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Does Sedentary Behavior Predict Motor Competence in Young Children? JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Understanding how or whether sedentary behavior affects motor competence in young children is important considering that children spend a lot of time sedentary. The aim of this study was to examine whether sedentary behavior predicts motor competence in young children. Methods: A longitudinal study with a total of 372 children aged 3.5 years at baseline and 5 years at follow-up was conducted. Objectively measured activity patterns (i.e., using accelerometers) were conducted in a subsample with 188 children. Sedentary behavior was assessed both objectively and subjectively (parent-reported screen time). Locomotor and object control skill scores were determined using the Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition. A multivariable analysis was executed adjusting for potential confounders (such as age, sex, time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, monitor wear time, body mass index z scores, and maternal education). Results: Sedentary behavior at either time point was not significantly associated with either locomotor or object control skills after adjusting for potential confounders. Discussion: Our results did not support the assumption that sedentary behavior affects motor competence in young children. Regardless, given the lack of consistency in the evidence base, we recommend to parents, educators, and health professionals that sedentary activities should be kept within government recommendations due to potential negative effects on child development.
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Tian Y, Yang P, Zhang D. The relationship between media use and sports participation behavior: A meta-analysis. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231185476. [PMID: 37434724 PMCID: PMC10331189 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231185476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The use of media profoundly affects people's sports participation behavior. Past research has presented mixed results on the relationship between media use and sports participation behaviors. Therefore, the relationship between media use and sports participation behavior should be revisited. Methods A meta-analysis of 17 independent studies from 12 literature was conducted to determine whether (a) media use positively influences sports participation behaviors, and (b) form of media, media measurement methods, study subjects, and culture moderated these relationships. Pearson's correlation was used to conduct a random-effects meta-analysis and examine the moderating effects. Results The results showed a positive correlation between media use and sports participation behaviors (r = 0.193, 95% CI = [0.047,0.329]). Traditional media showed stronger correlations and moderating effects than new media; however, the time variable (in media measurement methods) and primary and secondary school students (in study subjects) showed negative correlations between media use and sports participation behavior. The positive and moderating effects on this relationship were higher in Eastern cultures than in Western cultures. These results suggest that media use and sports participation behavior were positively correlated, moderated by the form of media, media measurement methods, study subjects, and culture within studies. Conclusions From the effect test results, a significant positive relationship was found between media use and sports participation behavior (both physical participation behavior and consumption behavior). The two were influenced by several moderating variables including the form of media, media measurement methods, study subjects, and culture, and the influence of media measurement methods was the greatest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Department of Journalism and Communication, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Zhang
- Department of Journalism and Communication, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Schroé H, Carlier S, Van Dyck D, De Backere F, Crombez G. Towards more personalized digital health interventions: a clustering method of action and coping plans to promote physical activity. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2325. [PMID: 36510181 PMCID: PMC9746174 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite effectiveness of action and coping planning in digital health interventions to promote physical activity (PA), attrition rates remain high. Indeed, support to make plans is often abstract and similar for each individual. Nevertheless, people are different, and context varies. Tailored support at the content level, involving suggestions of specific plans that are personalized to the individual, may reduce attrition and improve outcomes in digital health interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether user information relates toward specific action and coping plans using a clustering method. In doing so, we demonstrate how knowledge can be acquired in order to develop a knowledge-base, which might provide personalized suggestions in a later phase. METHODS To establish proof-of-concept for this approach, data of 65 healthy adults, including 222 action plans and 204 coping plans, were used and were collected as part of the digital health intervention MyPlan 2.0 to promote PA. As a first step, clusters of action plans, clusters of coping plans and clusters of combinations of action plans and barriers of coping plans were identified using hierarchical clustering. As a second step, relations with user information (i.e. gender, motivational stage, ...) were examined using anova's and chi2-tests. RESULTS First, three clusters of action plans, eight clusters of coping plans and eight clusters of the combination of action and coping plans were identified. Second, relating these clusters to user information was possible for action plans: 1) Users with a