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Leveringhaus E, Poljakovic R, Herrmann G, Roman-Sosa G, Becher P, Postel A. Porcine low-density lipoprotein receptor plays an important role in classical swine fever virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2327385. [PMID: 38514916 PMCID: PMC10962300 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2327385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Several cellular factors have been reported to be required for replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. However, many steps of its replication cycle are still poorly understood. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is involved in cell entry and post-entry processes of different viruses including other members of the Flaviviridae. In this study, the relevance of LDLR in replication of CSFV and another porcine pestivirus, Bungowannah pestivirus (BuPV), was investigated by antibody-mediated blocking of LDLR and genetically engineered porcine cell lines providing altered LDLR expression levels. An LDLR-specific antibody largely blocked infection with CSFV, but had only a minor impact on BuPV. Infections of the genetically modified cells confirmed an LDLR-dependent replication of CSFV. Compared to wild type cells, lower and higher expression of LDLR resulted in a 3.5-fold decrease or increase in viral titers already 20 h post infection. Viral titers were 25-fold increased in LDLR-overexpressing cells compared to cells with reduced LDLR expression at 72 h post infection. The varying LDLR expression levels had no clear effect on permissivity to BuPV. A decoy receptor assay using recombinant soluble LDLR provided no evidence that LDLR may function as a receptor for CSFV or BuPV. Differences in their dependency on LDLR suggest that CSFV and BuPV likely use different mechanisms to interact with their host cells. Moreover, this study reveals similarities in the replication cycles of CSFV and other members of the family Flaviviridae that are dependent on LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Leveringhaus
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robin Poljakovic
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gina Herrmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Gopinath S, Hosamani M, Joseph BV, Patil SS. Development of classical swine fever virus E2-protein based indirect ELISA for detection of antibodies against the virus in pigs. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:3121-3129. [PMID: 39088127 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs caused by CSF virus, genus Pestivirus. Serological diagnosis of the disease is highly valuable for surveillance and thereby containment of spread of the disease. In this study, we have demonstrated the development of CSFV envelope glycoprotein E2-based indirect ELISA (E2-iELISA) for the detection of CSFV specific antibodies. The full-length E2 protein was expressed in E. coli and the purified protein was used as a coating antigen in indirect ELISA for detecting CSFV specific antibodies in pigs. A panel of 506 pig sera samples was used to validate the ELISA and the results were highly comparable to the results obtained with the commercial antibody detection kit (PrioCHECK CSFV Ab kit). The in-house E2-iELISA demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity (95.4%) and specificity (95.5%), highlighting its potential application for sero-surveillance or monitoring of the disease in the swine population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhusudan Hosamani
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India.
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3
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Fang Q, Luo Y, Liang T, Liao R, Yu X, Zheng J, Yin D, Yu X. Development of an indirect ELISA for the immunoprotection evaluation of E2 antibodies against classical swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2024; 329:114999. [PMID: 39025132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese government's reclassification of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) from a class Ⅰ to a class Ⅱ animal infectious disease, now also including CSF under the disease eradication program, reflects the significant progress made through extensive immunization with CSF vaccines. In light of this advancement, there is an imperative need for an expedient and accurate method to assess the levels of immunoprotection against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in vaccinated pigs, a critical component in the campaign to eradicate the disease. This study develops an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on a highly glycosylated E2 protein stable expressed in CHO-K1 mammalian cells. Statistical analysis revealed strong positive correlations between the iELISA and VNT results (r = 0.9063, p < 0.0001) that were much greater than those between the IDEXX ELISA and VNT results (r = 0.8126, p < 0.0001). Taking the VNT data as the standard, the consistency of the iELISA (κ =0.880) was greater than that of the IDEXX ELISA (κ =0.699). In summary, the iELISA provides a more efficient and precise method for assessing CSFV immunity in pigs. Its reliable detection of immunoprotection levels against CSFV makes it an essential tool for optimizing CSF vaccination strategies. Consequently, its application can significantly support the ongoing efforts to eradicate CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ye Luo
- Hunan ComBetter Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Tongtong Liang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rongli Liao
- Hunan ComBetter Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohang Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Hunan ComBetter Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Deming Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Xinglong Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Schulz D, Aebischer A, Wernike K, Beer M. No evidence of spread of Linda pestivirus in the wild boar population in Southern Germany. Virol J 2024; 21:205. [PMID: 39215313 PMCID: PMC11365151 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lateral-shaking inducing neuro-degenerative agent virus (LindaV) is a novel member of the highly diverse genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. LindaV was first detected in Austria in 2015 and was associated with congenital tremor in piglets. Since then, the virus or specific antibodies have been found in a few further pig farms in Austria. However, the actual spatial distribution and the existence of reservoir hosts is largely unknown. Since