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Schmid DG, Scott NM, Tomporowski PD. Physical Activity and Children's Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024; 36:155-169. [PMID: 38065088 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effects of physical activity on children's free recall, cued recall, and recognition episodic memory and to explore potential moderating factors. METHODS The following databases were searched: PubMed, ERIC, APA Psych Info, CINHAL, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar. Studies were included if: (1) participants were aged 4-18 years, (2) participants were typically developed, (3) participants were randomized to groups, (4) interventions employed gross movements, (5) sedentary group was used for control, (6) memory tests were quantitative, and (7) employed acute or chronic intervention. RESULTS 14 studies met inclusion criteria resulting in the analysis of data from 7 free recall, 7 cued recall, and 8 recognition memory tests. Physical activity was found to have a positive influence on tests free (g = 0.56), cued recall (g = 0.67), and no influence on tests of recognition (g = 0.06). While some moderator analyses were significant, the authors do not consider these results to be meaningful in application. CONCLUSIONS The effects of acute and chronic physical activity enhance specific aspects of long-term episodic memory. These findings suggest physical activity interventions developed for children may be expected to benefit some, but not all, types of memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne G Schmid
- Kinesiology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA,USA
| | - Nathan M Scott
- Kinesiology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA,USA
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Gutiérrez-Capote A, Madinabeitia I, Alarcón F, Torre E, Jiménez-Martínez J, Cárdenas D. Acute effect of complexity in basketball on cognitive capacity. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1376961. [PMID: 38827893 PMCID: PMC11141245 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1376961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Executive functions, notably inhibition, significantly influence decision-making and behavioral regulation in team sports. However, more research must be conducted on individual player characteristics such as experience and motor skills. This study assessed how accumulated practical experience moderates inhibition in response to varying task difficulty levels. Methods Forty-four university students (age: 20.36 ± 3.13 years) participated in this study with two sessions: one followed standard 1 × 1 basketball rules ("Regular Practice"), while the other imposed motor, temporal, and spatial restrictions ("Restriction Practice"). Functional difficulty was controlled by grouping pairs with similar skill levels. Flanker and Go-Nogo tasks were used. Results Increasing complexity worsened cognitive performance (inhibition). "Restriction Practice" showed a significantly slower and less accurate performance in both tests than "Regular Practice" (p < 0.001). Experience positively impacted test speed and accuracy (p < 0.001). Conclusion In sports, acute cognitive impacts are intrinsically linked to the task's complexity and the athlete's cognitive resources. In this sense, it is essential to adjust individually the cognitive demands of the tasks, considering each athlete's specific cognitive abilities and capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutiérrez-Capote
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
| | - Iker Madinabeitia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
- Department of General and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Alarcón
- Department of General and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Elisa Torre
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Martínez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
| | - David Cárdenas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
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Mao F, Li Z, Qiu C, Fang Q. Developing integrative practice on basic soccer skills to stimulate cognitive promotion for children and adolescents. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1348006. [PMID: 38708011 PMCID: PMC11066207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1348006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mao
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Research Center for Youth Football, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zelong Li
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Fang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Research Center for Youth Football, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Qu H, Tang H, Wang L, Wang W, Zhao Y, Chen A, Hu C. Effects on brain structural and functional in deaf children after aerobic exercise training: a pilot cluster randomized controlled study. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38618672 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2341910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine effects of aerobic exercise interventions on brain via the structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), as well as functional change during working memory (WM) task using fMRI in deaf children.Method: The study applied a cluster randomized controlled design. Twelve deaf children in the intervention group were required to complete an eleven-week aerobic exercise intervention, while other twelve age and gender matched deaf children in the control group were required to keep their normal daily life. Task fMRI images of each participant were acquired in the baseline and post intervention period. The surface-based morphometry (SBM) analysis and functional activation analysis were employed to probe the effects of 11-week aerobic exercise on cerebral structural and functional in deaf children, respectively.Results: The 11-week aerobic exercise intervention did not change brain structure in deaf children. However, behavior performance (reaction time and mean accuracy rate) presented significant improvements after the 11-week aerobic exercise intervention. Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed decreased reaction time in the 2-back (p < 0.001) and 2-0 back (p < 0.001), and increased mean accuracy rate during 2-back (p = 0.034). Furthermore, enhanced brain activations in the left supplementary motor cortex (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected) and left paracentral lobule (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected) were observed in the intervention group.Conclusion: 11-week aerobic exercise intervention may not be able to modulate brain structure in deaf children, but may have significantly positive effects on behavior performance and brain functional activation during WM task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Deparment of Health Sciences & Kinesiology, GA Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Biobank, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University. Yangzhou Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University. Yangzhou Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, China
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Skala F, Zemková E. Neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive response to 4v4 small-sided game in youth soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1260096. [PMID: 38028786 PMCID: PMC10665484 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1260096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical and psychological load of small-sided games (SSGs) can affect players' neuromuscular and cognitive functions. Yet, little is known about the acute performance changes after such a specific exercise in young soccer players and their association with exercise load applied. This study investigates i) the neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive response to the SSG exercise load, and ii) the relationship between pre- and post-SSG changes in variables of performance and the respective exercise load in youth soccer players. Sixteen participants (13.6 ± 0.5 years) underwent a 30-min SSG 4v4 + GK protocol. Prior to and after the SSG they performed countermovement jump (CMJ), planned and reactive Y-shaped agility tests (PA, RA), and go/no-go task (GNG). Their subjective perception of fatigue was evaluated by visual analog scale. Fatigue induced by SSG (perception of fatigue increased by 41.56%, p = .001, g = 4.15) increased PA time (4.04%, p = .002, g = .97), RA time (6.45%, p = .003, g = 1.16), and number of errors in the response inhibition task (87.1%, p = .023, rc = .57), whilst decreased CMJ height (-6.65%, p = .014, g = .56). These performance deteriorations were not significantly associated with neither internal nor external load variables. However, a less pronounced drop in performance was related to external load variables, i.e., ∆CMJ height and ∆RA time correlated with very high-speed running (rs = .66, p = .006; rs = -.50, p = .022; respectively) and maximal speed (r = .54, p = .032; r = -.52, p = .037; respectively), whilst ∆PA time was associated with high-intensity accelerations (rs = -.76, p = .002). These findings indicate that fatigue induced by SSG affects both planned and reactive agility, decision-making in response inhibition task, and explosive strength in youth soccer players regardless of significant contribution of any robust internal or external load variables. Nonetheless, high-intensity actions within SSG partially compensate for the decrements in their agility performance and explosive strength. The load variables encountered during SSG do not fully reflect youth players' neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive responses to sport-specific exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Skala
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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Hammami A, Kasmi S, Ben Saad H, Bouhlel E, Krustrup P, Chamari K. It Is Time to Play: Acute Effects of Soccer and Sprint Exercise on Attentional Performance, Mood, and Enjoyment in Untrained Male Adolescents. Am J Mens Health 2023; 17:15579883231209202. [PMID: 37905710 PMCID: PMC10619353 DOI: 10.1177/15579883231209202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of an acute bout of small-sided soccer game (SSG) and sprint exercise on attention, mood, and enjoyment in untrained adolescent boys. Eighteen adolescent boys aged 13-15 years participated in a counterbalanced order intervention: 1-No-training control condition (CONTROL), 2-SSG (SOCCER), and 3-Repeated sprint (SPRINT) sessions. Before and after the sessions, all participants completed the revised d2-test of attention and a mood assessment (i.e., Brunel mood scale [BRUMS]). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and perceived enjoyment (i.e., physical activity enjoyment scale) were evaluated after each session. A 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance with contrast-coded test was used to analyze the data. Attentional test performance increased from pre- to post-exercise intervention for both SOCCER and SPRINT (main effect of Phase, F = 40.81, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.48), compared with the CONTROL. BRUMS scores did not change for any of the interventions. RPE was significantly lower after SOCCER compared with SPRINT (t = 3.05 [3.20-7.18], p < .001, ηp2 = 0.46). SOCCER was perceived to be significantly more enjoyable compared with SPRINT (p = .03) and CONTROL (p < .001). To conclude, an acute bout of exercise based on SOCCER or SPRINT exercise was beneficial for adolescent boys' attention, with significantly better enjoyment reported after the SOCCER session, whereas we did not observe any mood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amri Hammami
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimization,” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sofien Kasmi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimization,” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Laboratoire de Recherche (Insuffisance Cardiaque, LR12SP09), Hôpital Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ezdine Bouhlel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’exercice et Physiopathologie, de L’intégré au Moléculaire “Biologie, Médecine, Santé,” Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