higher BMI related more to outdoor leisure activities (F = 13.40, P < .001), 2) Women, users that didn't perform PA regularly yet, or users with a job related more to household activities (X2 = 16.92, P < .001; X2 = 20.34, P < .001; X2 = 10.79, P = .004; respectively), 3) Younger users related more to active transport and different sports activities (F = 14.40, P < .001). However, relating clusters to user information proved difficult for the coping plans and combination of action and coping plans. CONCLUSIONS The approach used in this study might be a feasible approach to acquire input for a knowledge-base, however more data (i.e. contextual and dynamic user information) from possible end users should be acquired in future research. This might result in a first type of context-aware personalized suggestions on the content level. TRIAL REGISTRATION The digital health intervention MyPlan 2.0 was preregistered as a clinical trial (ID:NCT03274271). Release date: 6-September-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Schroé
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Research Group Physical Activity and Health, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Carlier
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Research Group Physical Activity and Health, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Femke De Backere
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Koeppel M, Eckert K, Huber G. Trends in gross body coordination and cardiorespiratory fitness-a hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of 35 000 2nd Graders. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1026-1040. [PMID: 35218079 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A negative decline of motor competence in children has been observed over the last decades. Though most studies derive their inferences from only two distant points in time and thus neglect to investigate the variability of the temporal trends. METHODS Between the year 2000 and 2011, 35 018 second graders performed the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), consisting of four items (WB, HH, JS, and MS) and a six minute run test (6MRT). A hierarchical Bayesian regression model with varying intercepts and temporal trends was fitted to the data. Age, sex, and BMI categories were included as input variables. The outcome variables were z-standardized to the initial cohort. RESULTS In all four KTK items, we observed a yearly decline of -0.020 (95% UI -0.038 to -0.001) for WB, -0.054 (95% UI -0.071, -0.037) for HH, -0.028 (95% UI -0.045 to -0.012) for JS and -0.088 (95% UI -0.108 to -0.067) for MS. For the 6MRT, no trend was identified. Overweight and obese children showed a disadvantage in all tests scores. Negative time interactions were observed for overweight and obese children in HH and JS. A substantial between-city variation for all temporal trends was observed. The predictive validation for all models but MS was successful. CONCLUSION A general negative decline was confirmed for coordinative abilities but not in cardiorespiratory fitness. For all outcome variables, a substantial between-city variation was observed, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in motor development. Overweight and obese children demonstrated an urgent need for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Koeppel
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Working Group Exercise Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg (NCT Heidelberg) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Eckert
- IST University of Applied Sciences, Health Management and Public Health, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Huber
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wälti M, Sallen J, Adamakis M, Ennigkeit F, Gerlach E, Heim C, Jidovtseff B, Kossyva I, Labudová J, Masaryková D, Mombarg R, De Sousa Morgado L, Niederkofler B, Niehues M, Onofre M, Pühse U, Quitério A, Scheuer C, Seelig H, Vlček P, Vrbas J, Herrmann C. Basic Motor Competencies of 6- to 8-Year-Old Primary School Children in 10 European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study on Associations With Age, Sex, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:804753. [PMID: 35548549 PMCID: PMC9081805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic motor competencies (BMC) are a prerequisite for children to be physically active, participate in sports and thus develop a healthy, active lifestyle. The present study provides a broad screening of BMC and associations with age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and extracurricular physical activity (PA) in 10 different European countries. The different country and regional contexts within Europe will offer a novel view on already established BMC associations. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 regions in 10 European countries in 2018. The motor competence areas, object movement (OM) and self-movement (SM), were assessed using the MOBAK-1-2 test instrument in 3758 first and second graders (age: M = 6.86 ± 0.60 years; 50% girls) during Physical Education classes. Children were questioned about their extracurricular PA and age. Their body weight and height were measured in order to calculate BMI. Statistical analyses included variances and correlations. The results showed significant differences in BMC levels between countries (OM: F = 18.74, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.048; SM: F = 73.10, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.163) whereas associations between BMC and correlates were similar. Boys performed significantly better in OM while girls performed better in SM. Age was consistently positively related to OM and SM with older children reaching higher levels of BMC than younger ones. While participation rates for extracurricular PA differed widely, participation in ball sports was correlated with OM and SM. Participation in individual sports showed a significant association with SM. In summary, BMC levels of children seem to depend on where they live and are strongly related to their participation in extracurricular PA. Therefore, education and health policies, in order to enhance motor competence development and PA participation, are recommended. Further research on country-specific Physical Education frameworks and their influence on BMC will provide more insights into structural factors and cultural characteristics of BMC development. On a school level, support tools and educational materials for teachers about BMC may enable children to achieve a basic level of motor competencies through Physical Education, contributing to lifelong participation in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Wälti
