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Undarwati A, Why FYP. BMI and explicit-implicit cues on food choice: The fake food buffet in the United Kingdom and Indonesia. Appetite 2024; 201:107617. [PMID: 39097098 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
We examined whether people with high BMI sampled from two different countries were more susceptible to behavioural change via an implicit, rather than explicit, intervention. We measured BMI and used three types of cue interventions (implicit vs explicit healthy lifestyle cue vs neutral cue) to examine their impact on our participants' food choice using the Fake Food Buffet. Healthiness of the meal chosen was measured by the percentage of healthy food items in the meal. Portion size of their chosen meal was operationalised by the total number of food items chosen and its total calorie content was also estimated. Participants were recruited from the United Kingdom (N = 264) and Indonesia (N = 264). Our results indicated that while explicit food cues were overall more effective, implicit cues were a more effective strategy to change food choice behaviours among individuals with high BMI. Participants with high BMI were more likely to regulate the healthiness of their meal and less likely to regulate its portion size or calorie content. The efficacy of our healthy eating interventions was cross-culturally generalizable. Our study supports previous research that implicit cues of a healthy lifestyle might be a more effective behavioural change strategy for individuals with high BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Undarwati
- Universitas Negeri Semarang, Psychology Department, Indonesia; University of Hull, United Kingdom
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2
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Hendijani R. Does Free Will Really Exist? The Motivational Congruence Theory's Perspective. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024; 58:932-945. [PMID: 38252261 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-024-09822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Free will plays a critical role in human motivation. Recent advances in science and technologies have had a significant impact on free will. They have raised serious concerns regarding the threatening effects of such advancements on perceived autonomy. However, there is still a longstanding debate on the existence of free will, known as the problem of free will. Philosophers have provided contrasting views regarding the existence of free will and its relationship with causal determination and mental causation problems. These problems are related to the underlying dualistic approach between mental and physical factors. Similar to the philosophy literature, the motivation literature is concerned with the problem of free will and its influence on motivation and performance. Cognitive evaluation and self-determination theories are the most renowned theories which assert the effect of autonomy (i.e., free will) on intrinsic motivation. However, these theories have mainly focused on the effect of the need for autonomy as an underlying driver of intrinsic motivation. They have not been able to address the fundamental question about the existence of actual free will and its effect on motivation and performance. This is mainly due to their dualistic approach in the form of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation dichotomization. Motivational congruence theory addresses the problem of free will and substantiates its effect by going beyond such a dualistic approach and resolving the related problems of mental causation and causal determination. The theory does this by taking a cotextualist and dialectical approach to the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivational mechanisms and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Hendijani
- Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran Jalal-e-Al-e-Ahmad Hwy & Chamran Hwy, Al-e-Ahmad, Tehran, Iran.
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Köhler C, Bartschke A, Fürstenau D, Schaaf T, Salgado-Baez E. The Value of Smartwatches in the Healthcare Sector for Monitoring, Nudging, and Predicting: Viewpoint on 25 Years of Research. J Med Internet Res 2024. [PMID: 39356287 DOI: 10.2196/58936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
UNSTRUCTURED We propose a categorization of smartwatch use in the healthcare sector into three key functional domains: monitoring, nudging, and predicting. Monitoring involves using smartwatches within medical treatments to track health data, nudging pertains to individual use for health purposes outside a particular medical setting, and predicting involves aggregated user data to train machine learning algorithms to predict health outcomes. Each domain offers unique contributions to healthcare, yet there is a lack of nuanced discussion in existing research. Our paper not only provides an overview of recent technological advancements in consumer smartwatches but also explores the three domains in detail, culminating in a comprehensive summary that anticipates the future value and impact of smartwatches in healthcare. By dissecting the interconnected challenges and potentials, we aim to enhance the understanding and effective deployment of smartwatches in value-based healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Köhler
- Department for Data Science & Decision Support, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), DE
| | - Alexander Bartschke
- Core Unit Digital Medicine & Interoperability, Berlin Institute of Health @ Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE
| | - Daniel Fürstenau
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, DE
- School of Business & Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, DE
| | - Thorsten Schaaf
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, DE
| | - Eduardo Salgado-Baez
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, DE
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE
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Weingarten N, Bach L, Roosen J, Hartmann M. Every step you take: Nudging animal welfare product purchases in a virtual supermarket. Appetite 2024; 197:107316. [PMID: 38492582 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Animal welfare (AW) is a growing concern for consumers in Germany; however, not all consumers regularly purchase products that have been produced according to high AW standards. The goal of the present study is to test the effect of a multilayered nudge to increase the availability and improve the visibility of AW products in a 3D online virtual supermarket (VS). The nudge included a shelf with AW products (referred to as AW shelf) which was made visible through banners and footsteps on the floor of the VS. The sample of this pre-registered experiment consisted of n = 374 German consumers who regularly purchase meat, milk, and eggs. The results demonstrated that the multilayered nudge was highly effective: the percentage of AW products purchased in the nudging condition was almost twice as high as in the control group. Furthermore, we investigated variables that mediate (ease of finding AW products in the VS) and moderate (price sensitivity) the effectiveness of the multilayered nudge, but no evidence for an effect was obtained. We conclude that multilayered nudges may be a promising tool to increase consumers' AW product purchases. More research is needed to replicate this finding with a field study in a real supermarket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weingarten
- University of Bonn, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, Chair of Agricultural and Food Market Research, Germany.
| | - Leonie Bach
- University of Bonn, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, Chair of Agricultural and Food Market Research, Germany
| | - Jutta Roosen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Management, Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research, Germany; Technical University of Munich, HEF World Agricultural Systems Center, Germany
| | - Monika Hartmann
- University of Bonn, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, Chair of Agricultural and Food Market Research, Germany
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McGrath G. Using the Australian Dietary Guidelines 2&5 education message in supermarket shopping trolleys to nudge shoppers to purchase more fruit and vegetables: A feasibility study using an intervention design. NUTR BULL 2024; 49:189-198. [PMID: 38610075 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases; however, only one in 16 Australian adults consume F&Vs at the recommended two servings of fruit and five servings of vegetables per day. What and how much people eat is influenced by their social and physical environments. Supermarkets are a key setting influencing food purchases, and as such, they can shape consumption patterns of F&Vs. Implementing effective strategies to increase F&V intake is crucial. The objective of this research was to test the feasibility of modifying shopper purchasing behaviour to purchase more F&Vs using the Australian Dietary Guidelines 2&5 education message covering one-half of the base of shopping trolleys. Placards giving the message that eating 2 fruits and 5 vegetables every day for good health were placed at the base of shopping trolleys as an educational nudge. Applying an intervention research design, 30 out of ~100 trolleys were fitted with the placards and shopper purchases were measured by collecting paper sales receipts to measure the weight (kg), total spending and F&V-specific spending (Australian dollars) for intervention versus control trolleys for one Saturday. We also conducted a short intercept survey that was administered independently from the research study day on non-trial shoppers. Shoppers who selected trolleys with the 2&5 education nudge placards (n = 101) purchased 1.66 kg less weight of F&Vs (Intervention: mean = 3.89 kg, SD = 3.40 kg, 95% CI = 3.21 kg, 4.56 kg, vs. Control: mean 5.55 kg, SD = 4.16 kg, 95% CI = 4.73 kg, 6.37 kg, p = 0.002) and spent less on F&Vs compared to shoppers in the control group (n = 102; Intervention: mean = $26.00, SD = $21.60, 95% CI = $21.78, $30.32 vs. Control: mean $36.00, SD = $27.00, 95% CI = $30.72, $42.36, p = 0.004). Intervention group shoppers also spent less in total spending between groups (Intervention: mean = $115.40, SD = $68.30, 95% CI = $101.95, $128.95 vs. Control: mean $151.30, SD = $79.40, 95% CI = $135.73, $166.93, p = 0.001). The 2&5 education nudge placard had the opposite effect as intended on shoppers' purchases to buy more F&Vs, although there may have been other differences between the intervention and the control groups since they were not randomised. Larger studies are required to elucidate and confirm these findings over the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg McGrath
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Griesser A, Mzoughi M, Bidmon S, Cherif E. How do opt-in versus opt-out settings nudge patients toward electronic health record adoption? An exploratory study of facilitators and barriers in Austria and France. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:439. [PMID: 38589922 PMCID: PMC11003073 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic health records (EHR) are becoming an integral part of the health system in many developed countries, though implementations and settings vary across countries. Some countries have adopted an opt-out policy, in which patients are enrolled in the EHR system following a default nudge, while others have applied an opt-in policy, where patients have to take action to opt into the system. While opt-in systems may exhibit lower levels of active user requests for access, this contrasts with opt-out systems where a notable percentage of users may passively retain access. Thus, our research endeavor aims to explore facilitators and barriers that contribute to explaining EHR usage (i.e., actively accessing the EHR system) in two countries with either an opt-in or opt-out setting, exemplified by France and Austria. METHODS A qualitative exploratory approach using a semi-structured interview guideline was undertaken in both countries: 1) In Austria, with four homogenously composed group discussions, and 2) in France, with 19 single patient interviews. The data were collected from October 2020 to January 2021. RESULTS Influencing factors were categorized into twelve subcategories. Patients have similar experiences in both countries with regard to all facilitating categories, for instance, the role of health providers, awareness of EHR and social norms. However, we highlighted important differences between the two systems regarding hurdles impeding EHR usage, namely, a lack of communication as well as transparency or information security about EHR. CONCLUSION Implementing additional safeguards to enhance privacy protection and supporting patients to improve their digital ability may help to diminish the perception of EHR-induced barriers and improve patients' health and commitment in the long term. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Understanding the differences and similarities will help to develop practical implications to tackle the problem of low EHR usage rates in the long run. This problem is prevalent in countries with both types of EHR default settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Griesser
- Department of Marketing and International Management, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt Am Woerthersee, Austria
| | - Manel Mzoughi
- ICD Business School - LARA, Management Department, Lara, France
| | - Sonja Bidmon
- Department of Marketing and International Management, University of Klagenfurt, Universitaetsstraße 65-67, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, 9020, Austria.
