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Raimundo I, Rosado PM, Barno AR, Antony CP, Peixoto RS. Unlocking the genomic potential of Red Sea coral probiotics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14514. [PMID: 38914624 PMCID: PMC11196684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of beneficial microorganisms for corals (BMC) decreases the bleaching susceptibility and mortality rate of corals. BMC selection is typically performed via molecular and biochemical assays, followed by genomic screening for BMC traits. Herein, we present a comprehensive in silico framework to explore a set of six putative BMC strains. We extracted high-quality DNA from coral samples collected from the Red Sea and performed PacBio sequencing. We identified BMC traits and mechanisms associated with each strain as well as proposed new traits and mechanisms, such as chemotaxis and the presence of phages and bioactive secondary metabolites. The presence of prophages in two of the six studied BMC strains suggests their possible distribution within beneficial bacteria. We also detected various secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, ectoines, lanthipeptides, and lasso peptides. These metabolites possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities and play key roles in coral health by reducing the effects of heat stress, high salinity, reactive oxygen species, and radiation. Corals are currently facing unprecedented challenges, and our revised framework can help select more efficient BMC for use in studies on coral microbiome rehabilitation, coral resilience, and coral restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Raimundo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Phillipe M Rosado
- Biological and Environmental Science and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam R Barno
- Biological and Environmental Science and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chakkiath P Antony
- Biological and Environmental Science and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raquel S Peixoto
- Biological and Environmental Science and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Yu Z, Qiu D, Zhou T, Zeng L, Yan C. Biofilm enhances the interactive effects of microplastics and oxytetracycline on zebrafish intestine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106905. [PMID: 38569307 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The enhanced adsorption of pollutants on biofilm-developed microplastics has been proved in many studies, but the ecotoxicological effects of biofilm-developed microplastics on organisms are still unclear. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to original microplastics, biofilm-developed microplastics, original microplastics absorbed with oxytetracycline (OTC), and biofilm-developed microplastics absorbed with OTC for 30 days. The intestinal histological damage, intestinal biomarker response, gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) profile of zebrafish were measured to explore the roles of biofilm in the effects of microplastics. The results showed that biofilm-developed microplastics significantly increased the number of goblet cells in intestinal epithelium compared with the control group. The biofilm-developed microplastics also induced the oxidative response in the zebrafish intestines, and biofilm changed the response mode in the combined treatment with OTC. Additionally, the biofilm-developed microplastics caused intestinal microbiome dysbiosis, and induced the abundance of some pathogenic genera increasing by several times compared with the control group and the original microplastics treatments, regardless of OTC adsorption. Furthermore, the abundance of ARGs in biofilm-developed microplastics increased significantly compared with the control and the original microplastic treatments. This study emphasized the significant influence and unique role of biofilm in microplastic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Donghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqing Zeng
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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3
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Gong S, Liang J, Li G, Xu L, Tan Y, Zheng X, Jin X, Yu K, Xia X. Linking coral fluorescence phenotypes to thermal bleaching in the reef-building Galaxea fascicularis from the northern South China Sea. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:155-167. [PMID: 38433965 PMCID: PMC10902222 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Coral fluorescence phenotypes have been suggested as an adaptation to a broad range of environmental conditions, yet the mechanisms linking thermal bleaching tolerance in reef-building coral populations, associated with fluorescence phenotypes due to GFP-like proteins, remains unclear. In this study, the relationship between the thermal sensitivity and phenotypic plasticity of corals was investigated using two phenotypes of Galaxea fascicularis, green and brown. The results reveal that brown G. fascicularis was more susceptible to bleaching than green G. fascicularis when exposed to a higher growth temperature of 32 °C. Both phenotypes of G. fascicularis were associated with the thermotolerant Symbiodiniaceae symbiont, Durusdinium trenchii. However, the brown G. fascicularis showed a significant decrease in Symbiodiniaceae cell density and a significant increase in pathogenic bacteria abundance when the growth temperature was raised from 29 to 32 °C. The physiological traits and transcriptomic profiles of Symbiodiniaceae were not notably affected, but there were differences in the transcriptional levels of certain genes between the two phenotype hosts of G. fascicularis. Under heat stress of 32 °C, the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP)-like and chromosome-associated proteins, as well as genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, cell growth and death showed lower transcriptional levels in the brown G. fascicularis compared to the green G. fascicularis. Overall, the results demonstrate that the green form of G. fascicularis is better able to tolerate ocean warming and defend against pathogenic bacteria, likely due to higher gene transcription levels and defense ability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00190-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanqiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 53004 China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Lijia Xu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Xinqing Zheng
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Xuejie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 53004 China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
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4
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Antioxidative capacity of microalgal carotenoids for stabilizing n-3LC-PUFA rich oil: Initial quantity is key. Food Chem 2023; 406:135044. [PMID: 36455314 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The health-beneficial long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) are easily affected by the undesired process of lipid oxidation in fish oil, while being stable in the lipid extracts of photoautotrophic microalgae. The current research investigates the role of carotenoids by evaluating the oxidative stability of mixtures of fish oil with total lipid extracts of two different microalgae (Phaeodactylum and Isochrysis) throughout an accelerated storage experiment of 4 weeks at 37 °C. A clear separation between oxidatively stable and oxidatively unstable mixtures was observed for which the initial amount of carotenoids relative to the amount of n-3LC-PUFA was a good indicator. The lipid class composition, clearly differing between the two algae, was probably of minor influence. The antioxidative role of fucoxanthin, and diatoxanthin and β-carotene as minor carotenoids, was illustrated by their gradual degradation throughout storage. However, when their initial contents were too low, this role could not be exerted leading to thorough lipid oxidation.
