1
|
Homer NA, Rieger KE. Melanocytoma of the eyelid: Case report and introduction of new nomenclature. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2024; 34:102059. [PMID: 38690089 PMCID: PMC11059469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2024.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The term melanocytoma was recently proposed for intermediate-stage melanocytic lesions with specific histopathologic and molecular genetic features. Prior studies have demonstrated a heightened potential for these intermediate lesions to spread to regional lymph nodes, with decreased likelihood for distant spread, when compared to melanomas. Observations Herein we present a case of a 28-year-old male who presented with a recurrent right lower eyelid margin combined cutaneous and palpebral conjunctival pigmented lesion, ultimately classified as a melanocytoma, to highlight this new nomenclature, characteristic histopathologic and genetic findings, and prognostic implications. Conclusions Ophthalmologists should be aware of this new cutaneous histopathologic classification system and apply to the periorbital region to improve melanocytic lesion management and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerri E. Rieger
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bennett DC. Review: Are moles senescent? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:391-402. [PMID: 38361107 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi (skin moles) have been regarded as a valuable example of cell senescence occurring in vivo. However, a study of induced nevi in a mouse model reported that the nevi were arrested by cell interactions rather than a cell-autonomous process like senescence, and that size distributions of cell nests within nevi could not be accounted for by a stochastic model of oncogene-induced senescence. Moreover, others reported that some molecular markers used to identify cell senescence in human nevi are also found in melanoma cells-not senescent. It has thus been questioned whether nevi really are senescent, with potential implications for melanoma diagnosis and therapy. Here I review these areas, along with the genetic, biological, and molecular evidence supporting senescence in nevi. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that cells of acquired human benign (banal) nevi are very largely senescent, though some must contain a minor non-senescent cell subpopulation. There is also persuasive evidence that this senescence is primarily induced by dysfunctional telomeres rather than directly oncogene-induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gerami P, Chen A, Sharma N, Patel P, Hagstrom M, Kancherla P, Geraminejad T, Olivares S, Biswas A, Bosenberg M, Busam KJ, de La Fouchardière A, Duncan LM, Elder DE, Ko J, Landman G, Lazar AJ, Lowe L, Massi D, Mihic-Probst D, Parker DC, Scolyer RA, Shea CR, Zembowicz A, Yun SJ, Blokx WAM, Barnhill RL. BRAF Mutated and Morphologically Spitzoid Tumors, a Subgroup of Melanocytic Neoplasms Difficult to Distinguish From True Spitz Neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:538-545. [PMID: 38525831 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Drivers of Spitz neoplasms include activating point mutations in HRAS and Spitz-associated genomic fusions. It has become evident that some BRAF -mutated melanocytic neoplasms can morphologically mimic Spitz tumors (STs). These have been termed BRAF mutated and morphologically spitzoid (BAMS). In this study, 17 experts from the International Melanoma Pathology Study Group assessed 54 cases which included 40 BAMS and 14 true STs. The participants reviewed the cases blinded to the genomic data and selected among several diagnostic options, including BAMS, ST, melanoma, and other. A total of 38% of all diagnostic selections in the BAMS cases were for BAMS, whereas 32% were for ST. In 22 of the BAMS cases, the favored diagnosis was BAMS, whereas in 17 of the BAMS cases, the favored diagnosis was ST. Among the 20 cases in the total group of 54 with the highest number of votes for ST, half were BAMS. Of BAMS, 75% had a number of votes for ST that was within the SD of votes for ST seen among true ST cases. There was poor interobserver agreement for the precise diagnosis of the BAMS (kappa = 0.16) but good agreement that these cases were not melanoma (kappa = 0.7). BAMS nevi/tumors can closely mimic Spitz neoplasms. Expert melanoma pathologists in this study favored a diagnosis of ST in nearly half of the BAMS cases. There are BAMS cases that even experts cannot morphologically distinguish from true Spitz neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Gerami
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Alice Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Pragi Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Michael Hagstrom
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Pranav Kancherla
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Tara Geraminejad
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Shantel Olivares
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Asok Biswas
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Klaus J Busam
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | | | - Lyn M Duncan
- Department of Dermatopathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David E Elder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer Ko
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Gilles Landman
- Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Pathology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lori Lowe
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniela Massi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Douglas C Parker
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Department of Tissue Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and NSW Health Pathology, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Dermatopathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher R Shea
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Artur Zembowicz
- Department of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Tufts Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sook Jung Yun
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Willeke A M Blokx
- Department of Pathology, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond L Barnhill
- Department of Translational Research, Curie Institute, Paris Sciences & Letters University, and UFR of Medicine, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flesher JL, Fisher DE. MAPK-Activating Gene Fusions in Congenital Nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:446-448. [PMID: 37978981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Flesher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dobre EG, Nichita L, Popp C, Zurac S, Neagu M. Assessment of RAS-RAF-MAPK Pathway Mutation Status in Healthy Skin, Benign Nevi, and Cutaneous Melanomas: Pilot Study Using Droplet Digital PCR. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2308. [PMID: 38396984 PMCID: PMC10889428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we employed the ddPCR and IHC techniques to assess the prevalence and roles of RAS and RAF mutations in a small batch of melanoma (n = 22), benign moles (n = 15), and normal skin samples (n = 15). Mutational screening revealed the coexistence of BRAF and NRAS mutations in melanomas and nevi and the occurrence of NRAS G12/G13 variants in healthy skin. All investigated nevi had driver mutations in the BRAF or NRAS genes and elevated p16 protein expression, indicating cell cycle arrest despite an increased mutational burden. BRAF V600 mutations were identified in 54% of melanomas, and NRAS G12/G13 mutations in 50%. The BRAF mutations were associated with the Breslow index (BI) (p = 0.029) and TIL infiltration (p = 0.027), whereas the NRAS mutations correlated with the BI (p = 0.01) and the mitotic index (p = 0.04). Here, we demonstrate that the "young" ddPCR technology is as effective as a CE-IVD marked real-time PCR method for detecting BRAF V600 hotspot mutations in tumor biopsies and recommend it for extended use in clinical settings. Moreover, ddPCR was able to detect low-frequency hotspot mutations, such as NRAS G12/G13, in our tissue specimens, which makes it a promising tool for investigating the mutational landscape of sun-damaged skin, benign nevi, and melanomas in more extensive clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Georgiana Dobre
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (L.N.); (C.P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Luciana Nichita
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (L.N.); (C.P.); (S.Z.)
- Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Popp
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (L.N.); (C.P.); (S.Z.)
- Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (L.N.); (C.P.); (S.Z.)
- Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (L.N.); (C.P.); (S.Z.)
- Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tan S, Hu H, Xin X, Wu D. A clinical and biologic review of congenital melanocytic nevi. J Dermatol 2024; 51:12-22. [PMID: 37955315 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) are the result of aberrations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway caused by postzygotic somatic mutations. The estimated incidence of newborns with CMN is 1%-2%. The main complications of CMN include proliferative nodules, melanomas, and neurocutaneous melanosis, and the latter two are the most troublesome issues to address. Treatments are primarily taken into account for aesthetic purposes and the reduction of melanoma risk. Due to the much lower incidence of malignant transformation observed in recent studies than in previous data, clinical management paradigms for CMN patients have gradually shifted towards conservative observation and close monitoring. Surgery and lasers are still the main treatments, and targeted therapy may be a promising strategy to help manage complications. With the increase in awareness of mental health, increasing focus has been placed on the quality of life (QoL) and psychological issues of both CMN patients and their parents. Recent studies have revealed that families coping with CMN might endure intense pressure, a major loss in QoL, and psychological problems after diagnosis and during treatment. Here, we sought to present an overview of genetic basis, complications, treatments, and psychological issues related to CMN and hope to provide better management for patients with CMN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Tan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Plikus MV. Aged Skin Cells Nurture Stem Cells toward Regeneration. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:11-14. [PMID: 37897482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen K, McInnis-Smith K, Tiwari N, Moser JC, Ramasubramanian A. BRAF Immunohistochemical Studies of Pediatric Conjunctival Lesions. Cornea 2023; 42:1404-1407. [PMID: 36729648 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of an activating mutation in the B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) V600E immunoreactivity in pediatric conjunctival lesions. METHODS This retrospective case-control study included 32 pediatric patients who underwent surgical excision of conjunctival lesions between Jan 2019 and May 2022. The collected data included demographic data, clinical features, and histopathologic characteristics of the lesion, including BRAF V600E positivity. The Student t test and the Fisher exact test were used to determine the significance of the associations between clinical variables and BRAF positivity. RESULTS BRAF immunoreactivity was positive in 11/32 lesions (34%). Age at diagnosis did not correlate with BRAF positivity, with a mean age at diagnosis of 131.7 months for patients with BRAF+ lesions and 134.7 months for those with BRAF- lesions ( P > 0.1). No clinical or pathological features were found to be significantly correlated with BRAF positivity, although there was a trend toward BRAF positivity in the presence of cysts ( P = 0.072). CONCLUSIONS BRAF reactivity was present in approximately one-third of pediatric conjunctival nevi but does not correlate significantly with unique clinical or histopathological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Justin C Moser
- HonorHealth Research and Innovation Institute, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alsayyah A. Differentiating between early melanomas and melanocytic nevi: A state-of-the-art review. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154734. [PMID: 37573619 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians and dermatologists are challenged by accurate diagnosis of melanocytic lesions, due to melanoma's resemblance to benign skin conditions. Several methodologies have been proposed to diagnose melanoma, and to differentiate between a cancerous and a benign skin condition. First, the ABCD rule and Menzies method use skin lesion characteristics to interpret the condition. The 7-point checklist, 3-point checklist, and CASH algorithm are score-based methods. Each of these methods attributes a score point to the features found on the skin lesion. Furthermore, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), an integrated clinical and dermoscopic risk scoring system (iDscore), and a deep convoluted neural network (DCNN) also aids in diagnosis. RCM optically sections live tissues to reveal morphological and cellular structures. The skin lesion's clinical parameters determine iDscore's score point system. The DCNN model is based on a detailed learning algorithm. Therefore, we discuss the conventional and new methodologies for the identification of skin diseases. Moreover, our review attempts to provide clinicians with a comprehensible summary of the wide range of techniques that can help differentiate between early melanomas and melanocytic nevi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Milman T, Grossniklaus HE, Goldman-Levy G, Kivelä TT, Coupland SE, White VA, Mudhar HS, Eberhart CG, Verdijk RM, Heegaard S, Gill AJ, Jager MJ, Rodríguez-Reyes AA, Esmaeli B, Hodge JC, Cree IA. The 5th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Eye and Orbit. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2023; 9:71-95. [PMID: 37900189 PMCID: PMC10601864 DOI: 10.1159/000530730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Milman
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Goldman-Levy
- World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tero T. Kivelä
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- George Holt Chair of Pathology/Consultant Histopathologist, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Valerie A. White
- World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Hardeep Singh Mudhar
- National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS), Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert M. Verdijk
- Section Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Pathology, Eye Pathology Section and Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony J. Gill
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards NSW, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abelardo A. Rodríguez-Reyes
- Ophthalmic Pathology Service, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, I.A.P. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bita Esmaeli
- Orbital Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic Surgery, MDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ian A. Cree
- World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - on behalf of the WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- George Holt Chair of Pathology/Consultant Histopathologist, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS), Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Section Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Eye Pathology Section and Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards NSW, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ophthalmic Pathology Service, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, I.A.P. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Orbital Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic Surgery, MDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Ramos R, Phan AQ, Yamaga K, Flesher JL, Jiang S, Oh JW, Jin S, Jahid S, Kuan CH, Nguyen TK, Liang HY, Shettigar NU, Hou R, Tran KH, Nguyen A, Vu KN, Phung JL, Ingal JP, Levitt KM, Cao X, Liu Y, Deng Z, Taguchi N, Scarfone VM, Wang G, Paolilli KN, Wang X, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Davis RT, Greenberg EN, Ruiz-Vega R, Vasudeva P, Murad R, Widyastuti LHP, Lee HL, McElwee KJ, Gadeau AP, Lawson DA, Andersen B, Mortazavi A, Yu Z, Nie Q, Kunisada T, Karin M, Tuckermann J, Esko JD, Ganesan AK, Li J, Plikus MV. Signalling by senescent melanocytes hyperactivates hair growth. Nature 2023; 618:808-817. [PMID: 37344645 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Niche signals maintain stem cells in a prolonged quiescence or transiently activate them for proper regeneration1. Altering balanced niche signalling can lead to regenerative disorders. Melanocytic skin nevi in human often display excessive hair growth, suggesting hair stem cell hyperactivity. Here, using genetic mouse models of nevi2,3, we show that dermal clusters of senescent melanocytes drive epithelial hair stem cells to exit quiescence and change their transcriptome and composition, potently enhancing hair renewal. Nevus melanocytes activate a distinct secretome, enriched for signalling factors. Osteopontin, the leading nevus signalling factor, is both necessary and sufficient to induce hair growth. Injection of osteopontin or its genetic overexpression is sufficient to induce robust hair growth in mice, whereas germline and conditional deletions of either osteopontin or CD44, its cognate receptor on epithelial hair cells, rescue enhanced hair growth induced by dermal nevus melanocytes. Osteopontin is overexpressed in human hairy nevi, and it stimulates new growth of human hair follicles. Although broad accumulation of senescent cells, such as upon ageing or genotoxic stress, is detrimental for the regenerative capacity of tissue4, we show that signalling by senescent cell clusters can potently enhance the activity of adjacent intact stem cells and stimulate tissue renewal. This finding identifies senescent cells and their secretome as an attractive therapeutic target in regenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anne Q Phan
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kosuke Yamaga
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Flesher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ji Won Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suoqin Jin
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sohail Jahid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Truman Kt Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Y Liang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nitish Udupi Shettigar
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Amplifica Holdings Group, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Renzhi Hou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kevin H Tran
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly N Vu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennie L Phung
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonard P Ingal
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn M Levitt
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoling Cao
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhili Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nobuhiko Taguchi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Vanessa M Scarfone
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Guangfang Wang
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kara Nicole Paolilli
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Rolando Ruiz-Vega
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Priya Vasudeva
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rabi Murad
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Hye-Lim Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J McElwee
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Alain-Pierre Gadeau
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1034, Adaptation cardiovasculaire à l'ischémie, Pessac, France
| | - Devon A Lawson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, Ulm, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Amplifica Holdings Group, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen J, Zhang G, Liu X, Tu P. The association of BRAF V600E gene mutation with proliferative activity and histopathological characteristics of congenital melanocytic nevi in children. An Bras Dermatol 2023:S0365-0596(23)00062-4. [PMID: 37156689 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lot of congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) carry the somatic mutation in the oncogene BRAF V600E. But the detailed histopathologic characteristics and the proliferative activity of CMN with BRAF V600E gene mutation have not been systematically documented. OBJECTIVE To identify the proliferative activity and histopathological features correlating them with BRAF V600E gene mutation status in CMN. METHODS CMN were retrospectively identified from the laboratory reporting system. Mutations were determined by Sanger sequencing. The CMN were divided into a mutant group and control group according to whether there was BRAF gene mutation and were strictly matched according to gender, age, nevus size, and location. Histopathological analysis, analysis of Ki67 expression by immunohistochemistry and laser confocal fluorescence microscopy were performed. RESULTS The differences in Ki67 index, the depth of nevus cell involvement and the number of nevus cell nests between the mutant group and the control group was statistically significant, with p-values of 0.041, 0.002 and 0.007, respectively. Compared with BRAF V600E negative nevi, BRAF V600E positive nevi often exhibited predominantly nested intraepidermal melanocytes, and larger junctional nests, but the difference in this data sets were not statistically significant. The number of nests (p = 0.001) was positively correlated with the proportion of Ki67 positive cells. STUDY LIMITATIONS A small sample of patients were included and there was no follow-up. CONCLUSIONS BRAF V600E gene mutations were associated with high proliferative activity and distinct histopathological features in congenital melanocytic nevi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Gaolei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Tu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maher NG, Scolyer RA, Colebatch AJ. Biology and genetics of acquired and congenital melanocytic naevi. Pathology 2023; 55:169-177. [PMID: 36635156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.12.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acquired and congenital melanocytic naevi are common benign neoplasms. Understanding their biology and genetics will help clinicians and pathologists correctly diagnose melanocytic tumours, and generate insights into naevus aetiology and melanomagenesis. Genomic data from published studies analysing acquired and congenital melanocytic naevi, including oncogenic driver mutations, common melanoma associated mutations, copy number aberrations, somatic mutation signature patterns, methylation profile, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, were reviewed. Correlation of genomic changes to dermoscopic features, particular anatomic sites and total body naevus counts, was also performed. This review also highlights current scientific theories and evidence concerning naevi growth arrest. Acquired and congenital melanocytic naevi show simple genomes, typically characterised by mutually exclusive single oncogenic driver mutations in either BRAF or NRAS genes. Genomic differences exist between acquired and congenital naevi, common and dysplastic naevi, and by dermoscopic features. Acquired naevi show a higher rate of BRAF hotspot mutations and a lower rate of NRAS hotspot mutations compared to congenital naevi. Dysplastic naevi show upregulation of follicular keratinocyte-related genes compared to common naevi. Anatomical locations and DNA signatures of naevi implicates ultraviolet radiation and non-ultraviolet radiation pathways in naevogenesis. DNA driver point mutations in acquired and congenital melanocytic naevi have been well characterised. Future research is required to better understand transcriptional and epigenetic changes in naevi, as well as those regulating naevus growth arrest and cell environment signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel G Maher