| | - Emna Cherif
- University Clermont Auvergne, IAE Clermont Auvergne School of Management - CleRMa, Research Chair "Health and Territories", Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Grossman PJ, Levy J. It's not you (well, it is a bit you), it's me: Self- versus social image in warm-glow giving. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300868. [PMID: 38526990 PMCID: PMC10962791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Attempts by charities to motivate giving tend to focus on potential donors' altruistic tendencies. However, prior research suggests that approximately 50% of individuals are to some extent motivated by warm glow, the satisfaction received from the act of giving. The satisfaction derives from looking good to themselves (self-image) and/or to others (social image). We conduct an online experiment on MTurk participants (n = 960) with a more realistic simulation of being watched to determine the importance of self- and social image to warm-glow giving. We find evidence that suggests that social image concerns do not increase the likelihood that someone will give but they do increase the amount given; average giving is significantly higher in the treatments when feelings of being watched are stimulated. Our results suggest that charities looking to increase their donor bases might effectively do so by focusing on self-image concerns. Charities wishing to increase the amount donated might effectively do so by focusing on the social image concerns of the donor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Levy
- School of Economics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Valenčič E, Beckett E, Collins CE, Koroušić Seljak B, Bucher T. Changing the default order of food items in an online grocery store may nudge healthier food choices. Appetite 2024; 192:107072. [PMID: 37797817 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Restructuring food environments, such as online grocery stores, has the potential to improve consumer health by encouraging healthier food choices. The aim of this study was to investigate whether repositioning foods within an experimental online grocery store can be used to nudge healthier choices. Specifically, we investigated whether repositioning product categories displayed on the website main page, and repositioning individual products within those categories, will influence selection. Adults residing in Australia (n = 175) were randomised to either intervention (high-fibre foods on top) or comparator condition (high-fibre foods on the bottom). Participants completed a shopping task using the experimental online grocery store, with a budget of up to AU$100 to for one person's weekly groceries. The results of this study show that the total fibre content per 100 kcal per cart (p < .001) and total fibre content per cart (p = .036) was higher in the intervention compared to comparator condition. Moreover, no statistical difference between conditions was found for the total number of fibre-source foods (p = .67), the total energy per cart (p = .17), and the total grocery price per cart (p = .70) indicating no evidence of implications for affordability. Approximately half of the participants (48%) reported that they would like to have the option to sort foods based on a specific nutrient criterion when shopping online. This study specifically showed that presenting higher-fibre products and product categories higher up on the online grocery store can increase the fibre content of customers' purchases. These findings have important implications for consumers, digital platform operators, researchers in health and food domains, and for policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Valenčič
- University of Newcastle, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, NSW, 2305, Australia; Jožef Stefan Institute, Computer Systems Department, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Emma Beckett
- University of Newcastle, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, NSW, 2305, Australia; Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- University of Newcastle, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Barbara Koroušić Seljak
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Computer Systems Department, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Bucher
- University of Newcastle, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, NSW, 2305, Australia
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McGrath G. Using a divider nudge in supermarket shopping trolleys to increase fruit and vegetable purchases: A feasibility study using an intervention design. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:513-522. [PMID: 37864781 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with a reduced risk of developing obesity and chronic diseases: however, only one in 16 Australian adults consume F&Vs at the recommended two servings of fruit and five servings of vegetables per day. What and how much people eat is influenced by their social and physical environments. Supermarkets are a key setting influencing food purchases, and as such, they can shape consumption patterns of F&Vs. Implementing effective strategies to increase F&V intake is crucial. The objective of this research was to test the feasibility of covertly modifying shopper purchasing behaviour to purchase more F&Vs using a visual divider nudge message (prompts) covering the entire base of shopping trolleys. Placards provided a visual representation of the recommended proportion of the trolley base that should be allocated to fruits and vegetables (implied social norm). Applying an intervention research design, 30 out of ~100 trolleys were fitted with the placards and shopper purchases were measured by collecting receipts to measure the weight (kg), total spending and F&V specific spending (Australian dollars) for intervention versus control trolleys for one weekend day only. We also conducted a short intercept survey that was administered independently from the research study day on non-trial shoppers. Shoppers who selected trolleys with the divider nudge placards (n = 102) purchased equal weight of F&Vs (Intervention: mean = 6.25 kg, SD = 5.60 kg, 95% CI = 5.14 kg, 7.35 kg, vs. Control: mean 6.03 kg, SD = 5.17 kg, 95% CI = 5.01 kg, 7.04 kg, p = 0.768) and spent equal amounts on F&Vs compared to shoppers in the control group (n = 102) (Intervention: mean = $41.46, SD = $36.68, 95% CI = $34.25, $48.66, vs. Control: mean $39.85, SD = $33.30, 95% CI = $33.34, $46.39, p = 0.744). There was no difference in the total spending between groups (Intervention: mean = $135.99, SD = $90.10, 95% CI = $118.29, $153.68, vs. Control: mean $155.68, SD = $96.46, 95% CI = $136.73, $174.63, p = 0.133). The divider nudge placard did not lead to any difference in shoppers' purchases of F&Vs. However, this study demonstrates the feasibility of testing a cheap, simple and easy supermarket nutrition intervention. Larger studies are required to elucidate and confirm these findings over the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg McGrath
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Gillebaart M, Blom SSAH, Benjamins JS, de Boer F, De Ridder DTD. The role of attention and health goals in nudging healthy food choice. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1270207. [PMID: 37928596 PMCID: PMC10620715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1270207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nudging is a promising intervention technique that supports people in pursuing their healthy eating goals. Recent research suggests that, despite previous assumptions, disclosure of the presence of a nudge does not compromise nudge effectiveness. However, it is unknown whether attention to a nudge affects nudge effects. We assessed the role of attention systematically, by examining explicit and implicit attention to nudges, while also exploring healthy eating goals as a potential moderator. Methods Participants were assigned to a nudge (i.e., a shopping basket inlay with pictures of healthy items) or control condition (i.e., a shopping basket inlay with neutral pictures) and chose a snack in an experimental supermarket field study. Explicit and implicit attention (with a mobile eye-tracker) to nudges, healthiness of snack choice, and healthy eating goals were assessed. Results Results showed that attention to the nudge did not hamper the nudge's effect. Furthermore, individuals with strong healthy eating goals made healthier food choices in the nudge condition. Individuals with weak to non-existent healthy eating goals were not influenced by the nudge. Discussion Findings are in line with the viewpoint that nudging does not by definition work 'in the dark', and suggests that nudges support people in adhering to their healthy eating goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Gillebaart
