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Liu M, Cao B, Wei JW, Gong B. Redesigning a S-nitrosylated pyruvate-dependent GABA transaminase 1 to generate high-malate and saline-alkali-tolerant tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2148-2162. [PMID: 38501546 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Although saline-alkali stress can improve tomato quality, the detailed molecular processes that balance stress tolerance and quality are not well-understood. Our research links nitric oxide (NO) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with the control of root malate exudation and fruit malate storage, mediated by aluminium-activated malate transporter 9/14 (SlALMT9/14). By modifying a specific S-nitrosylated site on pyruvate-dependent GABA transaminase 1 (SlGABA-TP1), we have found a way to enhance both plant's saline-alkali tolerance and fruit quality. Under saline-alkali stress, NO levels vary in tomato roots and fruits. High NO in roots leads to S-nitrosylation of SlGABA-TP1/2/3 at Cys316/258/316, reducing their activity and increasing GABA. This GABA then reduces malate exudation from roots and affects saline-alkali tolerance by interacting with SlALMT14. In fruits, a moderate NO level boosts SlGABA-TP1 expression and GABA breakdown, easing GABA's block on SlALMT9 and increasing malate storage. Mutants of SlGABA-TP1C316S that do not undergo S-nitrosylation maintain high activity, supporting malate movement in both roots and fruits under stress. This study suggests targeting SlGABA-TP1Cys316 in tomato breeding could significantly improve plant's saline-alkali tolerance and fruit quality, offering a promising strategy for agricultural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Bili Cao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jin-Wei Wei
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biao Gong
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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2
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Das S, Kwon M, Kim JY. Enhancement of specialized metabolites using CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology in medicinal plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1279738. [PMID: 38450402 PMCID: PMC10915232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1279738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants are the richest source of specialized metabolites. The specialized metabolites offer a variety of physiological benefits and many adaptive evolutionary advantages and frequently linked to plant defense mechanisms. Medicinal plants are a vital source of nutrition and active pharmaceutical agents. The production of valuable specialized metabolites and bioactive compounds has increased with the improvement of transgenic techniques like gene silencing and gene overexpression. These techniques are beneficial for decreasing production costs and increasing nutritional value. Utilizing biotechnological applications to enhance specialized metabolites in medicinal plants needs characterization and identification of genes within an elucidated pathway. The breakthrough and advancement of CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing in improving the production of specific metabolites in medicinal plants have gained significant importance in contemporary times. This article imparts a comprehensive recapitulation of the latest advancements made in the implementation of CRISPR-gene editing techniques for the purpose of augmenting specific metabolites in medicinal plants. We also provide further insights and perspectives for improving metabolic engineering scenarios in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Das
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Anti-aging Bio Cell Factory Regional Leading Research Center (ABC-RLRC), Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy (RIMA), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Nulla Bio R&D Center, Nulla Bio Inc., Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Cao Z, Chen H, Zhou C, Gong M, Li Y, Shao Y, Wu Y, Bao D. Exogenous γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Enhanced Response to Abiotic Stress in Hypsizygus marmoreus by Improving Mycelial Growth and Antioxidant Capacity. Metabolites 2024; 14:94. [PMID: 38392986 PMCID: PMC10890280 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric (GABA) acid is a nutrient and signaling molecule existing in many plants, participating in the regulation of metabolism and various physiological activities. Two strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus (a white variety and a brown variety) were investigated to study the impact of exogenous GABA on mycelial growth and the response to stress. Mycelial growth, microscopic morphology, antioxidant profile, and gad2 expression in H. marmoreu were investigated under salt, dehydration, or cold stress. The results indicated that 5 mM GABA stimulated mycelial growth under standard cultivation conditions, whereas GABA addition over 10 mM hindered the growth. Under salt, dehydration, or cold stress, treatment with 5 mM GABA significantly enhanced the mycelial growth rate and density of both H. marmoreus strains by promoting front hyphae branching. Meanwhile, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were enhanced by GABA, thereby augmenting the defensive network against abiotic stress. Additionally, gad2 expression and GABA concentration were increased under abiotic stresses as a resistance regulation response. The exogenous addition of GABA strengthened the upregulation of gad2 expression and GABA production. These findings indicated that exogenously adding low concentrations of GABA effectively enhanced the mycelial growth and antioxidant profile of H. marmoreus, thereby improving its resistance against stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Chenli Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Ming Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Youran Shao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Fan H, Wang X, Wang J, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Sun F, Cui X. Saline-Alkali Soil Property Improved by the Synergistic Effects of Priestia aryabhattai JL-5, Staphylococcus pseudoxylosus XW-4, Leymus chinensis and Soil Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097737. [PMID: 37175442 PMCID: PMC10178608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two saline-alkali-tolerant bacterial strains, Priestia aryabhattai JL-5 and Staphylococcus pseudoxylosus XW-4, were isolated, with high capabilities of hydrolyzing phosphate and producing cellulase, respectively. The molecular mechanisms regulating the saline-alkali tolerance in the strain JL-5 were further investigated using transcriptome analysis. The contents of lactic acid and proline and the enzymatic activity of glutamine synthetase in the strain JL-5 were significantly increased. The properties of saline-alkali soils were significantly improved by the enhanced growth of the indicator plant Leymus chinensis under the combined applications of the strains JL-5 and XW-4 mixed with corn straw. The contents of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and proline of L. chinensis were significantly increased, and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased in the combined treatment of both bacterial strains. The contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and organic matters in the soil treated with both strains were significantly increased, as well as the diversity and abundance of the soil microbiota. Our study evidently demonstrated the synergistic effects of the strains JL-5 and XW-4, indicator plants and the local microbiota in terms of improving the saline-alkali soil properties, providing strong experimental evidence to support the commercial development of the combined application of both strains to improve the properties of saline-alkali soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hangzhe Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhanyu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Xiyan Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Hu Y, Li M, Hu Y, Han D, Wei J, Zhang T, Guo J, Shi L. Wild soybean salt tolerance metabolic model: Assessment of storage protein mobilization in cotyledons and C/N balance in the hypocotyl/root axis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13863. [PMID: 36688582 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress has become one of the main factors limiting crop yield in recent years. The post-germinative growth is most sensitive to salt stress in soybean. In this study, cultivated and wild soybeans were used for an integrated metabonomics and transcriptomics analysis to determine whether wild soybean can resist salt stress by maintaining the mobilization of stored substances in cotyledons and the balance of carbon and nitrogen in the hypocotyl/root axis (HRA). Compared with wild soybean, the growth of cultivated soybean was significantly inhibited during the post-germinative growth period under salt stress. Integrating analysis found that the breakdown products of proteins, such as glutamate, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and asparagine, increased significantly in wild soybean cotyledons. Asparagine synthase and fumarate hydratase genes and genes encoding HSP20 family proteins were specifically upregulated. In wild soybean HRA, levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, citric acid, and succinic acid increased significantly, and the glutamate decarboxylase gene and the gene encoding carbonic anhydrase in nitrogen metabolism were significantly upregulated. The metabolic model indicated that wild soybean enhanced the decomposition of stored proteins and the transport of amino acids to the HRA in cotyledons and the GABA shunt to maintain carbon and nitrogen balance in the HRA to resist salt stress. This study provided a theoretical basis for cultivating salt-tolerant soybean varieties and opened opportunities for the development of sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Hu
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- School of Life Sciences, ChangChun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- School of Life Sciences, ChangChun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Defu Han
- School of Life Sciences, ChangChun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Wei
- School of Life Sciences, ChangChun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jixun Guo
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Lianxuan Shi
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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Pollari M, Sipari N, Poque S, Himanen K, Mäkinen K. Effects of Poty-Potexvirus Synergism on Growth, Photosynthesis and Metabolite Status of Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2022; 15:121. [PMID: 36680161 PMCID: PMC9867248 DOI: 10.3390/v15010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed virus infections threaten crop production because interactions between the host and the pathogen mix may lead to viral synergism. While individual infections by potato virus A (PVA), a potyvirus, and potato virus X (PVX), a potexvirus, can be mild, co-infection leads to synergistic enhancement of PVX and severe symptoms. We combined image-based phenotyping with metabolite analysis of single and mixed PVA and PVX infections and compared their effects on growth, photosynthesis, and metabolites in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viral synergism was evident in symptom severity and impaired growth in the plants. Indicative of stress, the co-infection increased leaf temperature and decreased photosynthetic parameters. In contrast, singly infected plants sustained photosynthetic activity. The host's metabolic response differed significantly between single and mixed infections. Over 200 metabolites were differentially regulated in the mixed infection: especially defense-related metabolites and aromatic and branched-chain amino acids increased compared to the control. Changes in the levels of methionine cycle intermediates and a low S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio suggested a decline in the methylation potential in co-infected plants. The decreased ratio between reduced glutathione, an important scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and its oxidized form, indicated that severe oxidative stress developed during co-infection. Based on the results, infection-associated oxidative stress is successfully controlled in the single infections but not in the synergistic infection, where activated defense pathways are not sufficient to counter the impact of the infections on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pollari
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Poque
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, HiLIFE, Biocenter Finland, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Fedorin DN, Eprintsev AT, Florez Caro OJ, Igamberdiev AU. Effect of Salt Stress on the Activity, Expression, and Promoter Methylation of Succinate Dehydrogenase and Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase in Maize ( Zea mays L.) Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:68. [PMID: 36616197 PMCID: PMC9823291 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salt stress on the expression of genes, the methylation of their promoters, and the enzymatic activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) was investigated in maize (Zea mays L.). The incubation of maize seedlings in a 150 mM NaCl solution for 24 h led to a several-fold increase in the activity of SSADH that peaked at 6 h of NaCl treatment, which was preceded by an increase in the Ssadh1 gene expression and a decrease in its promoter methylation observed at 3 h of salt stress. The increase in SDH activity and succinate oxidation by mitochondria was slower, developing by 24 h of NaCl treatment, which corresponded to the increase in expression of the genes Sdh1-2 and Sdh2-3 encoding SDH catalytic subunits and of the gene Sdh3-1 encoding the anchoring SDH subunit. The increase in the Sdh2-3 expression was accompanied by the decrease in promoter methylation. It is concluded that salt stress results in the rapid increase in succinate production via SSADH operating in the GABA shunt, which leads to the activation of SDH, the process partially regulated via epigenetic mechanisms. The role of succinate metabolism under the conditions of salt stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N. Fedorin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Alexander T. Eprintsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Orlando J. Florez Caro
