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Ourgaud M, Phuong NN, Papillon L, Panagiotopoulos C, Galgani F, Schmidt N, Fauvelle V, Brach-Papa C, Sempéré R. Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in the Marine Environment Using the Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Technique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9999-10009. [PMID: 35749650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluate for the first time the performances of the newly developed laser direct infrared (LDIR) technique and propose an optimization of the initial protocol for marine microplastics (MPs) analysis. Our results show that an 8 μm porosity polycarbonate filter placed on a Kevley slide enables preconcentration and efficient quantification of MPs, as well as polymer and size determination of reference plastic pellets of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), with recoveries ranging from 80-100% and negligible blank values for particle sizes ranging from 200 to 500 μm. A spiked experiment using seawater, sediment, mussels, and fish stomach samples showed that the method responded linearly with significant slopes (R2 ranging from 0.93-1.0; p < 0.001, p < 0.01). Overall, 11 polymer types were identified with limited handling and an analysis time of ca. 3 h for most samples and 6 h for complex samples. Application of this technique to Mediterranean marine samples (seawater, sediment, fish stomachs and mussels) indicated MP concentrations and size distribution consistent with the literature. A high predominance of PVC (sediment, fish stomachs) and PE and PP (seawater, mussels) was observed in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Ourgaud
- Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, M I O, Marseille 13007, France
| | - Nam Ngoc Phuong
- Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, M I O, Marseille 13007, France
- PhuTho College of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2201 Hung Vuong Boulevard, Viettri City, PhuTho Province 290000, Viet Nam
| | - Laure Papillon
- Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, M I O, Marseille 13007, France
| | | | - François Galgani
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources, Provence-Azur-Corse, IFREMER, Centre Méditerranée, Zone Portuaire de Brégaillon, CS20 330, 83507, La Seyne-sur-Mer Cedex, France
| | - Natascha Schmidt
- Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, M I O, Marseille 13007, France
| | - Vincent Fauvelle
- Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, M I O, Marseille 13007, France
| | - Christophe Brach-Papa
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources, Provence-Azur-Corse, IFREMER, Centre Méditerranée, Zone Portuaire de Brégaillon, CS20 330, 83507, La Seyne-sur-Mer Cedex, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, M I O, Marseille 13007, France
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Bai X, Li F, Ma L, Li C. Weathering of geotextiles under ultraviolet exposure: A neglected source of microfibers from coastal reclamation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150168. [PMID: 34520917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Geotextiles are a group of polymeric materials widely used in coastal reclamation projects. However, long-term exposure to solar illumination deteriorates the performance of geotextiles, resulting in physicochemical changes and high risks of releasing microfibers. This study investigated the photoaging behavior of geotextiles and evaluated the capacity of geotextiles to release microfibers in coastal reclamation areas through a combination of field research and laboratory experiments. A field survey in the coastal reclamation area of Yancheng (China) confirmed that many geotextiles made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) existed on the beach, which was accompanied by a high value of carbonyl index of 0.70-0.93. The results from laboratory experiments revealed that ultraviolet exposure activated the photooxidative process and promoted the breakdown of PET geotextiles. Data of scanning electron microscope and laser particle analyzer showed that, initially, particles with the size of less than 1 μm were generated on the surface of geotextiles, followed by fragments with sizes of 1-100 μm falling off with the passage of time. The number of particles on the surface was calculated using Image-Pro Plus software and the maximum particle density was found to be around 2.52 million particles·mm-2. In addition, based upon the conversion of irradiance between the simulated solar and natural solar, it was roughly estimated that the annual emissions of PET geotextile fibers in coastal reclamation areas were 0.24-0.79 million tons all over the world. It is inferred that polymer-made geotextile is a significant source of microplastic pollution in reclamation zones of coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Fengjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Shanghai Waterway Engineering Design and Consulting Co., Ltd, Pudong Avenue No. 850, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Castro-Jiménez J, Bănaru D, Chen CT, Jiménez B, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Deviller G, Sempéré R. Persistent Organic Pollutants Burden, Trophic Magnification and Risk in a Pelagic Food Web from Coastal NW Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9557-9568. [PMID: 33751890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The storage capacity, trophic magnification and risk of sixty-two POPs have been evaluated in a well-characterized pelagic food web (including phytoplankton, zooplankton, six fish, and two cephalopods species) from an impacted area in NW Mediterranean Sea. Our results show the high capacity of the planktonic compartment for the storage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), consistent with their estimated low trophic magnification factors (TMF) of 0.2-2.0 (PBDEs) and of 0.3-1.1 (PCDD/Fs). ∑PBDEs dominated in