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Exploring the Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Interactions between a Probiotic Consortium and Its Coral Host. mSystems 2023; 8:e0092122. [PMID: 36688656 PMCID: PMC9948713 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00921-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms for corals (BMCs) have been demonstrated to be effective probiotics to alleviate bleaching and mitigate coral mortality in vivo. The selection of putative BMCs is traditionally performed manually, using an array of biochemical and molecular tests for putative BMC traits. We present a comprehensive genetic survey of BMC traits using a genome-based framework for the identification of alternative mechanisms that can be used for future in silico selection of BMC strains. We identify exclusive BMC traits associated with specific strains and propose new BMC mechanisms, such as the synthesis of glycine betaine and ectoines. Our roadmap facilitates the selection of BMC strains while increasing the array of genetic targets that can be included in the selection of putative BMC strains to be tested as coral probiotics. IMPORTANCE Probiotics are currently the main hope as a potential medicine for corals, organisms that are considered the marine "canaries of the coal mine" and that are threatened with extinction. Our experiments have proved the concept that probiotics mitigate coral bleaching and can also prevent coral mortality. Here, we present a comprehensive genetic survey of probiotic traits using a genome-based framework. The main outcomes are a roadmap that facilitates the selection of coral probiotic strains while increasing the array of mechanisms that can be included in the selection of coral probiotics.
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Mashini AG, Oakley CA, Beepat SS, Peng L, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Davy SK. The Influence of Symbiosis on the Proteome of the Exaiptasia Endosymbiont Breviolum minutum. Microorganisms 2023; 11:292. [PMID: 36838257 PMCID: PMC9967746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of nutrient exchange, immune response, and symbiont population growth in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis are poorly resolved. Here, we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to elucidate proteomic changes associated with symbiosis in Breviolum minutum, a native symbiont of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana ('Aiptasia'). We manipulated nutrients available to the algae in culture and to the holobiont in hospite (i.e., in symbiosis) and then monitored the impacts of our treatments on host-endosymbiont interactions. Both the symbiotic and nutritional states had significant impacts on the B. minutum proteome. B. minutum in hospite showed an increased abundance of proteins involved in phosphoinositol metabolism (e.g., glycerophosphoinositol permease 1 and phosphatidylinositol phosphatase) relative to the free-living alga, potentially reflecting inter-partner signalling that promotes the stability of the symbiosis. Proteins potentially involved in concentrating and fixing inorganic carbon (e.g., carbonic anhydrase, V-type ATPase) and in the assimilation of nitrogen (e.g., glutamine synthase) were more abundant in free-living B. minutum than in hospite, possibly due to host-facilitated access to inorganic carbon and nitrogen limitation by the host when in hospite. Photosystem proteins increased in abundance at high nutrient levels irrespective of the symbiotic state, as did proteins involved in antioxidant defences (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione s-transferase). Proteins involved in iron metabolism were also affected by the nutritional state, with an increased iron demand and uptake under low nutrient treatments. These results detail the changes in symbiont physiology in response to the host microenvironment and nutrient availability and indicate potential symbiont-driven mechanisms that regulate the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clinton A. Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Sandeep S. Beepat
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Al-Hammady MA, Silva TF, Hussein HN, Saxena G, Modolo LV, Belasy MB, Westphal H, Farag MA. How do algae endosymbionts mediate for their coral host fitness under heat stress? A comprehensive mechanistic overview. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Nitschke MR, Rosset SL, Oakley CA, Gardner SG, Camp EF, Suggett DJ, Davy SK. The diversity and ecology of Symbiodiniaceae: A traits-based review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 92:55-127. [PMID: 36208879 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the most successful microeukaryotes to form mutualisms with animals are dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. These photosynthetic symbioses drive significant primary production and are responsible for the formation of coral reef ecosystems but are particularly sensitive when environmental conditions become extreme. Annual episodes of widespread coral bleaching (disassociation of the mutualistic partnership) and mortality are forecasted from the year 2060 under current trends of ocean warming. However, host cnidarians and dinoflagellate symbionts display exceptional genetic and functional diversity, and meaningful predictions of the future that embrace this biological complexity are difficult to make. A recent move to trait-based biology (and an understanding of how traits are shaped by the environment) has been adopted to move past this problem. The aim of this review is to: (1) provide an overview of the major cnidarian lineages that are symbiotic with Symbiodiniaceae; (2) summarise the symbiodiniacean genera associated with cnidarians with reference to recent changes in taxonomy and systematics; (3) examine the knowledge gaps in Symbiodiniaceae life history from a trait-based perspective; (4) review Symbiodiniaceae trait variation along three abiotic gradients (light, nutrients, and temperature); and (5) provide recommendations for future research of Symbiodiniaceae traits. We anticipate that a detailed understanding of traits will further reveal basic knowledge of the evolution and functional diversity of these mutualisms, as well as enhance future efforts to model stability and change in ecosystems dependent on cnidarian-dinoflagellate organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sabrina L Rosset
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Center for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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9
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Effects of Hypoxia on Coral Photobiology and Oxidative Stress. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071068. [PMID: 36101446 PMCID: PMC9312924 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global ocean oxygen (O2) content is decreasing as climate change drives declines in oxygen solubility, strengthened stratification of seawater masses, increased biological oxygen consumption and coastal eutrophication. Studies on the biological effects of nocturnal decreased oxygen concentrations (hypoxia) on coral reefs are very scarce. Coral reefs are fundamental for supporting one quarter of all marine species and essential for around 275 million people worldwide. This study investigates acute physiological and photobiological responses of a scleractinian coral (Acropora spp.) to overnight hypoxic conditions (<2 mg/L of O2). Bleaching was not detected, and visual and physical aspects of corals remained unchanged under hypoxic conditions. Most photobiological-related parameters also did not show significant changes between treatments. In addition to this, no significant differences between treatments were observed in the pigment composition. However, hypoxic conditions induced a significant decrease in coral de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments and increase in DNA damage. Although the present findings suggest that Acropora spp. is resilient to some extent to short-term daily oxygen oscillations, long-term exposure to hypoxia, as predicted to occur with climate change, may still have deleterious effects on corals.
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10
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Bleaching physiology: who's the 'weakest link' - host vs. symbiont? Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:17-32. [PMID: 35179208 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress, such as an increase in the sea surface temperature, triggers coral bleaching, a profound dysfunction of the mutualist symbiosis between the host cnidarians and their photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the Family Symbiodiniaceae. Because of climate change, mass coral bleaching events will increase in frequency and severity in the future, threatening the persistence of this iconic marine ecosystem at global scale. Strategies adapted to coral reefs preservation and restoration may stem from the identification of the succession of events and of the different molecular and cellular contributors to the bleaching phenomenon. To date, studies aiming to decipher the cellular cascade leading to temperature-related bleaching, emphasized the involvement of reactive species originating from compromised bioenergetic pathways (e.g. cellular respiration and photosynthesis). These molecules are responsible for damage to various cellular components causing the dysregulation of cellular homeostasis and the breakdown of symbiosis. In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge available in the literature on the cellular mechanisms caused by thermal stress, which can initiate or participate in the cell cascade leading to the loss of symbionts, with a particular emphasis on the role of each partner in the initiating processes.
