1
|
Crawford AJ, Belcher CM, New S, Gallego-Sala A, Swindles GT, Page S, Blyakharchuk TA, Cadillo-Quiroz H, Charman DJ, Gałka M, Hughes PDM, Lähteenoja O, Mauquoy D, Roland TP, Väliranta M. Tropical peat composition may provide a negative feedback on fire occurrence and severity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7363. [PMID: 39191729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of peat through increased burning will have major impacts on the global carbon cycle. In a normal hydrological state, the risk of fire propagation is largely controlled by peat bulk density and moisture content. However, where humans have interfered with the moisture status of peat either via drainage, or indirectly via climate change, we hypothesise that its botanical composition will become important to flammability, such that peats from different latitudes might have different compositionally-driven susceptibility to ignition. We use pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry to determine the temperature of maximum thermal decomposition (Tmax) of peats from different latitudes, and couple this to a botanical composition analysis. We find that tropical peat has higher Tmax than other regions, likely on account of its higher wood content which appears to convey a greater resistance to ignition. This resistance also increases with depth, which means that loss of surface peat in tropical regions may lead to a reduction in the subsequent ignitability of deeper peat layers as they are exposed, potentially resulting in a negative feedback on increased fire occurrence and severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Crawford
- wildFIRE Lab, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | - Claire M Belcher
- wildFIRE Lab, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Angela Gallego-Sala
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Graeme T Swindles
- Geography, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tatiana A Blyakharchuk
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dan J Charman
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mariusz Gałka
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biogeography, Paleoecology and Nature Conservation, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paul D M Hughes
- Palaeoecology Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Dmitri Mauquoy
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Thomas P Roland
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Minna Väliranta
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hooijer A, Vernimmen R, Mulyadi D, Triantomo V, Hamdani, Lampela M, Agusti R, Page SE, Doloksaribu J, Setiawan I, Suratmanto B, Swarup S. Benefits of tropical peatland rewetting for subsidence reduction and forest regrowth: results from a large-scale restoration trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10721. [PMID: 38729962 PMCID: PMC11087581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Drainage and deforestation of tropical peat swamp forests (PSF) in Southeast Asia cause carbon emissions and biodiversity loss of global concern. Restoration efforts to mitigate these impacts usually involve peatland rewetting by blocking canals. However, there have been no studies to date of the optimal rewetting approach that will reduce carbon emission whilst also promoting PSF regeneration. Here we present results of a large-scale restoration trial in Sumatra (Indonesia), monitored for 7.5 years. Water levels in a former plantation were raised over an area of 4800 ha by constructing 257 compacted peat dams in canals. We find peat surface subsidence rates in the rewetted restoration area and adjoining PSF to be halved where water tables were raised from ~ - 0.6 m to ~ - 0.3 m, demonstrating the success of rewetting in reducing carbon emission. A total of 57 native PSF tree species were found to spontaneously grow in the most rewetted conditions and in high densities, indicating that forest regrowth is underway. Based on our findings we propose that an effective PSF restoration strategy should follow stepwise rewetting to achieve substantial carbon emission reduction alongside unassisted regrowth of PSF, thereby enabling the peat, forest and canal vegetation to establish a new nature-based ecosystem balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hooijer
- Data for Sustainability, 4571 AK, Axel, The Netherlands.