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Pei L, Zhao Y, Shi X, Chen R, Yan J, Li X, Jiang Z, Wang J, Shi S. The Role of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in the Occurrence of Adventitious Roots and Somatic Embryos in Woody Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3512. [PMID: 36559624 PMCID: PMC9784130 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of adventitious roots and somatic embryos is a crucial step in micropropagation that frequently limits the application of this technique in woody plants. Recent studies demonstrated that they can be negatively or positively regulated with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a four-carbon non-proteinous amino acid that not only acts as a main inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammals. It has been reported that GABA affects plant growth and their response to stress although its mode of action is still unclear. This review dealt with the effects of GABA on adventitious root formation and growth as well as on somatic embryogenesis. Furthermore, we focused on discussing the interaction of GABA with phytohormones, such as auxin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellin, as well as with the carbon and nitrogen metabolism during adventitious root development. We suggested that research on GABA will contribute to the application of micropropagation in the recalcitrant fruit and forest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xinru Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Zhou C, Dong W, Jin S, Liu Q, Shi L, Cao S, Li S, Chen W, Yang Z. γ-Aminobutyric acid treatment induced chilling tolerance in postharvest peach fruit by upregulating ascorbic acid and glutathione contents at the molecular level. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1059979. [PMID: 36570953 PMCID: PMC9768863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1059979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Peach fruit was treated with 5 mM γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to further investigate the mechanism by which GABA induced chilling tolerance. Here, we found that GABA not only inhibited the occurrence of chilling injury in peach fruit during cold storage but also maintained fruit quality. Most of the ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic genes were up-regulated by GABA treatment, and their levels were increased accordingly, thus reducing chilling damage in treated peaches. Meanwhile, the increased transcript of genes in the AsA-GSH cycle by GABA treatment was also related to the induced tolerance against chilling. GABA treatment also increased the expression levels of several candidate ERF transcription factors involved in AsA and GSH biosynthesis. In conclusion, our study found that GABA reduced chilling injury in peach fruit during cold storage due to the higher AsA and GSH contents by positively regulating their modifying genes and candidate transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujiang Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wanqi Dong
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shuwan Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingli Liu
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liyu Shi
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Saisai Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhenfeng Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
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Li LQ, Chen J, Lu YF, Ren B, Huang XL, Yu LP, Zeng FC, Wang Q, Wang XY, Lu LM. Physiological and proteomic analyses of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-treated tubers reveals that StPOD42 promotes sprouting in potato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 278:153826. [PMID: 36179397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid that plays vital roles in plant growth and developmental processes. However, its role in regulating potato sprouting is unknown. Therefore, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the sprouting process were assessed, and we found that GABA promoted sprouting after treatment for 50 d. In addition, the GABA and soluble sugar contents increased while the starch content decreased. To study the molecular mechanism by which exogenous GABA accelerates tuber sprouting, comparative proteomic analysis of tuber bud eyes was performed after GABA treatment for 48 h. Further analysis revealed 316 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) that are mainly involved in fatty acid and sugar metabolism and cutin, suberin and wax biosyntheses. The qRT‒PCR results suggested that the GABA transaminase 2 (GABA-T2) and GABA-T3 expression levels showed the greatest decrease at 30 d of storage. Peroxidase 42 (StPOD42) expression showed the greatest increase at 30 d. Overexpression of StPOD42 in potato was found to promote tuber sprouting. Our results provide new insights into the role of GABA in regulating the sprouting process and indicate that StPOD42 is a target gene for molecular breeding to modulate potato sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yi Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xue Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fu Chun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xi Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li Ming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Xu M, Yang Q, Bai G, Li P, Yan J. Polyamine pathways interconnect with GABA metabolic processes to mediate the low-temperature response in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035414. [PMID: 36340403 PMCID: PMC9630558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures are among the most commonly encountered environmental conditions that adversely affect plant growth and development, leading to substantial reductions in crop productivity. Plants have accordingly evolved coordinated mechanisms that confer low-temperature adaptation and resistance. The plant metabolic network, including polyamines (PAs) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is reprogrammed to ensure that essential metabolic homeostasis is maintained in response to cold stress conditions. Additionally, GABA might serve as a central molecule in the defense system during low-temperature tolerance in plants. However, our understanding of how these metabolites function in conferring cold tolerance is still far from complete. Here, we summarized how PAs and GABA function in conferring cold tolerance, and describe the crucial role of GABA in the mitigation of ROS during cold stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genxiang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Guo M, Wang XS, Guo HD, Bai SY, Khan A, Wang XM, Gao YM, Li JS. Tomato salt tolerance mechanisms and their potential applications for fighting salinity: A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:949541. [PMID: 36186008 PMCID: PMC9515470 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.949541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant environmental factors affecting plant growth, development and productivity is salt stress. The damage caused by salt to plants mainly includes ionic, osmotic and secondary stresses, while the plants adapt to salt stress through multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops and a model dicot plant. It is moderately sensitive to salinity throughout the period of growth and development. Biotechnological efforts to improve tomato salt tolerance hinge on a synthesized understanding of the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance. This review provides a comprehensive review of major advances on the mechanisms controlling salt tolerance of tomato in terms of sensing and signaling, adaptive responses, and epigenetic regulation. Additionally, we discussed the potential application of these mechanisms in improving salt tolerance of tomato, including genetic engineering, marker-assisted selection, and eco-sustainable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Guo
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Technology Innovation Center, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui-Dan Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sheng-Yi Bai
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Abid Khan
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Technology Innovation Center, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan-Ming Gao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Technology Innovation Center, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jian-She Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Technology Innovation Center, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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13
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Shan Q, Liu M, Li R, Shi Q, Li Y, Gong B. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) improves pesticide detoxification in plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155404. [PMID: 35469890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is important to ensure food safety to study the technology and mechanism of pesticide residues degradation in crops. Though γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been widely reported to involve in plant stress resistance, whether exogenous application or endogenous regulation of GABA by gene-editing technology can promote the pesticide detoxification is not clear in plants. Using tomato and chlorothalonil (CHT) as research models, we discovered that exogenous application of GABA or endogenous elevation of GABA by knockout of pyruvate-dependent GABA transaminase promoted both CHT metabolism and plant stress tolerance to CHT. This is closely related to the active adaptation of GABA to CHT stress by regulating the plant GABA shunt pathway and polyamine pathway. The transcriptome data revealed 17 target genes that may be closely related to the involvement of GABA in CHT metabolism, including 4 peroxidases, 5 glycosyltransferases, 4 glutathione S-transferases, and 4 ABC transporters. In addition, the glutathione detoxification pathway and antioxidative enzyme also actively participated in the GABA-induced CHT detoxification process, which played an important role in relieving CHT stress. As a result, GABA significantly increased the photosynthetic capacity of tomato leaves under CHT stress. While studying photosynthesis, we unexpectedly found that GABA promotes stomatal closure in terms of decreased stomatal conductance and stomatal diameter. This result implies that GABA can reduce CHT absorption by regulating stomatal movement in leaves. Together, we provided a novel viewpoint that foliar application of GABA or metabolic engineering of GABA is an effective approach to reduce the risk of pesticide contamination in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Rui Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Biao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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14
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Zhang M, Liu Z, Fan Y, Liu C, Wang H, Li Y, Xin Y, Gai Y, Ji X. Characterization of GABA-Transaminase Gene from Mulberry (Morus multicaulis) and Its Role in Salt Stress Tolerance. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030501. [PMID: 35328056 PMCID: PMC8954524 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to accumulate in plants when subjected to salt stress, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) is the main GABA-degrading enzyme in the GABA shunt pathway. So far, the salt tolerance mechanism of the GABA-T gene behind the GABA metabolism remains unclear. In this study, the cDNA (designated MuGABA-T) of GABA-T gene was cloned from mulberry, and our data showed that MuGABA-T protein shares some conserved characteristics with its homologs from several plant species. MuGABA-T gene was constitutively expressed at different levels in mulberry tissues, and was induced substantially by NaCl, ABA and SA. In addition, our results demonstrated that exogenous application of GABA significantly reduced the salt damage index and increased plant resistance to NaCl stress. We further performed a functional analysis of MuGABA-T gene and demonstrated that the content of GABA was reduced in the transgenic MuGABA-T Arabidopsis plants, which accumulated more ROS and exhibited more sensitivity to salt stress than wild-type plants. However, exogenous application of GABA significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alleviated the active oxygen-related injury of the transgenic plants under NaCl stress. Moreover, the MuGABA-T gene was overexpressed in the mulberry hairy roots, and similar results were obtained for sensitivity to salt stress in the transgenic mulberry plants. Our results suggest that the MuGABA-T gene plays a pivotal role in GABA catabolism and is responsible for a decrease in salt tolerance, and it may be involved in the ROS pathway in the response to salt stress. Taken together, the information provided here is helpful for further analysis of the function of GABA-T genes, and may promote mulberry resistance breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (M.Z.); (Y.F.)
