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Mughal N, Shoaib N, Chen J, Li Y, He Y, Fu M, Li X, He Y, Guo J, Deng J, Yang W, Liu J. Adaptive roles of cytokinins in enhancing plant resilience and yield against environmental stressors. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143189. [PMID: 39191348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Innovative agricultural strategies are essential for addressing the urgent challenge of food security in light of climate change, population growth, and various environmental stressors. Cytokinins (CKs) play a pivotal role in enhancing plant resilience and productivity. These compounds, which include isoprenoid and aromatic types, are synthesized through pathways involving key enzymes such as isopentenyl transferase and cytokinin oxidase. Under abiotic stress conditions, CKs regulate critical physiological processes by improving photosynthetic efficiency, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and optimizing root architecture. They also reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, resulting in improved plant performance and yield. CKs interact intricately with other phytohormones, including abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid, to modulate stress-responsive pathways. This hormonal cross-talk is vital for finely tuning plant responses to stress. Additionally, CKs influence nutrient uptake and enhance responses to heavy metal stress, thereby bolstering overall plant resilience. The application of CKs helps plants maintain higher chlorophyll levels, boost antioxidant systems, and promote root and shoot growth. The strategic utilization of CKs presents an adaptive approach for developing robust crops capable of withstanding diverse environmental stressors, thus contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and global food security. Ongoing research into the mechanisms of CK action and their interactions with other hormones is essential for maximizing their agricultural potential. This underscores the necessity for continued innovation and research in agricultural practices, in alignment with global goals of sustainable productivity and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishbah Mughal
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Noman Shoaib
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Man Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xingyun Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinya Guo
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Juncai Deng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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Yan Z, Hou J, Leng B, Yao G, Ma C, Sun Y, Zhang F, Mu C, Liu X. Genome-Wide Investigation of the CRF Gene Family in Maize and Functional Analysis of ZmCRF9 in Response to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7650. [PMID: 39062894 PMCID: PMC11276700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytokinin response factors (CRFs) are pivotal players in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to diverse stresses. Despite their significance, comprehensive information on CRF genes in the primary food crop, maize, remains scarce. In this study, a genome-wide analysis of CRF genes in maize was conducted, resulting in the identification of 12 members. Subsequently, we assessed the chromosomal locations, gene duplication events, evolutionary relationships, conserved motifs, and gene structures of all ZmCRF members. Analysis of ZmCRF promoter regions indicated the presence of cis-regulatory elements associated with plant growth regulation, hormone response, and various abiotic stress responses. The expression patterns of maize CRF genes, presented in heatmaps, exhibited distinctive patterns of tissue specificity and responsiveness to multiple abiotic stresses. qRT-PCR experiments were conducted on six selected genes and confirmed the involvement of ZmCRF genes in the plant's adaptive responses to diverse environmental challenges. In addition, ZmCRF9 was demonstrated to positively regulate cold and salt tolerance. Ultimately, we explored the putative interaction partners of ZmCRF proteins. In summary, this systematic overview and deep investigation of ZmCRF9 provides a solid foundation for further exploration into how these genes contribute to the complex interplay of plant growth, development, and responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yan
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (Z.Y.); (B.L.); (G.Y.); (C.M.)
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264001, China;
| | - Bingying Leng
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (Z.Y.); (B.L.); (G.Y.); (C.M.)
| | - Guoqi Yao
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (Z.Y.); (B.L.); (G.Y.); (C.M.)
| | - Changle Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250300, China;
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (Z.Y.); (B.L.); (G.Y.); (C.M.)
| | - Chunhua Mu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (Z.Y.); (B.L.); (G.Y.); (C.M.)
| | - Xia Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (Z.Y.); (B.L.); (G.Y.); (C.M.)
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Ye J, Fan Y, Zhang H, Teng W, Teng K, Wu J, Fan X, Wang S, Yue Y. Octoploids Show Enhanced Salt Tolerance through Chromosome Doubling in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1383. [PMID: 38794454 PMCID: PMC11124981 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Polyploid plants often exhibit enhanced stress tolerance. Switchgrass is a perennial rhizomatous bunchgrass that is considered ideal for cultivation in marginal lands, including sites with saline soil. In this study, we investigated the physiological responses and transcriptome changes in the octoploid and tetraploid of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. 'Alamo') under salt stress. We found that autoploid 8× switchgrass had enhanced salt tolerance compared with the amphidiploid 4× precursor, as indicated by physiological and phenotypic traits. Octoploids had increased salt tolerance by significant changes to the osmoregulatory and antioxidant systems. The salt-treated 8× Alamo plants showed greater potassium (K+) accumulation and an increase in the K+/Na+ ratio. Root transcriptome analysis for octoploid and tetraploid plants with or without salt stress revealed that 302 upregulated and 546 downregulated differentially expressed genes were enriched in genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction pathways and were specifically associated with the auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and ethylene pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) detected four significant salt stress-related modules. This study explored the changes in the osmoregulatory system, inorganic ions, antioxidant enzyme system, and the root transcriptome in response to salt stress in 8× and 4× Alamo switchgrass. The results enhance knowledge of the salt tolerance of artificially induced homologous polyploid plants and provide experimental and sequencing data to aid research on the short-term adaptability and breeding of salt-tolerant biofuel plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ye
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yupu Fan
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
| | - Wenjun Teng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
| | - Ke Teng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
| | - Juying Wu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
| | - Xifeng Fan
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
| | - Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuesen Yue
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (H.Z.); (W.T.); (K.T.); (J.W.); (X.F.)