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Jimenez Vaquerizo E. Los efectos neurofisiológicos de la actividad física en los niños: revisión sistemática. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y EL DEPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.24310/riccafd.2022.v11i2.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
La práctica de actividad física regular proporciona varios beneficios relacionados principalmente con la mejora de la salud y la calidad de vida, así como con el control de los factores de riesgo de enfermedades, un tema ampliamente reconocido en la actualidad. Sin embargo, estudios recientes han demostrado que la relación entre actividad física y cognición está permitiendo grandes avances y resultados positivos. En el presente trabajo y mediante una revisión sistemática, se recopila la evidencia actual que estable la causalidad sobre los cambios neurofisiológicos en la estructura cerebral de niños sanos y con patologías. Un total de 23 estudios fueron seleccionados y analizados mediante los que se pudo concluir que existe una asociación beneficiosa entre la actividad física a largo plazo y los cambios en las funciones neurofisiológicas.
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Magistro D, Cooper SB, Boat R, Carlevaro F, Magno F, Castagno C, Simon M, Musella G. An After-School Football Session Transiently Improves Cognitive Function in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:164. [PMID: 36612487 PMCID: PMC9819323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a real-world after-school football session on subsequent cognitive function in primary school children. Following ethical approval, 100 children (aged 8−9 year) from the same after-school football club were randomly assigned to either an intervention (60 min football activity) or control (continued to rest) group. Cognitive function (selective visual attention, short term memory and long-term memory) was assessed prior to, immediately following and 45 min following the football session (and at the respective timepoints in the control group). Data were analysed via two-way (group * time) mixed methods ANOVA. The pattern of change in all domains of cognition over time, was different between the football and control groups (group * time, all p < 0.001). Specifically, performance on all cognitive tasks was greater immediately following the football session in the intervention group compared to the control group (selective visual attention, p = 0.003; short-term memory, p = 0.004; long-term memory, p < 0.001). However, there was no difference between the group 45 min following the football session (p = 0.132−0.393). These findings suggest that an after-school football session enhances cognition immediately post-activity in primary school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Magistro
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Simon B. Cooper
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ruth Boat
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Fabio Carlevaro
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Francesca Magno
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Cristian Castagno
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Simon
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musella
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
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Ferrer-Uris B, Ramos MA, Busquets A, Angulo-Barroso R. Can exercise shape your brain? A review of aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function and neuro-physiological underpinning mechanisms. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:150-174. [PMID: 35860684 PMCID: PMC9256523 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that physical exercise can be used as a tool for the prevention and treatment of various diseases or disorders. In addition, in the recent years, exercise has also been successfully used to enhance people's cognition. There is a large amount of research that has supported the benefits of physical exercise on human cognition, both in children and adults. Among these studies, some have focused on the acute or transitory effects of exercise on cognition, while others have focused on the effects of regular physical exercise. However, the relation between exercise and cognition is complex and we still have limited knowledge about the moderators and mechanisms underlying this relation. Most of human studies have focused on the behavioral aspects of exercise-effects on cognition, while animal studies have deepened in its possible neuro-physiological mechanisms. Even so, thanks to advances in neuroimaging techniques, there is a growing body of evidence that provides valuable information regarding these mechanisms in the human population. This review aims to analyze the effects of regular and acute aerobic exercise on cognition. The exercise-cognition relationship will be reviewed both from the behavioral perspective and from the neurophysiological mechanisms. The effects of exercise on animals, adult humans, and infant humans will be analyzed separately. Finally, physical exercise intervention programs aiming to increase cognitive performance in scholar and workplace environments will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Ramos
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