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Cotinat P, Fricano C, Toullec G, Röttinger E, Barnay-Verdier S, Furla P. Intrinsically High Capacity of Animal Cells From a Symbiotic Cnidarian to Deal With Pro-Oxidative Conditions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:819111. [PMID: 35222085 PMCID: PMC8867213 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.819111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is a mutualistic intracellular association based on the photosynthetic activity of the endosymbiont. This relationship involves significant constraints and requires co-evolution processes, such as an extensive capacity of the holobiont to counteract pro-oxidative conditions induced by hyperoxia generated during photosynthesis. In this study, we analyzed the capacity of Anemonia viridis cells to deal with pro-oxidative conditions by in vivo and in vitro approaches. Whole specimens and animal primary cell cultures were submitted to 200 and 500 μM of H2O2 during 7 days. Then, we monitored global health parameters (symbiotic state, viability, and cell growth) and stress biomarkers (global antioxidant capacity, oxidative protein damages, and protein ubiquitination). In animal primary cell cultures, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also evaluated under H2O2 treatments. At the whole organism scale, both H2O2 concentrations didn’t affect the survival and animal tissues exhibited a high resistance to H2O2 treatments. Moreover, no bleaching has been observed, even at high H2O2 concentration and after long exposure (7 days). Although, the community has suggested the role of ROS as the cause of bleaching, our results indicating the absence of bleaching under high H2O2 concentration may exculpate this specific ROS from being involved in the molecular processes inducing bleaching. However, counterintuitively, the symbiont compartment appeared sensitive to an H2O2 burst as it displayed oxidative protein damages, despite an enhancement of antioxidant capacity. The in vitro assays allowed highlighting an intrinsic high capacity of isolated animal cells to deal with pro-oxidative conditions, although we observed differences on tolerance between H2O2 treatments. The 200 μM H2O2 concentration appeared to correspond to the tolerance threshold of animal cells. Indeed, no disequilibrium on redox state was observed and only a cell growth decrease was measured. Contrarily, the 500 μM H2O2 concentration induced a stress state, characterized by a cell viability decrease from 1 day and a drastic cell growth arrest after 7 days leading to an uncomplete recovery after treatment. In conclusion, this study highlights the overall high capacity of cnidarian cells to cope with H2O2 and opens new perspective to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this peculiar resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Cotinat
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Clara Fricano
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Gaëlle Toullec
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Eric Röttinger
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- UFR 927, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paola Furla
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Paola Furla,
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12
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Dungan AM, Hartman LM, Blackall LL, van Oppen MJH. Exploring microbiome engineering as a strategy for improved thermal tolerance in Exaiptasia diaphana. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:2940-2956. [PMID: 35104027 PMCID: PMC9303619 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims Fourteen percent of all living coral, equivalent to more than all the coral on the Great Barrier Reef, has died in the past decade as a result of climate change‐driven bleaching. Inspired by the ‘oxidative stress theory of coral bleaching’, we investigated whether a bacterial consortium designed to scavenge free radicals could integrate into the host microbiome and improve thermal tolerance of the coral model, Exaiptasia diaphana. Methods and Results E. diaphana anemones were inoculated with a consortium of high free radical scavenging (FRS) bacteria, a consortium of congeneric low FRS bacteria, or sterile seawater as a control, then exposed to elevated temperature. Increases in the relative abundance of Labrenzia during the first 2 weeks following the last inoculation provided evidence for temporary inoculum integration into the E. diaphana microbiome. Initial uptake of other consortium members was inconsistent, and these bacteria did not persist either in E. diaphana’s microbiome over time. Given their non‐integration into the host microbiome, the ability of the FRS consortium to mitigate thermal stress could not be assessed. Importantly, there were no physiological impacts (negative or positive) of the bacterial inoculations on the holobiont. Conclusions The introduced bacteria were not maintained in the anemone microbiome over time, thus, their protective effect is unknown. Achieving long‐term integration of bacteria into cnidarian microbiomes remains a research priority. Significance and Impact of the Study Microbiome engineering strategies to mitigate coral bleaching may assist coral reefs in their persistence until climate change has been curbed. This study provides insights that will inform microbiome manipulation approaches in coral bleaching mitigation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Dungan
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leon M Hartman
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda L Blackall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
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13
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Decreased Photosynthetic Efficiency in Response to Site Translocation and Elevated Temperature Is Mitigated with LPS Exposure in Porites astreoides Symbionts. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs have been detrimentally impacted causing health issues due to elevated ocean temperatures as a result of increased greenhouse gases. Extreme temperatures have also exacerbated coral diseases in tropical reef environments. Numerous studies have outlined the impacts of thermal stress and disease on coral organisms, as well as understanding the influence of site-based characteristics on coral physiology. However, few have discussed the interaction of all three. Laboratory out-planting restoration projects have been of importance throughout impacted areas such as the Caribbean and southern Florida in order to increase coral cover in these areas. This study analyzes photosynthetic efficiency of Porites astreoides from the lower Florida Keys after a two-year reciprocal transplant study at inshore (Birthday reef) and offshore (Acer24 reef) sites to understand acclimation capacity of this species. Laboratory experiments subjected these colonies to one of three treatments: control conditions, increases in temperature, and increases in temperature plus exposure to an immune stimulant (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) to determine their influence on photosynthetic efficiency and how stress events impact these measurements. In addition, this study is a continuation of previous studies from this group. Here, we aim to understand if these results are static or if an acclimation capacity could be found. Overall, we observed site-specific influences from the Acer24 reef site, which had significant decreases in photosynthetic efficiencies in 32 °C treatments compared to Birthday reef colonies. We suggest that high irradiance and lack of an annual recovery period from the Acer24 site exposes these colonies to significant photoinhibition. In addition, we observed significant increases in photosynthetic efficiencies from LPS exposure. We suggest host-derived antioxidants can mitigate the negative impacts of increased thermal stress. Further research is required to understand the full complexity of host immunity and symbiont photosynthetic interactions.