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stephanie S A H Blom
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Benjamins
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke de Boer
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Profeti S, Toth F. Climbing the 'ladder of intrusiveness': the Italian government's strategy to push the Covid-19 vaccination coverage further. POLICY SCIENCES 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37361645 PMCID: PMC10183224 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-023-09509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In all Western countries, the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 encountered some resistance. To overcome vaccine inertia and hesitancy, governments have used a variety of strategies and policy instruments. These instruments can be placed on a 'ladder of intrusiveness', starting from voluntary tools based on simple information and persuasion, through material incentives and disincentives of varying nature and magnitude, to highly coercive tools, such as lockdown for the unvaccinated and the introduction of the vaccination mandate. Italy's experience during the vaccination campaign against Covid provides an ideal observational point for starting to investigate this issue: not only was Italy among the top countries with the highest percentage of people vaccinated at the beginning of 2022, but-at least compared to other European countries-it was also one of the countries that had gradually introduced the most intrusive measures to increase vaccination compliance. In the article the different steps of the 'intrusiveness ladder' are presented, providing examples from various countries, and then tested on the Italian Covid-19 vaccination campaign between 2021 and the first months of 2022. For each phase of the campaign, the instrument mixes adopted by the Italian government are described, as well as the contextual conditions that led to their adoption. In the final section, an assessment of the composition and evolution of the Italian vaccination strategy is provided, based on the following criteria: legitimacy, feasibility, effectiveness, internal consistency and strategic coherence. Conclusions highlight the pragmatic approach adopted by the Italian government and underline the effects-both positive and negative-of scaling up the intrusiveness ladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Profeti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche e Sociali, University of Bologna, Strada Maggiore 45, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Toth
- Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche e Sociali, University of Bologna, Strada Maggiore 45, 40125 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Kawa C, Ianiro-Dahm PM, Nijhuis JFH, Gijselaers WH. Effects of a Nudging Cue Targeting Food Choice in a University Cafeteria: A Field Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091307. [PMID: 37174849 PMCID: PMC10178432 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many students approaching adulthood often choose high-calorie food products. Concurrently, health interventions applied during this life phase can potentially lead to a healthier lifestyle. Nudge health interventions in experimental cafeteria settings have been found to improve eating behavior effectively, yet research in real-world settings is lacking. Accepting nudges as health interventions impacts nudge effectiveness. The present study applies a pretest-posttest design for a period of three consecutive weeks (no nudge, nudge, no nudge), testing the effectiveness of the so-called Giacometti cue on the number of calories purchased in a real-world cafeteria. Students were exposed to the nudge during the intervention week when entering the cafeteria and when choosing their meals. After purchasing a meal, their choice was recorded, and they completed a questionnaire. The Giacometti cue immediately reduced the number of calories purchased (comparing weeks one and two). After nudge removal, an effect was identified, increasing the number of calories purchased (comparing weeks two and three). Contrary to expectations, higher nudge acceptance resulted in more calories purchased. Neither awareness of the nudge's presence when buying food nor the interaction between acceptance and awareness played a role. We explore potential explanations for the Giacometti cue's effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kawa
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Patrizia M Ianiro-Dahm
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Jan F H Nijhuis
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H Gijselaers
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tagliabue M. Tutorial. A Behavioral Analysis of Rationality, Nudging, and Boosting: Implications for Policymaking. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:89-118. [PMID: 35103249 PMCID: PMC8791424 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As recent trends in policymaking call for increased contributions from behavioral science, nudging and boosting represent two effective and relatively economic approaches for influencing choice behavior. They utilize concepts from behavioral economics to affect agents' concurrent suboptimal choices: in principle, without applying coercion. However, most choice situations involve some coercive elements. This study features a functional analysis of rationality, nudging, and boosting applied to public policy. The relationship between behavior and environmental variables is termed a "behavioral contingency," and the analysis can include social and cultural phenomena by applying a selectionist perspective. Principles of behavioral control, whether tight or loose, may be exerted by policymakers or regulators who subscribe to paternalistic principles and may be met with demands of libertarianism among their recipients. This warrants discussion of the legitimacy and likelihood of behavioral control and influence on choices. Cases and examples are provided for extending the unit of analysis of choice behavior to achieve outcomes regulated by policies at the individual and group levels, including health, climate, and education. Further research and intervention comprise the study of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. Advancing the understanding and application of behavioral science to policymaking may, therefore, benefit from moving from the relatively independent contributions of behavioral economics and behavior analysis to an inclusive selectionist approach for addressing choice behavior and cultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tagliabue
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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14
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McGrath GM. Using social norm nudges in supermarket shopping trolleys to increase fruit and vegetable purchases. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:115-123. [PMID: 36842136 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with a reduced risk of developing obesity and chronic diseases: however, only one in twenty Australian adults consume F&Vs at the recommended two servings of fruit and five servings of vegetables per day. What and how much people eat is influenced by their social and physical environments. Supermarkets are a key setting influencing food purchases, and as such, they can shape consumption patterns of F&Vs. Implementing effective strategies to increase F&V intake is crucial. The objective of this research was to test if shopper purchasing behaviour can be modified to purchase more F&Vs using social norm nudge messages (prompts) placed in shopping trolleys. Placards giving the message that the majority of shoppers purchased F&Vs at each shop were placed in shopping trolleys. Applying an intervention research design, 30 out of ~100 trolleys were fitted with the placards and shopper purchases were measured by collecting receipts to measure the quantity (kg), total and F&V spending (Australian dollars) for intervention versus control trolleys. We also conducted a short intercept survey that was administered independently from the research study day. Shoppers who selected trolleys with the social norm nudge placards (n = 109) purchased 1.25 kg more F&Vs (Intervention: mean = 5.45 kg, SD = 4.23 kg, 95% CI 4.65 kg, 6.26 kg vs. Control: mean 4.19 kg, SD = 3.75 kg, 95% CI 3.48 kg, 4.90 kg, p = 0.020, Cohen's d = 0.32) and spent an extra $9.10 more on F&Vs compared to shoppers in the control group (n = 109; Intervention: mean = $36.20, SD = $26.30, 95% CI = $31.24, $41.26 vs. Control: mean $27.10, SD = $24.00, 95% CI = $22.50, $31.67, p = 0.008, Cohen's d = 0.36). The social norm nudge placard shows promise in modifying shoppers' purchases to buy more F&Vs. Larger studies are required to elucidate and confirm these findings over the longer term.