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Lv J, Feng Y, Zhai L, Jiang L, Wu Y, Huang Y, Yu R, Wu T, Zhang X, Wang Y, Han Z. MdARF3 switches the lateral root elongation to regulate dwarfing in apple plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae051. [PMID: 38706578 PMCID: PMC11069427 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Apple rootstock dwarfing and dense planting are common practices in apple farming. However, the dwarfing mechanisms are not understood. In our study, the expression of MdARF3 in the root system of dwarfing rootstock 'M9' was lower than in the vigorous rootstock from Malus micromalus due to the deletion of the WUSATAg element in the promoter of the 'M9' genotype. Notably, this deletion variation was significantly associated with dwarfing rootstocks. Subsequently, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cv. Xanthi was generated with the ARF3 promoter from 'M9' and M. micromalus genotypes. The transgenic apple with 35S::MdARF3 was also obtained. The transgenic tobacco and apple with the highly expressed ARF3 had a longer root system and a higher plant height phenotype. Furthermore, the yeast one-hybrid, luciferase, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and Chip-qPCR identified MdWOX4-1 in apples that interacted with the pMm-ARF3 promoter but not the pM9-ARF3 promoter. Notably, MdWOX4-1 significantly increased the transcriptional activity of MdARF3 and MdLBD16-2. However, MdARF3 significantly decreased the transcriptional activity of MdLBD16-2. Further analysis revealed that MdARF3 and MdLBD16-2 were temporally expressed during different stages of lateral root development. pMdLBD16-2 was mainly expressed during the early stage of lateral root development, which promoted lateral root production. On the contrary, pMmARF3 was expressed during the late stage of lateral root development to promote elongation. The findings in our study will shed light on the genetic causes of apple plant dwarfism and provide strategies for molecular breeding of dwarfing apple rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Lv
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Longmei Zhai
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lizhong Jiang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimei Huang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runqi Yu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
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Ahmad B, Mukarram M, Choudhary S, Petrík P, Dar TA, Khan MMA. Adaptive responses of nitric oxide (NO) and its intricate dialogue with phytohormones during salinity stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108504. [PMID: 38507841 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that acts as a messenger for various plant phenomena corresponding to photomorphogenesis, fertilisation, flowering, germination, growth, and productivity. Recent developments have suggested the critical role of NO in inducing adaptive responses in plants during salinity. NO minimises salinity-induced photosynthetic damage and improves plant-water relation, nutrient uptake, stomatal conductance, electron transport, and ROS and antioxidant metabolism. NO contributes active participation in ABA-mediated stomatal regulation. Similar crosstalk of NO with other phytohormones such as auxins (IAAs), gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), strigolactones (SLs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) were also observed. Additionally, we discuss NO interaction with other gaseous signalling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive sulphur species (RSS). Conclusively, the present review traces critical events in NO-induced morpho-physiological adjustments under salt stress and discusses how such modulations upgrade plant resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India; Department of Botany, Govt Degree College for Women, Pulwama, University of Kashmir, 192301, India
| | - Mohammad Mukarram
- Department of Phytology, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96001, Zvolen, Slovakia; Food and Plant Biology Group, Department of Plant Biology, School of Agriculture, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Sadaf Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Govt Degree College for Women, Pulwama, University of Kashmir, 192301, India
| | - Peter Petrík
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Tariq Ahmad Dar
- Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, 190001, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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Zhu Q, Lv J, Wu Y, Peng M, Wu X, Li J, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Wang Y, Feng Y. MdbZIP74 negatively regulates osmotic tolerance and adaptability to moderate drought conditions of apple plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 283:153965. [PMID: 36898191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is the most prominent threat to global agricultural production. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family is related to the response to a series of abiotic stress. In this case, apple calli and the seedlings of MdbZIP74-RNAi transgenic lines were obtained. Under osmotic stress and moderate drought conditions, the content of malondialdehyde, relative water content and other stress-related assays were measured. MdbZIP74 was found to negatively regulate the osmotic tolerance of apple callus. The growth of MdbZIP74-RNAi calli enhanced resistance without significant production loss. The silencing of MdbZIP74 contributes to redox balance and the adaptability of apple seedlings to moderate drought conditions. Four related differentially expressed genes in the biosynthesis of cytokinin and catabolic pathway were identified through a transcriptome analysis of MdbZIP74-RNAi seedlings under moderate drought conditions. MdLOG8 was further identified as the target of MdbZIP74 involved in the drought adaptability of apple plants using a dual experiment. Further confirmation showed MdLOG8 was maintained in the MdbZIP74-RNAi seedlings presumably acting as the growth regulator to enhance drought adaptability. It was concluded that the correct regulation of cytokinin level under moderate drought conditions maintains the redox balance and avoids the situation of plants surviving with the minimal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Zhu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahong Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengqun Peng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang D, Wang K, Sun S, Yan P, Lu X, Liu Z, Li Q, Li L, Gao Y, Liu J. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 ( Malus zumi) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043638. [PMID: 36835052 PMCID: PMC9960305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The breeding of salt-tolerant rootstock relies heavily on the availability of salt-tolerant Malus germplasm resources. The first step in developing salt-tolerant resources is to learn their molecular and metabolic underpinnings. Hydroponic seedlings of both ZM-4 (salt-tolerant resource) and M9T337 (salt-sensitive rootstock) were treated with a solution of 75 mM salinity. ZM-4's fresh weight increased, then decreased, and then increased again after being treated with NaCl, whereas M9T337's fresh weight continued to decrease. The results of transcriptome and metabolome after 0 h (CK) and 24 h of NaCl treatment showed that the leaves of ZM-4 had a higher content of flavonoids (phloretinm, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, epiafzelechin, etc.) and the genes (CHI, CYP, FLS, LAR, and ANR) related to the flavonoid synthesis pathway showed up-regulation, suggesting a high antioxidant capacity. In addition to the high polyphenol content (L-phenylalanine, 5-O-p-coumaroyl quinic acid) and the high related gene expression (4CLL9 and SAT), the roots of ZM-4 exhibited a high osmotic adjustment ability. Under normal growing conditions, the roots of ZM-4 contained a higher content of some amino acids (L-proline, tran-4-hydroxy-L-prolin, L-glutamine, etc.) and sugars (D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, etc.), and the genes (GLT1, BAM7, INV1, etc.) related to these two pathways were highly expressed. Furthermore, some amino acids (S-(methyl) glutathione, N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, etc.) and sugars (D-sucrose, maltotriose, etc.) increased and genes (ALD1, BCAT1, AMY1.1, etc.) related to the pathways showed up-regulation under salt stress. This research provided theoretical support for the application of breeding salt-tolerant rootstocks by elucidating the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of salt tolerance during the early stages of salt treatment for ZM-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Kun Wang
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Simiao Sun
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Lianwen Li
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- National Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-429-3598120 (Y.G.); +86-27-87282399 (J.L.)
| | - Jihong Liu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-429-3598120 (Y.G.); +86-27-87282399 (J.L.)
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Jin Y, Zhao Y, Ai S, Chen X, Liu X, Wang H, Han Y, Ma F, Li C. Induction of polyploid Malus prunifolia and analysis of its salt tolerance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2100-2115. [PMID: 35532080 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The apple rootstock Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. is widely used for apple production. Because polyploid plants are often more tolerant to abiotic stress than diploids, we wondered whether polyploidy induction in M. prunifolia might improve its stress tolerance, particularly to high salinity. We used a combination of colchicine and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to induce chromosome doubling in M. prunifolia and identified the resulting polyploids by stomatal observations and flow cytometry. We found the best way to induce polyploidy in M. prunifolia was to use 2% DMSO and 0.05% colchicine for 2 days for leaves or 0.02% colchicine for stem segments. The results of hydroponic salt treatment showed that polyploid plants were more salt tolerant and had greater photosynthetic efficiency, thicker leaf epidermis and palisade tissues, and shorter but denser root systems than diploids. During salt stress, the polyploid leaves and roots accumulated less Na+, showed upregulated expression of three salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway genes, and produced fewer reactive oxygen species. The polyploid plants also had considerably higher ABA and jasmonic acid levels than diploid plants under salt stress. Under normal growth conditions, gibberellins (GAs) levels were much lower in polyploid leaves than in diploid leaves; however, after salt treatment, polyploid leaves showed upregulation of essential GAs synthesis genes. In summary, we developed a system for the induction of polyploidy in M. prunifolia and response to salt stress of the resulting polyploids, as reflected in leaf and root morphology, changes in Na+ accumulation, antioxidant capacity and plant hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yongjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Shukang Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiujiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yunqi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
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9
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Mandal S, Ghorai M, Anand U, Samanta D, Kant N, Mishra T, Rahman MH, Jha NK, Jha SK, Lal MK, Tiwari RK, Kumar M, Radha, Prasanth DA, Mane AB, Gopalakrishnan AV, Biswas P, Proćków J, Dey A. Cytokinin and abiotic stress tolerance -What has been accomplished and the way forward? Front Genet 2022; 13:943025. [PMID: 36017502 PMCID: PMC9395584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.943025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