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
| | - R Vernimmen
- Data for Sustainability, 4571 AK, Axel, The Netherlands
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - D Mulyadi
- PT Alas Rawa Khatulistiwa, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 28-30, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - V Triantomo
- PT Alas Rawa Khatulistiwa, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 28-30, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - Hamdani
- PT Alas Rawa Khatulistiwa, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 28-30, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - M Lampela
- Geological Survey of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, 02151, Espoo, Finland
| | - R Agusti
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Tumbuhan Asli Nusantara, BTN Korpri Blok C1 No. 96, Kawatuna, Mantikulore, Palu, 94233, Indonesia
| | - S E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - J Doloksaribu
- Asia Pulp and Paper Group, Sinar Mas Land Plaza, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - I Setiawan
- Asia Pulp and Paper Group, Sinar Mas Land Plaza, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - B Suratmanto
- Asia Pulp and Paper Group, Sinar Mas Land Plaza, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - S Swarup
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weeraphan T, Supong K, Sripreechasak P, Jutakanoke R, Kowinthanaphat S, Tanasupawat S, Pittayakhajonwut P, Phongsopitanun W. Streptomyces rugosispiralis sp. nov., a Novel Actinobacterium Isolated from Peat Swamp Forest Soil That Produces Ansamycin Derivatives and Nocardamines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1467. [PMID: 37760763 PMCID: PMC10525797 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes, especially the genus Streptomyces, are one of the most promising sources of bioactive natural products. In this study, a novel Streptomyces strain, RCU-064T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a peat swamp forest in Thailand. Strain RCU-064T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.06%) with Streptomyces malaysiensis NBRC 16446T. Based on a polyphasic approach, strain RCU-064T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces rugosispiralis sp. nov. is proposed. The chemical isolation of the crude ethyl acetate extracts of the strain led to the isolation of six compounds: (1) geldanamycin, (2) 17-O-demethylgeldanamycin, (3) reblastatin, (4) 17-demethoxyreblastatin, (5) nocardamine, and (6) dehydroxynocardamine. These compounds were evaluated for their biological activities. All compounds showed no antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms used in this study. Compounds (1)-(4) displayed cytotoxic activity against the NCI-H187 cell line, with IC50 values ranging from 0.045-4.250 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line was found in compounds (1) and (3) with IC50 values of 3.51 and 1.27 µg/mL, respectively. Compounds (5) and (6) exhibited cytotoxicity only against Vero cells (IC50 of 16.57 µg/mL) and NCI-H187 cells (IC50 of 13.96 µg/mL), respectively. These results indicate that peat swamp forest soil remains a promising reservoir of novel actinomycetes capable of producing bioactive natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trinset Weeraphan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Khomsan Supong
- Department of Applied Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chantaburi 22210, Thailand
| | - Paranee Sripreechasak
- Office of Educational Affairs, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand;
| | - Rumpa Jutakanoke
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Supalerk Kowinthanaphat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Pattama Pittayakhajonwut
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Wongsakorn Phongsopitanun
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.)
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Units (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Banin LF, Raine EH, Rowland LM, Chazdon RL, Smith SW, Rahman NEB, Butler A, Philipson C, Applegate GG, Axelsson EP, Budiharta S, Chua SC, Cutler MEJ, Elliott S, Gemita E, Godoong E, Graham LLB, Hayward RM, Hector A, Ilstedt U, Jensen J, Kasinathan S, Kettle CJ, Lussetti D, Manohan B, Maycock C, Ngo KM, O'Brien MJ, Osuri AM, Reynolds G, Sauwai Y, Scheu S, Silalahi M, Slade EM, Swinfield T, Wardle DA, Wheeler C, Yeong KL, Burslem DFRP. The road to recovery: a synthesis of outcomes from ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asian forests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210090. [PMID: 36373930 PMCID: PMC9661948 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current policy is driving renewed impetus to restore forests to return ecological function, protect species, sequester carbon and secure livelihoods. Here we assess the contribution of tree planting to ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asia; we synthesize evidence on mortality and growth of planted trees at 176 sites and assess structural and biodiversity recovery of co-located actively restored and naturally regenerating forest plots. Mean mortality of planted trees was 18% 1 year after planting, increasing to 44% after 5 years. Mortality varied strongly by site and was typically ca 20% higher in open areas than degraded forest, with height at planting positively affecting survival. Size-standardized growth rates were negatively related to species-level wood density in degraded forest and plantations enrichment settings. Based on community-level data from 11 landscapes, active restoration resulted in faster accumulation of tree basal area and structural properties were closer to old-growth reference sites, relative to natural regeneration, but tree species richness did not differ. High variability in outcomes across sites indicates that planting for restoration is potentially rewarding but risky and context-dependent. Restoration projects must prepare for and manage commonly occurring challenges and align with efforts to protect and reconnect remaining forest areas. The abstract of this article is available in Bahasa Indonesia in the electronic supplementary material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay F. Banin