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Drollette ES, Johnson MN, Meadows CC. No Change in Inhibitory Control or P3 Following Different High-Intensity Interval Exercise Modalities. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020185. [PMID: 35203949 PMCID: PMC8870589 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has demonstrated positive effects on inhibitory control and P3 event-related potential (ERP) in young adults. However, the evidence is not well established regarding the effects of different HIIE modalities that incorporate aerobic-resistance training on these cognitive and neurocognitive outcomes. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the transient effects of HIIE-aerobic and HIIE-aerobic/resistance on P3 and Flanker task performance. Participants (n = 24; 18–25 years old) completed the Flanker task at two time points (30 min and 85 min) following 9 min of HIIE-aerobic (intermittent bouts of walking and running at 90% of maximal heart rate), HIIE-aerobic/resistance (intermittent bouts of walking and high-intensity calisthenics), and seated rest on three separate counterbalanced days. Results revealed no changes in Flanker performance (i.e., reaction time and response accuracy) or P3 (latency and mean amplitude) following either HIIE conditions compared to seated rest. Together, these data suggest inhibitory control and neuroelectric underpinnings are not affected by different modalities of HIIE at 30 min and 85 min post-exercise. Such findings reveal that engaging in short bouts of different HIIE modalities for overall health neither improves nor diminishes inhibitory control and brain function for an extended period throughout the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Megan N. Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA;
| | - Caroline C. Meadows
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Sciences and Mathematics, Greensboro College, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA;
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Krizman J, Tierney A, Nicol T, Kraus N. Listening in the Moment: How Bilingualism Interacts With Task Demands to Shape Active Listening. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:717572. [PMID: 34955707 PMCID: PMC8702653 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.717572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While there is evidence for bilingual enhancements of inhibitory control and auditory processing, two processes that are fundamental to daily communication, it is not known how bilinguals utilize these cognitive and sensory enhancements during real-world listening. To test our hypothesis that bilinguals engage their enhanced cognitive and sensory processing in real-world listening situations, bilinguals and monolinguals performed a selective attention task involving competing talkers, a common demand of everyday listening, and then later passively listened to the same competing sentences. During the active and passive listening periods, evoked responses to the competing talkers were collected to understand how online auditory processing facilitates active listening and if this processing differs between bilinguals and monolinguals. Additionally, participants were tested on a separate measure of inhibitory control to see if inhibitory control abilities related with performance on the selective attention task. We found that although monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly on the selective attention task, the groups differed in the neural and cognitive processes engaged to perform this task, compared to when they were passively listening to the talkers. Specifically, during active listening monolinguals had enhanced cortical phase consistency while bilinguals demonstrated enhanced subcortical phase consistency in the response to the pitch contours of the sentences, particularly during passive listening. Moreover, bilinguals’ performance on the inhibitory control test related with performance on the selective attention test, a relationship that was not seen for monolinguals. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that bilinguals utilize inhibitory control and enhanced subcortical auditory processing in everyday listening situations to engage with sound in ways that are different than monolinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Krizman
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Adam Tierney
- The ALPHALAB, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Trent Nicol
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Nina Kraus
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Departments of Neurobiology and Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nina Kraus,
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Moreira L, Malloy-Diniz L, Pinheiro G, Costa V. Are there differences in the attention of elite football players concerning playing positions? SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:494-502. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1994151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Moreira
- Sport Psychology Laboratory (LAPES), Sports Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L.F. Malloy-Diniz
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, FUMEC University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - G.S. Pinheiro
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - V.T. Costa
- Sport Psychology Laboratory (LAPES), Sports Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Ramirez-Campillo R, Souza D. High-Intensity Multimodal Training for Young People: It's Time to Think Inside the Box! Front Physiol 2021; 12:723486. [PMID: 34456755 PMCID: PMC8397438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- College of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Souza
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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14
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Pedro Ángel LR, Beatriz BA, Jerónimo AV, Antonio PV. Effects of a 10-week active recess program in school setting on physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility in elementary school children. A randomised-controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1277-1286. [PMID: 33407022 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1864985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 10-week active recess programme in school setting on physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility in children. A total of 114 children (age range = 8-12 years old, 47.3% girls) participated in this study. The students were randomly assigned to two groups, experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG performed a programme of physical exercise at moderate to vigorous intensity with cognitive engagement for 10 weeks, three times a week. Physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity, and cognitive flexibility were tested. Non-significant differences were found in physical fitness (both pre-test and post-test) between groups. The EG experienced significant improvements in all school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility (TMT test). In addition, the EG showed greater increase (p<0.05) than the CG in all variables of school aptitudes (p<0.01), creativity (p<0.001) and cognitive flexibility (p<0.05). Significant correlation between ∆ TMT-B and ∆ V.O2max (r=-0.289, p=0.031) was found. In conclusion, active recess based on high intensity training can be a proper tool to improve some cognitive skills, such as school aptitudes, creativity, and cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berrios-Aguayo Beatriz