More than a half-century has passed since it was discovered that phytohormone cytokinin (CK) is essential to drive cytokinesis and proliferation in plant tissue culture. Thereafter, cytokinin has emerged as the primary regulator of the plant cell cycle and numerous developmental processes. Lately, a growing body of evidence suggests that cytokinin has a role in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stress. Cytokinin is essential to defend plants against excessive light exposure and a unique kind of abiotic stress generated by an altered photoperiod. Secondly, cytokinin also exhibits multi-stress resilience under changing environments. Furthermore, cytokinin homeostasis is also affected by several forms of stress. Therefore, the diverse roles of cytokinin in reaction to stress, as well as its interactions with other hormones, are discussed in detail. When it comes to agriculture, understanding the functioning processes of cytokinins under changing environmental conditions can assist in utilizing the phytohormone, to increase productivity. Through this review, we briefly describe the biological role of cytokinin in enhancing the performance of plants growth under abiotic challenges as well as the probable mechanisms underpinning cytokinin-induced stress tolerance. In addition, the article lays forth a strategy for using biotechnological tools to modify genes in the cytokinin pathway to engineer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The information presented here will assist in better understanding the function of cytokinin in plants and their effective investigation in the cropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanti Mandal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- CytoGene Research & Development LLP, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipu Samanta
- Department of Botany, Dr. Kanailal Bhattacharyya College, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Nishi Kant
- School of Health and Allied Science, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Tulika Mishra
- Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Milan Kumar Lal
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | - Abhijit Bhagwan Mane
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Patangrao Kadam Mahavidhyalaya (affiliated to Shivaji University Kolhapur), Ramanandnagar (Burli), Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Protha Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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10
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Hou XJ, Ye LX, Ai XY, Hu CG, Cheng ZP, Zhang JZ. Functional analysis of a PISTILLATA-like gene CcMADS20 involved in floral organs specification in citrus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111263. [PMID: 35487669 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PISTILLATA (PI), as a member of MADS-box transcription factor, plays an important role in petal and stamen specification in Arabidopsis. However, little is known about PI-like genes in citrus. To understand the molecular mechanism of PI during the developmental process of citrus flower, a PI-like gene CcMADS20 was isolated from Citrus Clemantina. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CcMADS20 had relatively high similarity with PI-like homolog and was classified in the core dicotyledonous group. The temporal and spatial expression analyses showed that CcMADS20 was specifically expressed in petal and stamen of citrus flower, which was consistent with PI expression pattern in Arabidopsis. Protein interaction revealed that CcMADS20 could form heterodimer with AP3-like proteins. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of CcMADS20 in Arabidopsis resulted in transformation of sepals into petal-like structure, as observed in other plants overexpressing a functional PI-like homolog. Additionally, promoter fragments of CcMADS20 were also cloned in the representative 21 citrus varieties. Interestingly, four types of promoters were discovered in these citrus varieties, resulting from two stable insert/deletion fragments (Locus1 and Locus2). The homo/hetero-zygosity of promoter alleles in each variety was strongly related to the evolutionary origin of citrus. Four promoters activity analysis indicated that Locus1 presence inhibited CcMADS20 transcriptional activity and Locus2 presence promoted its transcriptional activity. These findings suggested that CcMADS20 determines petal and stamen development during the evolutionary process of citrus and four promoters discovered, as effective genetic markers, are valuable for citrus breeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Li-Xia Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Pomology and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ai
- Institute of Pomology and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chun-Gen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Cheng
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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11
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Zhou Z, Zhang L, Shu J, Wang M, Li H, Shu H, Wang X, Sun Q, Zhang S. Root Breeding in the Post-Genomics Era: From Concept to Practice in Apple. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1408. [PMID: 35684181 PMCID: PMC9182997 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of rootstocks with a high-quality dwarf-type root system is a popular research topic in the apple industry. However, the precise breeding of rootstocks is still challenging, mainly because the root system is buried deep underground, roots have a complex life cycle, and research on root architecture has progressed slowly. This paper describes ideas for the precise breeding and domestication of wild apple resources and the application of key genes. The primary goal of this research is to combine the existing rootstock resources with molecular breeding and summarize the methods of precision breeding. Here, we reviewed the existing rootstock germplasm, high-quality genome, and genetic resources available to explain how wild resources might be used in modern breeding. In particular, we proposed the 'from genotype to phenotype' theory and summarized the difficulties in future breeding processes. Lastly, the genetics governing root diversity and associated regulatory mechanisms were elaborated on to optimize the precise breeding of rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Jing Shu
- College of Forestry Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Mengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Huairui Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qinghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (H.S.); (X.W.)
