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Xu Y, Yu Z, Liu C, Hu Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Chen X, Liu J, Wang G, Liu X, Jin J, Li Y. Variability in soybean yield responses to elevated atmospheric CO 2: Insights from non-structural carbohydrate remobilisation during seed filling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108802. [PMID: 38852236 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) has mixed effects on soybean most varieties' yield. This study elucidated the effect of e[CO2] on soybean yield and the underlying mechanisms related to photosynthetic capacity, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation, and remobilisation. Four soybean cultivars were cultivated in open-top chambers at two CO2 levels. Photosynthesis rates were determined from R2 to R6. Plants were sampled at R5 and R8 to determine carbohydrate concentrations. There were significant variations in yield responses among the soybean cultivars under e[CO2], from no change in DS1 to a 22% increase in SN14. DS1 and SN14 had the smallest and largest increase, respectively, in daily carbon assimilation capacity. Under e[CO2], DS1, MF5, and XHJ had an increase in Ci, at which point the transition from Rubisco-limited to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration-limited photosynthesis occurred, in contrast with SN14. Thus, the cultivars might have distinct mechanisms that enhance photosynthesis under e[CO2] conditions. A positive correlation was between daily carbon assimilation response to e[CO2] and soybean yield, emphasising the importance of enhanced photosynthate accumulation before the R5 stage in determining yield response to e[CO2]. E[CO2] significantly influenced NSC accumulation in vegetative organs at R5, with variation among cultivars. There was enhanced NSC remobilisation during seed filling, indicating cultivar-specific responses to the remobilisation of sucrose and soluble sugars, excluding sucrose and starch. A positive correlation was between leaf and stem NSC remobilisation and yield response to e[CO2], emphasising the role of genetic differences in carbohydrate remobilisation mechanisms in determining soybean yield variation under elevated CO2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Changkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- Heilongjiang Joint Laboratory of Soil Microbial Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Judong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China; Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic, 3086, Australia
| | - Yansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Wang X, Wei X, Wu G, Chen S. Transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal high nitrate or ammonium applications alleviate photosynthetic decline of Phoebe bournei seedlings under elevated carbon dioxide by regulating glnA and rbcS. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:1085-1097. [PMID: 39100876 PMCID: PMC11291807 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The global CO2 concentration is predicted to reach 700 µmol·mol-1 by the end of this century. Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang is a precious timber species and is listed as a national secondary protection plant in China. P. bournei seedlings show obvious photosynthetic decline when grown long-term under an elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2, EC). This decline can be alleviated by high nitrate or ammonium applications. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. We performed transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of P. bournei of seedlings grown under an ambient CO2 concentration (AC) and applied with either a moderate level of nitrate (N), a high level of nitrate (hN), or a moderate level of ammonium (A) and compared them with those of seedlings grown under eCO2 (i.e., AC_N vs EC_N, AC_hN vs EC_hN, AC_A vs EC_A) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). We identified 4528 (AC_N vs EC_N), 1378 (AC_hN vs EC_hN), and 252 (AC_A vs EC_A) DEGs and 230, 514, and 234 DEPs, respectively, of which 59 specific genes and 21 specific proteins were related to the regulation of photosynthesis by nitrogen under eCO2. A combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis identified 7 correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes. These correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes revealed crucial pathways involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and nitrogen metabolism. The rbcS and glnA correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes were enriched in these two metabolisms. We propose that the rbcS and glnA correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes play an important role in photosynthetic decline and nitrogen regulation. High nitrate or ammonium applications alleviated the downregulation of glnA and rbcS and, hence, alleviated photosynthetic decline. The results of this study provide directions for the screening of germplasm resources and molecular breeding of P. bournei, which is tolerant to elevated CO2 concentrations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01481-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gaoyin Wu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shengqun Chen
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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3