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (M.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Chaorui Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hairui Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Youchao Xin
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yingping Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (M.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-0538-8241315 (X.J.); Fax: +86-0538-8249131 (X.J.)
| | - Xianling Ji
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-0538-8241315 (X.J.); Fax: +86-0538-8249131 (X.J.)
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15
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Yamunarani R, Ramegowda V, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. High-Throughput Analysis of Gene Function under Multiple Abiotic Stresses Using Leaf Disks from Silenced Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2408:181-189. [PMID: 35325423 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1875-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high throughputness and affordability of "omics" technologies is leading to the identification of a large number of abiotic stress genes, with many of them responsive to multiple stresses. In vivo functional characterization of these genes under multiple stresses is challenging but essential to develop resilient crops for the changing climate. Here we describe a high-throughput Virus-Induced Gene Silencing-based methodology for functional analysis of genes under multiple abiotic stresses using leaf disks. Leaves with maximal silencing, which is localized to only a few leaves and to a short period, can be effectively used for multiple stress imposition and stress affect quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramegowda Yamunarani
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - Venkategowda Ramegowda
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, USA
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16
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Shelp BJ, Aghdam MS, Flaherty EJ. γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) Regulated Plant Defense: Mechanisms and Opportunities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1939. [PMID: 34579473 PMCID: PMC8468876 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change and associated adverse abiotic and biotic stress conditions affect plant growth and development, and agricultural sustainability in general. Abiotic and biotic stresses reduce respiration and associated energy generation in mitochondria, resulting in the elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are employed to transmit cellular signaling information in response to the changing conditions. Excessive ROS accumulation can contribute to cell damage and death. Production of the non-protein amino acid γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) is also stimulated, resulting in partial restoration of respiratory processes and energy production. Accumulated GABA can bind directly to the aluminum-activated malate transporter and the guard cell outward rectifying K+ channel, thereby improving drought and hypoxia tolerance, respectively. Genetic manipulation of GABA metabolism and receptors, respectively, reveal positive relationships between GABA levels and abiotic/biotic stress tolerance, and between malate efflux from the root and heavy metal tolerance. The application of exogenous GABA is associated with lower ROS levels, enhanced membrane stability, changes in the levels of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, and crosstalk among phytohormones. Exogenous GABA may be an effective and sustainable tolerance strategy against multiple stresses under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J. Shelp
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Morteza Soleimani Aghdam
- Department of Horticultural Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran;
| | - Edward J. Flaherty
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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17
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Rani M, Jha G. Host Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Metabolic Pathway Is Involved in Resistance Against Rhizoctonia solani. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1207-1218. [PMID: 33320020 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0356-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a highly destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogen having a diverse host range, including rice and tomato. Previously R. solani infection has been found to cause large-scale readjustment in host primary metabolism and accumulation of various stress-associated metabolites such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rice. In this study, we report upregulation of GABA pathway genes during pathogenesis of R. solani in rice and tomato. The exogenous application of GABA provided partial resistance against R. solani infection in both the hosts. Furthermore, by using the virus-induced gene silencing approach, we knocked down the expression of some of the tomato genes involved in GABA biosynthesis (glutamate decarboxylase) and GABA catabolism (GABA-transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase) to study their role in host defense against R. solani infection. The silencing of each of these genes increased disease susceptibility in tomato. Overall the results from gene expression analysis, exogenous chemical application, and gene silencing studies suggest that the GABA pathway plays a positive role in plant defense against necrotrophic pathogen R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Rani
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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18
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Li L, Dou N, Zhang H, Wu C. The versatile GABA in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1862565. [PMID: 33404284 PMCID: PMC7889023 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1862565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a ubiquitous four-carbon, non-protein amino acid. GABA has been widely studied in animal central nervous systems, where it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In plants, it is metabolized through the GABA shunt pathway, a bypass of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Additionally, it can be synthesized through the polyamine metabolic pathway. GABA acts as a signal in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant gene transformation and in plant development, especially in pollen tube elongation (to enter the ovule), root growth, fruit ripening, and seed germination. It is accumulated during plant responses to environmental stresses and pathogen and insect attacks. A high concentration of GABA elevates plant stress tolerance by improving photosynthesis, inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activating antioxidant enzymes, and regulating stomatal opening in drought stress. The transporters of GABA in plants are reviewed in this work. We summarize the recent research on GABA function and transporters with the goal of providing a review of GABA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Dou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunxia Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
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19
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Salava H, Thula S, Mohan V, Kumar R, Maghuly F. Application of Genome Editing in Tomato Breeding: Mechanisms, Advances, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E682. [PMID: 33445555 PMCID: PMC7827871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly face the changing climatic conditions that cause biotic and abiotic stress responses. The abiotic stresses are the primary constraints affecting crop yield and nutritional quality in many crop plants. The advances in genome sequencing and high-throughput approaches have enabled the researchers to use genome editing tools for the functional characterization of many genes useful for crop improvement. The present review focuses on the genome editing tools for improving many traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality, and nutritional aspects of tomato. Many candidate genes conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity stress have been successfully manipulated by gene modification and editing techniques such as RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9). In this regard, the genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, which is a fast and efficient technology that can be exploited to explore the genetic resources for the improvement of tomato and other crop plants in terms of stress tolerance and nutritional quality. The review presents examples of gene editing responsible for conferring both biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato simultaneously. The literature on using this powerful technology to improve fruit quality, yield, and nutritional aspects in tomato is highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges of genome editing, public and political acceptance in tomato are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymavathi Salava
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Sravankumar Thula
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Chen Z, Lin S, Li J, Chen T, Gu Q, Yang T, Zhang Z. Theanine Improves Salt Stress Tolerance via Modulating Redox Homeostasis in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:770398. [PMID: 34721495 PMCID: PMC8554060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.770398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Theanine, a unique non-proteinogenic amino acid, is one of the most abundant secondary metabolites in tea. Its content largely determines green tea quality and price. However, its physiological roles in tea plants remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that salt stress significantly increased the accumulation of glutamate, glutamine, alanine, proline, and γ-aminobutyric acid, as well as theanine, in the new shoots of tea plants. We further found that salt stress induced the expression of theanine biosynthetic genes, including CsGOGATs, CsAlaDC, and CsTSI, suggested that salt stress induced theanine biosynthesis. Importantly, applying theanine to the new shoots significantly enhanced the salt stress tolerance. Similar effects were also found in a model plant Arabidopsis. Notably, exogenous theanine application increased the antioxidant activity of the shoots under salt stress, suggested by reduced the reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation, as well as by the increased SOD, CAT, and APX activities and expression of the corresponding genes. Finally, genetic evidence supported that catalase-mediated antioxidant scavenging pathway is required for theanine-induced salt stress tolerance. Taken together, this study suggested that salt stress induces theanine biosynthesize in tea plants to enhance the salt stress tolerance through a CAT-dependent redox homeostasis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Li
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Quan Gu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaoliang Zhang,
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21
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Zhu C, Qi Q, Niu H, Wu J, Yang N, Gan L. γ-Aminobutyric Acid Suppresses Iron Transportation from Roots to Shoots in Rice Seedlings by Inducing Aerenchyma Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010220. [PMID: 33379335 PMCID: PMC7795648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a widely distributed non-protein amino acid mediated the regulation of nitrate uptake and Al3+ tolerance in plants. However, there are few reports about the involvement of GABA in the regulation of iron (Fe) acquisition and translocation. Here, we show that GABA regulates Fe homeostasis in rice seedlings. Exogenous GABA decreased the chlorophyll concentration in leaves, with or without Fe supply. Over-expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) gene, coding a crucial enzyme of GABA production, elevated endogenous GABA content and caused more leaf chlorosis than wild type (Nipponbare). GABA inhibited Fe transportation from roots to shoots and GABA application elevated the expression levels of Fe deficiency (FD)-related genes under conditions of Fe-sufficiency (FS), suggesting that GABA is a regulator of Fe translocation. Using Perls’ blue staining, we found that more ferric iron (Fe3+) was deposited in the epidermal cells of roots treated with GABA compared with control roots. Anatomic section analysis showed that GABA treatment induced more aerenchyma formation compared with the control. Aerenchyma facilitated the oxidization of soluble ferrous iron (Fe2+) into insoluble Fe3+, resulted in Fe precipitation in the epidermis, and inhibited the transportation of Fe from roots to shoots.