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12
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Li W, Chen S, Liu Y, Wang L, Jiang J, Zhao S, Fang W, Chen F, Guan Z. Long-distance transport RNAs between rootstocks and scions and graft hybridization. PLANTA 2022; 255:96. [PMID: 35348893 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present review addresses the advances of the identification methods, functions, and transportation mechanism of long-distance transport RNAs between rootstock and scion. In addition, we highlight the cognitive processes and potential mechanisms of graft hybridization. Phloem, the main transport channel of higher plants, plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. Numerous studies have identified a large number of RNAs, including mRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, and lncRNAs, in the plant phloem. They can not only be transported to long distances across the grafting junction in the phloem, but also act as signal molecules to regulate the growth, development, and stress resistance of remote cells or tissues, resulting in changes in the traits of rootstocks and scions. Many mobile RNAs have been discovered, but their detection methods, functions, and long-distance transport mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In addition, grafting hybridization, a phenomenon that has been questioned before, and which has an important role in selecting for superior traits, is gradually being recognized with the emergence of new evidence and the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer between parasitic plants. In this review, we outline the species, functions, identification methods, and potential mechanisms of long-distance transport RNAs between rootstocks and scions after grafting. In addition, we summarize the process of recognition and the potential mechanisms of graft hybridization. This study aimed to emphasize the role of grafting in the study of long-distance signals and selection for superior traits and to provide ideas and clues for further research on long-distance transport RNAs and graft hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Likai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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13
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Ma X, Liu JN, Yan L, Liang Q, Fang H, Wang C, Dong Y, Chai Z, Zhou R, Bao Y, Hou W, Yang KQ, Wu D. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Unravels Defense Pathways of Fraxinus velutina Torr Against Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:842726. [PMID: 35310642 PMCID: PMC8931533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fraxinus velutina Torr with high salt tolerance has been widely grown in saline lands in the Yellow River Delta, China. However, the salt-tolerant mechanisms of F. velutina remain largely elusive. Here, we identified two contrasting cutting clones of F. velutina, R7 (salt-tolerant), and S4 (salt-sensitive) by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics (Fv/Fm ratio) in the excised leaves and physiological indexes in roots or leaves under salt treatment. To further explore the salt resistance mechanisms, we compared the transcriptomes of R7 and S4 from leaf and root tissues exposed to salt stress. The results showed that when the excised leaves of S4 and R7 were, respectively, exposed to 250 mM NaCl for 48 h, Fv/Fm ratio decreased significantly in S4 compared with R7, confirming that R7 is more tolerant to salt stress. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that salt stress induced the significant upregulation of stress-responsive genes in R7, making important contributions to the high salt tolerance. Specifically, in the R7 leaves, salt stress markedly upregulated key genes involved in plant hormone signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways; in the R7 roots, salt stress induced the upregulation of main genes involved in proline biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism. In addition, 12 genes encoding antioxidant enzyme peroxidase were all significantly upregulated in both leaves and roots. Collectively, our findings revealed the crucial defense pathways underlying high salt tolerance of R7 through significant upregulation of some key genes involving metabolism and hub signaling pathways, thus providing novel insights into salt-tolerant F. velutina breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Ma
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Jian Ning Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Liping Yan
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Liang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zejia Chai
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yan Bao
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wenrui Hou
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Ke Qiang Yang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Qiang Yang,
| | - Dejun Wu
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
- Dejun Wu,
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14
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Papon N, Courdavault V. ARResting cytokinin signaling for salt-stress tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111116. [PMID: 34895545 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are primarily known as a prominent type of plant hormones with pleiotropic functions such as the control of the cell division and morphogenesis. CKs are also well known to orchestrate plant responses to many types of environmental stresses. More specifically, CKs were previously shown to negatively regulate the response to salinity stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this physiological process have not been investigated in detail. In a new report, Yan and colleagues show that salt stress interrupts the CK transduction pathway by promoting the degradation of some CK signaling modules. This represents an unprecedented advancement in our comprehension of how plants are able to inhibit their own development under stress conditions by interfering with the cell signaling circuitry of a growth hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France.
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France.
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15
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Chaudhry S, Sidhu GPS. Climate change regulated abiotic stress mechanisms in plants: a comprehensive review. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1-31. [PMID: 34351488 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is identified as a major threat to survival of natural ecosystems. Climate change is a dynamic, multifaceted system of alterations in environmental conditions that affect abiotic and biotic components of the world. It results in alteration in environmental conditions such as heat waves, intensity of rainfall, CO2 concentration and temperature that lead to rise in new pests, weeds and pathogens. Climate change is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth and development worldwide. It impairs growth, disturbs photosynthesis, and reduces physiological responses in plants. The variations in global climate have gained the attention of researchers worldwide, as these changes negatively affect the agriculture by reducing crop productivity and food security. With this background, this review focuses on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, drought and salinity on the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of plants. Furthermore, this paper outlines an overview on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and their impact on the biochemical and molecular status of plants with increased climatic variations. Also additionally, different tolerance strategies adopted by plants to combat environmental adversities have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Chaudhry
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
- Centre for Applied Biology in Environment Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Centre for Applied Biology in Environment Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
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16
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Li W, Meng R, Liu Y, Chen S, Jiang J, Wang L, Zhao S, Wang Z, Fang W, Chen F, Guan Z. Heterografted chrysanthemums enhance salt stress tolerance by integrating reactive oxygen species, soluble sugar, and proline. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac073. [PMID: 35712696 PMCID: PMC9198737 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum, one of the most important commercial ornamental crops, is susceptible to salinity, which limits its cultivation and application in coastal and inland saline areas. Grafting is widely used to improve the salt tolerance of horticultural crops, but the mechanisms of grafted chrysanthemum responses to salt stress remain unclear. In this study, we showed that heterografted chrysanthemums with Artemisia annua as rootstock exhibited increased salt tolerance compared with self-grafted and self-rooted chrysanthemums. Under high salt stress, the roots of heterografted chrysanthemums enrich Na+, resulting in a reduction of Na+ toxicity in the scion, with only a small amount of Na+ being transported to the leaves. On the other hand, the roots of heterografted chrysanthemums alleviated high Na+ stress via enhanced catalase enzyme activity, downregulation of the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation-related genes, massive accumulation of soluble sugars and proline, and upregulation of the expression of heat shock protein-related genes to enhance salt tolerance. In addition, the leaves of heterografted chrysanthemums respond to low Na+ stress by increasing peroxidase enzyme activity and soluble sugar and proline contents, to maintain a healthy state. However, self-grafted and self-rooted plants could not integrate ROS, soluble sugars, and proline in response to salt stress, and thus exhibited a salt-sensitive phenotype. Our research reveals the mechanisms underlying the increased salt tolerance of heterografted chrysanthemums and makes it possible to have large-scale cultivation of chrysanthemums in saline areas.