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Assunção J, Amaro HM, Lopes G, Tavares T, Malcata FX, Guedes AC. Karlodinium veneficum: Growth optimization, metabolite characterization and biotechnological potential survey. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2844-2858. [PMID: 34865282 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY The major aim of this work was to consistently optimize the production of biomass of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum and evaluate its extracts biotechnological potential application towards food, nutraceutical or/and pharmaceutical industries. METHODS AND RESULTS A successful approach of biomass production of K. veneficum CCMP 2936 was optimized along with the chemical characterization of its metabolite profile. Several temperatures (12, 16, 20, 25, 30°C), L1 nutrient concentrations (0.5×, 2×, 2.5×, 3×) and NaCl concentrations (20, 25, 30, 40 g L-1 ) were tested. The growth rate was maximum at 16°C, 2× nutrient concentration and 40 g L-1 of NaCl; hence, these conditions were chosen for bulk production of biomass. Methanolic extracts were prepared, and pigments, lipids and phenolic compounds were assessed; complemented by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, and cytotoxicity. Fucoxanthin and derivatives accounted for 0.06% of dry weight, and up to 60% (w/w) of all quantified metabolites were lipids. Said extracts displayed high antioxidant capacity, as towards assessed via the NO•- and ABTS•+ assays (IC50 = 109.09 ± 6.73 and 266.46 ± 2.25 µgE ml-1 , respectively), unlike observed via the O2 •- assay (IC25 reaching 56.06 ± 5.56 µgE ml-1 ). No signs of cytotoxicity were observed. CONCLUSIONS Karlodinium veneficum biomass production was consistently optimized in terms of temperature, L1 nutrient concentrations and NaCl concentration. In addition, this strain appears promising for eventual biotechnological exploitation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work provides fundamental insights about the growth and potential of value-added compounds of dinoflagellate K. veneficum. Dinoflagellates, as K. veneficum are poorly studied regarding its biomass production and added-value compounds for potential biotechnological exploitation. These organisms are difficult to maintain and grow in the laboratory. Thus, any fundamental contribution is relevant to share with the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Assunção
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Novo Edíficio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena M Amaro
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Novo Edíficio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Graciliana Lopes
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Novo Edíficio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Tavares
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FEUP - Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Catarina Guedes
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Novo Edíficio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Williams A, Pathmanathan JS, Stephens TG, Su X, Chiles EN, Conetta D, Putnam HM, Bhattacharya D. Multi-omic characterization of the thermal stress phenome in the stony coral Montipora capitata. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12335. [PMID: 34824906 PMCID: PMC8590396 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corals, which form the foundation of biodiverse reef ecosystems, are under threat from warming oceans. Reefs provide essential ecological services, including food, income from tourism, nutrient cycling, waste removal, and the absorption of wave energy to mitigate erosion. Here, we studied the coral thermal stress response using network methods to analyze transcriptomic and polar metabolomic data generated from the Hawaiian rice coral Montipora capitata. Coral nubbins were exposed to ambient or thermal stress conditions over a 5-week period, coinciding with a mass spawning event of this species. The major goal of our study was to expand the inventory of thermal stress-related genes and metabolites present in M. capitata and to study gene-metabolite interactions. These interactions provide the foundation for functional or genetic analysis of key coral genes as well as provide potentially diagnostic markers of pre-bleaching stress. A secondary goal of our study was to analyze the accumulation of sex hormones prior to and during mass spawning to understand how thermal stress may impact reproductive success in M. capitata. Methods M. capitata was exposed to thermal stress during its spawning cycle over the course of 5 weeks, during which time transcriptomic and polar metabolomic data were collected. We analyzed these data streams individually, and then integrated both data sets using MAGI (Metabolite Annotation and Gene Integration) to investigate molecular transitions and biochemical reactions. Results Our results reveal the complexity of the thermal stress phenome in M. capitata, which includes many genes involved in redox regulation, biomineralization, and reproduction. The size and number of modules in the gene co-expression networks expanded from the initial stress response to the onset of bleaching. The later stages involved the suppression of metabolite transport by the coral host, including a variety of sodium-coupled transporters and a putative ammonium transporter, possibly as a response to reduction in algal productivity. The gene-metabolite integration data suggest that thermal treatment results in the activation of animal redox stress pathways involved in quenching molecular oxygen to prevent an overabundance of reactive oxygen species. Lastly, evidence that thermal stress affects reproductive activity was provided by the downregulation of CYP-like genes and the irregular production of sex hormones during the mass spawning cycle. Overall, redox regulation and metabolite transport are key components of the coral animal thermal stress phenome. Mass spawning was highly attenuated under thermal stress, suggesting that global climate change may negatively impact reproductive behavior in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Williams