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Brooks MD, Szeto RC. Biological nitrogen fixation maintains carbon/nitrogen balance and photosynthesis at elevated CO 2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2178-2191. [PMID: 38481026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Understanding crop responses to elevated CO2 is necessary to meet increasing agricultural demands. Crops may not achieve maximum potential yields at high CO2 due to photosynthetic downregulation, often associated with nitrogen limitation. Legumes have been proposed to have an advantage at elevated CO2 due to their ability to exchange carbon for nitrogen. Here, the effects of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) on the physiological and gene expression responses to elevated CO2 were examined at multiple nitrogen levels by comparing alfalfa mutants incapable of nitrogen fixation to wild-type. Elemental analysis revealed a role for BNF in maintaining shoot carbon/nitrogen (C/N) balance under all nitrogen treatments at elevated CO2, whereas the effect of BNF on biomass was only observed at elevated CO2 and the lowest nitrogen dose. Lower photosynthetic rates at were associated with the imbalance in shoot C/N. Genome-wide transcriptional responses were used to identify carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes underlying the traits. Transcription factors important to C/N signalling were identified from inferred regulatory networks. This work supports the hypothesis that maintenance of C/N homoeostasis at elevated CO2 can be achieved in plants capable of BNF and revealed important regulators in the underlying networks including an alfalfa (Golden2-like) GLK ortholog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Brooks
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronnia C Szeto
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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4
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Rossouw GC, Orr R, Bennett D, Bally ISE. The roles of non-structural carbohydrates in fruiting: a review focusing on mango ( Mangifera indica). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23195. [PMID: 38588720 DOI: 10.1071/fp23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive development of fruiting trees, including mango (Mangifera indica L.), is limited by non-structural carbohydrates. Competition for sugars increases with cropping, and consequently, vegetative growth and replenishment of starch reserves may reduce with high yields, resulting in interannual production variability. While the effect of crop load on photosynthesis and the distribution of starch within the mango tree has been studied, the contribution of starch and sugars to different phases of reproductive development requires attention. This review focuses on mango and examines the roles of non-structural carbohydrates in fruiting trees to clarify the repercussions of crop load on reproductive development. Starch buffers the plant's carbon availability to regulate supply with demand, while sugars provide a direct resource for carbon translocation. Sugar signalling and interactions with phytohormones play a crucial role in flowering, fruit set, growth, ripening and retention, as well as regulating starch, sugar and secondary metabolites in fruit. The balance between the leaf and fruit biomass affects the availability and contributions of starch and sugars to fruiting. Crop load impacts photosynthesis and interactions between sources and sinks. As a result, the onset and rate of reproductive processes are affected, with repercussions for fruit size, composition, and the inter-annual bearing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard C Rossouw
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
| | - Ryan Orr
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
| | - Dale Bennett
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
| | - Ian S E Bally
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba Research Facility, Mareeba 4880, Qld, Australia
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Mishio M, Sudo E, Ozaki H, Oguchi R, Fujimoto R, Fujii N, Hikosaka K. Heterotic growth of hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana is enhanced by elevated atmospheric CO 2. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16317. [PMID: 38634444 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE With the global atmospheric CO2 concentration on the rise, developing crops that can thrive in elevated CO2 has become paramount. We investigated the potential of hybridization as a strategy for creating crops with improved growth in predicted elevated atmospheric CO2. METHODS We grew parent accessions and their F1 hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 and analyzed numerous growth traits to assess their productivity and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The heterotic increase in total dry mass, relative growth rate and leaf net assimilation rate was significantly greater in elevated CO2 than in ambient CO2. The CO2 response of net assimilation rate was positively correlated with the CO2 response of leaf nitrogen productivity and with that of leaf traits such as leaf size and thickness, suggesting that hybridization-induced changes in leaf traits greatly affected the improved performance in elevated CO2. CONCLUSIONS Vegetative growth of hybrids seems to be enhanced in elevated CO2 due to improved photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency compared with parents. The results suggest that hybrid crops should be well-suited for future conditions, but hybrid weeds may also be more competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Mishio
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Emi Sudo
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
- Translational Research Support Section, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, 277-8577, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riichi Oguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 2000, Kisaichi, Katano, 576-0004, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