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Aragón-Vela Jerónimo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports(NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pantoja-Vallejo Antonio
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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15
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Chen P, Wang D, Shen H, Yu L, Gao Q, Mao L, Jiang F, Luo Y, Xie M, Zhang Y, Feng L, Gao F, Wang Y, Liu Y, Luo C, Nassis GP, Krustrup P, Ainsworth BE, Harmer PA, Li F. Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020). Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1321-1331. [PMID: 32471813 PMCID: PMC7606574 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
China is experiencing significant public health challenges related to social and demographic transitions and lifestyle transformations following unprecedented economic reforms four decades ago. Of particular public health concern is the fourfold increase in overweight and obesity rates in the nation's youth population, coupled with the low prevalence of adolescents meeting recommended levels of physical activity. Improving the overall health of China's more than 170 million children and adolescents has become a national priority. However, advancing nationwide health initiatives and physical activity promotion in this population has been hampered by the lack of a population-specific and culturally relevant consensus on recommendations for achieving these ends. To address this deficiency and inform policies to achieve Healthy China 2030 goals, a panel of Chinese experts, complemented by international professionals, developed this consensus statement. The consensus was achieved through an iterative process that began with a literature search from electronic databases; in-depth reviews, conducted by a steering committee, of the resulting articles; and panel group evaluations and discussions in the form of email correspondence, conference calls and written communications. Ultimately, the panel agreed on 10 major themes with strong scientific evidence that, in children and adolescents aged 6-17, participating in moderate to vigorous physical activities led to multiple positive health outcomes. Our consensus statement also (1) highlights major challenges in promoting physical activity, (2) identifies future research that addresses current knowledge gaps, and (3) provides recommendations for teachers, education experts, parents and policymakers for promoting physical activity among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. This consensus statement aligns with international efforts to develop global physical activity guidelines to promote physical activity and health and prevent lifestyle-related diseases in children and adolescents. More importantly, it provides a foundation for developing culturally appropriate and effective physical activity interventions, health promotion strategies and policy initiatives to improve the health of Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Chen
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengfeng Wang
- Department of Physical, Health and Arts Education, Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lijuan Yu
- Shanghai Municipal People's Government, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Mao
- Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaojia Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minhao Xie
- Institute of Sports Medicine, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Lianshi Feng
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Luo
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - George P Nassis
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark
- School of Physical Education and Sports Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark
- School of Physical Education and Sports Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Barbara E Ainsworth
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Peter A Harmer
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, USA
| | - Fuzhong Li
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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16
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Williams RA, Cooper SB, Dring KJ, Hatch L, Morris JG, Sunderland C, Nevill ME. Effect of football activity and physical fitness on information processing, inhibitory control and working memory in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1398. [PMID: 32928161 PMCID: PMC7488749 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whilst an acute bout of exercise has been shown to enhance subsequent cognition, including in adolescents, the effects of team games (of which Football is the most popular) has received little attention. Therefore, this study examined: the effect of an acute bout of outdoor Football activity on information processing, inhibitory control, working memory and circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in adolescents; the effect of physical fitness on cognition and; the moderating effect of physical fitness on the acute exercise responses. Methods Following familiarisation, 36 adolescents (16 girls) took part in two trials (60-min Football and 60-min seated rest) separated by 7-d in a counterbalanced, crossover design. Information processing and inhibitory control (Stroop Test), and working memory (Sternberg Paradigm) were assessed 30-min before exercise/rest and immediately, 45- and 90-min post-exercise/rest. Capillary blood samples were obtained before exercise/rest and up to 120-min post-exercise/rest. The