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15
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Giroux M, Park J, Kim JE, Choi YK, Lee JC, Kim S(S, Jang S, Gonzalez-Jimenez H, Kim J. The Impact of Communication Information on the Perceived Threat of COVID-19 and Stockpiling Intention. AUSTRALASIAN MARKETING JOURNAL 2023. [PMCID: PMC10076984 DOI: 10.1177/18393349211028670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article investigates the role of diverse nudging communication strategies on perceived threat and stockpiling intention. Across three studies, the authors examined the various effects of “nudging” on consumer behavior. Study 1 demonstrates that a commonly used picture has a stronger impact on perceived threat than a less frequently exposed picture regardless of its accuracy. Study 2 shows that the perceived threat of COVID-19, in terms of severe health consequences, is lower when using an indirect (vs. direct) explanation of the virus, as well as when reducing the amount of information about the virus. Study 3 investigates the impact of salient negative information and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Findings reveal that negative information about deaths associated with the virus increases the level of perceived threat and stockpiling intention, especially among people of low childhood SES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae-Eun Kim
- Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jungkeun Kim
- Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
- Jungkeun Kim, Department of Marketing, Auckland University of Technology, 120 Mayoral Drive, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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16
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Li S, Li K, Li J. Does the Power of Social Example Fade? Nudge Effect of Social Information on Individual's Donation Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model with Three-Wave Cross-Sectional Data. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:971-987. [PMID: 36998739 PMCID: PMC10044165 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s401420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study assesses how various social information influence individuals' money donation behaviors towards charitable funds against the COVID-19 pandemic at different stages of the pandemic. It also explores the mediating role of social anxiety and the moderating role of self-control. Materials and Methods This three-wave study was conducted with online survey experiments using convenience sampling at the pandemic's outbreak stage (April-June 2020), trough stage (February-March 2021), and resurgence stage (May 2022) in China. The nudge power of social information was measured by whether participants changed their initial money donation decisions after informed positive or negative social information. Self-report scales were used to measure levels of social anxiety (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale) and self-control (Self-Control Scale). The final data set included 1371 participants from 26 provinces of mainland China. Stata medeff package and SPSS PROCESS were used to analyze the data. Results Individuals' initial donation behaviors did not fluctuate along with the pandemic status, but the nudge effect of social information did. From outbreak stage to trough stage, the nudge power of positive social information significantly declined, but did not significantly change again at the resurgence stage. By contrast, the nudge power of negative social information did not significantly differ between outbreak and trough stage but did significantly increase at the resurgence stage. Social anxiety played a significant mediating role in the relationship between COVID-19 status and power of social information. Moreover, self-control moderated the direct effect of COVID-19 status on power of social information and the indirect effect via social anxiety. Conclusion Our findings enrich research on the nudge power variation of social information on individuals' donation behaviors along with the pandemic status and its potential psychological influence factors. This study also helps guide organizations to better design and carry out social information nudge mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Li
- School of Finance, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kehan Li
- School of Economics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Kehan Li; Jianbiao Li, Email ;
| | - Jianbiao Li
- Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics/School of Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Hielkema MH, Onwezen MC, Reinders MJ. Veg on the menu? Differences in menu design interventions to increase vegetarian food choice between meat-reducers and non-reducers. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Measuring “Nudgeability”: Development of a Scale on Susceptibility to Physical Activity Nudges among College Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12090318. [PMID: 36135122 PMCID: PMC9495621 DOI: 10.3390/bs12090318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current college lifestyle create more opportunities for students to develop unhealthy behaviors, especially physical inactivity. Nudging could be an effective tool to improve physical activity behaviors by changing college settings. One-nudge-fits-all leads to ineffective nudges, so it is necessary to develop a reliable and valid instrument capable of measuring the “nudgeability” of physical activity nudges for college students, which is for a higher level of nudge efficacy. Method: Developing the College Physical Activity Nudges Susceptibility Scale (CPANSS) that integrated the nudge method with the Likert scale, which is the first attempt to measure the susceptibility to nudges directly by a scale. There are four steps for developing CPANSS, including Scale Dimensions, Item Generation, Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 294), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 293) with appropriate procedures. Results: The five-factor 21-item CPANSS with good reliability and validity fitted the data reasonably well. Conclusion: The CPANSS was to provide a new tool for policymakers to design effective nudges in changing and promoting physical activity in college settings, and to provide a method for scholars to promote other healthy behaviors for different target groups.
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Van Dessel P, Boddez Y, Hughes S. Nudging societally relevant behavior by promoting cognitive inferences. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9201. [PMID: 35654869 PMCID: PMC9161190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective behavioral interventions are essential to address urgent societal challenges. Over the past decade, nudging interventions (i.e., arranging the environment to promote adaptive behavioral choices) have surged in popularity. Importantly, effective application of the nudging approach requires clear guiding principles with a firm basis in behavioral science. We present a framework for nudging interventions that builds on evidence about the goal-directed inferential processes underlying behavior (i.e., processes that involve context-dependent inferences about goals and the actions available to achieve these goals). We used this framework to develop nudging interventions that target context-relevant cognitive inferences. We examined the effectiveness of these inference nudging interventions for promoting two important types of societal behavior: pro-environmental actions and adherence to COVID-19 guidelines. As predicted, two online studies revealed that inference nudging interventions successfully increased energy conservation (Study 1) as well as social distancing during the COVID-19 crisis (Study 2). A field experiment found that inference nudging interventions increased hand disinfection in a real-life store during the COVID-19 crisis (Study 3). Our findings highlight the importance of applying state-of-the-art insights about the (inferential) determinants of behavior in behavior change interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van Dessel
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yannick Boddez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sean Hughes
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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de Ridder D, Kroese F, van Gestel L. Nudgeability: Mapping Conditions of Susceptibility to Nudge Influence. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:346-359. [PMID: 34424801 PMCID: PMC8902020 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621995183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nudges are behavioral interventions to subtly steer citizens' choices toward "desirable" options. An important topic of debate concerns the legitimacy of nudging as a policy instrument, and there is a focus on issues relating to nudge transparency, the role of preexisting preferences people may have, and the premise that nudges primarily affect people when they are in "irrational" modes of thinking. Empirical insights into how these factors affect the extent to which people are susceptible to nudge influence (i.e., "nudgeable") are lacking in the debate. This article introduces the new concept of nudgeability and makes a first attempt to synthesize the evidence on when people are responsive to nudges. We find that nudge effects do not hinge on transparency or modes of thinking but that personal preferences moderate effects such that people cannot be nudged into something they do not want. We conclude that, in view of these findings, concerns about nudging legitimacy should be softened and that future research should attend to these and other conditions of nudgeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise de Ridder
- Department of Social Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Floor Kroese
- Department of Social Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Laurens van Gestel
- Department of Social Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University
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21
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Forberger S, Wichmann F, Comito CN. Nudges used to promote physical activity and to reduce sedentary behaviour in the workplace: Results of a scoping review. Prev Med 2022; 155:106922. [PMID: 34933021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity is one of the most important risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Workplace health promotion is therefore of growing interest to support an active day using nudges. The scoping review aims to (a) analyse how frequently nudges are applied in workplace health promotion to increase physical activity and/or reduce sedentary behaviour, and (b) characterise the nudges used. A systematic database search was conducted for the period 2009 to June 2020. According to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, studies promoting physical activity and/or reducing sedentary behaviour using nudges were included. Nudges were classified according to MINDSPACE and TIPPME. A study protocol was previously published. Of the 256 studies identified, 26 used nudges. Most studies were conducted in Europe (n = 12) and the USA (n = 8). N = 18 studies targeted physical activity and n = 8 studies targeted sedentary behaviour. In most studies promoting physical activity, prompts were given to climb stairs (n = 11). Interventions targeting sedentary behaviour were more diverse, using digital interventions or mixed approaches (n = 8). Although nudges can help increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour, there are still gaps in terms of their effective and efficient use. There is a lack of long-term studies that analyse habituation and behavioural changes beyond the intervention period. In addition, the potential of digital and mixed approaches is not yet fully exploited. Further studies from low- and middle-income countries with different climates and working conditions are needed to investigate the feasibility of approaches and advance the fight against physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Forberger
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Frauke Wichmann
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Chiara Nicoletta Comito
- Department Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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22
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Weijers RJ, Ganushchak L, Ouwehand K, de Koning BB. “I’ll Be There”: Improving Online Class Attendance with a Commitment Nudge during COVID-19. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.2023534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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23
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Leal CC, Branco-Illodo I, Oliveira BMDN, Esteban-Salvador L. Nudging e Arquitetura da Escolha: Perspetivas e Desafios. RAC: REVISTA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-7849rac2022220098.por] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Leal CC, Branco-Illodo I, Oliveira BMDN, Esteban-Salvador L. Nudging and Choice Architecture: Perspectives and Challenges. RAC: REVISTA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-7849rac2022220098.en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Kawa C, Ianiro-Dahm PM, Nijhuis JFH, Gijselaers WH. Cafeteria Online: Nudges for Healthier Food Choices in a University Cafeteria-A Randomized Online Experiment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182412924. [PMID: 34948533 PMCID: PMC8701129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many people do not consume as much healthy food as recommended. Nudging has been identified as a promising intervention strategy to increase the consumption of healthy food. The present study analyzed the effects of three body shape nudges (thin, thick, or Giacometti artwork) on food ordering and assessed the mediating role of being aware of the nudge. Students (686) and employees (218) of a German university participated in an online experimental study. After randomization, participants visited a realistic online cafeteria and composed a meal for themselves. Under experimental conditions, participants were exposed to one out of three nudges while choosing dishes: (1) thin body shape, (2) thick body shape, and (3) the Giacometti artwork nudge. The Giacometti nudge resulted in more orders for salad among employees. The thin and thick body shape nudges did not change dish orders. Awareness of the nudge mediated the numbers of calories ordered when using the Giacometti or thin body shape nudges. These findings provide useful insights for health interventions in occupational and public health sectors using nudges. Our study contributes to the research on the Giacometti nudge by showing its effectiveness when participants are aware (it is effective under conditions where it is consciously perceived).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kawa
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia M. Ianiro-Dahm
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany;
| | - Jan F. H. Nijhuis
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.F.H.N.); (W.H.G.)