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Colebatch
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tong X, Burks HE, Ren Z, Koetsier JL, Roth-Carter QR, Green KJ. Crosstalk in skin: Loss of desmoglein 1 in keratinocytes inhibits BRAF V600E-induced cellular senescence in human melanocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528886. [PMID: 36824910 PMCID: PMC9949056 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma arises from transformation of melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis where they are surrounded by keratinocytes, with which they interact through cell contact and paracrine communication. Considerable effort has been devoted to determining how the accumulation of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations in melanocytes drive melanoma development. However, the extent to which alterations in keratinocytes that occur in the developing tumor niche serve as extrinsic drivers of melanoma initiation and progression is poorly understood. We recently identified the keratinocyte-specific cadherin, desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), as an important mediator of keratinocyte:melanoma cell crosstalk, demonstrating that its chronic loss, which can occur through melanoma cell-dependent paracrine signaling, promotes behaviors that mimic a malignant phenotype. Here we address the extent to which Dsg1 loss affects early steps in melanomagenesis. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that paracrine signals from Dsg1-deficient keratinocytes mediate a transcriptional switch from a differentiated to undifferentiated cell state in melanocytes expressing BRAFV600E, a driver mutation commonly present in both melanoma and benign nevi and reported to cause growth arrest and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Of ~220 differentially expressed genes in BRAFV600E cells treated with Dsg1-deficient conditioned media (CM), the laminin superfamily member NTN4/Netrin-4, which inhibits senescence in endothelial cells, stood out. Indeed, while BRAFV600E melanocytes treated with Dsg1-deficient CM showed signs of senescence bypass as assessed by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and decreased p16, knockdown of NTN4 reversed these effects. These results suggest that Dsg1 loss in keratinocytes provides an extrinsic signal to push melanocytes towards oncogenic transformation once an initial mutation has been introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hope E. Burks
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ziyou Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer L. Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Quinn R. Roth-Carter
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Calbet-Llopart N, Tell-Martí G, Mateu J, Feito M, Martínez S, Puig S, Malvehy J, Carrera C, Puig-Butillé JA. Clinical utility of liquid biopsy for monitoring patients with NRAS-mutant medium-to-giant congenital melanocytic nevi. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:e200-e203. [PMID: 36151998 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Calbet-Llopart
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Tell-Martí
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Mateu
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Feito
- Department of Pediadric Dermatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvestre Martínez
- Dermatology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A Puig-Butillé
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Biology CORE, Biomedical Diagnostic Center (CDB), Melanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dessinioti C, Befon A, Stratigos AJ. The Association of Nevus-Associated Melanoma with Common or Dysplastic Melanocytic Nevus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030856. [PMID: 36765817 PMCID: PMC9913707 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous melanoma has an adjacent nevus remnant upon histological examination in 30% of cases (nevus-associated melanoma, NAM), while it appears de novo for 70% of tumors. Regarding NAM arising in acquired melanocytic nevus, currently there is no evidence on whether NAM more frequently develops in association with a dysplastic or common melanocytic nevus. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the proportion of dysplastic or common melanocytic nevus in NAM associated with acquired nevus. Methods: A systematic literature search is conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The PRISMA checklist is used. Studies reporting patients diagnosed with NAM arising in an acquired common or dysplastic melanocytic nevus are included. A meta-analysis of proportions is performed using the random-effects model. The magnitude of heterogeneity is assessed with the I2 statistic. Results: A total of 22 studies with 2174 NAMs with an acquired nevus (dysplastic or common) are included. The proportion of dysplastic nevus in NAM varies considerably in the included studies, ranging from 0% to 100%. In the meta-analysis, the overall estimate of the proportion of having a dysplastic nevus in NAM is 51% (95% CI: 39-63%) with high heterogeneity at I2: 95.8% (p < 0.01). A sensitivity meta-analysis of 12 studies that included 30 or more acquired nevus-NAMs (2023 cases) shows that 65% of the NAMs developed in a dysplastic nevus (95% CI: 51-77%). In a meta-analysis of 4 studies reporting invasive-only acquired nevus-NAMs (764 cases), the proportion of dysplastic nevus is 56% (95% CI: 36-75%). Only 2 studies are found reporting in situ NAMs with an acquired nevus, and the pooled estimated proportion of dysplastic nevus is 71% (95% CI: 63-78%). Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis suggest a higher proportion of dysplastic nevus in acquired nevus-NAM; however, there is considerable uncertainty and high heterogeneity, highlighting the need for future well-designed studies with uniform histopathological definitions for dysplastic nevus remnants which report the type of nevus in NAM separately for invasive melanomas, thin tumors, and by histological subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clio Dessinioti
- 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Aggeliki Befon
- State Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander J. Stratigos
- 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wei B, Gu J, Gao B, Bao Y, Duan R, Li Q, Xie F. Deficient mismatch repair is detected in large-to-giant congenital melanocytic naevi: providing new insight into aetiology and diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 2023; 188:64-74. [PMID: 36689509 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiologies of large-to-giant congenital melanocytic naevi (LGCMN) remain ambiguous. A previous study discovered signatures associated with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) in patients with LGCMN. However, a screening diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel of dMMR in patients with LGCMN has not been performed to date. OBJECTIVES To identify the MMR status and aetiologies of LGCMN. METHODS A total of 110 patients with CMN, including 30 giant CMN, 30 large CMN, 30 medium CMN and 20 small CMN, underwent diagnostic IHC (for MSH6, MSH2, PMS2 and MLH1) screening of dMMR. The control group comprised normal skin samples from 20 healthy people. MMR proteins with little effect (MSH3 and PMS1) on the MMR system were stained in all samples. The surgical procedures conducted on each patient were noted because they might alter the behaviour of CMN and confound the results. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed between the phenotypic data and MMR status to identify associations. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the main naevi, satellite naevi and normal skin tissues of four patients to detect variants. Mutational signature analyses were conducted to explore the aetiologies of LGCMN. RESULTS dMMR was detected in 37% (11 of 30) of giant, 23% (7 of 30) of large and 7% (2 of 30) of medium CMNs, but were not identified in small CMNs or normal skin tissues. Moreover, multiple LGCMNs had a much higher dMMR rate than did single LGCMNs. The regression analyses showed that MMR status was significantly associated with CMN size and the presence of satellites, but was not correlated with age, sex, location, satellite diversity or tissue expansion. Notably, the pattern of protein loss in LGCMN mainly consisted of PMS2 loss. Mutational signature analyses detected dMMR-related signatures in patients with LGCMN. Additionally, rare deleterious germline mutations in DNA repair genes were detected in LGCMN, mainly in MSH6, ATM, RAD50, BRCA1 and ERCC8. These germline mutations were single-patient variants with unknown significance. CONCLUSIONS dMMR is one of the aetiologies underlying LGCMN, particularly in patients with giant main lesions and multiple satellite lesions. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of the DNA repair system, particularly MMR, in LGCMN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic ofChina
| | - Jieyu Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic ofChina
| | - Bowen Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic ofChina
| | - Yongyang Bao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ran Duan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic ofChina
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic ofChina
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic ofChina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brunetti B, Briatico G, Scharf C, Cabo H, Scalvenzi M, Barbato F, Savoia F, Thomas L, Argenziano G, Brancaccio G. Stardust Pattern as Evolution of Pigmented Spitz Nevi During Childhood. Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:dpc.1301a41. [PMID: 36892359 PMCID: PMC9946083 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1301a41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spitz nevi (SN) are benign melanocytic proliferations frequently occurring in children. Some pigmented SN with a starburst pattern evolve into the "stardust" one, which is characterized by a central, black to gray, hyperpigmented area and remnants of a brown network at the periphery. These dermoscopy changes are often the first alert to induce excision. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to enlarge the case series of stardust SN in children, in order to increase confidence with this new dermoscopic pattern and reduce unnecessary excisions. METHODS This retrospective observational study was conducted with SN cases received from IDS members. The inclusion criteria were: clinical and/or histopathologic diagnosis of Spitz naevus with starburst appearance in children <12 years old, availability of a dermoscopic image at baseline and after follow-up of at least 1 year, availability of patient data. The dermoscopic images and their changes over time were assessed by three evaluators in consensus. RESULTS 38 SN were enrolled, with a median age of 7 years and a median FUP duration of 15,5 months. Comparing the evolution with time of FUP, no significant differences were found between growing and involuting lesions in terms of patient age and sex, location and palpability of lesions. CONCLUSIONS The long follow-up reported in our study could really support the concept of benignity of changing SN. A conservative approach is acceptable for nevi showing the stardust pattern, because it may be considered a physiological evolution of pigmented Spitz nevus, and urgent surgeries could be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camila Scharf
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Horacio Cabo
- Dermatology Section- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Francesco Savoia
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Skin Cancer Unit, Meldola (FC), Italy
| | - Luc Thomas
- Department of Dermatology Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, France.,Lyons cancer research center UMR INSERM U1052 - CNRS5286 - UCBL1, France.,Lyon 1 University, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weiss TJ, Crawford ER, Posada V, Rahman H, Liu T, Murphy BM, Arnold TE, Gray S, Hu Z, Hennessey RC, Yu L, D'Orazio JA, Burd CJ, Zippin JH, Grossman D, Burd CE. Cell-intrinsic melanin fails to protect melanocytes from ultraviolet-mutagenesis in the absence of epidermal melanin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:6-18. [PMID: 36148789 PMCID: PMC10092168 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a free-radical scavenger, antioxidant, and broadband absorber of ultraviolet (UV) radiation which protects the skin from environmental carcinogenesis. However, melanin synthesis and UV-induced reactive melanin species are also implicated in melanocyte genotoxicity. Here, we attempted to reconcile these disparate functions of melanin using a UVB-sensitive, NRAS-mutant mouse model, TpN. We crossed TpN mice heterozygous for an inactivating mutation in Tyrosinase to produce albino and black littermates on a C57BL/6J background. These animals were then exposed to a single UVB dose on postnatal day three when keratinocytes in the skin have yet to be melanized. Approximately one-third (35%) of black mice were protected from UVB-accelerated tumor formation. However, melanoma growth rates, tumor mutational burdens, and gene expression profiles were similar in melanomas from black and albino mice. Skin from albino mice contained more cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) positive cells than black mice 1-h post-irradiation. However, this trend gradually reversed over time with CPDs becoming more prominent in black than albino melanocytes at 48 h. These results show that in the absence of epidermal pigmentation, melanocytic melanin limits the tumorigenic effects of acute UV exposure but fails to protect melanocytes from UVB-induced mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirzah J Weiss