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22
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Chen W, Meng C, Ji J, Li MH, Zhang X, Wu Y, Xie T, Du C, Sun J, Jiang Z, Shi S. Exogenous GABA promotes adaptation and growth by altering the carbon and nitrogen metabolic flux in poplar seedlings under low nitrogen conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1744-1761. [PMID: 32776117 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deficiency adversely affects tree growth. Additionally, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is closely associated with growth and stress responses because of its effects on carbon (C) and N metabolism. However, little is known about its roles related to plant adaptations to N-deficient conditions. In this study, we analyzed the effects of GABA (0, 2 and 10 mM) applications on the growth traits and physiological responses of poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa '84K') seedlings under high N (HN) and low N (LN) conditions. We found that the added GABA interacted with N to affect more than half of the studied parameters, with greater effects in LN plants than in HN plants. Under LN conditions, the GABA application tended to increase poplar growth, accompanied by increased xylem fiber cell length and xylem width. In stems, exogenous GABA increased the abundance of non-structural carbohydrates (starch and sugars) and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate and citrate), but had the opposite effect on the structural C contents (hemicellulose and lignin). Meanwhile, exogenous GABA increased the total soluble protein contents in leaves and stems, accompanied by significant increases in nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in leaves, but significant decreases in those (except for the increased glutamate synthetase activity) in stems. A multiple factorial analysis indicated that the nitrate assimilation pathway substantially influences poplar survival and growth in the presence of GABA under LN conditions. Interestingly, GABA applications also considerably attenuated the LN-induced increase in the activities of leaf antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase and catalase, implying that GABA may regulate the relative allocation of C and N for growth activities by decreasing the energy cost associated with stress defense. Our results suggest that GABA enhances poplar growth and adaptation by regulating the C and N metabolic flux under N-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 4, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 268, Nanguan District, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Street 2596, Lianchi District, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, LXiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
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Zhao Q, Hu R, Liu D, Liu X, Wang J, Xiang X, Li Y. The AP2 transcription factor NtERF172 confers drought resistance by modifying NtCAT. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2444-2455. [PMID: 32445603 PMCID: PMC7680539 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress often limits plant growth and global crop yields. Catalase (CAT)-mediated hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) scavenging plays an important role in the adaptation of plant stress responses, but the transcriptional regulation of the CAT gene in response to drought stress is not well understood. Here, we isolated an APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) domain-containing transcription factor (TF), NtERF172, which was strongly induced by drought, abscisic acid (ABA) and H2 O2 , from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by yeast one-hybrid screening. NtERF172 localized to the nucleus and acted as a transcriptional activator. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, yeast one-hybrid assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient expression analysis assays showed that NtERF172 directly bound to the promoter region of the NtCAT gene and positively regulated its expression. Transgenic plants overexpressing NtERF172 displayed enhanced tolerance to drought stress, whereas suppression of NtERF172 decreased drought tolerance. Under drought stress conditions, the NtERF172-overexpressed lines showed higher catalase activity and lower accumulation of H2 O2 compared with wild-type (WT) plants, while the NtERF172-silenced plants showed the inverse correlation. Exogenous application of amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), an irreversible CAT inhibitor, to the NtERF172-overexpression lines showed decreased catalase activity and drought tolerance, and increased levels of cellular H2 O2 . Knockdown of NtCAT in the NtERF172-overexpression lines displayed a more drought stress-sensitive phenotype than NtERF172-overexpression lines. We propose that NtERF172 acts as a positive factor in drought stress tolerance, at least in part through the regulation of CAT-mediated H2 O2 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ri‐Sheng Hu
- Hunan Tobacco Research InstituteChangshaHunanChina
| | - Dan Liu
- Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Xin Liu
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Xiao‐Hua Xiang
- Haikou Cigar Research InstitutionHaikouHainan ProvinceChina
| | - Yang‐Yang Li
- Hunan Tobacco Research InstituteChangshaHunanChina
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24
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Meza SLR, Egea I, Massaretto IL, Morales B, Purgatto E, Egea-Fernández JM, Bolarin MC, Flores FB. Traditional Tomato Varieties Improve Fruit Quality Without Affecting Fruit Yield Under Moderate Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587754. [PMID: 33304365 PMCID: PMC7701295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.587754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Identification of tomato varieties able to exhibit higher accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites in their fruits is currently a main objective in tomato breeding. One tool to improve fruit quality is to cultivate the plants under salt stress, although improvement of fruit quality is generally accompanied by productivity losses. However, it is very interesting to implement strategies aiming at enhancing fruit quality of tomato by means of growing plants in moderate salt stress that allows for a sustainable fruit yield. The traditional tomato varieties adapted to the Mediterranean environmental constraints may be very attractive plant materials to achieve this goal, given the wide range of fruit quality traits because of their genetic diversity. Here, agronomic responses and fruit quality traits, including primary and secondary metabolites, were analyzed in fruits of two Mediterranean traditional tomato varieties named "Tomate Pimiento" ("TP") and "Muchamiel Aperado" ("MA") because of the pepper and pear shape of their fruits, using as reference the commercial cultivar "Moneymaker" ("MM"). Plants were grown without salt (control) and with moderate salt stress (50 mM NaCl), which did not affect fruit yield in any variety. "TP" is of great interest because of its high soluble solids content (SSC) in control, which is even higher in salt, whereas "MA" is very attractive because of its high Brix yield index (SSC × fruit yield), used as overall fruit quality measure. Similitude between both traditional varieties were found for primary metabolism, as they significantly increased sucrose contents compared with "MM" in red ripe fruits from plants in control and, especially, salt stress conditions. The most remarkable difference was the high constitutive levels of total amino acids in "TP" fruits, including the three major free amino acids found in tomato fruit, GABA, glutamate, and glutamine, which even increased under salinity. Regarding secondary metabolites, the most interesting change induced by salinity was the increase in α-tocopherol found in red ripe fruits of both "TP" and "MA." These results reveal the interest of traditional varieties as sources of genetic variation in breeding because of their improvement of tomato fruit quality without production losses under moderate salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia L. R. Meza
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Egea
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel L. Massaretto
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Belén Morales
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - María C. Bolarin
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Flores
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
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Xu X, Yuan Y, Feng B, Deng W. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing technology in fruit quality improvement. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fruits are an essential part of a healthy, balanced diet and it is particularly important for fibre, essential vitamins, and trace elements. Improvement in the quality of fruit and elongation of shelf life are crucial goals for researchers. However, traditional techniques have some drawbacks, such as long period, low efficiency, and difficulty in the modification of target genes, which limit the progress of the study. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technique was developed and has become the most popular gene-editing technology with high efficiency, simplicity, and low cost. CRISPR/Cas9 technique is widely accepted to analyse gene function and complete genetic modification. This review introduces the latest progress of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in fruit quality improvement. For example, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of RIPENING INHIBITOR gene (RIN), Lycopene desaturase (PDS), Pectate lyases (PL), SlMYB12, and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) can affect fruit ripening, fruit bioactive compounds, fruit texture, fruit colouration, and fruit size. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis has become an efficient method to modify target genes and improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bihong Feng