other pestiviruses of pigs such as classical swine fever virus or atypical porcine pestivirus can also infect wild boar, the question arises whether LindaV is likewise present in the wild boar population. Therefore, we investigated the presence of neutralizing antibodies against LindaV in 200 wild boar samples collected in Southern Germany, which borders Austria. To establish a serological test system, we made use of the interchangeability of the surface glycoproteins and created a chimeric pestivirus using Bungowannah virus (species Pestivirus australiaense) as synthetic backbone. The E1 and E2 glycoproteins were replaced by the heterologous E1 and E2 of LindaV resulting in the chimera BV_E1E2_LV. Viable virus could be rescued and was subsequently applied in a neutralization test. A specific positive control serum generated against the E2 protein of LindaV gave a strong positive result, thereby confirming the functionality of the test system. All wild boar samples, however, tested negative. Hence, there is no evidence that LindaV has become highly prevalent in the wild boar population in Southern Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Jiang R, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Yang H. PRRSV infection inhibits CSFV C-strain replication via GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Vet Microbiol 2024; 298:110243. [PMID: 39299011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and porcine productive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) both are significant infectious pathogens in pigs and pose great threats to the healthy development of the pig industry. PRRSV infection often reduces the antibody level of the CSFV attenuated vaccine and even leads to immune failure. In order to elucidate the potential mechanism of CSFV proliferation inhibition by PRRSV and screen out drugs that enhance the vaccine immune effect, we conducted experiments in the PAM39 cell line that can simultaneously support both PRRSV and CSFV infection. The results showed that PRRSV infection could induce gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, promote cell pyroptosis, increase IL-1β secretion, and then inhibit CSFV replication. However, Astragalus polysaccharide treatment could reverse this phenomenon. The results elucidate the molecular mechanism of CSFV vaccine immune failure caused by PRRSV co-infection from the perspective of pyroptosis and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of clinical co-infection diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengjin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Song Y, Yuan Z, Ji J, Ruan Y, Li X, Wang L, Zeng W, Wu K, Hu W, Yi L, Ding H, Zhao M, Fan S, Li Z, Chen J. Development of a Ferritin-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:948. [PMID: 39204071 PMCID: PMC11360710 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of classical swine fever (CSF) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Developing an effective and safe vaccine is crucial for preventing and controlling CSF. Here, we constructed self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles fused with the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 protein and a derived B cell epitope (Fe-E2B) using a baculovirus expression system (BVES), demonstrating enhanced immunogenicity. Furthermore, we provide a detailed evaluation of the immunological efficacy of the FeE2B in rabbits. The results showed that robust and sustained antibody responses were detected in rabbits immunized with the Fe-E2B nanoparticle vaccine, comparable to those elicited by commercially available vaccines. Additionally, we demonstrated that the vaccine effectively activated crucial immune factors IFN-γ and IL-4 in vivo, increasing their levels by 1.41-fold and 1.39-fold, respectively. Immunization with Fe-E2B enabled rabbits to avoid viremia and stereotypic fever after CSFV challenge. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of ferritin nanoparticles as antigen-presenting carriers to induce robust immune responses, proposing a candidate vaccine strategy for the prevention and control of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhongmao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junzhi Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Lianxiang Wang
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing 527400, China;
| | - Weijun Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenshuo Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing 527400, China;
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.R.); (X.L.); (W.Z.); (K.W.); (W.H.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.); (S.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Huynh LT, Otsuka M, Kobayashi M, Ngo HD, Hew LY, Hiono T, Isoda N, Sakoda Y. Assessment of the Safety Profile of Chimeric Marker Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever: Reversion to Virulence Study. Viruses 2024; 16:1120. [PMID: 39066282 PMCID: PMC11281528 DOI: 10.3390/v16071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric marker vaccine candidates, vGPE-/PAPeV Erns and vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns, have been generated and their efficacy and capability to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals were confirmed in previous studies. The safety profile of the two chimeric marker vaccine candidates, particularly in the potential reversion to virulence, was evaluated. Each virus was administered to pigs with a dose equivalent to the vaccination dose, and pooled tonsil homogenates were subsequently inoculated into further pigs. Chimeric virus vGPE-/PAPeV Erns displayed the most substantial attenuation, achieving this within only two passages, whereas vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns was detectable until the third passage and disappeared entirely by the fourth passage. The vGPE- strain, assessed alongside, consistently exhibited stable virus recovery across each passage without any signs of increased virulence in pigs. In vitro assays revealed that the type I interferon-inducing capacity of vGPE-/PAPeV Erns was significantly higher than that of vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns and vGPE-. In conclusion, the safety profile of the two chimeric marker vaccine candidates was affirmed. Further research is essential to ensure the stability of their attenuation and safety in diverse pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Tan Huynh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam
| | - Mikihiro Otsuka
- The Gifu Hida Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Gifu 506-8688, Japan;