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emma R Crawford
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Valentina Posada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hafeez Rahman
- The University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tong Liu
- The University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Brandon M Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany E Arnold
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhexuan Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hennessey
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig J Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas Grossman
- The University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chousakos E, Kose K, Kurtansky NR, Dusza SW, Halpern AC, Marghoob AA. Analyzing the Spatial Randomness in the Distribution of Acquired Melanocytic Neoplasms. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3274-3281. [PMID: 35841946 PMCID: PMC10475172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of the clinical impression and current knowledge, acquired melanocytic nevi and melanomas may not occur in random localizations. The goal of this study was to identify whether their distribution on the back is random and whether the location of melanoma correlates with its adjacent lesions. Therefore, patient-level and lesion-level spatial analyses were performed using the Clark‒Evans test for complete spatial randomness. A total of 311 patients with three-dimensional total body photography (average age of 40.08 [30‒49] years; male/female ratio: 128/183) with 5,108 eligible lesions in total were included in the study (mean sum of eligible lesions per patient of 16.42 [3‒199]). The patient-level analysis revealed that the distributions of acquired melanocytic neoplasms were more likely to deviate toward clustering than dispersion (average z-score of ‒0.55 [95% confidence interval = ‒0.69 to ‒0.41; P < 0.001]). The lesion-level analysis indicated a higher portion of melanomas (n = 57 of 72, 79.2% [95% confidence interval = 69.4‒88.9%]) appearing in proximity to neighboring melanocytic neoplasms than to nevi (n = 2,281 of 5,036, 45.3% [95% confidence interval = 43.9‒46.7%]). In conclusion, the nevi and melanomas' distribution on the back tends toward clustering as opposed to dispersion. Furthermore, melanomas are more likely to appear proximally to their neighboring neoplasms than to nevi. These findings may justify various oncogenic theories and improve diagnostic methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Chousakos
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; 1(st) Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Kivanc Kose
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas R Kurtansky
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen W Dusza
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Allan C Halpern
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashfaq A Marghoob
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Soederberg A, Meißgeier T, Bosserhoff AK, Linck-Paulus L. MAGOH and MAGOHB Knockdown in Melanoma Cells Decreases Nonsense-Mediated Decay Activity and Promotes Apoptosis via Upregulation of GADD45A. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233859. [PMID: 36497117 PMCID: PMC9738831 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a highly proliferative and aggressive skin cancer with a steadily increasing incidence and a low long-term survival rate after metastatic progression. The protein MAGOH and its highly identical homologue MAGOHB are core components of the exon junction complex (EJC), which regulates splicing, stability and translation of mRNAs. The EJC, and especially MAGOH, has been shown to be involved in the development and progression of several cancers. In melanoma, the expression and function of both homologues remain essentially unexplored. This study identifies high MAGOH and MAGOHB protein expression in cutaneous melanoma cell lines and patient derived tissue samples. An siRNA-mediated knockdown of MAGOH significantly inhibits melanoma cell proliferation. The loss of MAGOH does not affect cell cycle progression, but induces apoptosis, an effect that is enhanced by a simultaneous knockdown of MAGOH and MAGOHB. MAGOH and MAGOHB do not influence the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-XS or exon skipping. However, the knockdown of MAGOH and MAGOHB strongly decreases nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) activity, leading to an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein GADD45A. In conclusion, simultaneous inhibition of MAGOH and MAGOHB expression substantially affects cell survival, indicating both MAGOH homologues as promising new targets for the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Soederberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Fahrstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Meißgeier
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Fahrstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Fahrstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Linck-Paulus
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Fahrstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Laser treatment of benign melanocytic lesion: a review. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:3353-3362. [PMID: 36097230 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of pigmented lesions is one of the major challenges of laser and cosmetic practitioners. The most common pigmented lesions that are treated by lasers are melanocytic nevi, ephelides, solar lentigines, and café au lait macules. Melanin absorbs different wavelengths (500-1100 nm); thereby, treatment of various pigmented lesions requires the application of lasers with different wavelengths. Choosing the most appropriate type of laser depends on various factors such as the chromophore and the location of a specific lesion in the skin. In this paper, we aim to review the most efficient laser treatment protocols for each pigmented skin lesion and compare their efficacy in each part based on the previous studies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Loras A, Gil-Barrachina M, Marqués-Torrejón MÁ, Perez-Pastor G, Martinez-Cadenas C. UV-Induced Somatic Mutations Driving Clonal Evolution in Healthy Skin, Nevus, and Cutaneous Melanoma. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091339. [PMID: 36143375 PMCID: PMC9503451 DOI: 10.3390/life12091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Due to its aggressiveness, cutaneous melanoma (CM) is responsible for most skin cancer-related deaths worldwide. The origin of CM is closely linked to the appearance of UV-induced somatic mutations in melanocytes present in normal skin or in CM precursor lesions (nevi or dysplastic nevi). In recent years, new NGS studies performed on CM tissue have increased the understanding of the genetic somatic changes underlying melanomagenesis and CM tumor progression. Methods: We reviewed the literature using all important scientific databases. All articles related to genomic mutations in CM as well as normal skin and nevi were included, in particular those related to somatic mutations produced by UV radiation. Conclusions: CM development and progression are strongly associated with exposure to UV radiation, although each melanoma subtype has different characteristic genetic alterations and evolutionary trajectories. While BRAF and NRAS mutations are common in the early stages of tumor development for most CM subtypes, changes in CDKN2A, TP53 and PTEN, together with TERT promoter mutations, are especially common in advanced stages. Additionally, large genome duplications, loss of heterozygosity, and copy number variations are hallmarks of metastatic disease. Finally, the mutations driving melanoma targeted-therapy drug resistance are also summarized. The complete sequential stages of clonal evolution leading to CM onset from normal skin or nevi are still unknown, so further studies are needed in this field to shed light on the molecular pathways involved in CM malignant transformation and in melanoma acquired drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | | | | | - Gemma Perez-Pastor
- Department of Dermatology, Valencia General University Hospital, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Conrado Martinez-Cadenas
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-964387607
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chousakos E, Katsoulas N, Kavantzas N, Stratigos A, Lazaris AC. The role of dual-specificity phosphatase 3 in melanocytic oncogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1466-1476. [PMID: 35899430 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatase 3 (DUSP3), also known as Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase, is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that typically performs its major role in the regulation of multiple cellular functions through the dephosphorylation of its diverse and constantly expanding range of substrates. Many of the substrates described so far as well as alterations in the expression or the activity of DUSP3 itself are associated with the development and progression of various types of neoplasms, indicating that DUSP3 may be an important player in oncogenesis and a promising therapeutic target. This review focuses exclusively on DUSP3's contribution to either benign or malignant melanocytic oncogenesis, as many of the established culprit pathways and mechanisms constitute DUSP3's regulatory targets, attempting to synthesize the current knowledge on the matter. The spectrum of the DUSP3 interactions analyzed in this review covers substrates implicated in cellular growth, cell cycle, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, genomic stability/repair, adhesion and migration of tumor melanocytes. Furthermore, the speculations raised, based on the evidence to date, may be considered a fundament for potential research regarding the oncogenesis, evolution, management and therapeutics of melanocytic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Chousakos
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Nikolaos Katsoulas
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Alexandros Stratigos
- 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dessinioti C, Geller AC, Stratigos AJ. A review of nevus-associated melanoma: What is the evidence? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1927-1936. [PMID: 35857388 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma may have an adjacent nevus remnant on histological examination in 30% of cases (nevus-associated melanoma, NAM), while it may appear de novo, without a precursor lesion, in the remaining 70% of cases. Nevus-associated melanoma and the concept of acquired melanocytic nevi serving as precursors of melanoma, has long been considered as a controversial topic. This controversy is, in part, due to their overall low rate of transformation to melanoma and scarce data on the natural history of progression. Another matter of debate regarded the possibility that the reported differences of NAM versus de novo melanoma, were due to an underestimation of NAM in thicker lesions due to obliteration of the nevus component by the tumour. During the last few years, several evidence has accumulated in order to address these controversies. In this review, we present a comprehensive synthesis of the epidemiological, clinical, dermoscopic and genetic findings in NAM, including thin NAM, compared to de novo melanoma. Answering the questions on nevus-associated melanoma may provide further insight on the classification of these tumours and disentangle their biology and route of development from that of de novo melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clio Dessinioti
- 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alan C Geller
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander J Stratigos
- 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fractal Dimension Analysis of Melanocytic Nevi and Melanomas in Normal and Polarized Light-A Preliminary Report. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071008. [PMID: 35888097 PMCID: PMC9318244 DOI: 10.3390/life12071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of pigmented lesions can be a challenge in everyday practice. Benign and dysplastic nevi and melanomas may have similar clinical presentations, but completely different prognoses. Fractal dimensions of shape and texture can describe the complexity of the pigmented lesion structure. This study aims to apply fractal dimension analysis to differentiate melanomas, dysplastic nevi, and benign nevi in polarized and non-polarized light. A total of 87 Eighty-four patients with 97 lesions were included in this study. All examined lesions were photographed under polarized and non-polarized light, surgically removed, and examined by a histopathologist to establish the correct diagnosis. The obtained images were then processed and analyzed. Area, perimeter, and fractal dimensions of shape and texture were calculated for all the lesions under polarized and non-polarized light. The fractal dimension of shape in polarized light enables differentiating melanomas, dysplastic nevi, and benign nevi. It also makes it possible to distinguish melanomas from benign and dysplastic nevi under non-polarized light. The fractal dimension of texture allows distinguishing melanomas from benign and dysplastic nevi under polarized light. All examined parameters of shape and texture can be used for developing an automatic computer-aided diagnosis system. Polarized light is superior to non-polarized light for imaging texture details.