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Zhang S, Sun J, Lu Y, Yang S, Zhang Y, Chai H, Jiang D, Dai T, Tian Z. Rubisco and sucrose synthesis and translocation are involved in the regulation of photosynthesis in wheat with different source-sink relationships. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14196. [PMID: 38433117 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Source-sink relationships influence photosynthesis. So far, the limiting factors for photosynthesis of wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships have not been determined. We aimed to determine the variation patterns of photosynthetic characteristics of wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships. In this study, two wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships were selected for photosynthetic physiological analyses. The results showed that YM25 (source-limited cultivar) had higher photosynthetic efficiency compared to YM1 (sink-limited cultivar). This is mainly due to a stronger photochemical efficiency, electron transfer capacity, and Rubisco carboxylation capacity of YM25. YM25 accumulated less soluble carbohydrates in flag leaves than YM1. This is mainly due to the stronger sucrose synthesis and transport capacity of YM25 by presenting higher sucrose-related enzyme activities and gene expression. A PCA analysis showed that Rubisco was the main factor limiting the photosynthetic capacity of YM25. The soluble sugar accumulation in flag leaves and sink limitation decreased the photosynthetic activity of YM1. Increased N application improved source-sink relationships and increased grain yield and source leaf photosynthetic capacity in both two wheat cultivars. Taken together, our findings suggest that Rubisco and sucrose synthesis and translocation are involved in the regulation of photosynthesis of wheat cultivars with different source-sink relationships and that source and sink limitation effects should be considered in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Yanhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Shuke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Huimin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Zhongwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
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7
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Zhou Z, Zhang Z, van der Putten PEL, Fabre D, Dingkuhn M, Struik PC, Yin X. Triose phosphate utilization in leaves is modulated by whole-plant sink-source ratios and nitrogen budgets in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6692-6707. [PMID: 37642225 PMCID: PMC10662237 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Triose phosphate utilization (TPU) is a biochemical process indicating carbon sink-source (im)balance within leaves. When TPU limits leaf photosynthesis, photorespiration-associated amino acid exports probably provide an additional carbon outlet and increase leaf CO2 uptake. However, whether TPU is modulated by whole-plant sink-source relations and nitrogen (N) budgets remains unclear. We address this question by model analyses of gas-exchange data measured on leaves at three growth stages of rice plants grown at two N levels. Sink-source ratio was manipulated by panicle pruning, by using yellower-leaf variant genotypes, and by measuring photosynthesis on adaxial and abaxial leaf sides. Across all these treatments, higher leaf N content resulted in the occurrence of TPU limitation at lower intercellular CO2 concentrations. Photorespiration-associated amino acid export was greater in high-N leaves, but was smaller in yellower-leaf genotypes, panicle-pruned plants, and for abaxial measurement. The feedback inhibition of panicle pruning on rates of TPU was not always observed, presumably because panicle pruning blocked N remobilization from leaves to grains and the increased leaf N content masked feedback inhibition. The leaf-level TPU limitation was thus modulated by whole-plant sink-source relations and N budgets during rice grain filling, suggesting a close link between within-leaf and whole-plant sink limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Zhou
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zichang Zhang
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peter E L van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Dingkuhn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhu JT, Xue W, Gao JQ, Li QW, Yu WH, Yu FH. Does genotypic diversity of Hydrocotyle vulgaris affect CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1272313. [PMID: 37877084 PMCID: PMC10591177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1272313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity plays important roles in ecosystem functions and genetic diversity is a key component of biodiversity. While effects of genetic diversity on ecosystem functions have been extensively documented, no study has tested how genetic diversity of plants influences greenhouse gas fluxes from plant-soil systems. We assembled experimental populations consisting of 1, 4 or 8 genotypes of the clonal plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris in microcosms, and measured fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from the microcosms. The fluxes of CO2 and CO2 equivalent from the microcosms with the 1-genotype populations of H. vulgaris were significantly lower than those with the 4- and 8-genotype populations, and such an effect increased significantly with increasing the growth period. The cumulative CO2 flux was significantly negatively related to the growth of the H. vulgaris populations. However, genotypic diversity did not significantly affect the flux of CH4. We conclude that genotypic diversity of plant populations can influence CO2 flux from plant-soil systems. The findings highlight the importance of genetic diversity in regulating greenhouse gas fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tao Zhu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Qin Gao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Wei Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Favreau B, Gaal C, Pereira de Lima I, Droc G, Roques S, Sotillo A, Guérard F, Cantonny V, Gakière B, Leclercq J, Lafarge T, de Raissac M. A multi-level approach reveals key physiological and molecular traits in the response of two rice genotypes subjected to water deficit at the reproductive stage. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:229-257. [PMID: 37822730 PMCID: PMC10564380 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice is more vulnerable to drought than maize, wheat, and sorghum because its water requirements remain high throughout the rice life cycle. The effects of drought vary depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the events, as well as on the rice genotype and developmental stage. It can affect all levels of organization, from genes to the cells, tissues, and/or organs. In this study, a moderate water deficit was applied to two contrasting rice genotypes, IAC 25 and CIRAD 409, during their reproductive stage. Multi-level transcriptomic, metabolomic, physiological, and morphological analyses were performed to investigate the complex traits involved in their response to drought. Weighted gene network correlation analysis was used to identify the specific molecular mechanisms regulated by each genotype, and the correlations between gene networks and phenotypic traits. A holistic analysis of all the data provided a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms regulated by each genotype, and enabled the identification of gene markers. Under non-limiting water conditions, CIRAD 409 had a denser shoot, but shoot growth was slower despite better photosynthetic performance. Under water deficit, CIRAD 409 was weakly affected regardless of the plant level analyzed. In contrast, IAC 25 had reduced growth and reproductive development. It regulated transcriptomic and metabolic activities at a high level, and activated a complex gene regulatory network involved in growth-limiting processes. By comparing two contrasting genotypes, the present study identified the regulation of some fundamental processes and gene markers, that drive rice development, and influence its response to water deficit, in particular, the importance of the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways for cell wall metabolism. These key processes determine the biological and mechanical properties of the cell wall and thus influence plant development, organ expansion, and turgor maintenance under water deficit. Our results also question the genericity of the antagonism between morphogenesis and organogenesis observed in the two genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Favreau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Camille Gaal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Gaétan Droc
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Armel Sotillo
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Florence Guérard
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Valérie Cantonny
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Julie Leclercq
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Tanguy Lafarge
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Marcel de Raissac
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
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Al-Salman Y, Ghannoum O, Cano FJ. Midday water use efficiency in sorghum is linked to faster stomatal closure rate, lower stomatal aperture and higher stomatal density. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1661-1676. [PMID: 37300871 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most studies assume midday gas exchange measurements capture the leaf's daytime performance. However, stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthesis (An ) fluctuate diurnally due to endogenous and environmental rhythms, which can affect intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Six Sorghum lines with contrasting stomatal anatomical traits were grown in environmentally controlled conditions, and leaf gas exchange was measured three times a day. Stomatal anatomy and kinetic responses to light transients were also measured. The highest An and gs and the lowest iWUE were observed at midday for most lines. Diurnally averaged iWUE correlated positively with morning and midday iWUE and negatively with the time taken for stomata to close after transition to low light intensity (kclose ). There was significant variation among sorghum lines for kclose , and smaller kclose correlated with lower gs and higher stomatal density (SD) across the lines. In turn, gs was negatively correlated with SD and regulated by the operational stomatal aperture regardless of stomatal size. Altogether, our data suggest a common physiology to improve iWUE in sorghum related to the control of water loss without impacting photosynthesis relying on higher SD, lower stomatal aperture and faster stomatal closing in response to low light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Al-Salman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Francisco Javier Cano
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
- Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR-INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Gojon A, Cassan O, Bach L, Lejay L, Martin A. The decline of plant mineral nutrition under rising CO 2: physiological and molecular aspects of a bad deal. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:185-198. [PMID: 36336557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration has a strong impact on the physiology of C3 plants, far beyond photosynthesis and C metabolism. In particular, it reduces the concentrations of most mineral nutrients in plant tissues, posing major threats on crop quality, nutrient cycles, and carbon sinks in terrestrial agro-ecosystems. The causes of the detrimental effect of high CO2 levels on plant mineral status are not understood. We provide an update on the main hypotheses and review the increasing evidence that, for nitrogen, this detrimental effect is associated with direct inhibition of key mechanisms of nitrogen uptake and assimilation. We also mention promising strategies for identifying genotypes that will maintain robust nutrient status in a future high-CO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Gojon