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Elizabeth H. Raine
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Lucy M. Rowland
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart W. Smith
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Nur Estya Binte Rahman
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Adam Butler
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Christopher Philipson
- Permian Global Research Limited, Savoy Hill House, 7–10 Savoy Hill, London WC2R 0BU, UK
| | - Grahame G. Applegate
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
| | - E. Petter Axelsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Sugeng Budiharta
- Research Centre for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Agency for Research and Innovation (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Siew Chin Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 #05-01 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | | | - Stephen Elliott
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Science Faculty and Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Elva Gemita
- PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia, Jl. Dadali No. 32, Bogor 16161, Indonesia
| | - Elia Godoong
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Laura L. B. Graham
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, BOSF Mawas Program, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 73111, Indonesia
| | - Robin M. Hayward
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ulrik Ilstedt
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Joel Jensen
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Srinivasan Kasinathan
- Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, ‘Amritha’, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 017, India
| | - Christopher J. Kettle
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Bioversity International, Via di San Domenico, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Lussetti
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Benjapan Manohan
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Science Faculty and Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Colin Maycock
- Forever Sabah, Jalan Penampang, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88300, Malaysia
| | - Kang Min Ngo
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael J. O'Brien
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n., E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, 28933, Spain
| | - Anand M. Osuri
- Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, ‘Amritha’, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 017, India
| | - Glen Reynolds
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, PO Box 60282, Lahad Datu, Sabah 91112, Malaysia
| | - Yap Sauwai
- Conservation & Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88817, Malaysia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mangarah Silalahi
- PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia, Jl. Dadali No. 32, Bogor 16161, Indonesia
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tom Swinfield
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Charlotte Wheeler
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Kok Loong Yeong
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, PO Box 60282, Lahad Datu, Sabah 91112, Malaysia
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David F. R. P. Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith SW, Rahman NEB, Harrison ME, Shiodera S, Giesen W, Lampela M, Wardle DA, Chong KY, Agusti R, Wijedasa LS, Teo PY, Fatimah YA, Teng NT, Yeo JKQ, Alam MJ, Brugues Sintes P, Darusman T, Graham LLB, Katoppo DR, Kojima K, Kusin K, Lestari DP, Metali F, Morrogh‐Bernard HC, Nahor MB, Napitupulu RRP, Nasir D, Nath TK, Nilus R, Norisada M, Rachmanadi D, Rachmat HH, Ripoll Capilla B, Salahuddin, Santosa PB, Sukri RS, Tay B, Tuah W, Wedeux BMM, Yamanoshita T, Yokoyama EY, Yuwati TW, Lee JSH. Tree species that ‘live slow, die older’ enhance tropical peat swamp restoration: evidence from a systematic review. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W. Smith
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Sweden
| | | | - Mark E. Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester UK
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Department of Global Liberal Studies, Faculty of Global Liberal Studies Nanzan University Japan
- Centre for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Japan
| | - Wim Giesen
- Euroconsult Mott MacDonald the Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre the Netherlands
| | - Maija Lampela
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Finland
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Randi Agusti
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- Natural Kapital Indonesia Pontianak Indonesia
| | - Lahiru S. Wijedasa
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- BirdLife International Cambridge UK
- ConservationLinks Pvt Ltd Singapore
| | - Pei Yun Teo
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Future Cities Lab Global Singapore‐ETH Centre Singapore
| | - Yuti A. Fatimah
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | | | - Joanne K. Q. Yeo
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - M. Jahangir Alam
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Malaysia
| | | | | | - Laura L. B. Graham
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation Indonesia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Australia
| | | | - Katsumi Kojima
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Kitso Kusin
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | | | - Faizah Metali
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | - Helen C. Morrogh‐Bernard
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter UK
| | | | | | - Darmae Nasir
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Tapan Kumar Nath
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Malaysia
| | | | - Mariko Norisada
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Dony Rachmanadi
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Henti H. Rachmat
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | | | - Salahuddin
