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Dahdah A, Jaggers RM, Sreejit G, Johnson J, Kanuri B, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Immunological Insights into Cigarette Smoking-Induced Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203190. [PMID: 36291057 PMCID: PMC9600209 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is one of the most prominent addictions of the modern world, and one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Although the number of tobacco smokers is believed to be at a historic low, electronic cigarette use has been on a dramatic rise over the past decades. Used as a replacement for cigarette smoking, electronic cigarettes were thought to reduce the negative effects of burning tobacco. Nonetheless, the delivery of nicotine by electronic cigarettes, the most prominent component of cigarette smoke (CS) is still delivering the same negative outcomes, albeit to a lesser extent than CS. Smoking has been shown to affect both the structural and functional aspects of major organs, including the lungs and vasculature. Although the deleterious effects of smoking on these organs individually is well-known, it is likely that the adverse effects of smoking on these organs will have long-lasting effects on the cardiovascular system. In addition, smoking has been shown to play an independent role in the homeostasis of the immune system, leading to major sequela. Both the adaptive and the innate immune system have been explored regarding CS and have been demonstrated to be altered in a way that promotes inflammatory signals, leading to an increase in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Although the mechanism of action of CS has not been fully understood, disease pathways have been explored in both branches of the immune system. The pathophysiologically altered immune system during smoking and its correlation with cardiovascular diseases is not fully understood. Here we highlight some of the important pathological mechanisms that involve cigarette smoking and its many components on cardiovascular disease and the immune systems in order to have a better understanding of the mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Dahdah
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert M. Jaggers
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Babunageswararao Kanuri
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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Kakizaki T, Ohshiro T, Itakura M, Konno K, Watanabe M, Mushiake H, Yanagawa Y. Rats deficient in the GAD65 isoform exhibit epilepsy and premature lethality. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21224. [PMID: 33236473 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001935r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
GABA is synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which has two isoforms, namely, GAD65 and GAD67, encoded by the Gad2 and Gad1 genes, respectively. GAD65-deficient (Gad2-/- ) mice exhibit a reduction in brain GABA content after 1 month of age and show spontaneous seizures in adulthood. Approximately 25% of Gad2-/- mice died by 6 months of age. Our Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expression ratio of GAD65 to GAD67 in the brain was greater in rats than in mice during postnatal development, suggesting that the contribution of each GAD isoform to GABA functions differs between these two species. To evaluate whether GAD65 deficiency causes different phenotypes between rats and mice, we generated Gad2-/- rats using TALEN genome editing technology. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses with new antibodies demonstrated that the GAD65 protein was undetectable in the Gad2-/- rat brain. Gad2-/- pups exhibited spontaneous seizures and paroxysmal discharge in EEG at postnatal weeks 3-4. More than 80% of the Gad2-/- rats died at postnatal days (PNDs) 17-23. GABA content in Gad2-/- brains was significantly lower than those in Gad2+/- and Gad2+/+ brains at PND17-19. These results suggest that the low levels of brain GABA content in Gad2-/- rats may lead to epilepsy followed by premature death, and that Gad2-/- rats are more severely affected than Gad2-/- mice. Considering that the GAD65/GAD67 ratio in human brains is more similar to that in rat brains than in mouse brains, Gad2-/- rats would be useful for further investigating the roles of GAD65 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Kakizaki
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohshiro
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Crosstalk Between Immunity System Cells and Pancreas. Transformation of Stem Cells Used in the 3D Bioprinting Process as a Personalized Treatment Method for Type 1 Diabetes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:13. [PMID: 32297019 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the immune system and the pancreas are pivotal in understanding how and why β cells' damage causes problems with pancreas functioning. Pancreatic islets are crucial in maintaining glucose homeostasis in organs, tissue and cells. Autoimmune aggression towards pancreatic islets, mainly β cells, leads to type 1 diabetes-one of the most prevalent autoimmune disease in the world, being a worldwide risk to health of many people. In this review, we highlight the role of immune cells and its influence in the development of autoimmunity in Langerhans islets. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the immunological factors on future understanding possible recurrence of autoimmunity on 3D-bioprinted bionic pancreas.