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Océane Cassan
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Liên Bach
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Lejay
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Martin
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Yin X, Gu J, Dingkuhn M, Struik PC. A model-guided holistic review of exploiting natural variation of photosynthesis traits in crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3173-3188. [PMID: 35323898 PMCID: PMC9126731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for improved leaf photosynthesis is considered as a viable approach to increase crop yield. Whether it should be improved in combination with other traits has not been assessed critically. Based on the quantitative crop model GECROS that interconnects various traits to crop productivity, we review natural variation in relevant traits, from biochemical aspects of leaf photosynthesis to morpho-physiological crop characteristics. While large phenotypic variations (sometimes >2-fold) for leaf photosynthesis and its underlying biochemical parameters were reported, few quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, accounting for a small percentage of phenotypic variation. More QTL were reported for sink size (that feeds back on photosynthesis) or morpho-physiological traits (that affect canopy productivity and duration), together explaining a much greater percentage of their phenotypic variation. Traits for both photosynthetic rate and sustaining it during grain filling were strongly related to nitrogen-related traits. Much of the molecular basis of known photosynthesis QTL thus resides in genes controlling photosynthesis indirectly. Simulation using GECROS demonstrated the overwhelming importance of electron transport parameters, compared with the maximum Rubisco activity that largely determines the commonly studied light-saturated photosynthetic rate. Exploiting photosynthetic natural variation might significantly improve crop yield if nitrogen uptake, sink capacity, and other morpho-physiological traits are co-selected synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Junfei Gu
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Byeon S, Song W, Park M, Kim S, Kim S, Lee H, Jeon J, Kim K, Lee M, Lim H, Han SH, Oh C, Kim HS. Canopy height affects the allocation of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen in two deciduous tree species under elevated CO 2. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153584. [PMID: 34890847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Down-regulation of leaf N and Rubisco under elevated CO2 (eCO2) are accompanied by increased non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) due to the sink-source imbalance. Here, to investigate whether the canopy position affects the down-regulation of Rubisco, we measured leaf N, NSC and N allocation in two species with different heights at maturity [Fraxinus rhynchophylla (6.8 ± 0.3 m) and Sorbus alnifolia (3.6 ± 0.2 m)] from 2017 to 2019. Since 2009, both species were grown at three different CO2 concentrations in open-top chambers: ambient CO2 (400 ppm; aCO2); ambient CO2 × 1.4 (560 ppm; eCO21.4); and ambient CO2 × 1.8 (720 ppm; eCO21.8). Leaf N per unit mass (Nmass) decreased under eCO2, except under eCO21.8 in S. alnifolia and coincided with increased NSC. NSC increased under eCO2 in F. rhynchophylla, but the increment of NSC was greater in the upper canopy of S. alnifolia. Conversely, Rubisco content per unit area was reduced under eCO2 in S. alnifolia and there was no interaction between CO2 and canopy position. In contrast, the reduction of Rubisco content per unit area was greater in the upper canopy of F. rhynchophylla, with a significant interaction between CO2 and canopy position. Rubisco was negatively correlated with NSC only in the upper canopy of F. rhynchophylla, and at the same NSC, Rubisco was lower under eCO2 than under aCO2. Contrary to Rubisco, chlorophyll increased under eCO2 in both species, although there was no interaction between CO2 and canopy position. Finally, photosynthetic N content (Rubisco + chlorophyll + PSII) was reduced and consistent with down-regulation of Rubisco. Therefore, the observed Nmass reduction under eCO2 was associated with dilution due to NSC accumulation. Moreover, down-regulation of Rubisco under eCO2 was more sensitive to NSC accumulation in the upper canopy. Our findings emphasize the need for the modification of the canopy level model in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Byeon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyung Song
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sukyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - HoonTaek Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jihyeon Jeon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunhyo Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Lim
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Sim-Hee Han
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoung Oh