- Microbial Biology Graduate Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Jananan S Pathmanathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Timothy G Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States.,Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University,New Brunswick, United States
| | - Eric N Chiles
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University,New Brunswick, United States
| | - Dennis Conetta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, United States
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, United States
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
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Liao B, Wang J, Xiao B, Yang X, Xie Z, Li D, Li C. Effects of acute microplastic exposure on physiological parameters in Tubastrea aurea corals. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112173. [PMID: 33621903 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of marine environments with microplastic particles has increased rapidly during the last few decades and its impact on marine lives have recently gained attention in both public and scientific community. Scleractinian corals are the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems that are greatly affected by the microplastics (MPs), yet little is known about the effects of microplastics on the coral azooxanthellate. In the present study, effects of the exposure and ingestion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyamide 66 (PA66) were studied on the physiological responses of Tubastrea aurea. Our results shows that coral ingested microplastics in four treatment groups and the exposure of microplastics inhibited the antioxidant capacity, immune system, calcification and energy metabolism of the coral Tubastrea aurea. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were reduced by 29.4%, 35.5%, 73.9%, and 52.2% in the corals exposed to PVC, respectively. PET microplastics impacted more severely on pyruvate kinase (PK), Na, K-ATPase (Na, K-ATP), Ca-ATPase (Ca-ATP), Mg-ATPase (Mg-ATP), Ca-Mg-ATPase (Ca, Mg-ATP), and glutathione (GSH). Activity of these enzymes decreases to 89.6%, 66.7%, 63.6%, 60.4%, 48.4%, and 50.5% respectively. We anticipate that this work will provide important preliminary data for better understanding the effects of MPs on stony corals azooxanthellate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liao
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, PR China
| | - Baohua Xiao
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, PR China; School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ziqiang Xie
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, PR China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, PR China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, PR China; School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Anemonia sulcata and Its Symbiont Symbiodinium as a Source of Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxoxidant Compounds for Colon Cancer Therapy: A Preliminary in Vitro Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020134. [PMID: 33567702 PMCID: PMC7915377 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer in the population. Recently, invertebrate marine animals have been investigated for the presence of natural products which can damage tumor cells, prevent their spread to other tissues or avoid cancer develop. We analyzed the anemone Anemonia sulcata with and without the presence of its microalgal symbiont (Symbiodinium) as a source of bioactive molecules for the colorectal cancer therapy and prevention. Colon cancer tumor cells were exposed to Anemone extracts observing a remarkable cell death and a great antioxidant capacity. These preliminary results support that Anemonia sulcata could be a source of bioactive compounds against colorectal cancer and that the absence of its symbiont may enhance these properties. Further studies will be necessary to define the bioactive compounds of Anemonia sulcata and their mechanisms of action. Abstract Recently, invertebrate marine species have been investigated for the presence of natural products with antitumor activity. We analyzed the invertebrate Anemonia sulcata with (W) and without (W/O) the presence of its microalgal symbiont Symbiodinium as a source of bioactive compounds that may be applied in the therapy and/or prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). Animals were mechanically homogenized and subjected to ethanolic extraction. The proximate composition and fatty acid profile were determined. In addition, an in vitro digestion was performed to study the potentially dialyzable fraction. The antioxidant and antitumor activity of the samples and the digestion products were analyzed in CRC cells in vitro. Our results show a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid in the anemone and a great antioxidant capacity, which demonstrated the ability to prevent cell death and a high antitumor activity of the crude homogenates against CRC cells and multicellular tumor spheroids, especially W/O symbiont. These preliminary results support that Anemonia sulcata could be a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antitumor potential against CRC and that the absence of its symbiont may enhance these properties. Further studies will be necessary to define the bioactive compounds of Anemonia sulcata and their mechanisms of action.