- Yayasan Borneo Nature Indonesia, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan Indonesia
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Purwanto B. Santosa
- Research Center of Plant Conservation, Botanical Garden and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Rahayu S. Sukri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Wardah Tuah
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | - Béatrice M. M. Wedeux
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute Cambridge UK
| | - Takashi Yamanoshita
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Tri Wira Yuwati
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Janice S. H. Lee
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Applegate G, Freeman B, Tular B, Sitadevi L, Jessup TC. Application of agroforestry business models to tropical peatland restoration. AMBIO 2022; 51:863-874. [PMID: 34231133 PMCID: PMC8847495 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indonesia is home to around 45% of the world's tropical peatlands which continue to be degraded on a large scale by deforestation, drainage and fire, contributing massively to global GHG emissions. Approaches to restoring the peat-water balance and reducing emissions in peat hydrological units, through managing them based either on full protection or large-scale commercial production, have generally failed to address environmental and local community needs. We present published and unpublished findings pointing to the need for an integrated peatland protection and restoration strategy based first on raising water levels in degraded (drained) peatlands and maintaining them in forested peatlands, thus, reducing GHG emissions. Second, the strategy incorporates ecologically sound agroforestry business models that strengthen livelihoods of smallholders and so sustain their interest in sustainably managing the peatlands. In this paper, we focus on the second element of this strategy in Indonesia. Eight agroforestry business models are proposed based on their merits to attract both smallholders and commercial investors as well as their compatibility with hydrological rehabilitation of the peatlands. While financial returns on investment will vary across sites and countries, our analysis indicates that some models can be profitable over both short and longer time periods with relatively low levels of investment risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grahame Applegate
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore, 4557 Australia
- 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Blair Freeman
- Indufor Asia Pacific, Level 8, 276 Flinders Street, Melbourne, 3000 Australia
| | - Benjamin Tular
- Global Green Growth Institute, Lippo Kuningan Building, 19th floor, Jl. Rasuna Said Kav. B12, Jakarta, 12920 Indonesia
| | - Latifa Sitadevi
- Global Green Growth Institute, Lippo Kuningan Building, 19th floor, Jl. Rasuna Said Kav. B12, Jakarta, 12920 Indonesia
| | - Timothy C. Jessup
- Global Green Growth Institute, Lippo Kuningan Building, 19th floor, Jl. Rasuna Said Kav. B12, Jakarta, 12920 Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Examining the Socio-Economic and Natural Resource Risks of Food Estate Development on Peatlands: A Strategy for Economic Recovery and Natural Resource Sustainability. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the huge impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food and agriculture sectors, rapid measures are needed to reduce the risk of food crises, especially among the poor and the most vulnerable communities. The government of Indonesia planned to establish the Food Estate National Program to ensure food security. Most of the area will be on peatlands, and as such, the program still faces pros and cons as it might open up opportunities for deforestation, threats to biodiversity, and loss of community livelihoods. We conducted the present research in Central Kalimantan to formulate a food estate (FE) development strategy by taking into account the potential benefits and risks to ensure increases in the local community’s welfare and the sustainability of biodiversity. Data were collected through field surveys, interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), and literature studies. The results show that the operation of a food estate on degraded peatlands has a moderate to high level of risk of negative impacts. Community activities and changes in farming methods through using more inputs and mechanical equipment are the most risky activities in FE development. The low substitutability of peatlands requires mitigation efforts as part of risk management. The operation of food systems on peatlands must be based on a strong sustainability perspective with a main principle of complementary resources. The main strategy is to protect natural resources and replace cultivated exotic plants with potential native peat plants with minimal risk. In addition, the policy and capacity building of farmers towards a business-oriented direction will maximize socioeconomic benefits. Utilization of biodiversity and low-impact cultivation techniques can ensure sustainability.
Collapse
|
8
|
Forty Years of Soil and Water Conservation Policy, Implementation, Research and Development in Indonesia: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil and water conservation activities in Indonesia over the last 40 years from the 1980s to 2020 and explores the dynamics of the activities.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success stories, and criteria and indicators for forest restoration success are all discussed. We also discuss the latest silvicultural techniques for the success of the forest restoration program. Restoration governance in Indonesia has focused on the wetland ecosystem such as peatlands and mangroves, but due to the severely degraded condition of many forests, the government has by necessity opted for active restoration involving the planting and establishment of livelihood options. The government has adapted its restoration approach from the early focus on ecological restoration to more forest landscape restoration, which recognizes that involving the local community in restoration activities is critical for the success of forest restoration.
