. Based on our latest finding that translation of key immune regulators, such as TBF13, is rapidly and transiently induced upon pathogen challenge (accompanying manuscript), we developed “TBF1-cassette” consisting of not only the immune-inducible promoter but also two pathogen-responsive upstream open reading frames (uORFsTBF1) of the TBF1 gene. We demonstrate that inclusion of the uORFsTBF1-mediated translational control over the production of snc1 (an autoactivated immune receptor) in Arabidopsis (At) and AtNPR1 in rice enables us to engineer broad-spectrum disease resistance without compromising plant fitness in the laboratory or in the field. This broadly applicable new strategy may lead to reduced use of pesticides and lightening of selective pressure for resistant pathogens.
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Woo JY, Jeong KJ, Kim YJ, Paek KH. CaLecRK-S.5, a pepper L-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5725-5741. [PMID: 27647723 PMCID: PMC5066492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, several L-type lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) have been identified as putative immune receptors. However, to date, there have been few analyses of LecRKs in crop plants. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaLecRK-S.5 verified the role of CaLecRK-S.5 in broad-spectrum resistance. Compared with control plants, CaLecRK-S.5-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and defense-related gene expression in response to Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV-P0) infection. Suppression of CaLecRK-S.5 expression significantly enhanced the susceptibility to Pepper mild mottle virus pathotype P1,2,3, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Phytophthora capsici, as well as TMV-P0 Additionally, β-aminobutyric acid treatment and a systemic acquired resistance assay revealed that CaLecRK-S.5 is involved in priming of plant immunity. Pre-treatment with β-aminobutyric acid before viral infection restored the reduced disease resistance phenotypes shown in CaLecRK-S.5-silenced plants. Systemic acquired resistance was also abolished in CaLecRK-S.5-silenced plants. Finally, RNA sequencing analysis indicated that CaLecRK-S.5 positively regulates plant immunity at the transcriptional level. Altogether, these results suggest that CaLecRK-S.5-mediated broad-spectrum resistance is associated with the regulation of priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yong Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ju Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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50
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Wang Y, Nsibo DL, Juhar HM, Govers F, Bouwmeester K. Ectopic expression of Arabidopsis L-type lectin receptor kinase genes LecRK-I.9 and LecRK-IX.1 in Nicotiana benthamiana confers Phytophthora resistance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:845-55. [PMID: 26795144 PMCID: PMC4799253 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines with constitutive expression of an Arabidopsis lectin receptor kinase gene (LecRK - I.9 or LecRK - IX.1) show enhanced resistance to Phytophthora pathogens, demonstrating conserved gene functionality after interfamily transfer. In plants, cell surface receptors mediate the first layer of innate immunity against pathogenic microbes. In Arabidopsis several L-type lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) were previously found to function as Phytophthora resistance components. In this study, we determined the functionality of Arabidopsis LecRK-I.9 or LecRK-IX.1 in Phytophthora resistance when transferred into the Solanaceous plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Multiple transgenic lines were generated for each LecRK gene and molecular analyses revealed variation in transgene copy number, transgene expression levels and LecRK protein accumulation. Infection assays showed that transgenic N. benthamiana plants expressing either Arabidopsis LecRK-I.9 or LecRK-IX.1 are more resistant to Phytophthora capsici and to Phytophthora infestans. These results demonstrate that Arabidopsis LecRK-I.9 and LecRK-IX.1 retained their Phytophthora resistance function when transferred into N. benthamiana. Therefore, these LecRKs have the potential to function as a complementary Phytophthora resistance resource in distantly related plant species next to the canonical Phytophthora resistance genes encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Nsibo
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hagos M Juhar
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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