the zooplankton size-class 200-1000 μm (∼330 ng g-1 lw, median), whereas ∑PCDD/Fs accumulated preferentially in phytoplankton size-class 0.7-200 μm (875 pg g-1 lw, median). In contrast, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were preferentially bioaccumulated in the higher trophic levels (six fish species and two cephalopods) with TMFs = 0.8-3.9, reaching median concentrations of 4270 and 3140 ng g-1 lw (∑PCBs) in Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) and chub mackerel (Scomber colias), respectively. For these edible species, the estimated weekly intakes of dioxin-like POPs for humans based on national consumption standards overpassed the EU tolerable weekly intake. Moreover, the concentrations of nondioxin-like PCBs in S. sarda were above the EU maximum levels in foodstuffs, pointing to a risk. No risk evidence was found due to consumption of all other edible species studied, neither for PBDEs. The integrated burden of POPs in the food web reached ∼18 μg g-1 lw, representing a dynamic stock of toxic organic chemicals in the study area. We show that the characterized food web could be a useful and comprehensive "bioindicator" of the chemical pollution status of the study area, opening new perspectives for the monitoring of toxic chemicals in Mediterranean coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Aix-Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
- IFREMER, Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants (LBCO), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3 France
| | - Daniela Bănaru
- Aix-Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Chia-Ting Chen
- Aix-Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Geneviève Deviller
- DERAC, Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals, 104 Grande Rue, 44240, Sucé-sur-Erdre, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
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Schmidt N, Castro-Jiménez J, Oursel B, Sempéré R. Phthalates and organophosphate esters in surface water, sediments and zooplankton of the NW Mediterranean Sea: Exploring links with microplastic abundance and accumulation in the marine food web. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115970. [PMID: 33168380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface seawater, sediment and zooplankton samples were collected from three different sampling stations in Marseille Bay (NW Mediterranean Sea) and were analyzed for both microplastics and organic plastic additives including seven phthalates (PAEs) and nine organophosphate esters (OPEs). PAE concentrations ranged from 100 to 527 ng L-1 (mean 191 ± 123 ng L-1) in seawater, 12-610 ng g-1 dw (mean 194 ± 193 ng g-1 dw) in sediment and 0.9-47 μg g-1 dw (mean 7.2 ± 10 μg g-1 dw) in zooplankton, whereas OPE concentrations varied between 9 and 1013 ng L-1 (mean 243 ± 327 ng L-1) in seawater, 13-49 ng g-1 dw (mean 25 ± 11 ng g-1 dw) in sediment and 0.4-4.6 μg g-1 dw (mean 1.6 ± 1.0 μg g-1 dw) in zooplankton. Microplastic counts in seawater ranged from 0 to 0.3 items m-3 (mean 0.05 ± 0.05 items m-3). We observed high fluctuations in contaminant concentrations in zooplankton between different sampling events. However, the smallest zooplankton size class generally exhibited the highest PAE and OPE concentrations. Field-derived bioconcentration factors (BCFs) showed that certain compounds are prone to bioaccumulate in zooplankton, including some of the most widely used chlorinated OPEs, but with different intensity depending on the zooplankton size-class. The concentration of plastic additives in surface waters and the abundance of microplastic particles were not correlated, implying that they are not necessarily good indicators for each other in this compartment. This is the first comprehensive study on the occurrence and temporal variability of PAEs and OPEs in the coastal Mediterranean based on the parallel collection of water, sediment and differently sized zooplankton samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Schmidt
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, Marseille, France.
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, Marseille, France; IFREMER, Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants (LBCO), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France.
| | - Benjamin Oursel
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, Marseille, France.
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, Marseille, France.
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Effect of UV and Visible Radiation on Optical Properties of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Released by Emiliania huxleyi. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodegradation is a natural process that strongly affects the chromophoric fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM), especially in surface water of the oceans. In the euphotic zone, the concentration and quality of DOM are mostly dependent on primary production by phytoplankton. The effect of photodegradation on algal DOM has not been investigated as much as on terrestrial DOM. In this study, we explored the effect of different spectral regions (i.e., full sun spectrum, visible light, 295–800 nm, 305–800 nm, and 320–800 nm) on algal exudates by Emiliania huxleyi, a ubiquitous coccolithophore. The optical properties (absorption and fluorescence) of algal DOM were investigated before and after irradiation with the different spectral regions. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were compared before and after irradiation. The results showed an increase in the effect of photobleaching with increasing irradiation energy for all of the absorbance indices. Similarly, the protein-like fluorescence decreased at increasing irradiation energy. The humic-like fluorescence, which was the most affected, did not show a linear trend between photobleaching and irradiation energy, which suggested that irradiation mainly determined a change in these molecules’ quantum yield.