Collapse
|
10
|
Terzano D, Attorre F, Parish F, Moss P, Bresciani F, Cooke R, Dargusch P. Community‐led Peatland Restoration in Southeast Asia: 5Rs approach. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilva Terzano
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology Sapienza University of Rome Italy
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome Italy
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology Sapienza University of Rome Italy
| | - Faizal Parish
- Global Environment Center Petaling Jaya Selangor Malaysia
| | - Patrick Moss
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | | | - Roshan Cooke
- International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome Italy
| | - Paul Dargusch
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are fragile ecosystems with an important role in conserving biodiversity, water quality and availability, preventing floods, soil intrusion, erosion and sedimentation, and providing a livelihood for people. However, due to illegal logging, fire and conversion into other land use, the peatlands in Indonesia are under serious threat. Efforts to restore Indonesia’s tropical peatlands have been accelerated by the establishment of the Peatland Restoration Agency in early 2016. The restoration action policy includes the rewetting, revegetation and revitalisation of local livelihood (known as the 3Rs). This paper summarises the regulatory, institutional and planning aspects of peatland restoration, in addition to the implementation of the 3Rs in Indonesia, including failures, success stories, and the criteria and indicators for the success of peatland restoration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chazdon RL, Falk DA, Banin LF, Wagner M, Wilson S, Grabowski RC, Suding KN. The intervention continuum in restoration ecology: rethinking the active–passive dichotomy. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Donald A. Falk
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
| | - Lindsay F. Banin
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB U.K
| | - Markus Wagner
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxon OX10 8BB U.K
| | - Sarah Wilson
- School of Environment University of Victoria Canada
| | - Robert C. Grabowski
- School of Water, Energy and Environment Cranfield University, Cranfield Bedfordshire MK43 0AL U.K
| | - Katherine N. Suding
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309‐0450 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Geographic Setting and Groundwater Table Control Carbon Emission from Indonesian Peatland: A Meta-Analysis. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Peat restoration is a key climate mitigation action for achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emission reduction target. The level of carbon reduction resulting from peat restoration is uncertain, owing in part to diverse methodologies and land covers. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of rewetting on reduction of total CO2 in soil and heterotrophic emissions at the country level. The tier 2 emission factor associated with the land cover category in Indonesia was also calculated. The analysis included a total of 32 studies with 112 observations (data points) for total CO2 emissions and 31 observations for heterotrophic emissions in Indonesia. The results show that the land cover category is not a significant predictor of heterotrophic and total soil emissions, but the highest observed soil emissions were found in the plantation forest. Using the random-effects model, our results suggest that an increase in the water table depth of 10 cm would result in an increase in total CO2 emissions of 2.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 and an increase in heterotrophic emissions of 2.3 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1. Our findings show that managing water table depth in degraded peatlands in various land cover types is important to achieve Indonesia’s emission reduction target by 2030.
Collapse
|
14
|
Scheper AC, Verweij PA, van Kuijk M. Post-fire forest restoration in the humid tropics: A synthesis of available strategies and knowledge gaps for effective restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144647. [PMID: 33736177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humid tropical forests are increasingly exposed to devastating wildfires. Major efforts are needed to prevent fire-related tipping points and to enable the effective recovery of fire-affected areas. Here, we provide a synthesis of the most common forest restoration strategies, thereby focusing on post-fire forest dynamics in the humid tropics. A variety of restoration strategies can be adopted in restoring humid tropical forests, including natural regeneration, assisted natural regeneration (i.e. fire breaks, weed control, erosion control, topsoil replacement, peatland rewetting), enrichment planting (i.e. planting nursery-raised seedlings, direct seeding) and commercial restoration (i.e. plantation forests, agroforestry). Our analysis shows that while natural regeneration can be effective under favourable ecological conditions, humid tropical forests are often ill-adapted to fire, and therefore less likely to recover unassisted after a wildfire event. Active restoration practices may be more effective, but can be costly and challenging to implement. We also identify gaps in knowledge needed for effective restoration of humid tropical forests after fire, hereby taking into account the ecosystems and socio-economic conditions in which these fires occur. We suggest to incorporate fire severity in future studies, to better understand and predict post-fire ecosystem responses. In addition, as fire poses a recurring and intensifying threat throughout the recovery process, more emphasis should be placed on post-restoration management and the prevention of fire throughout the different phases of the restoration process. Furthermore, as tropical wildfires are increasing in scale, establishing collaborative capacity and setting priorities for efficient resource allocation should become a major priority for restoration practitioners in the humid tropics. Finally, as global fire regimes are changing and expected to intensify in the context of climate change, land use and land cover change, we suggest to put continuous effort into fire monitoring and modelling to inform the development of effective restoration strategies in the long-run.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke C Scheper