| | - Wim H. Gijselaers
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.F.H.N.); (W.H.G.)
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26
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Wyse R, Delaney T, Stacey F, Lecathelinais C, Ball K, Zoetemeyer R, Lamont H, Sutherland R, Nathan N, Wiggers JH, Wolfenden L. Long-term Effectiveness of a Multistrategy Behavioral Intervention to Increase the Nutritional Quality of Primary School Students' Online Lunch Orders: 18-Month Follow-up of the Click & Crunch Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e31734. [PMID: 34847063 PMCID: PMC8669584 DOI: 10.2196/31734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School food services, including cafeterias and canteens, are an ideal setting in which to improve child nutrition. Online canteen ordering systems are increasingly common and provide unique opportunities to deliver choice architecture strategies to nudge users to select healthier items. Despite evidence of short-term effectiveness, there is little evidence regarding the long-term effectiveness of choice architecture interventions, particularly those delivered online. Objective This study determined the long-term effectiveness of a multistrategy behavioral intervention (Click & Crunch) embedded within an existing online school lunch-ordering system on the energy, saturated fat, sugar, and sodium content of primary school students’ lunch orders 18 months after baseline. Methods This cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved a cohort of 2207 students (aged 5-12 years) from 17 schools in New South Wales, Australia. Schools were randomized to receive either a multistrategy behavioral intervention or the control (usual online ordering only). The intervention strategies ran continuously for 14-16.5 months until the end of follow-up data collection. Trial primary outcomes (ie, mean total energy, saturated fat, sugar and sodium content of student online lunch orders) and secondary outcomes (ie, the proportion of online lunch order items that were categorized as everyday, occasional, and caution) were assessed over an 8-week period at baseline and 18-month follow-up. Results In all, 16 schools (94%) participated in the 18-month follow-up. Over time, from baseline to follow-up, relative to control orders, intervention orders had significantly lower energy (–74.1 kJ; 95% CI [–124.7, –23.4]; P=.006) and saturated fat (–0.4 g; 95% CI [–0.7, –0.1]; P=.003) but no significant differences in sugar or sodium content. Relative to control schools, the odds of purchasing everyday items increased significantly (odds ratio [OR] 1.2; 95% CI [1.1, 1.4]; P=.009, corresponding to a +3.8% change) and the odds of purchasing caution items significantly decreased among intervention schools (OR 0.7, 95% CI [0.6, 0.9]; P=.002, corresponding to a –2.6% change). There was no between-group difference over time in canteen revenue. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate the sustained effect of a choice architecture intervention delivered via an online canteen ordering systems in schools. The findings suggest that there are intervention effects up to 18-months postbaseline in terms of decreased energy and saturated fat content and changes in the relative proportions of healthy and unhealthy food purchased for student lunches. As such, this intervention approach may hold promise as a population health behavior change strategy within schools and may have implications for the use of online food-ordering systems more generally; however, more research is required. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000855224; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375075
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wyse
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Tessa Delaney
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Fiona Stacey
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Christophe Lecathelinais
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Kylie Ball
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel Zoetemeyer
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Hannah Lamont
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Nicole Nathan
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - John H Wiggers
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
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27
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Krawiec JM, Piaskowska OM, Piesiewicz PF, Białaszek W. Tools for public health policy: nudges and boosts as active support of the law in special situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health 2021; 17:132. [PMID: 34801054 PMCID: PMC8605446 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, "nudging" has become a standard behavioral intervention at the individual level and for the design of social policies. Although nudges are effective, such interventions seem to be limited to a given space and time, and there is only scant evidence to support the contrary view. On the other hand, choice architects may utilize another type of intervention called "boosting," which shows the promise of generalized and lasting behavioral change. A government can use these tools to shape public policy. Behavioral interventions such as policy-making tools have their boundaries, as does the law. We argue that nudging and boosting may serve as active local or global aids in support of the legal system under certain circumstances. Nudging and boosting can also support the legal system, especially in relation to emerging social issues or events that are unprecedented, such as the recent global COVID-19 pandemic, where certain behavioral patterns are expected, but it would be difficult or impossible to enforce them through the law alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub M Krawiec
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Institute of Psychology, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga M Piaskowska
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Institute of Law, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr F Piesiewicz
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Institute of Law, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Białaszek
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Institute of Psychology, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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van Woerkom M. Building Positive Organizations: A Typology of Positive Psychology Interventions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:769782. [PMID: 34867675 PMCID: PMC8637171 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that Positive Psychology Interventions (PPIs) in the work context have a small positive impact on improving desirable work outcomes, and a small to moderate effect on reducing undesirable work outcomes, suggesting that the effects of PPIs are not trivial, but also not large. Whereas this may be related to the difficulty of changing oneself or one's happiness levels, the relatively small effects of PPIs may also be due to the predominant use of one-off interventions instead of more structural interventions that reflect policy level commitment. Furthermore, since most PPIs tend to focus on the individual, one could question the long-term effectiveness of such interventions, especially when the work environment remains unchanged. In this manuscript, I introduce a typology of PPIs in organizations by distinguishing between the organizational level they target (the individual or group level), and between one-off and structural interventions. I argue that different types of interventions can strengthen each other, and that to make a sustainable contribution to the optimal functioning of workers, PPIs need to comprise a wide variety of one-off and structural interventions targeting both individuals and groups in organizations. Furthermore, I make suggestions for improving the long-term effectiveness of PPIs by drawing on the literature on transfer of training, nudging, and positive design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne van Woerkom
- Department of Human Resource Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Serpell BG, Cook CJ. Testosterone and cortisol are more predictive of choice behavior than a social nudge in adult males on a simple gift give-get task. Stress 2021; 24:1057-1063. [PMID: 33899684 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1912004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility of social research is ambitious, and evidence supporting this argument is increasing in psychology and social science research. This may be attributed to, in part, the high volume of qualitative research methodology used in social research along with difficulties in the reliability of measurement techniques. Therefore, use of more and better objective measures to complement existing techniques in social research are necessitated. To highlight this point we explored the success of give-get nudge in adults. Nudge being a subtle intervention to influence choice, without restricting choice. We also wanted to explore whether testosterone and cortisol, as objective psychophysiological markers, could explain nudge outcome. Participants were asked what they would like to get for Christmas, or what they would like to give. They were then presented with two chocolates, one big and one small, and instructed to take as a "reward" for their participation with the knowledge there was one other participant to take chocolate after them. It was hypothesized that those asked to give something for Christmas would take the smaller reward and vice versa. Salivary testosterone and cortisol were measured prior to, and 10 min after completing the exercise. The nature of the nudge itself did not predict behavior, but the hormone measures did. We speculate that testosterone may focus an individual on the nature of the question (nudge), while cortisol encourages self-focus. These results support the need to combine existing social research techniques with more objective markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Serpell