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Wu S, Mi T, Zhen Y, Yu K, Wang F, Yu Z. A Rise in ROS and EPS Production: New Insights into the Trichodesmium erythraeum Response to Ocean Acidification. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:172-182. [PMID: 32975309 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is thought to be a major contributor to the new N in parts of the oligotrophic, subtropical, and tropical oceans. In this study, physiological and biochemical methods and transcriptome sequencing were used to investigate the influences of ocean acidification (OA) on Trichodesmium erythraeum (T. erythraeum). We presented evidence that OA caused by CO2 slowed the growth rate and physiological activity of T. erythraeum. OA led to reduced development of proportion of the vegetative cells into diazocytes which included up-regulated genes of nitrogen fixation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was increased due to the disruption of photosynthetic electron transport and decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities under acidified conditions. This study showed that OA increased the amounts of (exopolysaccharides) EPS in T. erythraeum, and the key genes of ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) and glycosyltransferases (Tery_3818) were up-regulated. These results provide new insight into how ROS and EPS of T. erythraeum increase in an acidified future ocean to cope with OA-imposed stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tiezhu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Kaiqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fuwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Porro B, Zamoum T, Mallien C, Hume BCC, Voolstra CR, Röttinger E, Furla P, Forcioli D. Horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae in the Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) species complex. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:391-405. [PMID: 33249664 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
All metazoans are in fact holobionts, resulting from the association of several organisms, and organismal adaptation is then due to the composite response of this association to the environment. Deciphering the mechanisms of symbiont acquisition in a holobiont is therefore essential to understanding the extent of its adaptive capacities. In cnidarians, some species acquire their photosynthetic symbionts directly from their parents (vertical transmission) but may also acquire symbionts from the environment (horizontal acquisition) at the adult stage. The Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone, Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775), passes down symbionts from one generation to the next by vertical transmission, but the capacity for such horizontal acquisition is still unexplored. To unravel the flexibility of the association between the different host lineages identified in A. viridis and its Symbiodiniaceae, we genotyped both the animal hosts and their symbiont communities in members of host clones in five different locations in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. The composition of within-host-symbiont populations was more dependent on the geographical origin of the hosts than their membership to a given lineage or even to a given clone. Additionally, similarities in host-symbiont communities were greater among genets (i.e. among different clones) than among ramets (i.e. among members of the same given clonal genotype). Taken together, our results demonstrate that A. viridis may form associations with a range of symbiotic dinoflagellates and suggest a capacity for horizontal acquisition. A mixed-mode transmission strategy in A. viridis, as we posit here, may help explain the large phenotypic plasticity that characterizes this anemone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Porro
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Thamilla Zamoum
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Cédric Mallien
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Benjamin C C Hume
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eric Röttinger
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Paola Furla
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Didier Forcioli
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Pierangelini M, Thiry M, Cardol P. Different levels of energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration do not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses of Symbiodiniaceae to global warming. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:855-868. [PMID: 32535971 PMCID: PMC7590187 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the metabolic functioning of corals' endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) is relevant to understanding the response of coral reefs to warming oceans. In this work, we first question whether there is an energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration in Symbiodiniaceae (Symbiodinium, Durusdinium and Effrenium), and second, how different levels of energetic coupling will affect their adaptive responses to global warming. Coupling between photosynthesis and respiration was established by determining the variation of metabolic rates during thermal response curves, and how inhibition of respiration affects photosynthesis. Adaptive (irreversible) responses were studied by exposing two Symbiodinium species with different levels of photosynthesis-respiration interaction to high temperature conditions (32°C) for 1 yr. We found that some Symbiodiniaceae have a high level of energetic coupling; that is, photosynthesis and respiration have the same temperature dependency, and photosynthesis is negatively affected when respiration is inhibited. Conversely, photosynthesis and respiration are not coupled in other species. In any case, prolonged exposure to high temperature caused adjustments in both photosynthesis and respiration, but these changes were fully reversible. We conclude that energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration exhibits wide variation amongst Symbiodiniaceae and does not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses in Symbiodiniaceae to temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierangelini
- Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesInBioS/PhytosystemsInstitut de BotaniqueUniversité de LiègeB22Liège4000Belgium
| | - Marc Thiry
- Unit of Cell BiologyGIGA‐NeurosciencesCHU Sart‐TilmanUniversity of LiègeLiègeB36, 4000Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesInBioS/PhytosystemsInstitut de BotaniqueUniversité de LiègeB22Liège4000Belgium
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Insights on the genetic repertoire of the coral Mussismilia braziliensis endosymbiont Symbiodinium. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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A Review: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Mass Coral Bleaching. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE: BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33397-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xu Y, Charles MT, Luo Z, Mimee B, Tong Z, Véronneau PY, Rolland D, Roussel D. Preharvest Ultraviolet C Treatment Affected Senescence of Stored Strawberry Fruit with a Potential Role of MicroRNAs in the Activation of the Antioxidant System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12188-12197. [PMID: 30384605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies presented preharvest ultraviolet C (UV-C) as an environmentally friendly approach for the management of horticultural crop diseases. The effect of this approach on quality preservation during postharvest storage has not yet been investigated. Strawberry fruit harvested from plants grown with supplemental UV-C were stored at room temperature for 72 h, and their postharvest shelf-life biochemical indicators were evaluated. The involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the activation of UV-C-induced antioxidant systems was investigated. Preharvest UV-C contributed to the preservation of sugar and organic acid and reduced overall lipid peroxidation in strawberry fruit during storage. We found that miR159 and miR398 were downregulated by preharvest UV-C and that their respective targets were upregulated at the early stage of storage with enhancement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The initial burst of H2O2 and O2• - suggested that preharvest UV-C primed the fruit in an antioxidative activated state via reactive-oxygen-species-mediated feedback control with post-transcriptional involvement of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Quebec J3B 3E6 , Canada
| | - Marie Thérèse Charles
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Quebec J3B 3E6 , Canada
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Quebec J3B 3E6 , Canada
| | - Zhichao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pierre-Yves Véronneau
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Quebec J3B 3E6 , Canada
| | - Daniel Rolland
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Quebec J3B 3E6 , Canada
| | - Dominique Roussel
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Quebec J3B 3E6 , Canada
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Wietheger A, Starzak DE, Gould KS, Davy SK. Differential ROS Generation in Response to Stress in Symbiodinium spp. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 234:11-21. [PMID: 29694799 DOI: 10.1086/696977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress inside cells occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is no longer efficiently counterbalanced by the generation of antioxidants. In this study, we measured the intracellular production of ROS, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2-), and singlet oxygen (1O2), in cultured dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium under thermal and oxidative stress. ROS tagged with fluorescent probes were measured by flow cytometry. Dissimilar Symbiodinium internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) clades or phylotypes (A1, B2, E, F1) produced ROS in different quantities in response to stress. For example, when comparing the control (26 °C) to the high-temperature treatment (35 °C), Symbiodinium E showed no change in the intracellular concentrations of any of the ROS; but phylotype A1 displayed a 10-fold increase in the overall ROS concentration and a 4-fold increase in O2-. Under oxidative stress, when 8 mmol l-1 H2O2 was added to the cells, these same two Symbiodinium phylotypes increased their overall concentrations of ROS, but only Symbiodinium E showed an increase in the concentrations of O2- (2×) and 1O2 (3×). Therefore, not only were the stress responses of the various Symbiodinium phylotypes different but also the responses of individual phylotypes to thermal and oxidative stress were different in terms of ROS production. Variation in the quality and quantity of ROS generation and its implications for subsequent antioxidant production suggest that different stress mechanisms are at play. While our experiments were done under laboratory conditions that did not necessarily mirror ecological ones, these results provide new insight into processes inside Symbiodinium cells during stress events and add new explanations for a phylotype's susceptibility to stress.
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Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- CAT, catalase
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- H2DCF-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- ITS2, internal transcribed spacer 2
- NPQ, non-photochemical quenching
- O2−, superoxide
- OEC, oxygen-evolving complex
- OH•, hydroxyl radical
- PSI/II, photosystem I/II
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SOG, singlet oxygen sensor green
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