- Energy and Resources, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Pita A Verweij
- Energy and Resources, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Marijke van Kuijk
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mishra S, Page SE, Cobb AR, Lee JSH, Jovani‐Sancho AJ, Sjögersten S, Jaya A, Aswandi, Wardle DA. Degradation of Southeast Asian tropical peatlands and integrated strategies for their better management and restoration. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Mishra
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Susan E. Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Alexander R. Cobb
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologyCenter for Environmental Sensing and Modeling Singapore Singapore
| | - Janice Ser Huay Lee
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | | | | | - Adi Jaya
- Department of Agronomy University of Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Aswandi
- Center for Environmental Studies (PSLH‐LPPM) University of Jambi Jambi Indonesia
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tan ZD, Lupascu M, Wijedasa LS. Paludiculture as a sustainable land use alternative for tropical peatlands: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142111. [PMID: 33207474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands cover approximately 4.2 million km2 of terrestrial land surface and store up to 700 Pg of terrestrial carbon. Preserving the carbon stocks in peatland is therefore crucial for climate change mitigation. Under natural conditions, peatland carbon storage is maintained by moist peat conditions, which decreases decomposition and encourages peat formation. However, conversion of peatlands to drainage-based agriculture in the form of industrial plantations and smallholder farming has resulted in globally significant greenhouse gas emissions. Paludiculture, loosely conceptualized as biomass production on wet peatlands with the potential to maintain carbon storage, is proposed as a sustainable, non-drainage-based agriculture alternative for peatland use. However, while the concept of paludiculture was developed in temperate ecoregions, its application in the tropics is poorly understood. In this review, we examine common definitions of paludiculture used in literature to derive key themes and future directions. We found three common themes: ecosystem services benefits of paludiculture, hydrological conditions of peatlands, and vegetation selection for planting. Ambiguities surrounding these themes have led to questions on whether paludiculture applications are sustainable in the context of carbon sequestration in peat soil. This review aims to evaluate and advance current understanding of paludiculture in the context of tropical peatlands, which is especially pertinent given expanding agriculture development into Central Africa and South America, where large reserves of peatlands were recently discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zu Dienle Tan
- Department of Geography, 1 Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Geography, 1 Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore; Integrated Tropical Peatlands Research Programme, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Labs, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
| | - Lahiru S Wijedasa
- Integrated Tropical Peatlands Research Programme, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Labs, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ward C, Stringer LC, Warren-Thomas E, Agus F, Crowson M, Hamer K, Hariyadi B, Kartika WD, Lucey J, McClean C, Nurida NL, Petorelli N, Pratiwi E, Saad A, Andriyani R, Ariani T, Sriwahyuni H, Hill JK. Smallholder perceptions of land restoration activities: rewetting tropical peatland oil palm areas in Sumatra, Indonesia. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 2020; 21:1. [PMID: 33362432 PMCID: PMC7749744 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-020-01737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Indonesian government committed to restoring over 2 million ha of degraded peatland by the end of 2020, mainly to reduce peat fires and greenhouse gas emissions. Although it is unlikely the government will meet this target, restoration projects are still underway. One restoration strategy involves blocking peatland drainage canals, but the consequences of this for smallholder farmers whose livelihoods are dependent on agriculture are unclear. This paper investigates perceived impacts of canal blocks on smallholder farmers and identifies factors that affect their willingness to accept canal blocks on their land. We use data from 181 household questionnaires collected in 2018 across three villages in Jambi province, Sumatra. We found that the majority of respondents would accept canal blocks on their farms, perceiving that the blocks would have no impact on yields or farm access, and would decrease fire risk. Respondents who would not accept blocks on their farms were more likely to use canals to access their farms and perceive that canal blocks would decrease yields. The majority of farmers unwilling to accept canal blocks did not change their mind when provided with an option of a block that would allow boat travel. Our results improve understanding of why some smallholders may be unwilling to engage with peatland restoration. Further research is needed to understand the impact of canal blocks on smallholders' yields. Engaging with stakeholders from the outset to understand farmers' concerns, and perceptions is key if the government is to succeed in meeting its peatland restoration target and to ensure that the costs and benefits of restoration are evenly shared between local stakeholders and other actors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-020-01737-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ward
- Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, York, UK
| | - Lindsay C. Stringer
- Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eleanor Warren-Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, York, UK
| | - Fahmuddin Agus
- Indonesia Soil Research Institute, Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Merry Crowson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Keith Hamer
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bambang Hariyadi