- NSW Waratahs, Sydney, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christian J Cook
- Biomedical Sciences Discipline School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, UK
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de Groot JHB. Smells in Sustainable Environments: The Scented Silk Road to Spending. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718279. [PMID: 34489823 PMCID: PMC8417554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanity's demand for ecological resources and services exceeds what earth can regenerate in that year, creating an urgent need for more sustainable behavior. Here, the focus is on a particular factor that so far has been overlooked in facilitating sustainable behavior, namely smell. The two-fold aim of this study was (i) to investigate whether ambient scent could enhance customers' subjective experience and spending behavior in a sustainable environment, and (ii) to elucidate the affective and cognitive pathways from scent to spending. To test this, a double-blind field experiment was designed where customers of a second-hand clothing store (N = 57) could face one of three conditions: fresh linen scent (pleasant and semantically priming "clean clothing" increasing the products' value), vanilla sandalwood scent (pleasant control odor), or regular store odor (odorless control). Buttressed by prior research, the fresh linen scent was expected to cause the strongest increase in spending behavior due to its positive semantic association with the product (i.e., clean clothing). The results indeed showed that fresh linen scent almost doubled consumer spending vs. the odorless control and the pleasant control odor. Other factors potentially affecting consumer behavior (e.g., weekday, weather, odor awareness) were uncorrelated. Whereas a conceptually-driven mediation analysis showed that only fresh linen scent increased mood and evaluations of the store, staff, and products, these variables did not mediate the relation between scent and spending. An explorative structural equation model suggested cognitive priming to be mainly responsible for increasing consumers' spending in the fresh linen condition by enhancing the general store evaluation. Further support is needed to corroborate the indirect findings that specific scents can follow a "cold" semantic road and a "hot" affective road to spending. At minimum, consumers are no "zombies" that empty their pockets in the presence of whatever odor; the smell needs to have a meaningful link to the (sustainable) context at hand to influence consumer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H. B. de Groot
- Department of Social and Cultural Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Schüz B, Meyerhof H, Hilz LK, Mata J. Equity Effects of Dietary Nudging Field Experiments: Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:668998. [PMID: 34368049 PMCID: PMC8342848 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.668998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary behaviours are among the key modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Importantly, dietary behaviours vary substantially between groups and individuals with different socioeconomic positions, with more disadvantaged groups and individuals being exposed to more dietary risk factors. The goal of this review is to summarise the existing research on equity effects of dietary nudging interventions. Methods: Systematic review of nudging interventions conducted in a field setting that report an observable indicator of dietary behaviour, include a control group, and report effect sizes stratified by indicators of socioeconomic status as outlined in the PROGRESS-Plus framework. Two databases (scopus, Pubmed) were searched (last search June 2021), and 18 articles with 19 studies (k = 46 equity comparisons) were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Due to heterogeneity in equity dimensions and study outcomes, a harvest plot was used to summarise data. Results: The majority of equity comparisons (38 out of 46) were available for cognitive nudges. Most of these (22 out of 38 comparisons) found that cognitive nudges worked equally well in more and less disadvantaged populations; however, in 12 out of the 38 comparisons, they favoured those who were less disadvantaged. Two out of four comparisons on behavioural nudges favoured more disadvantaged persons. Conclusions: The differential effects of dietary nudging interventions in this review can contribute to increases in health inequalities. At the same time, a substantial number of interventions showed no equity effects. Importantly, this review suggests that more research on nudging interventions and health equity is needed. Future interventions should report effect sizes stratified by indicators of social inequality. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42019137469).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schüz
- Faculty 11, Institute of Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hannah Meyerhof
- Faculty 11, Institute of Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lisa Karla Hilz
- Faculty 11, Institute of Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jutta Mata
- Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Dewies M, Schop-Etman A, Rohde KIM, Denktaş S. Nudging is Ineffective When Attitudes Are Unsupportive: An Example from a Natural Field Experiment. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1917412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Dewies
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences
| | - Astrid Schop-Etman
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences
| | - Kirsten I. M. Rohde
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Tinbergen Institute, and Erasmus Research Institute of Management
| | - Semiha Denktaş
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences
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Blom SSAH, Gillebaart M, De Boer F, van der Laan N, De Ridder DTD. Under pressure: Nudging increases healthy food choice in a virtual reality supermarket, irrespective of system 1 reasoning. Appetite 2021; 160:105116. [PMID: 33450297 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that nudging can effectively support people's healthy food choices. Yet, to date knowledge about the psychological premises of nudging is limited, highlighting the need for closer scrutiny to determine how and when nudging is most effective. In the current study, we assessed whether the presumed effect of nudging on healthy food choice is enhanced under time pressure, a condition probing alleged system 1 reasoning. Food choice was studied in a realistic virtual reality supermarket where healthier alternatives were nudged by making them more salient. We additionally explored possible differences in decision-making experiences related to nudging or time pressure. The study took place at a science festival where visitors could decide to participate in a study. Participants (n = 99) had to purchase four products, each from a different product category that was provided on a shopping list. In the nudging condition, one healthier option within each product category was nudged by making it more salient. While a main effect of nudging was found, showing in increased healthy food choices, this effect was not further qualified by time pressure, suggesting that the effectiveness of nudging is not enhanced under system 1 conditions. Relatedly, people who were and who were not aware of the nudges showed similar effects of nudging on healthy food choice. Furthermore, no differences in decision-making experiences showed, suggesting that people have similar experiences regarding impulsive and reflective decision-making irrespective of whether they are being nudged or put under time pressure. All in all, our findings are in line with recent viewpoints on the premises of nudges, suggesting that alleged system 1 conditions are not a prerequisite for nudging to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S A H Blom
- Department of Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Marleen Gillebaart
- Department of Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Femke De Boer
- Department of Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke van der Laan
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Department of Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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Bauer JM, Bietz S, Rauber J, Reisch LA. Nudging healthier food choices in a cafeteria setting: A sequential multi-intervention field study. Appetite 2021; 160:105106. [PMID: 33422678 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Creating more health-fostering environments is high on the agenda of public and private actors. The behavioral approach to nudge people towards healthier food choices is gaining popularity despite limited understanding about where, and for whom, which specific nudges work. This study contributes by reporting on three different nudging interventions in the same setting and presents effects on different sub-populations. We find overall small effects that are heterogeneous, ranging from robustly more to even less healthy choices. We discuss the importance of transparency and reactance to health interventions and the potential interplay of interventions with habitual behavior among different sub-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Bauer
- Copenhagen Business School, Department of Management, Society and Communication, Dalgas Have 15, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Sabine Bietz
- Zeppelin University, Center for Consumer, Markets and Politics, Am Seemooser Horn 20, 88045, Friedrichshafen, Germany.
| | - Julius Rauber
- ConPolicy GmbH - Institute for Consumer Policy, Friedrichstraße 224, 10969, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lucia A Reisch
- Copenhagen Business School, Department of Management, Society and Communication, Dalgas Have 15, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Zeppelin University, Center for Consumer, Markets and Politics, Am Seemooser Horn 20, 88045, Friedrichshafen, Germany.