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Li Y, Wang L, Yu B, Guo J, Zhao Y, Zhu Y. Expression Analysis of AUX/IAA Family Genes in Apple Under Salt Stress. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:1205-1221. [PMID: 34802110 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family in plants are primary auxin-responsive genes that play important roles in many aspects of plant development and in responses to abiotic stress. Recently, 33 Aux/IAA have been identified in the apple genome. The biological responses of MdIAAs to salt stress are still unknown. In this study, Malus zumi, Malus baccata, and Malus × domestica 'Fuji' plantlets were subjected to salt stress by supplementing hydroponic media with NaCl at various concentrations. M. zumi showed the strongest salt resistance, followed by 'Fuji', and M. baccata was the most sensitive to salt stress. Tissue-specific expression profiles of MdIAAs were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. When apple plantlets were subjected to salt stress, most of salt-responsive MdIAAs were up-regulated by 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h in roots, shoot tips, and leaves, respectively. Highly expressed MdIAAs in roots, especially for M. zumi, consisted with the salt tolerance of apple rootstocks. Transgenic apple calli were tolerant to salt stress when over-expressed salt-responsive genes, MdIAA8, -9, and -25. These results provide clues about salt resistance in these three Malus species, which helps apple breeding of salt tolerance by genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuandi Zhu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Feng Y, Wang Y, Zhang G, Gan Z, Gao M, Lv J, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Yang S, Han Z. Group-C/S1 bZIP heterodimers regulate MdIPT5b to negatively modulate drought tolerance in apple species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:399-417. [PMID: 33905154 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins play a central role in delaying senescence, reducing oxidative damage and maintaining plant growth during drought. This study showed that the ectopic expression of ProRE-deleted MdIPT5b, a key enzyme involved in cytokinin metabolism, increased the drought tolerance of transgenic Malus domestica (apple) callus and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seedlings by maintaining cytokinin homeostasis, and thus maintaining redox balance. Under restricted watering regimes, the yields of transgenic tomato plants were enhanced. Heterodimers of C/S1 bZIP are involved in the cytokinin-mediated drought response. The heterodimers bind the ProRE of MdIPT5b promoter, thus directly suppressing gene transcription. Single C/S1 bZIP members could not independently function as suppressors. However, specific paired members (heterodimers of MdbZIP80 with MdbZIP2 or with MdbZIP39) effectively suppressed transcription. The α-helical structure is essential for the heterodimerization of C/S1 bZIP members and for synergistic transcriptional suppression. As negative regulators of drought tolerance, suppressing either MdbZIP2 or MdbZIP39 alone does not improve the expression of MdIPT5b and did not increase the drought tolerance of transgenic apple callus. However, this could be achieved when they were co-suppressed. The suppression of MdbZIP80 alone could improve MdIPT5b expression and increase the drought tolerance of transgenic apple callus. However, these effects were reversed in response to the cosuppression of MdbZIP80 and MdIPT5b. Similar results were also observed during delayed dark-induced senescence in apple leaves. In conclusion, the apple C/S1 bZIP network (involving MdbZIP2, MdbZIP39 and MdbZIP80) directly suppressed the expression of MdIPT5b, thus negatively modulating drought tolerance and dark-induced senescence in a functionally redundant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guifen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zengyu Gan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahong Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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19
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Sun T, Pei T, Yang L, Zhang Z, Li M, Liu Y, Ma F, Liu C. Exogenous application of xanthine and uric acid and nucleobase-ascorbate transporter MdNAT7 expression regulate salinity tolerance in apple. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:52. [PMID: 33468049 PMCID: PMC7816448 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil salinity is a critical threat to global agriculture. In plants, the accumulation of xanthine activates xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), which catalyses the oxidation/conversion of xanthine to uric acid to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). The nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) family is also known as the nucleobase-cation symporter (NCS) or AzgA-like family. NAT is known to transport xanthine and uric acid in plants. The expression of MdNAT is influenced by salinity stress in apple. RESULTS In this study, we discovered that exogenous application of xanthine and uric acid enhanced the resistance of apple plants to salinity stress. In addition, MdNAT7 overexpression transgenic apple plants showed enhanced xanthine and uric acid concentrations and improved tolerance to salinity stress compared with nontransgenic plants, while opposite phenotypes were observed for MdNAT7 RNAi plants. These differences were probably due to the enhancement or impairment of ROS scavenging and ion homeostasis abilities. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that xanthine and uric acid have potential uses in salt stress alleviation, and MdNAT7 can be utilized as a candidate gene to engineer resistance to salt stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuerong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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20