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Ding X, Guo X, Zhang C, Yao X, Liu S, Shi J, Luo C, Yu X, Yu Y, Gao H. Water conservancy project on the Yellow River modifies the seasonal variation of Chlorophyll-a in the Bohai Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126846. [PMID: 32361542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Water Sediment Regulation Scheme (WSRS) is a unique engineering measure that has been regularly performed to reduce reservoir sedimentation and increase the flood capacity of the Yellow River in China since 2002. As a side effect, the WSRS greatly increases the monthly input flux of nutrients to the Bohai Sea (BHS) in summer, potentially exacerbating eutrophication levels therein and subsequently affecting the growth of phytoplankton. However, its influence on the Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) dynamics over the BHS is still poorly understood. In this study, two approaches were adopted to investigate it: 1) long-term in-situ observations and satellite-derived data of surface Chl-a were used to study its seasonal variations before and since 2002, and 2) one 1D physical-biological coupled model was developed to evaluate the impact of WSRS on seasonal Chl-a. The results showed that the surface Chl-a exhibited two peaks in spring and autumn until 2002, but has exhibited only one peak in spring-summer since 2002. Satellite-derived Chl-a concentrations in spring-summer since 2002 have increased by 56% compared to those until 2002. The simulated results showed that the change in Yellow River discharge induced by the WSRS has resulted in the appearance of high concentrations of Chl-a in summer over the Central Bohai Sea since 2002. The WSRS increased the ratio of added Chl-a owing to the riverine nutrients to total Chl-a by 19% compared to that until 2002. Overall, WSRS greatly affects the seasonal cycling of Chl-a in the Bohai Sea, and the side effect needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Chao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Sumei Liu
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chongxin Luo
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Schmidt N, Fauvelle V, Castro-Jiménez J, Lajaunie-Salla K, Pinazo C, Yohia C, Sempéré R. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Bay of Marseille (NW Mediterranean Sea) and the Rhône River. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110491. [PMID: 31421569 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in 62 duplicate surface water samples from the Rhône River and Marseille Bay (France; NW Mediterranean Sea). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in all samples and exceeded the European Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) values in over 80% of the cases. The most contaminated samples were from the Rhône River (up to 200 ng L-1 ∑4 PFAS), as well as those collected near a wastewater treatment plant outlet in Marseille Bay (up to 9 ng L-1 ∑4 PFAS). While PFOS was the predominant PFAS in Marseille Bay, remarkably high concentrations of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were measured in the Rhône River (8-193 ng L-1). The relative abundances of individual compounds differed thus significantly between the Rhône River and Marseille Bay, indicating different sources. A simulation made with the MARS3D model showed that PFOS inputs from the Rhône River can enter Marseille Bay at levels > EQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Schmidt
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Fauvelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France.
| | - Katixa Lajaunie-Salla
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Christel Pinazo
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Yohia
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, OSU-Intitut Pytheas, Marseille, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France.