Collapse
|
27
|
Grafanaki K, Merlino G, Day CP. Making a mouse out of a molehill: how precision modeling repurposes drugs for congenital giant nevi. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:626-628. [PMID: 35718707 PMCID: PMC9308749 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congenital giant nevi (CGN), which can compromise quality of life and progress to melanoma, have limited treatment options. Choi et al. have demonstrated that topical application of a proinflammatory hapten for alopecia treatment [squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE)] caused nevus regression and prevented melanoma in an Nras mouse CGN model. Their results demonstrate the promise of repurposing drugs through precision modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Grafanaki
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Álvarez-Nava F, Soto-Quintana M. The Hypothesis of the Prolonged Cell Cycle in Turner Syndrome. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020016. [PMID: 35645292 PMCID: PMC9149809 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder that is caused by a missing or structurally abnormal second sex chromosome. Subjects with TS are at an increased risk of developing intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, short stature, congenital heart diseases, infertility, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (stroke and myocardial infarction). The underlying pathogenetic mechanism of TS is unknown. The assumption that X chromosome-linked gene haploinsufficiency is associated with the TS phenotype is questioned since such genes have not been identified. Thus, other pathogenic mechanisms have been suggested to explain this phenotype. Morphogenesis encompasses a series of events that includes cell division, the production of migratory precursors and their progeny, differentiation, programmed cell death, and integration into organs and systems. The precise control of the growth and differentiation of cells is essential for normal development. The cell cycle frequency and the number of proliferating cells are essential in cell growth. 45,X cells have a failure to proliferate at a normal rate, leading to a decreased cell number in a given tissue during organogenesis. A convergence of data indicates an association between a prolonged cell cycle and the phenotypical features in Turner syndrome. This review aims to examine old and new findings concerning the relationship between a prolonged cell cycle and TS phenotype. These studies reveal a diversity of phenotypic features in TS that could be explained by reduced cell proliferation. The implications of this hypothesis for our understanding of the TS phenotype and its pathogenesis are discussed. It is not surprising that 45,X monosomy leads to cellular growth pathway dysregulation with profound deleterious effects on both embryonic and later stages of development. The prolonged cell cycle could represent the beginning of the pathogenesis of TS, leading to a series of phenotypic consequences in embryonic/fetal, neonatal, pediatric, adolescence, and adulthood life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Álvarez-Nava
- Biological Sciences School, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170113, Ecuador
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +593-252-8810
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Davies OMT, Bruckner AL, McCalmont T, Mascarenhas L, Oza V, Williams ML, Wine-Lee L, Shern JF, Siegel DH. Cutaneous mosaic RASopathies associated with rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29639. [PMID: 35253347 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Variants in RAS are known drivers of certain pediatric blood and solid cancers, including brain tumors. Though most RAS-driven cancers are thought to occur sporadically, genetic syndromes caused by germline RAS variants portend a slightly higher risk of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) development. Three new cases and a review of the literature demonstrate that in rare cases, certain somatic RAS variants are associated with an increased risk of RMS and that RMS development may be heralded by the presence of concomitant RAS-driven birthmarks. Further prospective studies are needed to establish incidence and recommend appropriate monitoring guidelines for patients at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M T Davies
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna L Bruckner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy McCalmont
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Vikash Oza
- Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mary L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lara Wine-Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dawn H Siegel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kiuru M, Kriner MA, Wong S, Zhu G, Terrell JR, Li Q, Hoang M, Beechem J, McPherson JD. High-Plex Spatial RNA Profiling Reveals Cell Type‒Specific Biomarker Expression during Melanoma Development. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1401-1412.e20. [PMID: 34699906 PMCID: PMC9714472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of melanoma is critical for improved survival. However, the biomarkers of early melanoma evolution and their origin within the tumor and its microenvironment, including the keratinocytes, are poorly defined. To address this, we used spatial transcript profiling that maintains the morphological tumor context to measure the expression of >1,000 RNAs in situ in patient-derived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections in primary melanoma and melanocytic nevi. We profiled 134 regions of interest (each 200 μm in diameter) enriched in melanocytes, neighboring keratinocytes, or immune cells. This approach captured distinct expression patterns across cell types and tumor types during melanoma development. Unexpectedly, we discovered that S100A8 is expressed by keratinocytes within the tumor microenvironment during melanoma growth. Immunohistochemistry of 252 tumors showed prominent keratinocyte-derived S100A8 expression in melanoma but not in benign tumors and confirmed the same pattern for S100A8's binding partner S100A9, suggesting that injury to the epidermis may be an early and readily detectable indicator of melanoma development. Together, our results establish a framework for high-plex, spatial, and cell type‒specific resolution of gene expression in archival tissue applicable to the development of biomarkers and characterization of tumor microenvironment interactions in tumor evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Samantha Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Guannan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jessica R. Terrell
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT) and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | | | - John D. McPherson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Frischhut N, Zelger B, Andre F, Zelger BG. Das Spektrum melanozytärer Nävi und deren klinische Bedeutung. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:483-506. [PMID: 35446504 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14776_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Frischhut
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Bernhard Zelger
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Fiona Andre
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Frischhut N, Zelger B, Andre F, Zelger BG. The spectrum of melanocytic nevi and their clinical implications. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:483-504. [PMID: 35446494 PMCID: PMC9320830 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of the topic of melanocytic nevi (MN) is directly related to its relevance in everyday clinical work. The different MN have different prognostic significance in regard to comorbidity and possible risk of transformation. In addition to the criteria of the ABCDE rule, relevant criteria in the assessment of an MN are the time of occurrence, the growth tendency, the distribution and the comparison with other MN of the respective individual. The present CME article provides an overview of the knowledge that has been gained with regard to the development and genetic background of MN and any risk of degeneration that may exist. In addition, certain clinical and/or dermatoscopic features may provide the clinician with a decision‐making aid in the management of different MNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Frischhut
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Zelger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fiona Andre
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Colebatch AJ, Paver EC, Vergara IA, Thompson JF, Long GV, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA. Elevated non-coding promoter mutations are associated with malignant transformation of melanocytic naevi to melanoma. Pathology 2022; 54:533-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.12.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
34
|
Panarese F, Gualdi G, Di Nicola M, Giannini C, Polidori N, Giuliani F, Mohn A, Amerio P. Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Supplementation on Dermatoscopic Evolution of Pigmentary Lesions in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD). J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030736. [PMID: 35160191 PMCID: PMC8836453 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed higher levels of growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) transcripts in malignant melanomas (MM), yet the role of GH in the pathogenesis of MM remains controversial. Although melanocytes appear to be hormonally responsive, the effects of GH on MM cells are less clear. A direct correlation between GH administration and the development of melanoma seems possible. Our study aimed to assess whether GH supplementation in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) could induce changes in the melanocytic lesions both from a dimensional and dermoscopic point of view. The study population consisted of 14 patients sorted into two groups. The experimental group consisted of seven GHD pediatric patients who underwent dermatological examination with epiluminescence through the use of digital video recording of all melanocytic lesions before and after 12 months of GH supplementation, whilst the control group consisted of seven healthy pediatric patients matched for age, sex and phototype. All patients were evaluated according to auxological and dermatological features. A total of 225 melanocytic lesions were examined in the experimental group and 236 in the control group. Our study shows a significant increase in the mean size values of the lesions in the study group but not in the control group. Increases in the dermoscopic ABCD Score and in BMI correlated to an increase in the size of the melanocytic lesions and the dermoscopic parameters. The increase in SDS Height correlated with ABCD Score changes and with dermoscopic score structures. No differences were found compared to the control group. Dimensional/structural modifications in melanocytic lesions of patients treated with GH were closely related to weight and statural growth and can be considered a normal physiological process induced by GH supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Panarese
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Giulio Gualdi
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Biostatistic Laboratory, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (N.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Nella Polidori
- Department of Pediatrics, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (N.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Federica Giuliani
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Angelika Mohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (N.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Paolo Amerio