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Winda D. Kartika
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia
| | | | - Colin McClean
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Neneng L. Nurida
- Indonesia Soil Research Institute, Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Etty Pratiwi
- Indonesia Soil Research Institute, Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Aasmadi Saad
- Soil Science Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Ririn Andriyani
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Tantria Ariani
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Heni Sriwahyuni
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Harrison ME, Wijedasa LS, Cole LE, Cheyne SM, Choiruzzad SAB, Chua L, Dargie GC, Ewango CE, Honorio Coronado EN, Ifo SA, Imron MA, Kopansky D, Lestarisa T, O’Reilly PJ, Van Offelen J, Refisch J, Roucoux K, Sugardjito J, Thornton SA, Upton C, Page S. Tropical peatlands and their conservation are important in the context of COVID-19 and potential future (zoonotic) disease pandemics. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10283. [PMID: 33240628 PMCID: PMC7678489 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global disruption, with the emergence of this and other pandemics having been linked to habitat encroachment and/or wildlife exploitation. High impacts of COVID-19 are apparent in some countries with large tropical peatland areas, some of which are relatively poorly resourced to tackle disease pandemics. Despite this, no previous investigation has considered tropical peatlands in the context of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Here, we review: (i) the potential for future EIDs arising from tropical peatlands; (ii) potential threats to tropical peatland conservation and local communities from COVID-19; and (iii) potential steps to help mitigate these risks. We find that high biodiversity in tropical peat-swamp forests, including presence of many potential vertebrate and invertebrate vectors, combined, in places, with high levels of habitat disruption and wildlife harvesting represent suitable conditions for potential zoonotic EID (re-)emergence. Although impossible to predict precisely, we identify numerous potential threats to tropical peatland conservation and local communities from the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes impacts on public health, with the potential for haze pollution from peatland fires to increase COVID-19 susceptibility a noted concern; and on local economies, livelihoods and food security, where impacts will likely be greater in remote communities with limited/no medical facilities that depend heavily on external trade. Research, training, education, conservation and restoration activities are also being affected, particularly those involving physical groupings and international travel, some of which may result in increased habitat encroachment, wildlife harvesting or fire, and may therefore precipitate longer-term negative impacts, including those relating to disease pandemics. We conclude that sustainable management of tropical peatlands and their wildlife is important for mitigating impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and reducing the potential for future zoonotic EID emergence and severity, thus strengthening arguments for their conservation and restoration. To support this, we list seven specific recommendations relating to sustainable management of tropical peatlands in the context of COVID-19/disease pandemics, plus mitigating the current impacts of COVID-19 and reducing potential future zoonotic EID risk in these localities. Our discussion and many of the issues raised should also be relevant for non-tropical peatland areas and in relation to other (pandemic-related) sudden socio-economic shocks that may occur in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lahiru S. Wijedasa
- Integrated Tropical Peatland Research Program (INTPREP), Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- ConservationLinks Pvt Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lydia E.S. Cole
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- IUCN SSC PSG Section on Small Apes, Oxford, UK
| | - Shofwan Al Banna Choiruzzad
- Department of International Relations, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- ASEAN Studies Center, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Liana Chua
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
| | | | - Corneille E.N. Ewango
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management/Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DR Congo
| | | | - Suspense A. Ifo
- Laboratoire de Géomatique et d’Ecologie Tropicale Appliquée, Département des Sciences et Vie de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Dianna Kopansky
- Global Peatlands Initiative, Ecosystems Division, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Trilianty Lestarisa
- Faculty of Medicine, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Kalteng, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Patrick J. O’Reilly
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Johannes Refisch
- Great Apes Survival Partnership, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katherine Roucoux
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Jito Sugardjito
- Centre for Sustainable Energy and Resources Management, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sara A. Thornton
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Caroline Upton
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan Page
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ward C, Stringer LC, Warren‐Thomas E, Agus F, Hamer K, Pettorelli N, Hariyadi B, Hodgson J, Kartika WD, Lucey J, McClean C, Nurida NL, Saad A, Hill JK. Wading through the swamp: what does tropical peatland restoration mean to national‐level stakeholders in Indonesia? Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ward
- Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds Leeds U.K
| | | | | | - Fahmuddin Agus
- Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Indonesia Soil Research Institute Bogor Indonesia
| | - Keith Hamer
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds U.K
| | | | - Bambang Hariyadi
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training Jambi University Jambi Indonesia
| | - Jenny Hodgson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool Liverpool U.K