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Overmans S, Agustí S. Latitudinal Gradient of UV Attenuation Along the Highly Transparent Red Sea Basin. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1267-1279. [PMID: 31066904 PMCID: PMC6852308 DOI: 10.1111/php.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The tropical and subtropical oceans experience intense incident ultraviolet radiation (280–400 nm) while their water columns are thought to be highly transparent. This combination represents a high potential for harmful effects on organisms, yet only few reports on the UV penetration properties of oligotrophic tropical waters exist. Here, we present the pattern of UV attenuation over a wide latitudinal range of the oligotrophic Red Sea. We recorded spectroradiometer profiles of PAR and UV, together with chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) and light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to determine the contribution of phytoplankton and CDOM toward UV attenuation. Transparency to UV exhibited a distinct latitudinal gradient, with the lowest and highest diffuse attenuation coefficients at 313 nm (Kd (313)) of 0.130 m−1 and 0.357 m−1 observed at the northern coast off Duba, and in the south close to the Farasan islands, respectively. Phytoplankton and CDOM both modulated UV attenuation, but CDOM was found to be the key driver despite the lack of riverine inputs. We confirm that ultraviolet radiation can reach deeper into the Red Sea than previously described, which means its potential to act as a stressor and selective driver for Red Sea organisms may have been underestimated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Overmans
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Agustí
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Paluselli A, Fauvelle V, Galgani F, Sempéré R. Phthalate Release from Plastic Fragments and Degradation in Seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:166-175. [PMID: 30479129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris in the environment contains plasticizers, such as phthalates (PAEs), that can be released during plastic aging. Here, two common plastic materials, an insulation layer of electric cables (polyvinyl chloride, PVC-cables) and plastic garbage bag (polyethylene, PE-bags), were incubated in natural seawater under laboratory conditions, and the PAE migration to the seawater phase was studied with varying light and bacterial conditions over a 90-day time course. Free PAEs diluted in seawater were also studied for bacterial degradation. Our results showed that, within the first month of incubation, both plastic materials significantly leached out PAEs into the surrounding water. We found that di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and di- n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the main PAEs released from the PE-bags, with the highest values of 83.4 ± 12.5 and 120.1 ± 18.0 ng g-1 of plastic, respectively. Furthermore, dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were the main PAEs released from PVC-cables, with mass fractions as high as 9.5 ± 1.4 and 68.9 ± 10.3 ng g-1, respectively. Additionally, we found that light and bacterial exposure increased the total amount of PAEs released from PVC-cables by a factor of up to 5, whereas they had no influence in the case of PE-bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paluselli
- Aix-Marseille University; Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O) , 13288 Marseille , France
| | - Vincent Fauvelle
- Aix-Marseille University; Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O) , 13288 Marseille , France
| | - François Galgani
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources, Provence Azur Corse (LER/PAC), Ifremer Centre de Méditerranée, ZP de Bregaillon , 83500 La Seyne sur Mer , France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille University; Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O) , 13288 Marseille , France
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Castro-Jiménez J, Sempéré R. Atmospheric particle-bound organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in a North African Mediterranean coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:383-393. [PMID: 29906729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers have been detected at generally high frequencies (70-98%) for the first time in the atmosphere over the NW African coastal Mediterranean. Results from sixty air samples (total suspended particles, TSP) collected between March 2015 and January 2016 in an urban coastal site (Bizerte, Tunisia) revealed ∑9OPE concentrations of ~100-1060 pg m-3 (470 pg m-3, median) with TCPPs, EHDPP and TiBP exhibiting the higher median concentrations (~110, 100 and 85 pg m-3, respectively). Spring generally exhibited the lowest concentrations, probably linked to the influence of local meteorological conditions and air mass trajectories to a lesser extent. Non-chlorinated OPEs generally predominated, in contrast to the most common reported situation in marine environments (i.e. higher abundance of chlorinated OPEs) pointing to the relevance of local OPE sources in the study area. TiBP levels were generally higher than those reported for other marine/coastal environments suggesting this OPE as a good tracer of local sources in Bizerte. Contrarily, the atmospheric levels of other abundant OPEs in the area (e.g. TCPP) seem to be in the range and/or lower than those reported for remote marine environments. These findings point to the interplay of different factors with solar irradiance (potentially enhancing atmospheric photochemical oxidation reactions) and meteorological conditions in the study area likely compensating potential local sources of some OPEs. Not all OPEs presented the same seasonality in terms of atmospheric concentrations and pattern. The estimated atmospheric dry deposition fluxes (∑9OPEs) were 18-180 ng m-2 d-1. Up to ~9 kg y-1 of OPEs (~1 kg y-1 of new organic anthropogenic phosphorus coming from OPEs) can be loaded to the shallow and enclosed Bizerte lagoon (~130 km2), considered as the most important aquaculture area in Tunisia, with yet unknown implications for the environmental exposure and impacts in the ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, Marseille, France.