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Takabe P, Siiskonen H, Rönkä A, Kainulainen K, Pasonen-Seppänen S. The Impact of Hyaluronan on Tumor Progression in Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:811434. [PMID: 35127523 PMCID: PMC8813769 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.811434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide. Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer, which originates from malignant transformation of pigment producing melanocytes. The main risk factor for melanoma is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and thus it often arises from highly sun-exposed skin areas and is characterized by a high mutational burden. In addition to melanoma-associated mutations such as BRAF, NRAS, PTEN and cell cycle regulators, the expansion of melanoma is affected by the extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor together with immune cells. In the early phases of the disease, hyaluronan is the major matrix component in cutaneous melanoma microenvironment. It is a high-molecular weight polysaccharide involved in several physiological and pathological processes. Hyaluronan is involved in the inflammatory reactions associated with UV radiation but its role in melanomagenesis is still unclear. Although abundant hyaluronan surrounds epidermal and dermal cells in normal skin and benign nevi, its content is further elevated in dysplastic lesions and local tumors. At this stage hyaluronan matrix may act as a protective barrier against melanoma progression, or alternatively against immune cell attack. While in advanced melanoma, the content of hyaluronan decreases due to altered synthesis and degradation, and this correlates with poor prognosis. This review focuses on hyaluronan matrix in cutaneous melanoma and how the changes in hyaluronan metabolism affect the progression of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piia Takabe
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Siiskonen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino Rönkä
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kainulainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- *Correspondence: Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chang CH, Sung WW. Nevi, dysplastic nevi, and melanoma: Molecular and immune mechanisms involving the progression. Tzu Chi Med J 2022; 34:1-7. [PMID: 35233349 PMCID: PMC8830542 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_158_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi, dysplastic nevi, and melanoma are all derived from the pigment-producing cells, namely melanocytes. Concerning the clinical spectrum, cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer with a low survival rate, while nevi are the most common benign lesions in the general population, and dysplastic nevi place in between nevi and melanoma. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a well-recognized extrinsic risk factor for all three. BRAFV600E is a well-recognized driver mutation that activates the RAS-BRAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway among 40%–60% of melanoma cases. Interestingly, BRAFV600E mutation is detected even more in acquired nevi, approximately 80%. However, in nevi, several tumor suppressors such as p53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) are intact, and senescence factors, including p15INK4b, p16INK4a, p19, and senescence-associated acidic β-galactosidase, are expressed, leading to cell senescence and cell cycle arrest. Although loss of p53 function is rarely found in melanoma, decreased or loss of PTEN with an activated PI3k/Akt signaling pathway is common in nevi, which may abolish senescence status and allow further progression into dysplastic nevi or melanoma. At present, mouse models closely resembling human nevi are used for investigating these phenomena. Melanocortin 1 receptor deficiency, an intrinsic risk factor for melanomagenesis, is related to the production of procarcinogenic pheomelanin and the inhibition of PTEN function. Immune response escape via programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 interaction plays further roles in monitoring the spectrum. Here, we review the current literature on the molecular and immune mechanisms involving the transition from benign nevi to malignant melanoma.
Collapse
|
37
|
Parkman GL, Foth M, Kircher DA, Holmen SL, McMahon M. The role of PI3'-lipid signalling in melanoma initiation, progression and maintenance. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:43-56. [PMID: 34717019 PMCID: PMC8724390 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' hydroxyl (OH) of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositides (PI). Through their downstream effectors, PI3K generated lipids (PI3K-lipids hereafter) such as PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2 regulate myriad biochemical and biological processes in both normal and cancer cells including responses to growth hormones and cytokines; the cell division cycle; cell death; cellular growth; angiogenesis; membrane dynamics; and autophagy and many aspects of cellular metabolism. Engagement of receptor tyrosine kinase by their cognate ligands leads to activation of members of the Class I family of PI3'-kinases (PI3Kα, β, δ & γ) leading to accumulation of PI3K-lipids. Importantly, PI3K-lipid accumulation is antagonized by the hydrolytic action of a number of PI3K-lipid phosphatases, most notably the melanoma suppressor PTEN (lipid phosphatase and tensin homologue). Downstream of PI3K-lipid production, the protein kinases AKT1-3 are believed to be key effectors of PI3'-kinase signalling in cells. Indeed, in preclinical models, activation of the PI3K→AKT signalling axis cooperates with alterations such as expression of the BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase to promote melanoma progression and metastasis. In this review, we describe the different classes of PI3K-lipid effectors, and how they may promote melanomagenesis, influence the tumour microenvironment, melanoma maintenance and progression to metastatic disease. We also provide an update on both FDA-approved or experimental inhibitors of the PI3K→AKT pathway that are currently being evaluated for the treatment of melanoma either in preclinical models or in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennie L. Parkman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mona Foth
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David A. Kircher
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sheri L. Holmen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Transcriptome Analysis of Large to Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus Reveals Cell Cycle Arrest and Immune Evasion: Identifying Potential Targets for Treatment. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8512200. [PMID: 34912899 PMCID: PMC8668353 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8512200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large to giant congenital melanocytic nevus (lgCMN) is a benign cutaneous tumor that develops during embryogenesis. A large number of lgCMN patients are ineligible for surgical treatment; hence, there is an urgent need to develop pharmacological treatments. Clinically, tumorigenesis and progression essentially halt after birth, resulting in the homeostasis of growth arrest and survival. Numerous studies have employed whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing to clarify the etiology of lgCMN; however, transcriptome sequencing of lgCMN is still lacking. Through comprehensive transcriptome analysis, this study elucidated the ongoing regulation and homeostasis of lgCMN and identified potential targets for treatment. Transcriptome sequencing, identification of differentially expressed genes and hub genes, protein–protein network construction, functional enrichment, pathway analysis, and gene annotations were performed in this study. Immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR, immunocytofluorescence, and cell cycle assays were employed for further validation. The results revealed several intriguing phenomena in lgCMN, including P16-induced cell cycle arrest, antiapoptotic activity, and immune evasion caused by malfunction of tumor antigen processing. The arrested cell cycle in lgCMN is consistent with its phenotype and rare malignant transformation. Antiapoptotic activity and immune evasion might explain how such heterogeneous cells have avoided elimination. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-mediated tumor antigen processing was the hub pathway that was significantly downregulated in lgCMN, and ITCH, FBXW7, HECW2, and WWP1 were identified as candidate hub genes. In conclusion, our research provides new perspectives for immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Moreno S, Maiques O, Barcelo C, Romero M, Santacana M, Gómez I, Cuevas D, Velasco A, Vea A, Macia A, Boix R, Valls J, Gatius S, Canti C, Matias-Guiu X, Soria X, Marti RM. Differential Immunoexpression of BRAF/V600E, Senescence Markers, PTEN, and T-type Calcium Channels in Acquired Naevi According to their Histopathological and Dermoscopic Classification. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 101:adv00597. [PMID: 34643739 PMCID: PMC9455337 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v101.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF/V600E mutation and other cell growth/growth-control mechanisms are involved in naevogenesis and melanomagenesis. Immunoexpression of BRAF/V600E and other molecules (p16, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), Ki67, hTERT and Cav3.1 and 3.2 calcium channels) were investigated in 80 histopathologically and dermoscopically classified acquired naevi. Regarding BRAF/V600E, dysplastic naevi showed lower immunostaining than common naevi, which was significant in comparison with intradermal naevi, which showed the highest BRAF/V600E histoscore. Junctional naevi showed the lowest BRAF/V600E levels. Globular/cobblestone and reticular dermoscopic patterns were consistently associated with high and low BRAF/V600E immunoexpression, respectively, but Zalaudek’s peripheral globule pattern (CR/PG) showed the highest BRAF/V600E immunoexpression. Among global patterns, the previously not investigated multicomponent pattern showed the lowest BRAF/V600E immunoexpression. Regarding the remaining biomarkers, new immunohistochemical features were found, in particular p16 and PTEN low expression in multicomponent pattern; and Ki67, hTERT and Cav.3.1 high expression in CR/PG. In conclusion, histopathology and dermoscopy provide complementary information regarding the biology of melanocytic naevi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moreno
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Avda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, ES-25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gualdi G, Porreca A, Amoruso GF, Atzori L, Calzavara-Pinton P, De Tursi M, Buduo AD, Marino PD, Fabroncini G, Fantini F, Fargnoli MC, Giannotta G, Lacarruba F, Lotesoriere A, Merli M, Micali G, Paradisi A, Puviani M, Quaglino P, Rongioletti F, Rubatto M, Sbano P, Scalvenzi M, Soglia S, Sollima L, Villani A, Nicola MD, Amerio P. The Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Melanoma Diagnosis in Italy. Clin Dermatol 2021; 39:911-919. [PMID: 34785022 PMCID: PMC8156913 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to lockdowns for much of the world. In Italy, all health procedures not directly related to COVID-19 were reduced or suspended, thus limiting patient access to hospitals. Any delay in cancer treatment presents the additional risk of tumors progressing from being curable to incurable. Specifically, melanoma survival rate strictly depends on tumor thickness, which, in turn, is a function of time. To estimate the impact on melanoma progression caused by the reduction in dermatologic services during the COVID-19 lockdown, a retrospective observational cohort study was conducted. This study was designed to compare the clinical and histologic characteristics of the primary melanomas removed in the first 2 months after the end of the lockdown (May-July 2020) in 12 Italian centers characterized by different COVID-19 case frequencies. The control group was represented by the melanomas removed during the same period in the previous 3 years. Overall, 1,124 melanomas were considered: 237 as part of the study group and 887 from the control group (average, 295), with a 20% reduction. Breslow thickness, as well as high-risk histotypes and melanomas with vertical growth, increased for all melanomas. Ulcerated and high mitotic index melanomas increased, particularly in northern Italy. In Italy, the lockdown led to a significant worsening of melanoma severity, causing a staging jump, with a consequent worsening of outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gualdi
- Department of Dermatology, Università G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Porreca
- Biostatistic, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Laura Atzori
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Public Health, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Michele De Tursi
- Oncologic Clinic, Department of Medical, Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, Università G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Buduo
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Public Health, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Marino
- Oncologic Clinic, Department of Medical, Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, Università G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabroncini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Maria Concetta Fargnoli