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Wu X, Jia Q, Ji S, Gong B, Li J, Lü G, Gao H. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alleviates salt damage in tomato by modulating Na + uptake, the GAD gene, amino acid synthesis and reactive oxygen species metabolism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:465. [PMID: 33036565 PMCID: PMC7547442 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt stress is a serious abiotic stress that caused crop growth inhibition and yield decline. Previous studies have reported on the the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its relationship with plant resistance under various abiotic stress. However, the relationship between exogenous GABA alleviating plant salt stress damage and ion flux, amino acid synthesis, and key enzyme expression remains largely unclear. We investigated plant growth, Na+ transportation and accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and evaluated the effect of GABA on amino acids, especially SlGADs gene expression and the endogenous GABA content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings treated with or without 5 mmol·L- 1 GABA under 175 mmol·L- 1 NaCl stress. RESULTS Exogenous application of GABA significantly reduced the salt damage index and increased plant height, chlorophyll content and the dry and fresh weights of tomato plants exposed to NaCl stress. GABA significantly reduced Na+ accumulation in leaves and roots by preventing Na+ influx in roots and transportation to leaves. The transcriptional expression of SlGAD1-3 genes were induced by NaCl stress especially with GABA application. Among them, SlGAD1 expression was the most sensitive and contributed the most to the increase in glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity induced by NaCl and GABA application; Exogenous GABA increased GAD activity and amino acid contents in tomato leaves compared with the levels under NaCl stress alone, especially the levels of endogenous GABA, proline, glutamate and eight other amino acids. These results indicated that SlGADs transcriptional expression played an important role in tomato plant resistance to NaCl stress with GABA application by enhancing GAD activity and amino acid contents. GABA significantly alleviated the active oxygen-related injury of leaves under NaCl stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the contents of active oxygen species and malondialdehyde. CONCLUSION Exogenous GABA had a positive effect on the resistance of tomato seedlings to salt stress, which was closely associated with reducing Na+ flux from root to leaves, increasing amino acid content and strengthening antioxidant metabolism. Endogenous GABA content was induced by salt and exogenous GABA at both the transcriptional and metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Qiuying Jia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Shengxin Ji
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Binbin Gong
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guiyun Lü
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Gramazio P, Takayama M, Ezura H. Challenges and Prospects of New Plant Breeding Techniques for GABA Improvement in Crops: Tomato as an Example. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:577980. [PMID: 33014001 PMCID: PMC7500313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.577980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last seven decades, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has attracted great attention from scientists for its ubiquity in plants, animals and microorganisms and for its physiological implications as a signaling molecule involved in multiple pathways and processes. Recently, the food and pharmaceutical industries have also shown significantly increased interest in GABA, because of its great potential benefits for human health and the consumer demand for health-promoting functional compounds, resulting in the release of a plethora of GABA-enriched products. Nevertheless, many crop species accumulate appreciable GABA levels in their edible parts and could help to meet the daily recommended intake of GABA for promoting positive health effects. Therefore, plant breeders are devoting much effort into breeding elite varieties with improved GABA contents. In this regard, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the most produced and consumed vegetable worldwide and a fruit-bearing model crop, has received much consideration for its accumulation of remarkable GABA levels. Although many different strategies have been implemented, from classical crossbreeding to induced mutagenesis, new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) have achieved the best GABA accumulation results in red ripe tomato fruits along with shedding light on GABA metabolism and gene functions. In this review, we summarize, analyze and compare all the studies that have substantially contributed to tomato GABA breeding with further discussion and proposals regarding the most recent NPBTs that could bring this process to the next level of precision and efficiency. This document also provides guidelines with which researchers of other crops might take advantage of the progress achieved in tomato for more efficient GABA breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gramazio
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mariko Takayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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28
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Ahmed RI, Ren A, Yang D, Ding A, Kong Y. Identification and characterization of pectin related gene NbGAE6 through virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Gene 2020; 741:144522. [PMID: 32145329 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a transient based reverse genetic tool used to elucidate the function of novel gene in N. benthamiana. In current study, 14 UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase (GAE) family members were identified and their gene structure, phylogeny and expression pattern were analyzed. VIGS system was optimized for the functional characterization of NbGAE6 homologous genes in N. benthamiana. Whilst the GAE family is well-known for the interconversion of UDP-D-GlcA and UDP-D-GalA during pectin synthesis. Our results revealed that the downregulation of these genes significantly reduced the amount of GalA in the homogalacturunan which is the major component of pectin found in primary cell wall. Biphenyl assay and high performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC) depicted that the level of 'GalA' monosaccharide reduced to 40-51% in VIGS plants as compared to the wild type plants. Moreover, qRT-PCR also confirmed the downregulation of the NbGAE6 mRNA in VIGS plants. In all, this is the first comprehensive study of the optimization of VIGS system for the provision of rapid silencing of GAE family members in N. benthamiana, eliminating the need of stable transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Imtiaz Ahmed
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Angyan Ren
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Anming Ding
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266108, China.
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Tarkowski ŁP, Signorelli S, Höfte M. γ-Aminobutyric acid and related amino acids in plant immune responses: Emerging mechanisms of action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1103-1116. [PMID: 31997381 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The entanglement between primary metabolism regulation and stress responses is a puzzling and fascinating theme in plant sciences. Among the major metabolites found in plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) fulfils important roles in connecting C and N metabolic fluxes through the GABA shunt. Activation of GABA metabolism is known since long to occur in plant tissues following biotic stresses, where GABA appears to have substantially different modes of action towards different categories of pathogens and pests. While it can harm insects thanks to its inhibitory effect on the neuronal transmission, its capacity to modulate the hypersensitive response in attacked host cells was proven to be crucial for host defences in several pathosystems. In this review, we discuss how plants can employ GABA's versatility to effectively deal with all the major biotic stressors, and how GABA can shape plant immune responses against pathogens by modulating reactive oxygen species balance in invaded plant tissues. Finally, we discuss the connections between GABA and other stress-related amino acids such as BABA (β-aminobutyric acid), glutamate and proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz P Tarkowski
- Seed Metabolism and Stress Team, INRAE Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Bâtiment A, Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Sayago CP, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ji J, Shi Z, Xie T, Zhang X, Chen W, Du C, Sun J, Yue J, Zhao X, Jiang Z, Shi S. Responses of GABA shunt coupled with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in poplar under NaCl and CdCl 2 stresses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110322. [PMID: 32109582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt is closely associated with plant tolerance; however, little is known about its mechanism. This study aimed to decipher the responses of the GABA shunt and related carbon-nitrogen metabolism in poplar seedlings (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) treated with different NaCl and CdCl2 concentrations for 30 h. The results showed that the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) were activated, as well as α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were enhanced by NaCl and CdCl2 stresses, except for SDH under CdCl2 stress. Meanwhile, the expression levels of GADs, GABA-Ts SDHs, succinyl-CoA ligases (SCSs), and succinic acid aldehyde dehydrogenases (SSADHs) were also increased. Notably, significant increases in the key components of GABA shunt, Glu and GABA, were observed under both stresses. Soluble sugars and free amino acids were enhanced, whereas citrate, malate and succinate were almost inhibited by both NaCl and CdCl2 stresses except that citrate was not changed or just increased by 50-mM NaCl stress. Thus, these results suggested that the carbon-nitrogen balance could be altered by activating the GABA shunt when main TCA-cycle intermediates were inhibited under NaCl and CdCl2 stresses. This study can enhance the understanding about the functions of the GABA shunt in woody plants under abiotic stresses and may be applied to the genetic improvement of trees for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiulian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China.