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Sallen
- Department of Educational Sciences & Didactics in Sport, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Fabienne Ennigkeit
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Erin Gerlach
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Heim
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Jidovtseff
- Department of Motor Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Irene Kossyva
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jana Labudová
- Department of School Education, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Masaryková
- Department of School Education, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Remo Mombarg
- Institute for Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Benjamin Niederkofler
- Institute of Didactics, Teaching and School Development, Salzburg University of Education Stefan Zweig, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maike Niehues
- Department of Educational Sciences & Didactics in Sport, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marcos Onofre
- Centro de Estudos de Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana & Unidade de Investigaçao e Desenvolvimento em Educação e Formação, Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Quitério
- Centro de Estudos de Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana & Unidade de Investigaçao e Desenvolvimento em Educação e Formação, Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claude Scheuer
- Department of Education and Social Work, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Harald Seelig
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petr Vlček
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Vrbas
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Christian Herrmann
- Physical Education Research Group, Zurich University of Teacher Education, Zurich, Switzerland
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dos Santos G, Guerra PH, Milani SA, Santos ABD, Cattuzzo MT, Ré AHN. Sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents: a review. Rev Saude Publica 2021; 55:57. [PMID: 34706035 PMCID: PMC8522757 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize evidence from studies that analyzed the associations between sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents. METHODS Systematic review of original articles that analyzed possible associations between sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents (3-18 years of age), without restrictions on study design, instruments and analysis protocols. The articles were identified through searches in the PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, Cinahl, Medline and SPORTDiscus databases, as well as in reference lists. The level of evidence was evaluated according to the amount of studies that reported statistical significance in the associations between the variables and the quality of the articles (risk of bias). RESULTS Of 2,462 initial studies, 22 composed the synthesis (two interventions, nine longitudinal and eleven cross-sectional studies). Of these, in 13, we observed negative associations between the variables, more often in the age group of seven to fourteen years. In the analysis of risk of bias, the main limitations of the studies were "convenience sampling" and "no description of sample sizing". CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that sedentary behavior is negatively associated with motor competence in elementary school children, although the evidence is uncertain in the preschool years; the synthesis of results from longitudinal studies suggests that sedentary behavior negatively affects the development of motor competence. It is important that future studies have greater control over sociocultural determinants and deepen knowledge regarding sex and age, as well as the methods and indicators used to evaluate the two variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme dos Santos
- Universidade de São PauloEscola de Artes, Ciências e HumanidadesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade FísicaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Henrique Guerra
- Universidade de São PauloEscola de Artes, Ciências e HumanidadesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade FísicaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira SulChapecóSCBrasilUniversidade Federal da Fronteira Sul. Chapecó, SC, Brasil
| | - Suedem Andrade Milani
- Universidade de São PauloEscola de Artes, Ciências e HumanidadesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade FísicaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ariane Brito Diniz Santos
- Universidade de PernambucoEscola Superior de Educação FísicaRecifePEBrasilUniversidade de Pernambuco. Escola Superior de Educação Física. Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Maria Teresa Cattuzzo
- Universidade de PernambucoEscola Superior de Educação FísicaRecifePEBrasilUniversidade de Pernambuco. Escola Superior de Educação Física. Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Alessandro Hervaldo Nicolai Ré