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A quick bite and instant gratification: A simulated Yelp experiment on consumer review information foraging behavior. Inf Process Manag 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Onwezen MC, Bouwman EP, Reinders MJ, Dagevos H. A systematic review on consumer acceptance of alternative proteins: Pulses, algae, insects, plant-based meat alternatives, and cultured meat. Appetite 2020; 159:105058. [PMID: 33276014 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consumers' dietary patterns have a significant impact on planetary and personal health. To address health and environmental challenges one of the many possible solutions is to substitute meat consumption with alternative protein sources. This systematic review identifies 91 articles with a focus on the drivers of consumer acceptance of five alternative proteins: pulses, algae, insects, plant-based alternative proteins, and cultured meat. This review demonstrates that acceptance of the alternative proteins included here is relatively low (compared to that of meat); acceptance of insects is lowest, followed by acceptance of cultured meat. Pulses and plant-based alternative proteins have the highest acceptance level. In general, the following drivers of acceptance consistently show to be relevant for the acceptance of various alternative proteins: motives of taste and health, familiarity, attitudes, food neophobia, disgust, and social norms. However, there are also differences in relevance between individuals and between alternative proteins. For example, for insects and other novel alternative proteins the drivers of familiarity and affective processes of food neophobia and disgust seem more relevant. As part of gaining full insight in relevant drivers of acceptance, the review also shows an overview of the intervention studies that were included in the 91 articles of the review, providing implications on how consumer acceptance can be increased. The focal areas of the intervention studies included here do not fully correspond with the current knowledge of drivers. To date, intervention studies have mainly focussed on conscious deliberations, whereas familiarity and affective factors have also been shown to be key drivers. The comprehensive overview of the most relevant factors for consumer acceptance of various categories of alternative proteins thus shows large consistencies across bodies of research. Variations can be found in the nuances showing different priorities of drivers for different proteins and different segments, showing the relevance of being context and person specific for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Onwezen
- Wageningen Economic Research, the Netherlands.
| | - E P Bouwman
- Wageningen Economic Research, the Netherlands
| | | | - H Dagevos
- Wageningen Economic Research, the Netherlands
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Forberger S, Wichmann F, Comito CNN. Using nudges to promote physical activity and to reduce sedentary behaviour in the workplace: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038205. [PMID: 33444182 PMCID: PMC7678358 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are associated with numerous health problems and increasing risks of premature morbidity and mortality. Workplace health promotion with a focus on increasing physical activity (PA) and reducing sedentary behaviour is of growing interest. The concept of choice architecture with the use of nudges is a promising approach to influence decision making regarding health behaviours. It can help to understand why people often fail to act in their best interest, to follow well-informed preferences or to achieve their set goals. Nudges, the way the choice is presented, can help to overcome these challenges by using the same habits, biases or boundaries to alter our decision-making in favour of the more preferred behaviour. Aims of the scoping review will be to analyse (a) to what extent the concept of choice architecture is used in workplace health promotion to promote PA and/or to reduce sedentary behaviour and (b) which instruments (nudges) are used to archive that. METHODS AND ANALYSES Medline, PsychInfo, Web of Science and CINHAL will be searched from 2009 until June 2020. Applying a two-level screening process, title and abstracts will be screened according to a set of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included articles will be screened a second time to determine the extent to which choice architecture has been used. Analyses for publication year, location, setting and target group will be provided. Interventions will be analysed presenting the instruments used, number of studies per instrument, combinations of instruments and alteration of the environment. Outcome measures and results will be reported as they occur. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Due to the nature of the scoping review, ethical concerns are minimal. No patient data will be included. Results are published in peer-review journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Forberger
- Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Frauke Wichmann
- Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
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Langfield T, Pechey R, Pilling MA, Marteau TM. Glassware design and drinking behaviours: a review of impact and mechanisms using a new typology of drinking behaviours. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 16:81-103. [PMID: 33140699 PMCID: PMC8884253 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1842230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Much of the global burden of disease is attributable to unhealthy behaviour, including excessive consumption of alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages. Developing effective methods to change these drinking behaviours could inform policies to improve population health. In line with an increasing interest in environmental-level interventions - i.e., changing the environment in which a behaviour occurs in order to change the behaviour of interest - this review first describes the existing evidence of the impact of glassware design (including capacity and shape) on drinking behaviours (e.g., at the 'micro' level - including sip size, as well as at the macro level - including amount consumed). The roles of two sets of possible underlying mechanisms - perception and affordance - are also explored. Finally, this review sets out a provisional typology of drinking behaviours to enable more systematic approaches to the study of these behaviours. While there is a paucity of evidence - in particular on measures of consumption - this growing evidence base suggests promising targets for novel interventions involving glassware design to reduce the consumption of drinks that harm health.Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN10456720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Langfield
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Pechey
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark A Pilling
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Fennis BM, Gineikiene J, Barauskaite D, van Koningsbruggen GM. Nudging health: Scarcity cues boost healthy consumption among fast rather than slow strategists (and abundance cues do the opposite). Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The effects of nudges on purchases, food choice, and energy intake or content of purchases in real-life food purchasing environments: a systematic review and evidence synthesis. Nutr J 2020; 19:103. [PMID: 32943071 PMCID: PMC7500553 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adults with a low socioeconomic position (SEP) are more likely to engage in unhealthy diets as compared to adults with high SEP. However, individual-level educational interventions aiming to improve food choices have shown limited effectiveness in adults with low SEP. Environmental-level interventions such as nudging strategies however, may be more likely to benefit low SEP groups. We aimed to review the evidence for the effectiveness of nudges as classified according to interventions in proximal physical micro-environments typology (TIPPME) to promote healthy purchases, food choice, or affecting energy intake or content of purchases, within real-life food purchasing environments. Second, we aimed to investigate the potentially moderating role of SEP. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO until 31 January 2018. Studies were considered eligible for inclusion when they i) complied with TIPPME intervention definitions; ii) studied actual purchases, food choice, or energy intake or content of purchases, iii) and were situated in real-life food purchasing environments. Risk of bias was assessed using a quality assessment tool and evidence was synthesized using harvest plots. Results From the 9210 references identified, 75 studies were included. Studies were generally of weak to moderate quality. The most frequently studied nudges were information (56%), mixed (24%), and position nudges (13%). Harvest plots showed modest tendencies towards beneficial effects on outcomes for information and position nudges. Less evidence was available for other TIPPME nudging interventions for which the harvest plots did not show compelling patterns. Only six studies evaluated the effects of nudges across levels of SEP (e.g., educational level, food security status, job type). Although there were some indications that nudges were more effective in low SEP groups, the limited amount of evidence and different proxies of SEP used warrant caution in the interpretation of findings. Conclusions Information and position nudges may contribute to improving population dietary behaviours. Evidence investigating the moderating role of SEP was limited, although some studies reported greater effects in low SEP subgroups. We conclude that more high-quality studies obtaining detailed data on participant’s SEP are needed. Registration This systematic review is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42018086983).
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Weijers RJ, de Koning BB, Paas F. Nudging in education: from theory towards guidelines for successful implementation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-020-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNudging is one of the strategies from behavioral economics that aims to influence behavior by changing the environment. We propose that it could also be a valuable means to influence behavior in educational contexts. However, implementation of nudging in education is yet sparse. We describe the relevant issues to consider when applying nudging in education, arguing that a focus on the long-term effects and underlying processes of a nudge is necessary for successful implementation. Then, we aim to facilitate this implementation of nudging in education by making a distinction between nudges that is relevant for overcoming these issues. Based on the framework proposed by Hansen and Jespersen (European Journal of Risk Regulation, 4(1), 3–28, 2013), we distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 nudges, and transparent and non-transparent nudges, resulting in four nudge categories. For each of these nudge categories, we determine its suitability for different educational goals. The resulting decision matrix can help researchers and practitioners when designing nudges for an educational context.