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Yin X, Busch FA, Struik PC, Sharkey TD. Evolution of a biochemical model of steady-state photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2811-2837. [PMID: 33872407 PMCID: PMC8453732 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the publication of the landmark model by Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry on steady-state C3 photosynthesis (known as the "FvCB model"), we review three major further developments of the model. These include: (1) limitation by triose phosphate utilization, (2) alternative electron transport pathways, and (3) photorespiration-associated nitrogen and C1 metabolisms. We discussed the relation of the third extension with the two other extensions, and some equivalent extensions to model C4 photosynthesis. In addition, the FvCB model has been coupled with CO2 -diffusion models. We review how these extensions and integration have broadened the use of the FvCB model in understanding photosynthesis, especially with regard to bioenergetic stoichiometries associated with photosynthetic quantum yields. Based on the new insights, we present caveats in applying the FvCB model. Further research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Florian A. Busch
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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15
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Kakar N, Bheemanahalli R, Jumaa S, Redoña E, Warburton ML, Reddy KR. Assessment of agro-morphological, physiological and yield traits diversity among tropical rice. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11752. [PMID: 34322324 PMCID: PMC8297474 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an essential staple food crop, but the per acre average rice yield is less than its substantial potential in many countries. Rice breeders and growers would benefit from a robust genotypes with better morpho-physiological and yield-related traits. Here, seventy-four new rice genotypes were phenotyped over two years for their gas exchange and yield potential-related traits under Mississippi rice-growing conditions. A wide range of variability was observed among genotypes for all measured traits. Detailed phenotyping of rice genotypes revealed two key relationships that function together to contribute to yield potential under the southern US climate. The first one, grain yield, grain number, and spikelet fertility, showed considerable correlation (r = 0.45 to 0.79, p < 0.001) to harvest index. Conversely, days to anthesis had a high and negative correlation with harvest index (r = −0.79, p < 0.001), which suggests that selection for short duration genotypes with efficient partitioning could improve the yields under southern US climatic conditions. Additive response index revealed a higher positive association with yield traits (R2 = 0.59) than physiological (R2 = 0.28) and morphological traits (R2 = 0.21). Compared with the commercial genotype Rex, 21.6% and 47.3% of the rice genotypes had a higher gas exchange and yield response scores. IR08A172, IR07K142 and IR07F287 were ranked as high performers in physiological and yield response indices. Our study highlights that selection for short-duration yield-related traits with efficient sink capacity traits is desirable for future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naqeebullah Kakar
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Raju Bheemanahalli
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Salah Jumaa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States.,Field Crops Department, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
| | - Edilberto Redoña
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Marilyn L Warburton
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Crop Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Kambham R Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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16
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Gao B, Hu S, Jing L, Niu X, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang Y, Yang L. Alterations in Source-Sink Relations Affect Rice Yield Response to Elevated CO 2: A Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700159. [PMID: 34276751 PMCID: PMC8283783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To understand the effects of source-sink relationships on rice yield response to elevated CO2 levels (eCO2), we conducted a field study using a popular japonica cultivar grown in a free-air CO2 enrichment environment in 2017-2018. The source-sink ratio of rice was set artificially via source-sink treatments (SSTs) at the heading stage. Five SSTs were performed in 2017 (EXP1): cutting off the flag leaf (LC1) and the top three functional leaves (LC3), removing one branch in every three branches of a panicle (SR1/3) and one branch in every two branches of a panicle (SR1/2), and the control (CK) without any leaf cutting or spikelet removal. The eCO2 significantly increased grain yield by 15.7% on average over all treatments; it significantly increased grain yield of CK, LC1, LC3, SR1/3, and SR1/2 crops by 13.9, 18.1, 25.3, 12.0, and 10.9%, respectively. The yield response to eCO2 was associated with a significant increase of panicle number and fully-filled grain percentage (FGP), and the response of crops under different SSTs was significantly positively correlated with FGP and the average grain weight of the seeds. Two SSTs (CK and LC3) were performed in 2018 (EXP2), which confirmed that the yield response of LC3 crops (25.1%) to eCO2 was significantly higher than that of CK (15.9%). Among the different grain positions, yield response to eCO2 of grains attached to the lower secondary rachis was greater than that of grains attached to the upper primary rachis. Reducing the source-sink ratio via leaf-cutting enhanced the net photosynthetic rate response of the remaining leaves to eCO2 and increased the grain filling ability. Conversely, spikelet removal increased the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content of the stem, causing feedback inhibition and photosynthetic down-regulation. This study suggests that reducing the source-sink ratio by adopting appropriate management measures can increase the response of rice to eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, China