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Università dell'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Lotesoriere
- Department of Dermatology, Università G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Martina Merli
- Department of Dermatology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Paradisi
- Dermatology Unit, Ospedale Generale "Cristo Re," Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Puviani
- Department of Dermatology, Ospedale di Sassuolo, Sassuolo, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Dermatology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Franco Rongioletti
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Public Health, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Rubatto
- Department of Dermatology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbano
- Dermatology Unit, Ospedale Generale "Belcolle," Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Scalvenzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simone Soglia
- Department of Dermatology, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Sollima
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Salvatore, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessia Villani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Biostatistic, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Paolo Amerio
- Department of Dermatology, Università G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Millán-Esteban D, Peña-Chilet M, García-Casado Z, Manrique-Silva E, Requena C, Bañuls J, López-Guerrero JA, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Traves V, Dopazo J, Virós A, Kumar R, Nagore E. Mutational Characterization of Cutaneous Melanoma Supports Divergent Pathways Model for Melanoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5219. [PMID: 34680367 PMCID: PMC8533762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the divergent pathway model, cutaneous melanoma comprises a nevogenic group with a propensity to melanocyte proliferation and another one associated with cumulative solar damage (CSD). While characterized clinically and epidemiologically, the differences in the molecular profiles between the groups have remained primarily uninvestigated. This study has used a custom gene panel and bioinformatics tools to investigate the potential molecular differences in a thoroughly characterized cohort of 119 melanoma patients belonging to nevogenic and CSD groups. We found that the nevogenic melanomas had a restricted set of mutations, with the prominently mutated gene being BRAF. The CSD melanomas, in contrast, showed mutations in a diverse group of genes that included NF1, ROS1, GNA11, and RAC1. We thus provide evidence that nevogenic and CSD melanomas constitute different biological entities and highlight the need to explore new targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Millán-Esteban
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de València San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (Z.G.-C.); (J.A.L.-G.)
| | - María Peña-Chilet
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (M.P.-C.); (J.D.)
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Zaida García-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (Z.G.-C.); (J.A.L.-G.)
| | - Esperanza Manrique-Silva
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-H.)
| | - Celia Requena
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - José Bañuls
- Department of Dermatology, El Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Jose Antonio López-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (Z.G.-C.); (J.A.L.-G.)
| | - Aranzazu Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-H.)
| | - Víctor Traves
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (M.P.-C.); (J.D.)
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Fundación Progreso y Salud-ELIXIR-es, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amaya Virós
- Skin Cancer and Aging Lab, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester SK10 4TG, UK;
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschüngzentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de València San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-H.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wertheim-Tysarowska K, Szczygielski O, Seliga K, Tysarowski A, Bal J, Michalak E, Rygiel AM, Sawicka E. The retrospective molecular analysis of large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi in a group of Polish children. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2021; 25:19-24. [PMID: 34643354 PMCID: PMC8603851 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20212501.d-21-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Large and giant congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN), benign naevomelanocytic proliferations derived from neural crests, with a projected adult size (PAS) ≥ 20 cm, are connected to a high risk of melanoma and neurocutaneous melanosis. Among several factors, genetic alterations seem to be involved in tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to analyse the mutation status of NRAS and BRAF genes in resection specimens from large or giant CMN in a group of Polish patients. Material and methods The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resection specimens from 18 patients, fixed in the years of 2006 to 2017, were included in the study. The regions containing the highest load of melanocytes were macrodissected prior to DNA isolation. The NRAS and BRAF mutation status was evaluated using qPCR. Results We detected activating mutations in NRAS gene (codons: 12 and 61) in 7 out of the 18 (38.9%) patients. No BRAF mutations were found. Conclusion Our study, the first molecular analysis of large/giant CMN in Polish patients, supports the hypothesis that NRAS mutation in codon 61 are frequent, recurrent mutations in large/giant CMN. Moreover, we show, for the first time, that NRAS mutations in codon 12 (p.Gly12Asp) can be also detected in giant CMN. The exact role of these genetic alterations in CMN formation remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Orest Szczygielski
- Clinic of Surgery of Children and Adolescents, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Seliga
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Translational and Molecular Oncology Department, W. K. Roentgena 5, PL 02-781, Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej Tysarowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Translational and Molecular Oncology Department, W. K. Roentgena 5, PL 02-781, Warsaw Poland
| | - Jerzy Bal
- Institute of Mother and Child, Medical Genetics Department, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Michalak
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Pathology, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Sawicka
- Clinic of Surgery of Children and Adolescents, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bowman RL, Hennessey RC, Weiss TJ, Tallman DA, Crawford ER, Murphy BM, Webb A, Zhang S, La Perle KM, Burd CJ, Levine RL, Shain AH, Burd CE. UVB mutagenesis differs in Nras- and Braf-mutant mouse models of melanoma. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202101135. [PMID: 34210801 PMCID: PMC8321651 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF-mutant melanomas are more likely than NRAS-mutant melanomas to arise in anatomical locations protected from chronic sun damage. We hypothesized that this discrepancy in tumor location is a consequence of the differential sensitivity of BRAF and NRAS-mutant melanocytes to ultraviolet light (UV)-mediated carcinogenesis. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the mutagenic consequences of a single neonatal, ultraviolet-AI (UVA; 340-400 nm) or ultraviolet-B (UVB; 280-390 nm) exposure in mouse models heterozygous for mutant Braf or homozygous for mutant Nras Tumor onset was accelerated by UVB, but not UVA, and the resulting melanomas contained recurrent mutations affecting the RING domain of MAP3K1 and Actin-binding domain of Filamin A. Melanomas from UVB-irradiated, Braf-mutant mice averaged twice as many single-nucleotide variants and five times as many dipyrimidine variants than tumors from similarly irradiated Nras-mutant mice. A mutational signature discovered in UVB-accelerated tumors mirrored COSMIC signatures associated with human skin cancer and was more prominent in Braf- than Nras-mutant murine melanomas. These data show that a single UVB exposure yields a greater burden of mutations in murine tumors driven by oncogenic Braf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Bowman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hennessey
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tirzah J Weiss
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David A Tallman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emma R Crawford
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brandon M Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Souhui Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Krista Md La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Craig J Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Hunter Shain
- Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Echavarria M, Schoch J, Tate J, Motaparthi K, De Benedetto A, Reith J, Howell D. Eruptive agminated nevi in a successfully treated Langerhans cell histiocytosis patient. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38:879-882. [PMID: 34227145 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old girl with a history of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), in remission, presented with the sudden appearance of multiple, agminated nevi. Skin biopsy revealed a benign junctional nevus, without recurrence of LCH. Subsequent immunohistochemical testing of both the skin and iliac wing biopsies demonstrated a BRAF V600E mutation. MAPK pathway mutations have been implicated in both LCH and nevogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Echavarria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Schoch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jesalyn Tate
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kiran Motaparthi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John Reith
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Diane Howell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen Y, André M, Adhikari K, Blin M, Bonfante B, Mendoza-Revilla J, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Palmal S, Chacón-Duque JC, Hurtado M, Villegas V, Granja V, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Lozano RB, Everardo-Martínez P, Gómez-Valdés J, Villamil-Ramírez H, de Cerqueira CCS, Hünemeier T, Ramallo V, Gonzalez-José R, Schüler-Faccini L, Bortolini MC, Acuña-Alonzo V, Canizales-Quinteros S, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Balding D, Tobin DJ, Wang S, Faux P, Ruiz-Linares A. A genome-wide association study identifies novel gene associations with facial skin wrinkling and mole count in Latin Americans. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:988-998. [PMID: 33959940 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genes influencing skin ageing and mole count in Europeans, but little is known about the relevance of these (or other genes) in non-Europeans. OBJECTIVES To conduct a GWAS for facial skin ageing and mole count in adults < 40 years old, of mixed European, Native American and African ancestry, recruited in Latin America. METHODS Skin ageing and mole count scores were obtained from facial photographs of over 6000 individuals. After quality control checks, three wrinkling traits and mole count were retained for genetic analyses. DNA samples were genotyped with Illumina's HumanOmniExpress chip. Association testing was performed on around 8 703 729 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the autosomal genome. RESULTS Genome-wide significant association was observed at four genome regions: two were associated with wrinkling (in 1p13·3 and 21q21·2), one with mole count (in 1q32·3) and one with both wrinkling and mole count (in 5p13·2). Associated SNPs in 5p13·2 and in 1p13·3 are intronic within SLC45A2 and VAV3, respectively, while SNPs in 1q32·3 are near the SLC30A1 gene, and those in 21q21·2 occur in a gene desert. Analyses of SNPs in IRF4 and MC1R are consistent with a role of these genes in skin ageing. CONCLUSIONS We replicate the association of wrinkling with variants in SLC45A2, IRF4 and MC1R reported in Europeans. We identify VAV3 and SLC30A1 as two novel candidate genes impacting on wrinkling and mole count, respectively. We provide the first evidence that SLC45A2 influences mole count, in addition to variants in this gene affecting melanoma risk in Europeans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - M André
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, 13005, France.,Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - K Adhikari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M Blin