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, Marseille, France
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11
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Paluselli A, Fauvelle V, Schmidt N, Galgani F, Net S, Sempéré R. Distribution of phthalates in Marseille Bay (NW Mediterranean Sea). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:578-587. [PMID: 29195205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) are a group of emerging organic contaminants that have become a serious issue because of their ubiquitous presence and hazardous impact on the marine environment worldwide. Seawater samples were collected monthly from December 2013 to November 2014 in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Marseille Bay). The samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as well as the molecular distribution of dissolved PAEs by using solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. The results demonstrated the occurrence of six PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), with total concentrations ranging from 130 to 1330ngL-1 (av. 522ngL-1). In Marseille Bay, the highest concentrations were detected in the bottom water from June to November 2014 and in the whole water column during the winter mixing period. This result suggests that resuspension of PAE-rich sediment, in relation to the accumulation of plastic debris above the seabed, or the higher degradation rate in the upper layer of the water column, plays a significant role in the PAE dynamics in coastal water. DEHP was the most abundant PAE in all of the surface samples and the summer bottom samples, followed by DiBP and DnBP, which also represent the largest fractions in the other bottom samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paluselli
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Fauvelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Natascha Schmidt
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - François Galgani
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources, Provence Azur Corse (LER/PAC), Ifremer Centre de Méditerranée, ZP de Bregaillon, La Seyne sur Mer, France
| | - Sopheak Net
- Université de Lille, Laboratoire LASIR, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France.
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Martias C, Tedetti M, Lantoine F, Jamet L, Dupouy C. Characterization and sources of colored dissolved organic matter in a coral reef ecosystem subject to ultramafic erosion pressure (New Caledonia, Southwest Pacific). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:438-452. [PMID: 29127798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The eastern lagoon of New Caledonia (NC, Southwest Pacific), listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, hosts the world's second longest double-barrier coral reef. This lagoon receives river inputs, oceanic water arrivals, and erosion pressure from ultramafic rocks, enriched in nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). The aim of this study was to characterize colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), as well as to determine its main sources and its possible relationships (through the use of Pearson correlation coefficients, r) with biogeochemical parameters, plankton communities and trace metals in the NC eastern lagoon. Water samples were collected in March 2016 along a series of river/lagoon/open-ocean transects. The absorption coefficient at 350nm (a350) revealed the influence of river inputs on the CDOM distribution. The high values of spectral slope (S275-295, >0.03m-1) and the low values of specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254, <4Lmg-C-1m-1) highlighted the photodegradation of CDOM in surface waters. The application of parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) on excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) allowed the identification of four CDOM components: (1) one humic- and one tyrosine-like fluorophores. They had terrestrial origin, exported through rivers and undergoing photo- and bio-degradation in the lagoon. These two fluorophores were linked to manganese (Mn) in southern rivers (r=0.46-0.50, n=21, p<0.05). (2) A tryptophan-like fluorophore, which exhibited higher levels offshore. It would be potentially released from the coral reef. (3) A second tyrosine-like ("tyrosine 2-like") fluorophore. Linked to Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria (r=0.39, n=47, p<0.05), this fluorophore would have an oceanic origin and enter in the lagoon through its southern and northern extremities. It also displayed relationships with Ni and Co content (r=0.53-0.54, n=21, p<0.05). This work underlines the diversity of CDOM sources in the NC eastern lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Martias
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre IRD de Nouméa, UMR235-MIO, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque BPA5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - François Lantoine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogeochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Léocadie Jamet
- US191-IMAGO/LAMA, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque BPA5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Cécile Dupouy
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre IRD de Nouméa, UMR235-MIO, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque BPA5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
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13
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Castro-Jiménez J, Barhoumi B, Paluselli A, Tedetti M, Jiménez B, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Wortham H, Ridha Driss M, Sempéré R. Occurrence, Loading, and Exposure of Atmospheric Particle-Bound POPs at the African and European Edges of the Western Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13180-13189. [PMID: 29052985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study for 62 toxic chemicals based on the simultaneous monthly collection of aerosol samples during 2015-2016 in two coastal cities at both the African (Bizerte, Tunisia) and European (Marseille, France) edges of the Western Mediterranean basin is presented. Legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (∑18PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (∑17PCDD/Fs) show generally higher median levels at the African edge (2.1 and 0.2 pg m-3, respectively) compared to the European coastal site (1.0 and 0.08 pg m-3, respectively). Contrarily, the "emerging" polybrominated diphenyl ethers' (∑27PBDEs) median concentrations were higher in Marseille (∼9.0 pg m-3) compared to Bizerte (∼6.0 