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31
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Du C, Chen W, Wu Y, Wang G, Zhao J, Sun J, Ji J, Yan D, Jiang Z, Shi S. Effects of GABA and Vigabatrin on the Germination of Chinese Chestnut Recalcitrant Seeds and Its Implications for Seed Dormancy and Storage. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040449. [PMID: 32260136 PMCID: PMC7238225 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recalcitrant chestnut seeds are rich in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which negatively regulates adventitious root development by altering carbon/nitrogen metabolism. However, little is known regarding the role of this metabolite in chestnut seeds. In this study, we investigated the effects of GABA changes on the germination of chestnut seeds treated with exogenous GABA and vigabatrin (VGB, which inhibits GABA degradation). Both treatments significantly inhibited seed germination and primary root growth and resulted in the considerable accumulation of H2O2, but the endogenous GABA content decreased before germination at 48 h. Soluble sugar levels increased before germination, but subsequently decreased, whereas starch contents were relatively unchanged. Changes to organic acids were observed at 120 h after sowing, including a decrease and increase in citrate and malate levels, respectively. Similarly, soluble protein contents increased at 120 h, but the abundance of most free amino acids decreased at 48 h. Moreover, the total amino acid levels increased only in response to VGB at 0 h. Accordingly, GABA and VGB altered the balance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, thereby inhibiting chestnut seed germination. These results suggested that changes to GABA levels in chestnut seeds might prevent seed germination. The study data may also help clarify the dormancy and storage of chestnut seeds, as well as other recalcitrant seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (C.D.); (W.C.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (C.D.); (W.C.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Yanyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (C.D.); (W.C.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Guangpeng Wang
- Institute for Pomology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Changli 066600, China;
| | - Jiabing Zhao
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (C.D.); (W.C.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (C.D.); (W.C.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Donghui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (D.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (D.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China; (C.D.); (W.C.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62889054
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Xie T, Ji J, Chen W, Yue J, Du C, Sun J, Chen L, Jiang Z, Shi S. GABA negatively regulates adventitious root development in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1459-1474. [PMID: 31740934 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) influences plant growth, but little is known about how this metabolite regulates adventitious root (AR) development. Here, we investigate the effects of GABA on ARs using poplar lines overexpressing glutamate decarboxilase 2 (GAD2) and by treating poplar stem cuttings with exogenous GABA or vigabatrin (VGB; a specific GABA transaminase inhibitor). Endogenous GABA accumulation not only inhibited AR growth, but it also suppressed or delayed AR formation. Anatomical observations revealed that the GABA and VGB treatments resulted in a 1 d delay in the formation of AR primordia and the appearance of ARs. This delay coincided with changes in primary metabolism, including transient increases in hexose and amino acid levels. GABA-dependent changes in the expression of genes related to hormone synthesis and signalling, as well as analysis of hormone levels revealed that ethylene-dependent pathways were decreased at the earliest stage of AR formation. In contrast, auxin and abscisic acid were increased at 1-5 d as well as GA4 over a 5 d period of AR formation. These results demonstrate that GABA plays a crucial role in AR development. Evidence is presented demonstrating that GABA can interact with hormone-related pathways as well as carbon/nitrogen metabolism. These findings also elucidate the functions of GABA in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lanzhen Chen
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products, Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Che-Othman MH, Jacoby RP, Millar AH, Taylor NL. Wheat mitochondrial respiration shifts from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the GABA shunt under salt stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1166-1180. [PMID: 30688365 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity are required during salt stress in plants to provide ATP and reductants for adaptive processes such as ion exclusion, compatible solute synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. However, there is a poor mechanistic understanding of how salinity affects mitochondrial metabolism, particularly respiratory substrate source. To determine the mechanism of respiratory changes under salt stress in wheat leaves, we conducted an integrated analysis of metabolite content, respiratory rate and targeted protein abundance measurements. Also, we investigated the direct effect of salt on mitochondrial enzyme activities. Salt-treated wheat leaves exhibit higher respiration rate and extensive metabolite changes. The activity of the TCA cycle enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex were shown to be directly salt-sensitive. Multiple lines of evidence showed that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt was activated under salt treatment. During salt exposure, key metabolic enzymes required for the cyclic operation of the TCA cycle are physiochemically inhibited by salt. This inhibition is overcome by increased GABA shunt activity, which provides an alternative carbon source for mitochondria that bypasses salt-sensitive enzymes, to facilitate the increased respiration of wheat leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hafiz Che-Othman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre of Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Richard P Jacoby
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Sita K, Kumar V. Role of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) against abiotic stress tolerance in legumes: a review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 25. [PMCID: PMC7724459 DOI: 10.1007/s40502-020-00553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are well known for their nutritional and health benefits as well as for their impact in the sustainability of agricultural systems. Under current scenarios threatened by climate change highlights the necessity for concerted research approaches in order to develop crops that are able to cope up with environmental challenges. Various abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, salt, and heavy metal induce a variety of negative effects in plant growth, development and significantly decline yield and quality. Plant growth regulators or natural products of plants are reported to be effective to improve plant tolerance to several abiotic stresses. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid involved in various metabolic processes, and partially protects plants from abiotic stress. GABA appears to impart partial protection to various abiotic stresses in most plants by increasing leaf turgor, increased osmolytes and reduced oxidative damage by stimulation of antioxidants. We have compiled various scientific reports on the role and mechanism of GABA in plants against coping with various environmental stresses. We have also described the emerging information about the metabolic and signaling roles of GABA which is being used to improve legume crop against abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Sita
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Vaneet Kumar
- Department of Botany, S. L. Bawa DAV College, Batala, 143501 India
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Montecchiarini ML, Margarit E, Morales L, Rivadeneira MF, Bello F, Gollán A, Vázquez D, Podestá FE, Tripodi KEJ. Proteomic and metabolomic approaches unveil relevant biochemical changes in carbohydrate and cell wall metabolisms of two blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties with different quality attributes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 136:230-244. [PMID: 30708258 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quality maintenance in rapidly decaying fruit such as blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) is of essential importance to guarantee the economic success of the crop. Fruit quality is a multifaceted subject that encompasses flavor, aroma, visual and physical issues as main factors. In this paper we report an ample characterization of different biochemical and physical aspects in two varieties (O'Neal and Emerald) of blueberries that differ in firmness, aspect, flavor and harvesting times, at two different phenological stages (fruit set vs. ripe), with the intention of unveiling how the metabolic signature of each contributes to their contrasting quality. To this effect a metabolomic, ionomic and proteomic approach was selected. The results presented here show marked differences in several variables at the two stages and between varieties. Emerald is an early variety with a large, good taste and firm fruit, while O'Neal is soft, medium sized and very sweet. Proteomic data comparison between both cultivars showed that, at fruit set, processes related with the response to inorganic compounds and small molecule metabolisms are relevant in both varieties. However, solute accumulation (mainly amino acids and organic acids), enzymes related with C: N balance, water transport and cell wall recycling are enhanced in Emerald. In ripe fruit, Emerald showed an enrichment of proteins associated with TCA, nitrogen, small molecules and cell wall in muro recycling processes, while mannitol and fatty acid metabolism were enhanced in the soft variety. The measured variation in metabolite levels gave strong support to the precedent results. This study suggests that at fruit set, a composite scenario of active metabolic recycling of the cell wall, improved C: N balance and solute accumulation give place to a more efficient carbon and water resource management. During the ripe stage, an increased and efficient in muro and metabolic recycling of the cell wall, added to enhanced inositol and secondary metabolism may be responsible for a best turgor conservation in Emerald. These findings may yield clues for improvements in fertilization practices, as well as to assist the guided development of new varieties based on biochemical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Montecchiarini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E Margarit
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L Morales
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M F Rivadeneira
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F Bello
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - A Gollán
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - D Vázquez
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F E Podestá