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Venema TAG, Kroese FM, Benjamins JS, de Ridder DTD. When in Doubt, Follow the Crowd? Responsiveness to Social Proof Nudges in the Absence of Clear Preferences. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1385. [PMID: 32655456 PMCID: PMC7325907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nudges have gained popularity as a behavioral change tool that aims to facilitate the selection of the sensible choice option by altering the way choice options are presented. Although nudges are designed to facilitate these choices without interfering with people’s prior preferences, both the relation between individuals’ prior preferences and nudge effectiveness, as well as the notion that nudges ‘facilitate’ decision-making have received little empirical scrutiny. Two studies examine the hypothesis that a social proof nudge is particularly effective when people have no clear prior preference, either because people are indifferent (in a color-categorization task; Study 1, N = 255) or because people experience a choice conflict (making shopping decisions about meat products; Study 2, N = 97). Both studies employed a social proof nudge to steer participants’ choices. The potential facilitating effect of the nudge was tested using a mouse-tracker paradigm that implicitly assessed experienced uncertainty during decision-making. Results showed that the nudge was effective in steering participants’ decisions; the facilitation effect (i.e., reduced uncertainty regarding the decision) was only observed for conflicting preferences, but not under indifference. A better understanding of when and how nudges can influence individuals’ behavior may help in deciding whether nudges are an appropriate policy tool for changing particular undesirable behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina A G Venema
- Department of Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Floor M Kroese
- Department of Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Benjamins
- Department of Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Denise T D de Ridder
- Department of Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Landais LL, Damman OC, Schoonmade LJ, Timmermans DRM, Verhagen EALM, Jelsma JGM. Choice architecture interventions to change physical activity and sedentary behavior: a systematic review of effects on intention, behavior and health outcomes during and after intervention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:47. [PMID: 32264899 PMCID: PMC7140383 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choice architecture interventions, which subtly change the environment in which individuals make decisions, can be used to promote behavior change. This systematic review aimed to summarize studies on micro-environmental choice architecture interventions that encouraged physical activity or discouraged sedentary behavior in adults, and to describe the effectiveness of those interventions on these behaviors - and on related intentions or health outcomes - in presence of the intervention and after removal of the intervention (i.e. post-intervention, regardless of the time elapsed). METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library for (quasi) experimental studies published up to December 2019 that evaluated the effect of choice architecture interventions on physical activity and sedentary behavior, as well as on intentions and health outcomes related to physical activity/sedentary behavior. Studies that combined choice architecture techniques with other behavior change techniques were excluded. All studies were screened for eligibility, relevant data was extracted and two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality using the QualSyst tool. RESULTS Of the 9609 records initially identified, 88 studies met our eligibility criteria. Most studies (n = 70) were of high methodologic quality. Eighty-six studies targeted physical activity, predominantly stair use, whereas two studies targeted sedentary behavior, and one targeted both behaviors. Intervention techniques identified were prompting (n = 53), message framing (n = 24), social comparison (n = 12), feedback (n = 8), default change (n = 1) and anchoring (n = 1). In presence of the intervention, 68% of the studies reported an effect of choice architecture on behavior, whereas after removal of the intervention only 47% of the studies reported a significant effect. For all choice architecture techniques identified, except for message framing, the majority of studies reported a significant effect on behavioral intentions or behavior in presence of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that prompting can effectively encourage stair use in adults, especially in presence of a prompt. The effectiveness of the choice architecture techniques social influence, feedback, default change and anchoring cannot be assessed based on this review. More (controlled) studies are needed to assess the (sustained) effectiveness of choice architecture interventions on sedentary behavior and other types of physical activity than stair use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine L Landais
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Olga C Damman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danielle R M Timmermans
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evert A L M Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith G M Jelsma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Huitink M, Poelman MP, van den Eynde E, Seidell JC, Dijkstra SC. Social norm nudges in shopping trolleys to promote vegetable purchases: A quasi-experimental study in a supermarket in a deprived urban area in the Netherlands. Appetite 2020; 151:104655. [PMID: 32247896 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supermarkets are a key point of purchase for groceries and can therefore have a considerable influence on eating behaviours. Evidence suggests that descriptive social norm nudges in shopping trolleys can be effective in stimulating vegetable purchases in supermarkets. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of a combination of two nudging strategies in shopping trolleys - a social norm about vegetable purchases and a designated place to put vegetables - on the amount of vegetables purchased in a supermarket in a deprived urban area in the Netherlands. DESIGN A quasi-experimental study was conducted with two conditions: 1) intervention days on which the shopping trolleys in the supermarket had a green nudge inlay indicating a place for vegetables and a social norm message and 2) control days on which the regular shopping trolleys (no inlay or social norm) were used in the supermarket. During both the intervention and control days, vegetable purchases were measured by means of the cash receipts collected from customers at the checkouts. In addition, individual and purchase characteristics were assessed by means of short surveys. RESULTS In total, 244 customers participated in the study. Ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that customers on the intervention days (n = 123) were in a higher tertile for grams of vegetables purchased compared to the customers on the control days (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.03-2.69, p = 0.03), especially those who bought groceries for less than three days (OR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.43-7.35, p = 0.003). Sensitivity analyses also showed that intervention customers who noticed the green inlay were even more likely to purchase more vegetables (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.06-3.25, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This quasi-experimental study showed that a nudge inlay in shopping trolleys communicating a social norm on vegetable purchases and indicating a distinct place to put vegetables in the trolley increased vegetable purchases among supermarket customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlijn Huitink
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maartje P Poelman
- Chair Group Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8130, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Emma van den Eynde
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacob C Seidell
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - S Coosje Dijkstra
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Knowles D, Brown K, Aldrovandi S. Exploring the roles of physical effort and visual salience within the proximity effect. Appetite 2020; 145:104489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Tagliabue M, Squatrito V, Presti G. Models of Cognition and Their Applications in Behavioral Economics: A Conceptual Framework for Nudging Derived From Behavior Analysis and Relational Frame Theory. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2418. [PMID: 31736824 PMCID: PMC6838970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper puts forward a rounder conceptual model for interpreting short- and long-term effects of choice behavior. As a further development of dual-process theory, Kahneman (2003) distinguished between intuition and reasoning, which served as the respective precursors of the cognitive processing systems 1 and 2. We maintain that they reflect the more rigorous distinction between brief and immediate and extended and elaborated relational responding, which may be reinterpreted through an analysis of their functional properties. Repertoires of relational responding are offered by the multi-dimensional multi-level model. Specifically, we provide a conceptual account of how nudging, or the manipulation of environmental contingencies, works on the creation and modification of relational framing. Educative nudges, or boosts, are a subset of nudges that may more easily maintain target choice behavior in the future. The central role of verbal behavior is essential toward formulating rules, which inform and guide choice behavior over time. Although nudges are traditionally regarded as System 1-steered aspects, they are herein regarded as cues for responding to relational frames, which may induce System 2-steered aspects. We suggest adopting the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) to inform how coherent and immediate responding to novel relational responding may occur in the presence of choice behavior. Several examples are included to support the claim of encompassing relational responding and choice behavior. We address the instances of consumer behavior, stereotypy and prejudices, eating behavior, and overcoming cognitive biases. The conclusions depict a promising way forward for the study of choice: an improved model for interpreting and overcoming human errors, due to changes in the contingencies of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tagliabue
- Cultural Selection and Behavioral Economics Lab, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valeria Squatrito
- Kore University Behavioral Lab, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, Enna, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Presti
- Kore University Behavioral Lab, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, Enna, Italy
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Broers VJV, Van den Broucke S, Taverne C, Luminet O. Default-name and tasting nudges increase salsify soup choice without increasing overall soup choice. Appetite 2019; 138:204-214. [PMID: 30928516 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nudging is a popular behavior change technique but the conditions for its effectiveness have not been researched extensively. The current study aimed to test whether the effectiveness of nudging is limited to certain characteristics of the nudged product by focusing on a specific product (salsify soup) within a broader category (soups). Two parallel studies were conducted in two sandwich restaurants in a university setting at which a default-name nudge ("suggestion of the chef") and a tasting nudge were implemented aimed at increasing the choice for salsify soup using a non-randomized study design during 10 and 12 measurement days. The beta-regression model showed that the default-name nudge increased the proportion of customers that choose the salsify soup during intervention days compared to non-intervention days, p < .001, OR: 1.70. The tasting nudge also increased the proportion of customers that choose the salsify soup from baseline to intervention, p < .001, OR: 6.17 and from baseline to post-intervention, p < .01, OR: 1.87, and decreased from intervention to post-intervention, p < .001, OR: 0.30. Both nudges did not increase the choice for the overall category of soups. The results show that certain types of nudges are able to increase specific products of a category without increasing overall choice of a category in contrast to previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J V Broers
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - S Van den Broucke
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - C Taverne
- Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - O Luminet
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), Belgium
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Tagliabue M, Sandaker I. Societal Well-Being: Embedding Nudges in Sustainable Cultural Practices. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-019-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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