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Zhu Y, Jiang X, Zhang J, He Y, Zhu X, Zhou X, Gong H, Yin J, Liu Y. Silicon confers cucumber resistance to salinity stress through regulation of proline and cytokinins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:209-220. [PMID: 32977177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a continuous threat to global crop production. Here, we studied the alleviation role of exogenous silicon (Si) in NaCl-stressed cucumber, with special emphasis on plant growth, proline (Pro) and hormone metabolisms. The results showed that Si supplementation ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCl on plants growth, biomass, and oxidative stress. Salt stress greatly increased the content of Pro throughout the experiment, while Si regulated Pro content in two distinct ways. Si promoted the salt-induced Pro levels after 3 and 6 days of treatment, but decreased it after 9 and 12 days of treatment. Moreover, P5CS and ProDH activities and P5CS gene play important roles in Si and salt-regulated Pro levels in different stress phase. Under stress condition, Si addition tend to revert the content of ABA, IAA, cytokinin and SA to the control levels in most cases. Further correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the root cytokinin and Pro content after 3 days of treatment, suggesting the interaction between cytokinin and Pro metabolism. Exogenous application of Pro and ProDH competitive inhibitor D-Lactate confirmed the possible interplay between Pro and cytokinin metabolism. Further study identified several CKX (Csa4G647490 and Csa1G589070) and IPT (Csa7G392940 and Csa3G150100) genes that may be responsible for the regulation of cytokinin accumulation by Si and/or Pro after short-term of treatment. The results suggested that Pro is a key factor in Si-induced salt tolerance, and Si-increased Pro content may participate in the regulation of cytokinin metabolism under short-term of salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Xinchen Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Yang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Xiongmeng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Xiaokang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Haijun Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Junliang Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
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21
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Research Progress on the Roles of Cytokinin in Plant Response to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186574. [PMID: 32911801 PMCID: PMC7555750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins promote plant growth and development under normal plant growth conditions and also play an important role in plant resistance to stress. Understanding the working mechanisms of cytokinins under adverse conditions will help to make full use of cytokinins in agriculture to increase production and efficiency of land use. In this article, we review the progress that has been made in cytokinin research in plant response to stress and propose its future application prospects.
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22
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Liu J, Shen F, Xiao Y, Fang H, Qiu C, Li W, Wu T, Xu X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Han Z. Genomics-assisted prediction of salt and alkali tolerances and functional marker development in apple rootstocks. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:550. [PMID: 32778069 PMCID: PMC7430842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline stress severely affect plant growth and development. The tolerance of plants to these stressors has long been important breeding objectives, especially for woody perennials like apple. The aims of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to develop genomics-assisted prediction models for salt, alkali, and salt-alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Results A total of 3258 hybrids derived from the apple rootstock cultivars ‘Baleng Crab’ (Malus robusta Rehd., tolerant) × ‘M9’ (M. pumila Mill., sensitive) were used to identify 17, 13, and two QTLs for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress via bulked segregant analysis. The genotype effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers designed on candidate genes in each QTL interval were estimated. The genomic predicted value of an individual hybrid was calculated by adding the sum of all marker genotype effects to the mean phenotype value of the population. The prediction accuracy was 0.6569, 0.6695, and 0.5834 for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress, respectively. SNP182G on MdRGLG3, which changes a leucine to an arginine at the vWFA-domain, conferred tolerance to salt, alkali, and salt-alkali stress. SNP761A on MdKCAB, affecting the Kv_beta domain that cooperated with the linked allelic variation SNP11, contributed to salt, alkali, and salt–alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Conclusions The genomics-assisted prediction models can potentially be used in breeding saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline tolerant apple rootstocks. The QTLs and the functional markers may provide insight for future studies into the genetic variation of plant abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Shen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changpeng Qiu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Zhang G, Liu W, Feng Y, Li D, Li K, Sun Q, Zhai L, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Wang Y, Han Z. Ethylene Response Factors MbERF4 and MbERF72 Suppress Iron Uptake in Woody Apple Plants by Modulating Rhizosphere pH. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:699-711. [PMID: 31868909 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency limits the yield of fruit trees. When subjected to Fe deficiency, H+ secretion increases in the rhizosphere of dicotyledonous plants and pH decreases. This leads to the acidification of the soil and promotes Fe3+ to Fe2+ conversion, which plants can better uptake. This study investigated the relationship between two inhibitory transcription factors (ethylene response factors MbERF4 and MbERF72) and the H+-ATPase gene MbHA2. Two species of apple woody plants were studied: the Fe-inefficient Malus baccata and the Fe-efficient Malus xiaojinensis. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that both MbERF4 and MbERF72 bind to the GCC cassette (AGCCGCC) of the MbHA2 promoter. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that MbERF4 interacts with MbERF72. Furthermore, β-glucuronidase and luciferase reporter assays showed that the MbERF4- and MbERF72-induced repression of MbHA2 expression is synergistic. Virus-induced gene silencing of MbERF4 or MbERF72 increased MbHA2 expression, and thus lowered the rhizosphere pH in M. baccata. Consequently, the high expressions of MbERF4 and MbERF72 induced by Fe deficiency contributed to the Fe sensitivity of M. baccata. Moreover, the low expressions of MxERF4 and MxERF72 contributed to the Fe-deficiency tolerance of M. xiaojinensis via different binding conditions to the HA2 promoter. In summary, this study identified the relationship of two inhibitory transcription factors with the H+-ATPase gene and proposed a model in which ERF4 and ERF72 affect the rhizosphere pH in response to Fe deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Duyue Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Keting Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiran Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Longmei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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24