| | - Shaowu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liquan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xichao Niu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lianxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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17
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Mathan J, Singh A, Ranjan A. Sucrose transport and metabolism control carbon partitioning between stem and grain in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4355-4372. [PMID: 33587747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Source-sink relationships are key to overall crop performance. Detailed understanding of the factors that determine source-sink dynamics is imperative for the balance of biomass and grain yield in crop plants. We investigated the differences in source-sink relationships between a cultivated rice, Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare, and a wild rice, Oryza australiensis, which show striking differences in biomass and grain yield. Oryza australiensis, which accumulates a higher biomass, not only showed higher photosynthesis per unit leaf area but also exported more sucrose from leaves compared with Nipponbare. However, grain features and sugar content suggested limited sucrose mobilization to grains in the wild rice due to vasculature and sucrose transporter functions. Low cell wall invertase activity and high sucrose synthase cleavage activity followed by higher expression of cellulose synthase genes in O. australiensis stem indicated that it utilized photosynthates preferentially for the synthesis of structural carbohydrates, resulting in high biomass. In contrast, source-sink relationships favored high grain yield in Nipponbare via accumulation of transitory starch in the stem, due to higher expression of starch biosynthetic genes, which is mobilized to panicles at the grain filling stage. Thus, vascular features, sucrose transport, and functions of sugar metabolic enzymes explained the differences in source-sink relationships between Nipponbare and O. australiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmaya Mathan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anuradha Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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18
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Vijayaraghavareddy P, Akula NN, Vemanna RS, Math RGH, Shinde DD, Yin X, Struik PC, Makarla U, Sreeman S. Metabolome profiling reveals impact of water limitation on grain filling in contrasting rice genotypes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:690-698. [PMID: 33780742 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought significantly decreases crop productivity, especially in high water consuming crops like rice. Grain filling is one of the important critical growth phases in rice and drought during this phase leads to significant reduction in yield. In this study, a comparison was made between IR64 (drought susceptible) and Apo (drought tolerant) rice genotypes to capture the response to water limitation (50% field capacity (FC)) compared with the control (100%FC) during grain filling. Plants were grown in a high-throughput phenomics facility for precise imposition of moisture stress during grain filling. Apo performed better in water limited conditions with lower reduction of photosynthetic rate and maintenance of lower leaf temperature than IR64. Days from sowing to maturity, spikelet fertility and seed weight were more impeded by water limitation in IR64 than in Apo. Unlike Apo, IR64 did not show any decrease in transpiration rate at 50%FC compared with 100%FC. Metabolomic profiling of spikelets at grain filling showed distinct effects of water limitation on accumulation of metabolites, especially in Apo. Secondary metabolism, mainly the phenylpropanoid pathway involved in scavenging mechanisms, was upregulated in Apo. Accumulation of most amino acids was significantly higher in IR64 than in Apo. Due to higher rates of photosynthesis under stress, most carbohydrates accumulated more in Apo than in IR64 at 50%FC. Sucrose transporters were significantly upregulated in water limited conditions especially in Apo. Overall, thanks to higher source capacity, more source to sink transport and better scavenging, Apo showed a lower reduction in yield than IR64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Vijayaraghavareddy
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nagashree N Akula
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ramu S Vemanna
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Dhananjay D Shinde
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Udayakumar Makarla
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sheshshayee Sreeman
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
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19
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Ma Y, Xie Y, Ha R, Cao B, Song L. Effects of Elevated CO 2 on Photosynthetic Accumulation, Sucrose Metabolism-Related Enzymes, and Genes Identification in Goji Berry ( Lycium barbarum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643555. [PMID: 33777078 PMCID: PMC7991576 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) exposure to elevated CO2 (eCO2) for long periods reduces their sugar and secondary metabolite contents. However, sugar accumulation in fruit depends on photosynthesis and photoassimilate partitioning. This study aimed to explore photosynthesis, sugar content, and sucrose metabolism-related enzyme activities in goji berry leaves and fruits under ambient and eCO2 levels, and identify the genes encoding L. barbarum acid invertase (LBAI), L. barbarum sucrose synthase (LBSS), L. barbarum sucrose phosphate synthase (LBSPS), and L. barbarum neutral invertase (LBNI), based on transcriptome profiling. Further, the characterization of four identified genes was analyzed including subcellular localization