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - B Bonfante
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - J Mendoza-Revilla
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú.,Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - M Fuentes-Guajardo
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, 1000000, Chile
| | - S Palmal
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - J C Chacón-Duque
- Division of Vertebrates and Anthropology, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - M Hurtado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - V Villegas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - V Granja
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - C Jaramillo
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 5001000, Colombia
| | - W Arias
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 5001000, Colombia
| | - R B Lozano
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, MC, 6600, Mexico.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - P Everardo-Martínez
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, MC, 6600, Mexico
| | - J Gómez-Valdés
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, MC, 6600, Mexico
| | - H Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, MC, 4510, Mexico
| | | | - T Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - V Ramallo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil.,Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, U9129ACD, Argentina
| | - R Gonzalez-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, U9129ACD, Argentina
| | - L Schüler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - M-C Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - V Acuña-Alonzo
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, MC, 6600, Mexico
| | - S Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, MC, 4510, Mexico
| | - C Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - G Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - G Bedoya
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 5001000, Colombia
| | - F Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, 1000000, Chile
| | - D Balding
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, Schools of BioSciences and Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - D J Tobin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - P Faux
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - A Ruiz-Linares
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China.,UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, 13005, France.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vergara IA, Mintoff CP, Sandhu S, McIntosh L, Young RJ, Wong SQ, Colebatch A, Cameron DL, Kwon JL, Wolfe R, Peng A, Ellul J, Dou X, Fedele C, Boyle S, Arnau GM, Raleigh J, Hatzimihalis A, Szeto P, Mooi J, Widmer DS, Cheng PF, Amann V, Dummer R, Hayward N, Wilmott J, Scolyer RA, Cho RJ, Bowtell D, Thorne H, Alsop K, Cordner S, Woodford N, Leditschke J, O'Brien P, Dawson SJ, McArthur GA, Mann GJ, Levesque MP, Papenfuss AT, Shackleton M. Evolution of late-stage metastatic melanoma is dominated by aneuploidy and whole genome doubling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1434. [PMID: 33664264 PMCID: PMC7933255 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although melanoma is initiated by acquisition of point mutations and limited focal copy number alterations in melanocytes-of-origin, the nature of genetic changes that characterise lethal metastatic disease is poorly understood. Here, we analyze the evolution of human melanoma progressing from early to late disease in 13 patients by sampling their tumours at multiple sites and times. Whole exome and genome sequencing data from 88 tumour samples reveals only limited gain of point mutations generally, with net mutational loss in some metastases. In contrast, melanoma evolution is dominated by whole genome doubling and large-scale aneuploidy, in which widespread loss of heterozygosity sculpts the burden of point mutations, neoantigens and structural variants even in treatment-naïve and primary cutaneous melanomas in some patients. These results imply that dysregulation of genomic integrity is a key driver of selective clonal advantage during melanoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael A Vergara
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Lachlan McIntosh
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Stephen Q Wong
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Daniel L Cameron
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia Lai Kwon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rory Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela Peng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason Ellul
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuelin Dou
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Fedele
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha Boyle
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Pacman Szeto
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Mooi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Widmer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Amann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Hayward
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raymond J Cho
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather Thorne
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn Alsop
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Cordner
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Noel Woodford
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie Leditschke
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patricia O'Brien
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre of Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mark Shackleton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Oncology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Farabi B, Akay BN, Goldust M, Wollina U, Atak MF, Rao B. Congenital melanocytic naevi: An up-to-date overview. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 62:e178-e191. [PMID: 33591589 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital melanocytic naevi are hamartomas of the neuroectoderm caused by genetic mosaicism. Congenital melanocytic naevi are seen in 1-6% of all live births and commonly classified based on the projected size in adults. Congenital melanocytic naevi appear in different colours, shapes, and sizes, and occasionally present with complications. In this review, we sought to evaluate congenital melanocytic naevi, their clinical, dermatoscopic, and reflectance confocal microscopic features, behavioural pattern over time, new trends in classification, underlying genetic factors and their influence on clinical manifestations and management, associated risks, complications, magnetic resonance imaging findings and their management in the light of recent literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banu Farabi
- Dermatology and Venerology Department, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Dermatology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Centre, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bengu Nisa Akay
- Dermatology and Venerology Department, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehmet Fatih Atak
- Dermatology and Venerology Department, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Babar Rao
- Department of Dermatology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Centre, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Engler M, Fidan M, Nandi S, Cirstea IC. Senescence in RASopathies, a possible novel contributor to a complex pathophenoype. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111411. [PMID: 33309600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a biological process that induces a permanent cell cycle arrest and a specific gene expression program in response to various stressors. Following studies over the last few decades, the concept of senescence has evolved from an antiproliferative mechanism in cancer (oncogene-induced senescence) to a critical component of physiological processes associated with embryonic development, tissue regeneration, ageing and its associated diseases. In somatic cells, oncogenic mutations in RAS-MAPK pathway genes are associated with oncogene-induced senescence and cancer, while germline mutations in the same pathway are linked to a group of monogenic developmental disorders generally termed RASopathies. Here, we consider that in these disorders, senescence induction may result in opposing outcomes, a tumour protective effect and a possible contributor to a premature ageing phenotype identified in Costello syndrome, which belongs to the RASopathy group. In this review, we will highlight the role of senescence in organismal homeostasis and we will describe the current knowledge about senescence in RASopathies. Additionally, we provide a perspective on examples of experimentally characterised RASopathy mutations that, alone or in combination with various stressors, may also trigger an age-dependent chronic senescence, possibly contributing to the age-dependent worsening of RASopathy pathophenotype and the reduction of lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Engler
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miray Fidan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sayantan Nandi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ion Cristian Cirstea
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zou Y, Sun Y, Zeng X, Liu Y, Cen Q, Gu H, Lin X, Cai R, Chen H. Novel genetic alteration in congenital melanocytic nevus: MAP2K1 germline mutation with BRAF somatic mutation. Hereditas 2020; 157:35. [PMID: 32847629 PMCID: PMC7449081 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) represent a benign proliferative skin disease in the epidermis and dermis. CMN are historically known to be associated with activating NRAS or BRAF mutations. Melanoma frequently harbors the BRAF p.Val600Glu mutation, which is also commonly found in benign nevi. A recent study reported mutation of MAP2K1, a downstream effector of the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway, in melanoma with an overall frequency of 8%. Later, in 2019, Jansen P detected one activating MAP2K1 mutation in acral nevi. However, it is unknown whether MAP2K1 mutations are common in CMN, and how MAP2K1 contributes to the pathogenesis of CMN remains to be determined.In this study, we report one patient clinically and histologically diagnosed with CMN, with the MAP2K1 germline mutation and a BRAF p.Val600Glu somatic hit in the lesion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the coexistence of mutated BRAF and MAP2K1 in CMN, which may suggest that MAP2K1 mutations contribute to the occurrence and development of nevus expanding our knowledge of the genetics of CMN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Zeng
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qingqing Cen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ren Cai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China. .,Bio-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To inform pediatric providers of the clinical characteristics, underlying genetic drivers, and therapeutic options for skin cancer arising in childhood and adolescence. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of melanoma in pediatric patients has been declining in the past decades. Pediatric-specific diagnostic criteria should be utilized when assessing lesions concerning for melanoma to better account for the different presentations seen in pediatric disease compared with adults, such as an increased prevalence of amelanotic melanoma or frequent mimic of benign pediatric lesions. Pediatric melanoma often presents with a higher histopathologic stage and a higher Breslow depth as compared with adult melanoma. Pediatric nonmelanoma skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are associated with genetic conditions and immunosuppression, both iatrogenic and inherited. SUMMARY Melanoma in pediatric patients often presents differently from conventional adult melanoma, including Spitz melanoma and melanoma associated with congenital melanocytic nevi. Pediatric patients with nonmelanoma skin cancers should be evaluated for predisposing risk factors. More research on therapeutic options for pediatric skin cancer is vital to understanding the tolerance and response of our pediatric patients to therapies that are more frequently utilized in adult disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danna Moustafa
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly Neale
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena B Hawryluk
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|