| | - Winda D. Kartika
- Biology Education Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training Jambi University Jambi Indonesia
| | | | | | - Neneng L. Nurida
- Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Indonesia Soil Research Institute Bogor Indonesia
| | - Asmadi Saad
- Soil Science Division, Faculty of Agriculture Jambi University Jambi Indonesia
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology University of York York U.K
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Krashevska V, Tsyganov AN, Esaulov AS, Mazei YA, Hapsari KA, Saad A, Sabiham S, Behling H, Biagioni S. Testate Amoeba Species- and Trait-Based Transfer Functions for Reconstruction of Hydrological Regime in Tropical Peatland of Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
21
|
Fire Frequency and Related Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes in Indonesia’s Peatlands. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia’s converted peatland areas have a well-established fire problem, but limited studies have examined the frequency with which they are burning. Here, we quantify fire frequency in Indonesia’s two largest peatland regions, Sumatra and Kalimantan, during 2001–2018. We report, annual areas burned, total peatland area affected by fires, amount of recurrent burning and associations with land-use and land-cover (LULC) change. We based these analyses on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra/Aqua combined burned area and three Landsat-derived LULC maps (1990, 2007, and 2015) and explored relationships between burning and land-cover types. Cumulative areas burned amounted nearly half of the surface areas of Sumatra and Kalimantan but were concentrated in only ~25% of the land areas. Although peatlands cover only 13% of Sumatra and Kalimantan, annual percentage of area burning in these areas was almost five times greater than in non-peatlands (2.8% vs. 0.6%) from 2001 to 2018. Recurrent burning was more prominent in Kalimantan than Sumatra. Average fire-return intervals (FRI) in peatlands of both regions were short, 28 and 45 years for Kalimantan and Sumatra, respectively. On average, forest FRI were less than 50 years. In non-forest areas, Kalimantan had shorter average FRI than Sumatra (13 years vs. 40 years), with ferns/low shrub areas burning most frequently. Our findings highlight the significant influence of LULC change in altering fire regimes. If prevalent rates of burning in Indonesia’s peatlands are not greatly reduced, peat swamp forest will disappear from Sumatra and Kalimantan in the coming decades.
Collapse
|
22
|
Davidson G, Chua TH, Cook A, Speldewinde P, Weinstein P. The Role of Ecological Linkage Mechanisms in Plasmodium knowlesi Transmission and Spread. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:594-610. [PMID: 30675676 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Defining the linkages between landscape change, disease ecology and human health is essential to explain and predict the emergence of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria, a zoonotic parasite residing in Southeast Asian macaques, and transmitted by species of Anopheles mosquitos. Changing patterns of land use throughout Southeast Asia, particularly deforestation, are suggested to be the primary drivers behind the recent spread of this zoonotic parasite in humans. Local ecological changes at the landscape scale appear to be increasing the risk of disease in humans by altering the dynamics of transmission between the parasite and its primary hosts. This paper will focus on the emergence of P. knowlesi in humans in Malaysian Borneo and the ecological linkage mechanisms suggested to be playing an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gael Davidson
- CENRM and School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tock H Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
| | - Angus Cook
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harrison ME, Ottay JB, D’Arcy LJ, Cheyne SM, Anggodo, Belcher C, Cole L, Dohong A, Ermiasi Y, Feldpausch T, Gallego‐Sala A, Gunawan A, Höing A, Husson SJ, Kulu IP, Soebagio SM, Mang S, Mercado L, Morrogh‐Bernard HC, Page SE, Priyanto R, Ripoll Capilla B, Rowland L, Santos EM, Schreer V, Sudyana IN, Taman SBB, Thornton SA, Upton C, Wich SA, Veen FJF. Tropical forest and peatland conservation in Indonesia: Challenges and directions. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Harrison
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | - Laura J. D’Arcy
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Zoological Society of London (ZSL) London UK
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
| | - Anggodo
- Sebangau National Park Office Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Claire Belcher
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Lydia Cole
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Alue Dohong
- Peatland Restoration Agency Jakarta Indonesia
- University of Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | | | - Ted Feldpausch
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Angela Gallego‐Sala
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Adib Gunawan
- Nature Conservation Agency Central Kalimantan (BSKDA KALTENG)Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Andrea Höing
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Institute of Oriental and Asian Studies Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhems‐Universität Bonn Bonn Germany
| | | | - Ici P. Kulu
- UPT CIMTROP University of Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | | | - Shari Mang
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Lina Mercado
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Helen C. Morrogh‐Bernard
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Susan E. Page
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | | | - Lucy Rowland
- School of Geography College of Life and Environmental Science University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Environmental Biology Research Group College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | | | | | | | - Sara A. Thornton
- Borneo Nature Foundation Palangka Raya Indonesia
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Caroline Upton
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | - F. J. Frank Veen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| |
Collapse
|