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Wei T, Wang Y, Liu JH. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals synergistic and disparate defense pathways in the leaves and roots of trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata) autotetraploids with enhanced salt tolerance. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:88. [PMID: 32528700 PMCID: PMC7261775 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyploid plants often exhibit enhanced stress tolerance relative to their diploid counterparts, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms of this enhanced stress tolerance remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that autotetraploid trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) exhibited enhanced salt tolerance in comparison with diploid progenitors. Global transcriptome profiling of diploid and tetraploid plants with or without salt stress by RNA-seq revealed that the autotetraploids displayed specific enrichment of differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, the leaves and roots of tetraploids exhibited different expression patterns of a variety of upregulated genes. Genes related to plant hormone signal transduction were enriched in tetraploid leaves, whereas those associated with starch and sucrose metabolism and proline biosynthesis were enriched in roots. In addition, genes encoding different antioxidant enzymes were upregulated in the leaves (POD) and roots (APX) of tetraploids under salt stress. Consistently, the tetraploids accumulated higher levels of soluble sugars and proline but less ROS under salt stress compared to the diploids. Moreover, several genes encoding transcription factors were induced specifically or to higher levels in the tetraploids under salt stress. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the activation of various multifaceted defense systems in leaves and roots contributes to the enhanced salt tolerance of autotetraploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonglu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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25
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Su Q, Zheng X, Tian Y, Wang C. Exogenous Brassinolide Alleviates Salt Stress in Malus hupehensis Rehd. by Regulating the Transcription of NHX-Type Na +(K +)/H + Antiporters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:38. [PMID: 32117377 PMCID: PMC7016215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinolide (BL) mediates various physiological processes and improves plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, the effects and mechanism of exogenous BL on the salt tolerance of apple seedlings remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the role of BL in the salt stress response of Malus hupehensis Rehd., a widely grown apple rootstock. Salt-stressed apple seedlings showed significant decline in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, and the application of 0.2 mg/L exogenous BL alleviated salt stress and maintained photosynthetic capacity. Exogenous BL application can strengthen the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and thereby eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by salt stress and promote the accumulation of proline and soluble sugar, thus maintaining osmotic balance. Furthermore, exogenous BL application decreased Na+ accumulation and increased K+ content in shoots and roots under salt stress by regulating the expression levels of Na+(K+)/H + antiporter genes (MhNHXs). MhBZR1 and MhBZR2, which are the key transcription factors in the BR signal transduction pathway, can directly bind to the promoter of MhSOS1 and MhNHX4-1, respectively, and inhibit their expression. Our findings would provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the mechanism of exogenous BL application on the salt tolerance of apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Su
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Caihong Wang,
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of ABC Transporters in Nine Rosaceae Species Identifying MdABCG28 as a Possible Cytokinin Transporter linked to Dwarfing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225783. [PMID: 31744249 PMCID: PMC6887749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large, diverse, and ubiquitous superfamily that is involved in a broad range of processes. The completion of genome sequencing provides an opportunity to understand the phylogenetic history of the ABC transporter superfamily among Rosaceae species. This study identified a total of 1323 ABC transporter genes from nine Rosaceae genomes: 191 from Malus domestica, 174 from Pyrus communis, 138 from Prunus persica, 118 from Prunus avium, 141 from Prunus dulcis, 122 from Fragaria vesca, 98 from Rubus occidentalis, 162 from Prunus mume, and 179 from Rosa chinensis. Their chemical characterization, phylogenetic analysis, chromosomal localization, gene structure, gene duplication, and tissue-specific expression were studied. Their subcellular localization, transmembrane structures, and protein motifs were predicted. All the ABC transporter genes were grouped into eight subfamilies on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships and structural features. Furthermore, cis-element and expression analysis of 10 potential phytohormone transporters in MdABCG subfamily genes were also performed. Loss of the W-box in the promoter region of MdABCG28 was found to reduce the gene expression level and was linked to the dwarfing phenotype in apple rootstocks. MdABCG28 overexpression promoted shoot growth of atabcg14 mutants in Arabidopsis.
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