pg m-3). Different past usages and current emission patterns were found at both edges of the Western Mediterranean, most probably linked to the respective different regulatory frameworks for toxic chemicals. Our results indicate that the total organic carbon (TOC) and/or the elemental carbon (EC) contents in the atmospheric aerosol may have a stronger effect than the total suspended particle (TSP) content as a whole on the spatial-temporal variability and the long-range atmospheric transport potential of the studied POPs. A "jumping" of the PBDE local atmospheric stocks from the Northwestern European Mediterranean edge to the Northwestern African coast seems to be possible under favorable conditions at present. While a higher PBDE median loading is estimated for the Marseille area (∼550 ng m-2 y-1) compared to Bizerte (∼400 ng m-2 y-1), the median PCB and PCDD/F dry deposition fluxes were higher at the African site, resulting in a 3-fold higher toxic equivalent (TEQ) loading of dioxin-like pollutants (400 pg TEQ m-2 y-1) compared to Marseille (∼140 pg TEQ m-2 y-1), with potential implications for aquatic organisms. However, the inhalation exposure assessment points to a minimum risk for human health at both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage , Tunis, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Andrea Paluselli
- Aix-Marseille Univ, University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110 , Marseille, France
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix-Marseille Univ, University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110 , Marseille, France
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Henri Wortham
- Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LCE), Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage , Tunis, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille Univ, University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110 , Marseille, France
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14
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Ren D, Huang B, Xiong D, He H, Meng X, Pan X. Photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in dissolved humic substances solution: Kinetics, mechanism and estrogenicity variation. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 54:196-205. [PMID: 28391929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2) in natural waters may cause adverse effects on organisms due to its high estrogenic potency. Laboratory studies were performed to study the effects of a local humic acid (LHA), fulvic acid (LFA) and Aldrich humic acid (AHA) on the photochemical behavior and estrogenic potency of EE2. Here photolytic experiments demonstrated that pure aqueous EE2 could undergo direct and self-sensitized photodegradation at a global rate of 0.0068hr-1. Photodegradation rate of EE2 in 5.0mg/L dissolved humic substances (DHS) was determined to be 0.0274, 0.0296 and 0.0254hr-1 for LHA, LFA and AHA, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triplet dissolved humic substances (3DHS*) scavenging experiments indicated that the promotion effect of DHS on EE2 photodegradation was mainly aroused by the reactions of HO (35%-50%), 1O2 (<10%) and 3DHS* (22%-34%). However, the photodegradation of EE2 could also be inhibited when DHS exceeded the threshold of 10mg/L. Three hydroxylation products of EE2 were identified using GC-MS and their formation pathways were also proposed. In vitro estrogenicity tests showed that EE2 was transformed into chemicals without estrogenic potency. These findings could extend our knowledge on the photochemical behaviors of steroid estrogens in sunlit natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Dan Xiong
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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15
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Huovinen P, Ramírez J, Gómez I. Underwater Optics in Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic Coastal Ecosystems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154887. [PMID: 27144454 PMCID: PMC4856368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding underwater optics in natural waters is essential in evaluating aquatic primary production and risk of UV exposure in aquatic habitats. Changing environmental conditions related with global climate change, which imply potential contrasting changes in underwater light climate further emphasize the need to gain insights into patterns related with underwater optics for more accurate future predictions. The present study evaluated penetration of solar radiation in six sub-Antarctic estuaries and fjords in Chilean North Patagonian region (39–44°S) and in an Antarctic bay (62°S). Based on vertical diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd), derived from measurements with a submersible multichannel radiometer, average summer UV penetration depth (z1%) in these water bodies ranged 2–11 m for UV-B (313 nm), 4–27 m for UV-A (395 nm), and 7–30 m for PAR (euphotic zone). UV attenuation was strongest in the shallow Quempillén estuary, while Fildes Bay (Antarctica) exhibited the highest transparency. Optically non-homogeneous water layers and seasonal variation in transparency (lower in winter) characterized Comau Fjord and Puyuhuapi Channel. In general, multivariate analysis based on Kd values of UV and PAR wavelengths discriminated strongly Quempillén estuary and Puyuhuapi Channel from other study sites. Spatial (horizontal) variation within the estuary of Valdivia river reflected stronger attenuation in zones receiving river impact, while within Fildes Bay a lower spatial variation in water transparency could in general be related to closeness of glaciers, likely due to increased turbidity through ice-driven processes. Higher transparency and deeper UV-B penetration in proportion to UV-A/visible wavelengths observed in Fildes Bay suggests a higher risk for Antarctic ecosystems reflected by e.g. altered UV-B damage vs. photorepair under UV-A/PAR. Considering that damage repair processes often slow down under cool temperatures, adverse UV impact could be further exacerbated by cold temperatures in this location, together with episodes of ozone depletion. Overall, the results emphasize the marked spatial (horizontal and vertical) and temporal heterogeneity of optical characteristics, and challenges that these imply for estimations of underwater optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Huovinen
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaime Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Iván Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
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