- Universidade de São PauloEscola de Artes, Ciências e HumanidadesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade FísicaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Webster EK, Staiano AE. Extended Heavy Television Viewing May Impact Weight Long Term in Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:517-519. [PMID: 32331620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Physical Fitness in Upper Austrian Children Living in Urban and Rural Areas: A Cross-Sectional Analysis with More Than 18,000 Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031045. [PMID: 32045983 PMCID: PMC7037332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Physical fitness is an important component in the development and health of children and adolescents. Given the equivocal results of previous research regarding the influence of the living environment on physical fitness, this study examined differences in physical fitness in urban and rural elementary school children in Upper Austria. A total of 18,168 (51% male) children between 6 and 11 years of age participated in anthropometric assessments and completed eight fitness tests that assessed cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular power, speed, agility, flexibility, and ball handling skills during a single test session in the school’s gymnasium. Urban living environment was associated with higher body weight (p = 0.01) and lower physical fitness (p < 0.01), except for flexibility, which was better in urban children (p < 0.01) and upper body strength (no difference), even after accounting for differences in body weight. Furthermore, it was shown that urban–rural differences in physical fitness are more pronounced in normal weight children and that these differences increase with age. These results highlight the potential of the living environment for the promotion of an active lifestyle that enhances physical fitness. The availability of safe spaces that facilitate unstructured and structured physical activity, as well as active transportation provide viable options for the promotion of physical fitness in children.
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Ruedl G, Greier N, Niedermeier M, Posch M, Prünster V, Faulhaber M, Burtscher M. Factors Associated with Physical Fitness among Overweight and Non-Overweight Austrian Secondary School Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4117. [PMID: 31731515 PMCID: PMC6862517 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate factors associated with physical fitness (PF) among overweight and non-overweight Austrian secondary school students. PF was measured using the German motor test (DMT) 6-18 and students were asked about sex, migration background, weekly leisure time physical activity and daily electronic media use. In total 560 adolescents (56.6% female) with a mean age of 15.4 ± 1.4 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 22.5 ± 4.2 kg/m² were evaluated with 130 (23.2%) students classified as overweight or obese. For the total cohort, results of the multiple linear regression analysis (R2 = 0.34) revealed that a younger age (β = -0.16), no migration background (β = 0.13), a lower BMI (β = -0.29), a higher weekly leisure time physical activity (β = 0.34) and a lower daily electronic media use (β = -0.15) were associated with increased PF. Separate regression analyses for non-overweight and overweight students showed similar regression coefficients except for BMI. In conclusion, the positive influence of modifiable factors such as lower BMI, higher self-reported weekly leisure time sports activity and lower self-reported daily electronic media use should be considered already at young ages to increase physical fitness in overweight and non-overweight youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Greier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- University College of Education (KPH) Stams, 6422 Stams, Austria
| | - Martin Niedermeier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Posch
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vera Prünster
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Drenowatz C, Greier K, Ruedl G, Kopp M. Association between Club Sports Participation and Physical Fitness across 6- to 14-Year-Old Austrian Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183392. [PMID: 31547480 PMCID: PMC6766075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in social and built environments most likely contribute to a decline in physical activity (PA) and physical fitness in children and adolescents. Organized sports may be an important component in ensuring adequate fitness, which is an important aspect in general health and well-being. The present study examines differences by club sports participation in cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, power, speed, agility, flexibility and balance in 3293 (55.1% male) Austrian children and adolescents between 6 and 14 years of age. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were taken and participants completed the German motor test during regular class time. Even though there was no significant difference in body weight between club sports participants and non-club sports participants, club sports participation was associated with higher physical fitness, particularly regarding endurance, strength, power, and agility. Differences by club sports participation, however, declined during the elementary school years (6-10 years of age), while they became more pronounced during middle school years (10-14 years of age). Club sports participation, therefore, may be a viable option in the promotion of physical fitness, particularly during adolescence. At younger ages, other sources of PA, such as physical education and free play, however, should be considered to ensure sufficient fitness levels that contribute to a healthy and active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Physical Education, University of Education Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria.
| | - Klaus Greier
- Division of Physical Education, Private University of Education (KPH-ES), 6422 Stams, Austria.
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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