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - K E J Tripodi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Jin X, Liu T, Xu J, Gao Z, Hu X. Exogenous GABA enhances muskmelon tolerance to salinity-alkalinity stress by regulating redox balance and chlorophyll biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:48. [PMID: 30709373 PMCID: PMC6359809 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity-alkalinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that functions in stress tolerance. However, the interactions between cellular redox signaling and chlorophyll (Chl) metabolism involved in GABA-induced salinity-alkalinity stress tolerance in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of GABA in perceiving and regulating chlorophyll biosynthesis and oxidative stress induced by salinity-alkalinity stress in muskmelon leaves. We also evaluated the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione (GSH), and ascorbate (AsA) on GABA-induced salinity-alkalinity stress tolerance. RESULTS Salinity-alkalinity stress increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, relative electrical conductivity (REC), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). Salinity-alkalinity stress decreased shoot dry and fresh weight and leaf area, reduced glutathione and ascorbate (GSH and AsA) contents, activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR). By contrast, pretreatment with GABA, H2O2, GSH, or AsA significantly inhibited these salinity-alkalinity stress-induced effects. The ability of GABA to relieve salinity-alkalinity stress was significantly reduced when the production of endogenous H2O2 was inhibited, but was not affected by inhibiting endogenous AsA and GSH production. Exogenous GABA induced respiratory burst oxidase homologue D (RBOHD) genes expression and H2O2 accumulation under normal conditions but reduced the H2O2 content under salinity-alkalinity stress. Salinity-alkalinity stress increased the accumulation of the chlorophyll synthesis precursors glutamate (Glu), δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG), uroporphyrinogen III (URO III), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-proto IX), protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), protochlorophyll (Pchl), thereby increasing the Chl content. Under salinity-alkalinity stress, exogenous GABA increased ALA content, but reduced the contents of Glu, PBG, URO III, Mg-proto IX, Proto IX, Pchl, and Chl. However, salinity-alkalinity stress or GABA treated plant genes expression involved in Chl synthesis had no consistent trends with Chl precursor contents. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous GABA elevated H2O2 may act as a signal molecule, while AsA and GSH function as antioxidants, in GABA-induced salinity-alkalinity tolerance. These factors maintain membrane integrity which was essential for the ordered chlorophyll biosynthesis. Pretreatment with exogenous GABA mitigated salinity-alkalinity stress caused excessive accumulation of Chl and its precursors, to avoid photooxidation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jiaojiao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zixing Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Ding X, Mei W, Huang S, Wang H, Zhu J, Hu W, Ding Z, Tie W, Peng S, Dai H. Genome survey sequencing for the characterization of genetic background of Dracaena cambodiana and its defense response during dragon's blood formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209258. [PMID: 30550595 PMCID: PMC6294377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dragon's blood collected from the genus Dracaena is used as a renowned traditional medicine in various cultures worldwide. However, the genetics of the genus Dracaena and the formation mechanism of dragon's blood remain poorly understood. Here, we generate the first draft genome reference assembly of an elite Chinese Dracaena species, Dracaena cambodiana, from next-generation sequencing data with 89.46× coverage. The reads were assembled into 2,640,704 contigs with an N50 length of 1.87 kb, and a 1.05 Gb assembly was finally assembled with 2,379,659 scaffolds. Furthermore, 97.75% of the 267,243 simple sequence repeats identified from these scaffolds were mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide repeats. Among all 53,700 predicted genes, 158 genes involved in cell wall and plant hormone synthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging showed altered regulation during the formation of dragon's blood. This study provides a genomic characterization of D. cambodiana and improves understanding of the molecular mechanism of dragon's blood formation. This report represents the first genome-wide characterization of a Dracaena species in the Asparagaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengzhuo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
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Nguyen HC, Lin KH, Ho SL, Chiang CM, Yang CM. Enhancing the abiotic stress tolerance of plants: from chemical treatment to biotechnological approaches. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:452-466. [PMID: 30054915 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses affect crop plants and cause decreases in plant quality and productivity. Plants can overcome environmental stresses by activating molecular networks, including signal transduction, stress perception, metabolite production and expressions of specific stress-related genes. Recent research suggests that chemical priming is a promising field in crop stress management because plants can be primed by chemical agents to increase their tolerance to various environmental stresses. We present a concept to meet this objective and protect plants through priming of existing defense mechanisms avoiding manipulation of the genome. In addition, recent developments in plant molecular biology include the discovery of genes related to stress tolerance, including functional genes for protecting cells and regulatory genes for regulating stress responses. Therefore, enhancing abiotic stress tolerance using a transgenic approach to transfer these genes into plant genomes has attracted more investigations. Both chemical priming agents and genetic engineering can enhance regulatory and functional genes in plants and increase stress tolerance of plants. This review summarizes the latest findings of chemical priming agents and major achievements in molecular approaches that can potentially enhance the abiotic stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Chinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Lon Ho
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Yang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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Meher HC, Singh G, Chawla G. Metabolic Alternations of Amino Acids, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Salicylic Acid in Solanum lycopersicum (L.) Following Preplanting Seedling Spray with Salicylic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12236-12248. [PMID: 30418772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Preplanting foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) (0.0, 5.0, and 10.0 μg/mL) to Solanum lycopersicum (L.) altered the metabolite profile of amino acids, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and SA in leaf, root, and fruits. Free amino acid pools increased; bound amino acid pools reduced. In vegetative tissues, amino acid biosyntheses linked to osmo-compatibility (Pro, Leu, Val and GABA); N (Arg, Asn, Asp, Gln, and Glu); C (Pro, Ser, and Tyr); S (Cys) assimilation; stress tolerance (Ala, Gly, Hyp, His, Lys, Met, and Thr); and central metabolism (Phe, Trp, and Tyr) enhanced for 60-120 days. Concentrations of Ala, Arg, Gln, Gly, Leu, and Ser in leaf and of Asp, Cys, Glu, His, Hyp, Lys, Met, Pro, and Val in root predominated. In planta SA and GABA biosynthesis increased concurrently. SA affected GABA biosynthesis via Glu, Pro, and Arg metabolism. SA, GABA, Glu, and Pro were key canonical variables. This study first reported SA-induced metabolites promoting health (SA/GABA; Cys/Met) and palatability (Glu/Asp; Gln) in table tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari C Meher
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi 110012 , India
| | - Ghanendra Singh
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi 110012 , India
| | - Gautam Chawla
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi 110012 , India
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40
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Ji J, Yue J, Xie T, Chen W, Du C, Chang E, Chen L, Jiang Z, Shi S. Roles of γ-aminobutyric acid on salinity-responsive genes at transcriptomic level in poplar: involving in abscisic acid and ethylene-signalling pathways. PLANTA 2018; 248:675-690. [PMID: 29948123 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) affected ABA and ethylene metabolic genes and signal components in salt-treated poplar, indicating its potential role in signal pathways of ABA and ethylene during salt stress. GABA is a small signalling molecule that accumulates rapidly in plants exposed to various stresses. However, the relationship between GABA and other signalling molecules, such as hormones, remains unclear. Here, in the poplar woody plant under 200-mM NaCl conditions, the application of low (0.25 mM) and high (10 mM) exogenous GABA, compared to 0 mM, affected the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and hormones, including ABA and ethylene, in different manners. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that 1025 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; |log2Ratio| ≥ 1.5) were widely affected by exogenous GABA under salt stress. A clustering analysis revealed that GABA could rescue or promote the effects of salt stress on gene expression. Among them, 146 genes involved in six hormone-signalling pathways were enriched, including 22 ABA- and 50 ethylene-related genes. Quantitative expression of selected genes involved in hormone-related pathways showed that ABA metabolic genes (ABAG, ABAH2, and ABAH4), ethylene biosynthetic genes (ACO1, ACO2, ACO5, ACOH1, ACS1, and ACS7) and receptor genes (PYL1, PYL2, PYL4, and PYL6) were regulated by exogenous GABA, even at a 0.1 mM level. The production of ABA was negatively correlated with ABAH expression levels at different GABA concentrations. The increase of endogenous GABA, resulting from inhibitor (succinyl phosphonate) of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, affected the PYLs levels. Thus, GABA may be involved in ABA- and ethylene-signalling pathways. Our data provide a better understanding of GABA's roles in the plant responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ermei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lanzhen Chen
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products, Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
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41
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Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in response to energy deficiency in plants: the general mechanism of adaptation to low oxygen stress. Biochem J 2018; 475:1411-1425. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ can be released from cell compartments to the cytosol during stress conditions. We discuss here the causes of Ca2+ release under conditions of ATP concentration decline that result in the suppression of ATPases and activation of calcium ion channels. The main signaling and metabolic consequences of Ca2+ release are considered for stressed plant cells. The signaling function includes generation and spreading of calcium waves, while the metabolic function results in the activation of particular enzymes and genes. Ca2+ is involved in the activation of glutamate decarboxylase, initiating the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt and triggering the formation of alanine, processes which play a role, in particular, in pH regulation. Ca2+ activates the transcription of several genes, e.g. of plant hemoglobin (phytoglobin, Pgb) which scavenges nitric oxide and regulates redox and energy balance through the Pgb–nitric oxide cycle. This cycle involves NADH and NADPH oxidation from the cytosolic side of mitochondria, in which Ca2+- and low pH-activated external NADH and NADPH dehydrogenases participate. Ca2+ can also activate the genes of alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase stimulating hypoxic fermentation. It is concluded that calcium is a primary factor that causes the metabolic shift under conditions of oxygen deficiency.