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycaemia. Knowledge of type 1 diabetes has rapidly increased over the past 25 years, resulting in a broad understanding about many aspects of the disease, including its genetics, epidemiology, immune and β-cell phenotypes, and disease burden. Interventions to preserve β cells have been tested, and several methods to improve clinical disease management have been assessed. However, wide gaps still exist in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and our ability to standardise clinical care and decrease disease-associated complications and burden. This Seminar gives an overview of the current understanding of the disease and potential future directions for research and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, and The Academic Kidney Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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Qi Z, Hu H, Wang Z, Wang G, Li Y, Zhao X, Feng Y, Huo X, Sun J, Feng Q, Liu Y, Wang N, Guo C, Li Y, Wang R, Hu J. Antibodies against H1N1 influenza virus cross-react with α-cells of pancreatic islets. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:265-269. [PMID: 28477380 PMCID: PMC5835475 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have documented that the incidence of human type 1 diabetes was significantly increased after H1N1 epidemic. However, a direct link between human type 1 diabetes and virus infection remains elusive. We generated 84 clones of murine monoclonal antibodies against the H1N1, and carried out immunohistochemistry in normal human tissue microarray. The results showed that two clones specifically cross-reacted with human α-cells of pancreatic islets. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing showed that the amino acid sequences of light and heavy chains of these clones were different. Importantly, the expression profiles of two monoclonal antibodies were individual different. For the first time, we provide direct evidence that monoclonal antibodies against H1N1 can cross-react with human pancreas α-cells, another source of β-cells, suggesting α-cells might be a novel target to be investigated in diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongli Qi
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Hanyu Hu
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyXi'an Children's HospitalXi'anChina
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yan Li
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiangrong Zhao
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yangmeng Feng
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xueping Huo
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jingying Sun
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qing Feng
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Nana Wang
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yuan Li
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ruian Wang
- Department of PathologyShenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Jun Hu
- Central LaboratoryShaanxi Provincial People's Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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Perricone C, Versini M, Ben-Ami D, Gertel S, Watad A, Segel MJ, Ceccarelli F, Conti F, Cantarini L, Bogdanos DP, Antonelli A, Amital H, Valesini G, Shoenfeld Y. Smoke and autoimmunity: The fire behind the disease. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:354-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Creusot RJ, Battaglia M, Roncarolo MG, Fathman CG. Concise Review: Cell-Based Therapies and Other Non-Traditional Approaches for Type 1 Diabetes. Stem Cells 2016; 34:809-19. [PMID: 26840009 PMCID: PMC5021120 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapy has been marked by consecutive shifts, from insulin replacement to immunosuppressive drugs and targeted biologics (following the understanding that T1D is an autoimmune disease), and to more disease‐specific or patient‐oriented approaches such as antigen‐specific and cell‐based therapies, with a goal to provide efficacy, safety, and long‐term protection. At the same time, another important paradigm shift from treatment of new onset T1D patients to prevention in high‐risk individuals has taken place, based on the hypothesis that therapeutic approaches deemed sufficiently safe may show better efficacy if applied early enough to maintain endogenous β cell function, a concept supported by many preclinical studies. This new strategy has been made possible by capitalizing on a variety of biomarkers that can more reliably estimate the risk and rate of progression of the disease. More advanced (“omic”‐based) biomarkers that also shed light on the underlying contributors of disease for each individual will be helpful to guide the choice of the most appropriate therapies, or combinations thereof. In this review, we present current efforts to stratify patients according to biomarkers and current alternatives to conventional drug‐based therapies for T1D, with a special emphasis on cell‐based therapies, their status in the clinic and potential for treatment and/or prevention. Stem Cells2016;34:809–819
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi J Creusot
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C Garrison Fathman
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
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Paschou SA, Petsiou A, Chatzigianni K, Tsatsoulis A, Papadopoulos GK. Type 1 diabetes as an autoimmune disease: the evidence. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1500-1. [PMID: 24705607 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula A Paschou
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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