median split of distance covered on the MSFT was used to divide the group into high- and low-fit groups. Results Performance on the cognitive function tasks was similar between Football and seated rest (trial*time interactions; all p > .05). However, the high-fit group had overall quicker response times on both levels of the Stroop Task and all three levels of the Sternberg Paradigm (main effect of fitness; all p < .001). Furthermore, the exercise-cognition relationship was moderated by physical fitness, with improvements in working memory response times seen post-exercise, only in the high-fit group (trial*time*fitness interaction, p < .05). Circulating BDNF was unaffected by the Football activity and physical fitness (p > .05). Conclusion The present study shows that higher levels of physical fitness are beneficial for cognitive function and provides novel evidence that an ecologically valid, and popular, form of exercise is beneficial for working memory following exercise, in high-fit participants only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Williams
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon B Cooper
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Karah J Dring
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lorna Hatch
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - John G Morris
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Sunderland
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mary E Nevill
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Meijer A, Königs M, Vermeulen GT, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Hartman E, Oosterlaan J. The effects of physical activity on brain structure and neurophysiological functioning in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100828. [PMID: 32805531 PMCID: PMC7451819 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to systematically review and quantify the effects of physical activity on brain structure and neurophysiological functioning in children. Electronic data bases were searched for relevant studies. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (1) used an RCT or cross-over design, (2) examined the effects of physical activity on brain structure and/or neurophysiological functioning, (3) included children (5-12 years old) (4) included a control group (RCTs) or control condition (cross-over trials). A total of 26 and 20 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively, representing and accompanying 973 and 782 unique children. Main analyses were separated for short-term and long-term physical activity and for effects on brain structure and neurophysiological functioning with a distinction between children from healthy and clinical populations. We found evidence for significant beneficial effects of long-term physical activity on neurophysiological functioning (d = 0.39, p < 0.001). In addition, short-term physical activity may induce changes in neurophysiological functioning (d = 0.32, p = 0.044), although this evidence showed limited robustness. No meta-analytic evidence was found for positive effects on brain structure. The results underline the importance of physical activity for brain development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meijer
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben T Vermeulen
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Visscher
- University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Educational Research, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J Bosker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Educational Research, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Lind RR, Beck MM, Wikman J, Malarski K, Krustrup P, Lundbye‐Jensen J, Geertsen SS. Acute high-intensity football games can improve children's inhibitory control and neurophysiological measures of attention. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1546-1562. [PMID: 31125468 PMCID: PMC6852517 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that a single bout of exercise can lead to transient performance improvements in specific cognitive domains in children. However, more knowledge is needed to determine the key exercise characteristics for obtaining these effects and how they translate into real-world settings. In the present study, we investigate how small-sided football games of either high- or moderate-intensity affect measures of inhibitory control in a school setting. Eighty-one children (mean age 11.8, 48 boys) were randomly allocated to three groups performing 20-minute of high-intensity small-sided real football games (SRF), moderate-intensity small-sided walking football games (SWF) or resting (RF). Behavioral measures of inhibitory control and neurophysiological measures of attention (P300 latency and amplitude) were obtained during a flanker task performed at baseline and 20 minutes following the intervention. Retention of declarative memory was assessed in a visual memory task 7 days after the intervention. Measures of inhibitory control improved more in children performing SRF compared to SWF 19 ms, 95% CI [7, 31 ms] (P = 0.041). This was paralleled by larger increases in P300 amplitudes at Fz in children performing SRF compared both to RF in congruent (3.54 μV, 95% CI [0.85, 6.23 μV], P = 0.039) and incongruent trials (5.56 μV, 95% CI [2.87, 8.25 μV], P < 0.001) and compared to SWF in incongruent trials (4.10 μV, 95% CI [1.41, 6.68 μV], P = 0.010). No effects were found in measures of declarative memory. Together this indicates that acute high-intensity small-sided football games can transiently improve measures of inhibitory control and neurophysiological correlates of attention. Intense small-sided football games are easily implementable and can be employed by practitioners, for example, during breaks throughout the school day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Rasmussen Lind
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mikkel Malling Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Johan Wikman
- Center of research on Welfare, Health and Sport (CVHI)Halmstad UniversityHalmstadSweden
| | - Krzysztof Malarski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
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