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Li R, Li R, Li X, Fu D, Zhu B, Tian H, Luo Y, Zhu H. Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated metabolic engineering of γ-aminobutyric acid levels in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16. [PMID: 28640983 PMCID: PMC5787826 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the type II CRISPR system has become a widely used and robust technique to implement site-directed mutagenesis in a variety of species including model and crop plants. However, few studies manipulated metabolic pathways in plants using the CRISPR system. Here, we introduced the pYLCRISPR/Cas9 system with one or two single-site guide RNAs to target the tomato phytoene desaturase gene. An obvious albino phenotype was observed in T0 regenerated plants, and more than 61% of the desired target sites were edited. Furthermore, we manipulated the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt in tomatoes using a multiplex pYLCRISPR/Cas9 system that targeted five key genes. Fifty-three genome-edited plants were obtained following single plant transformation, and these samples represented single to quadruple mutants. The GABA accumulation in both the leaves and fruits of genomically edited lines was significantly enhanced, and the GABA content in the leaves of quadruple mutants was 19-fold higher than that in wild-type plants. Our data demonstrate that the multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 system can be exploited to precisely edit tomato genomic sequences and effectively create multisite knockout mutations, which could shed new light on plant metabolic engineering regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ran Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xindi Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Daqi Fu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huiqin Tian
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yunbo Luo
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Yang Y, Guo Y. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:523-539. [PMID: 29205383 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 523 I. Introduction 523 II. Sensing salt stress 524 III. Ion homeostasis regulation 524 IV. Metabolite and cell activity responses to salt stress 527 V. Conclusions and perspectives 532 Acknowledgements 533 References 533 SUMMARY: Excess soluble salts in soil (saline soils) are harmful to most plants. Salt imposes osmotic, ionic, and secondary stresses on plants. Over the past two decades, many determinants of salt tolerance and their regulatory mechanisms have been identified and characterized using molecular genetics and genomics approaches. This review describes recent progress in deciphering the mechanisms controlling ion homeostasis, cell activity responses, and epigenetic regulation in plants under salt stress. Finally, we highlight research areas that require further research to reveal new determinants of salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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44
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Che-Othman MH, Millar AH, Taylor NL. Connecting salt stress signalling pathways with salinity-induced changes in mitochondrial metabolic processes in C3 plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2875-2905. [PMID: 28741669 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Salinity exerts a severe detrimental effect on crop yields globally. Growth of plants in saline soils results in physiological stress, which disrupts the essential biochemical processes of respiration, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Understanding the molecular responses of plants exposed to salinity stress can inform future strategies to reduce agricultural losses due to salinity; however, it is imperative that signalling and functional response processes are connected to tailor these strategies. Previous research has revealed the important role that plant mitochondria play in the salinity response of plants. Review of this literature shows that 2 biochemical processes required for respiratory function are affected under salinity stress: the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the transport of metabolites across the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the mechanisms by which components of these processes are affected or react to salinity stress are still far from understood. Here, we examine recent findings on the signal transduction pathways that lead to adaptive responses of plants to salinity and discuss how they can be involved in and be affected by modulation of the machinery of energy metabolism with attention to the role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and mitochondrial membrane transporters in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hafiz Che-Othman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
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45
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Chang E, Zhang J, Deng N, Yao X, Liu J, Zhao X, Jiang Z, Shi S. Transcriptome differences between 20- and 3,000-year-old Platycladus orientalis reveal that ROS are involved in senescence regulation. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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46
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Singh G, Tiwari M, Singh SP, Singh R, Singh S, Shirke PA, Trivedi PK, Misra P. Sterol glycosyltransferases required for adaptation of Withania somnifera at high temperature. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:297-311. [PMID: 28299798 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat is a major environmental stress factor that confines growth, productivity, and metabolism of plants. Plants respond to such unfavorable conditions through changes in their physiological, biochemical and developmental processes. Withania somnifera, an important medicinal plant, grows in hot and dry conditions, however, molecular mechanisms related to such adaptive properties are not known. Here, we elucidated that members of the sterol glycosyltransferases (SGT) gene family play important roles in the survival of W. somnifera under adverse conditions through maintaining the integrity of the membrane. SGTs are enzymes involved in sterol modifications and participate in metabolic flexibility during stress. Silencing of WsSGT members, for instance WsSGTL1, WsSGTL2 and WsSGTL4, was inimical for important physiological parameters, such as electron transport rate, photochemical quantum yield, acceptor side limitation, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), Fv/Fm and net photosynthetic rate, whereas stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and dark respiration rates (Rds) were increased. Decreased NPQ and increased Rds helped to generate significant amount of ROS in the Wsamisgt lines. After heat stress, H2 O2 , lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production increased in the Wsamisgt lines due to high ROS generation. The expression of HSPs in Wsamisgt lines might be involved in regulation of physiological processes during stress. We have also observed increased proline accumulation which might be involved in restricting water loss in the Wsamisgt lines. Taken together, our observations revealed that SGTL enzyme activity is required to maintain the internal damages of the cell against high temperature by maintaining the sterol vs sterol glycosides ratio in the membranes of W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singh
- CSIR, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ruchi Singh
- CSIR, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | | | - Pratibha Misra
- CSIR, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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47
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Renau-Morata B, Molina RV, Carrillo L, Cebolla-Cornejo J, Sánchez-Perales M, Pollmann S, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Corrales AR, Flexas J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Medina J, Nebauer SG. Ectopic Expression of CDF3 Genes in Tomato Enhances Biomass Production and Yield under Salinity Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:660. [PMID: 28515731 PMCID: PMC5414387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cycling Dof Factor (CDF) transcription factors (TFs) are involved in multiple processes related to plant growth and development. A member of this family, CDF3, has recently been linked in Arabidopsis to the regulation of primary metabolism and abiotic stress responses, but its role in crop production under stress is still unknown. In this study, we characterized tomato plants overexpressing the CDF3 genes from Arabidopsis and tomato and analyzed their effects on growth and yield under salinity, additionally gaining deeper insights into the molecular function of these TFs. Our results provide evidence for higher biomass production and yield in the 35S::AtCDF3 and 35S::SlCDF3 plants, likely due to a higher photosynthetic capacity resulting in increased sucrose availability. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CDF3 genes regulate a set of genes involved in redox homeostasis, photosynthesis performance and primary metabolism that lead to enhanced biomass production. Consistently, metabolomic profiling revealed that CDF3 evokes changes in the primary metabolism triggering enhanced nitrogen assimilation, and disclosed that the amount of some protective metabolites including sucrose, GABA and asparagine were higher in vegetative tissues of CDF3 overexpressing plants. Altogether these changes improved performance of 35S::AtCDF3 and 35S::SlCDF3 plants under salinity conditions. Moreover, the overexpression of CDF3 genes modified organic acid and sugar content in fruits, improving variables related to flavor perception and fruit quality. Overall, our results associate the CDF3 TF with a role in the control of growth and C/N metabolism, and highlight that overexpression of CDF3 genes can substantially improve plant yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Renau-Morata
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Rosa V. Molina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasMadrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaume Flexas
- Departamento de Biología, Universitat de les Illes BalearsPalma, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasMadrid, Spain
| | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValència, Spain
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Ramesh SA, Tyerman SD, Gilliham M, Xu B. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1577-1603. [PMID: 27838745 PMCID: PMC11107511 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a signal in animals has been documented for over 60 years. In contrast, evidence that GABA is a signal in plants has only emerged in the last 15 years, and it was not until last year that a mechanism by which this could occur was identified-a plant 'GABA receptor' that inhibits anion passage through the aluminium-activated malate transporter family of proteins (ALMTs). ALMTs are multigenic, expressed in different organs and present on different membranes. We propose GABA regulation of ALMT activity could function as a signal that modulates plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, we compare and contrast the plant 'GABA receptor' with mammalian GABAA receptors in terms of their molecular identity, predicted topology, mode of action, and signalling roles. We also explore the implications of the discovery that GABA modulates anion flux in plants, its role in signal transduction for the regulation of plant physiology, and predict the possibility that there are other GABA interaction sites in the N termini of ALMT proteins through in silico evolutionary coupling analysis; we also explore the potential interactions between GABA and other signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita A Ramesh
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Bo Xu
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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49
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Induced resistance in tomato fruit by γ-aminobutyric acid for the control of alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata. Food Chem 2017; 221:1014-1020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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50
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Qi S, Lin Q, Zhu H, Gao F, Zhang W, Hua X. The RING Finger E3 Ligase SpRing is a Positive Regulator of Salt Stress Signaling in Salt-Tolerant Wild Tomato Species. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:528-39. [PMID: 26786853 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination in plants plays critical roles in many biological processes, including adaptation to abiotic stresses. Previously, RING finger E3 ligase has been characterized during salt stress response in several plant species, but little is known about its function in tomato. Here, we report that SpRing, a stress-inducible gene, is involved in salt stress signaling in wild tomato species Solanum pimpinellifolium 'PI365967'. In vitro ubiquitination assay revealed that SpRing is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and the RING finger conserved region is required for its activity. SpRing is expressed in all tissues of wild tomato and up-regulated by salt, drought and osmotic stresses, but repressed by low temperature. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion analysis showed that SpRing is localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. Silencing of SpRing through a virus-induced gene silencing approach led to increased sensitivity to salt stress in wild tomato. Overexpression of SpRing in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in enhanced salt tolerance during seed germination and early seedling development. The expression levels of certain key stress-related genes are altered both in SpRing-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants and virus-induced gene silenced tomato seedlings. Taken together, our results indicate that SpRing is involved in salt stress and functions as a positive regulator of salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilian Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingfang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huishan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fenghua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xuejun Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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