and expression patterns. In plants grown under eCO2 for 90 or 120 days, the expression of the above-mentioned genes changed significantly as the photosynthetic rate increased. In addition, leaf and fruit sugar contents decreased, and the activities of four sucrose metabolism-related enzymes increased in leaves, while acid and neutral invertase increased in fruits. Protein sequence analysis demonstrated that LBAI and LBNI contain a conservative structure domain belonging to the glycosyl hydrolases (Glyco_hydro) family, and both LBSS and LBSPS belonging to the sucrose synthase (Sucrose_synth) and glycosyltransferase (Glycos_transf) family. Subcellular localization analysis showed that LBAI, LBNI, and LBSS were all located in the nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm, while LBSPS was located in the plasma membrane. The expressions of LBAI, LBSPS, and LBNI were high in the stems, whereas LBSS was predominantly expressed in the fruits. Our findings provide fundamental data on photosynthesis and sugar accumulation trends in goji berries under eCO2 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rong Ha
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bing Cao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Cao,
| | - Lihua Song
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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20
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Aslani L, Gholami M, Mobli M, Sabzalian MR. The influence of altered sink-source balance on the plant growth and yield of greenhouse tomato. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2109-2123. [PMID: 33268917 PMCID: PMC7688802 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the status of tomato plants in terms of sink or source-limitation of 2 cultivars of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), i.e., 'Grandella' and 'Isabella' under the greenhouse conditions of Iran and to improve the yield and plant growth by manipulating the sink-source balance. To this end, 4 treatments were applied: leaves were not pruned and fruits were pruned to one per truss (1F/3L), leaves were not pruned and fruits were pruned to two per truss (2F/3L), leaves were not pruned and fruits were pruned to three per truss (3F/3L) and no leaf and fruit pruning (control). The results showed that truss pruning reduced the sink demand and consequently, increased the amount of available assimilate for the growth of the remaining fruits or vegetative parts. The negative correlation between the leaf area index and the net assimilation rate and no significant difference in the net assimilation rate between different sink/source ratios showed that the excess leaf area index does not contribute in increasing the assimilate production and hence, total yield. Total fruit weight, harvest index, and the ratio of the ripe fruits to the total fruit led to the highest yield for control plants. No changes in chlorophyll, protein content and nitrate reductase activity were the evidence for the fact that sink/source ratio do not affect light-harvesting and light-utilizing components of photosynthesis. Since the individual weight of fruits increased with decreasing fruit number per trusses, the growth of individual fruits in both cultivars was source-limited and truss pruning can decrease this limitation. Future studies should be carried out to determine the best level of sink/source ratio that in addition to producing an acceptable amount of yield, meets the needs of consumers in the current stressful world by increasing the antioxidant and nutriceutical content of fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Aslani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Gholami
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mobli
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
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Dingkuhn M, Luquet D, Fabre D, Muller B, Yin X, Paul MJ. The case for improving crop carbon sink strength or plasticity for a CO 2-rich future. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:259-272. [PMID: 32682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has increased from 260 to 280μmolmol-1 (level during crop domestication up to the industrial revolution) to currently 400 and will reach 550μmolmol-1 by 2050. C3 crops are expected to benefit from elevated [CO2] (e-CO2) thanks to photosynthesis responsiveness to [CO2] but this may require greater sink capacity. We review recent literature on crop e-CO2 responses, related source-sink interactions, how abiotic stresses potentially interact, and prospects to improve e-CO2 response via breeding or genetic engineering. Several lines of evidence suggest that e-CO2 responsiveness is related either to sink intrinsic capacity or adaptive plasticity, for example, involving enhanced branching. Wild relatives and old cultivars mostly showed lower photosynthetic rates, less downward acclimation of photosynthesis to e-CO2 and responded strongly to e-CO2 due to greater phenotypic plasticity. While reverting to such archaic traits would be an inappropriate strategy for breeding, we argue that substantial enhancement of vegetative sink vigor, inflorescence size and/or number and root sinks will be necessary to fully benefit from e-CO2. Potential ideotype features based on enhanced sinks are discussed. The generic 'feast-famine' sugar signaling pathway may be suited to engineer sink strength tissue-specifically and stage-specifically and help validate ideotype concepts. Finally, we argue that models better accounting for acclimation to e-CO2 are needed to predict which trait combinations should be targeted by breeders for a CO2-rich world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR 108 AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRAE, UMR 759 LEPSE, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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