| | - Maya Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Hung Dinh Ngo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Lim Yik Hew
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (L.T.H.); (M.K.); (H.D.N.); (L.Y.H.); (T.H.); (N.I.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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8
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Manessis G, Frant M, Podgórska K, Gal-Cisoń A, Łyjak M, Urbaniak K, Woźniakowski G, Denes L, Balka G, Nannucci L, Griol A, Peransi S, Basdagianni Z, Mourouzis C, Giusti A, Bossis I. Label-Free Detection of African Swine Fever and Classical Swine Fever in the Point-of-Care Setting Using Photonic Integrated Circuits Integrated in a Microfluidic Device. Pathogens 2024; 13:415. [PMID: 38787267 PMCID: PMC11124021 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine viral diseases have the capacity to cause significant losses and affect the sector's sustainability, a situation further exacerbated by the lack of antiviral drugs and the limited availability of effective vaccines. In this context, a novel point-of-care (POC) diagnostic device incorporating photonic integrated circuits (PICs), microfluidics and information, and communication technology into a single platform was developed for the field diagnosis of African swine fever (ASF) and classical swine fever (CSF). The device targets viral particles and has been validated using oral fluid and serum samples. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated to assess the performance of the device, and PCR was the reference method employed. Its sensitivities were 80.97% and 79%, specificities were 88.46% and 79.07%, and DOR values were 32.25 and 14.21 for ASF and CSF, respectively. The proposed POC device and PIC sensors can be employed for the pen-side detection of ASF and CSF, thus introducing novel technological advancements in the field of animal diagnostics. The need for proper validation studies of POC devices is highlighted to optimize animal biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Manessis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Anna Gal-Cisoń
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolas Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Lilla Denes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan Str. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (L.D.); (G.B.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Str 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan Str. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (L.D.); (G.B.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Str 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lapo Nannucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie Alimentari Ambientali e Forestali, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n Building 8F, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sergio Peransi
- DAS Photonics SL, Camino de Vera, s/n, Building 8F 2nd-Floor, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Zoitsa Basdagianni
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Christos Mourouzis
- Cyprus Research and Innovation Centre Ltd. (CyRIC), 28th Octovriou Ave 72, Off. 301, Engomi, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Giusti
- Cyprus Research and Innovation Centre Ltd. (CyRIC), 28th Octovriou Ave 72, Off. 301, Engomi, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (Z.B.)
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9
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Guo Z, Xing G, Wang L, Jin Q, Lu Q, Zhang G. Potential Pathogenicity and Genetic Characteristics of a Live-Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Derivative Variant. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:1-6. [DOI: 10.1155/2024/7244445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious disease affecting pigs and causing massive pig production losses with severe global economic recession. The immunization of live-attenuated vaccines is still one of the key measures to CSFV management in endemic countries. However, there are also strong controversies about the usage of live-attenuated vaccines, particularly in pregnant sows and young pigs, such as in Europe, where domestic pigs are routinely not vaccinated until severe outbreaks occur. Here, we report a CSF outbreak in a pig farm in China, which affected more than 90% of the delivery sows and led to ∼45% birth loss. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis showed that the CSFV isolate (named CSFV/HeNLY2022, GenBank No. OR195698) was clustered into subgenotype 1.1a, closely together with the live-attenuated vaccine strains. Further genomic analysis also revealed that the isolate CSFV/HeNLY2022 shared the highest nucleotide identity of 99.7% with the C/HVRI vaccine strain (C-strain, GenBank No. AY805221). Moreover, compared to the C/HVRI strain, a total of eight amino acid mutations, distributed in Erns (H436thY and S476thR), E1 (T502thI and P581thT), E2 (M979thK and A1061thS), NS5A (A2980thT), and NS5B (I3818thM), were characterized in the CSFV/HeNLY2022 isolate. Our results suggested that the CSF outbreak was most likely caused by the live-attenuated CSFV vaccine or its derivative. It raises concern that the unscientific application of CSFV vaccines could potentially lead to CSFV spread in pigs. It is needed to perform a more rigorous evaluation of the safety of the C-strain-derived vaccines in combination with other different live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Huynh LT, Sohn EJ, Park Y, Kim J, Shimoda T, Hiono T, Isoda N, Hong SH, Lee HN, Sakoda Y. Development of a dual immunochromatographic test strip to detect E2 and E rns antibodies against classical swine fever. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1383976. [PMID: 38666258 PMCID: PMC11043574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1383976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is essential to consider a practical antibody test to successfully implement marker vaccines and validate vaccination efficacy against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The test should include a serological antibody assay, combined with a tool for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The immunochromatographic test strip (ICS) has been exclusively designed for detecting CSFV E2 antibodies while lacking in detecting Erns antibodies, which can be employed and satisfy DIVA strategy. This study developed a novel ICS for detecting CSFV E2/Erns dual-antibody. The effectiveness of ICS in evaluating the DIVA capability of two novel chimeric pestivirus vaccine candidates was assessed. Methods Recombinant E2 or Erns protein was transiently expressed in the plant benthamiana using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. ICS was subsequently assembled, and goat anti-rabbit IgG and recombinant CSFV E2 or Erns protein were plated onto the nitrocellulose membrane as control and test lines, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ICS were evaluated using sera with different neutralizing antibody titers or positive for antibodies against CSFV and other pestiviruses. The coincidence rates for detecting E2 and Erns antibodies between ICS and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were also computed. ICS performance for DIVA capability was evaluated using sera from pigs vaccinated with conventional vaccine or chimeric vaccine candidates. Results E2 and Erns proteins were successfully expressed in N. benthamiana-produced recombinant proteins. ICS demonstrated high sensitivity in identifying CSFV E2 and Erns antibodies, even at the low neutralizing antibody titers. No cross-reactivity with antibodies from other pestiviruses was confirmed using ICS. There were high agreement rates of 93.0 and 96.5% between ICS and two commercial ELISA kits for E2 antibody testing. ICS also achieved strong coincidence rates of 92.9 and 89.3% with two ELISA kits for Erns antibody detection. ICS confirmed the absence of CSFV Erns-specific antibodies in sera from pigs vaccinated with chimeric vaccine candidates. Conclusion E2 and Erns proteins derived from the plant showed great potential and can be used to engineer a CSFV E2/Erns dual-antibody ICS. The ICS was also highly sensitive and specific for detecting CSFV E2 and Erns antibodies. Significantly, ICS can fulfill the DIVA concept by incorporating chimeric vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Tan Huynh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Eun-Ju Sohn
- BioApplications, Inc., Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- BioApplications, Inc., Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhun Kim
- BioApplications, Inc., Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sung-Hee Hong
- Celltrix Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Celltrix Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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11
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Ito S, Aguilar-Vega C, Bosch J, Isoda N, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Application of machine learning with large-scale data for an effective vaccination against classical swine fever for wild boar in Japan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5312. [PMID: 38438432 PMCID: PMC10912211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever has been spreading across the country since its re-emergence in Japan in 2018. Gifu Prefecture has been working diligently to control the disease through the oral vaccine dissemination targeting wild boars. Although vaccines were sprayed at 14,000 locations between 2019 and 2020, vaccine ingestion by wild boars was only confirmed at 30% of the locations. Here, we predicted the vaccine ingestion rate at each point by Random Forest modeling based on vaccine dissemination data and created prediction surfaces for the probability of vaccine ingestion by wild boar using spatial interpolation techniques. Consequently, the distance from the vaccination point to the water source was the most important variable, followed by elevation, season, road density, and slope. The area under the curve, model accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for model evaluation were 0.760, 0.678, 0.661, and 0.685, respectively. Areas with high probability of wild boar vaccination were predicted in northern, eastern, and western part of Gifu. Leave-One-Out Cross Validation results showed that Kriging approach was more accurate than the Inverse distance weighting method. We emphasize that effective vaccination strategies based on epidemiological data are essential for disease control and that our proposed tool is also applicable for other wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- South Kyushu Livestock Veterinary Center, Kagoshima University, Soo, Japan.
| | - Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Xie Y, Ahmad I, Ikpe TIS, Sofia EF, Seno H. What Influence Could the Acceptance of Visitors Cause on the Epidemic Dynamics of a Reinfectious Disease?: A Mathematical Model. Acta Biotheor 2024; 72:3. [PMID: 38402514 PMCID: PMC10894808 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-024-09478-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The globalization in business and tourism becomes crucial more and more for the economical sustainability of local communities. In the presence of an epidemic outbreak, there must be such a decision on the policy by the host community as whether to accept visitors or not, the number of acceptable visitors, or the condition for acceptable visitors. Making use of an SIRI type of mathematical model, we consider the influence of visitors on the spread of a reinfectious disease in a community, especially assuming that a certain proportion of accepted visitors are immune. The reinfectivity of disease here means that the immunity gained by either vaccination or recovery is imperfect. With the mathematical results obtained by our analysis on the model for such an epidemic dynamics of resident and visitor populations, we find that the acceptance of visitors could have a significant influence on the disease's endemicity in the community, either suppressive or supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Department of Mathematical and Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3-09, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad
- Department of Mathematical and Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3-09, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan
| | - ThankGod I S Ikpe
- Department of Mathematical and Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3-09, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Elza F Sofia
- Department of Mathematical and Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3-09, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiromi Seno
- Department of Mathematical and Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3-09, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan.
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13
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Hinojosa Y, Liniger M, García-Nicolás O, Gerber M, Rajaratnam A, Muñoz-González S, Coronado L, Frías MT, Perera CL, Ganges L, Ruggli N. Evolutionary-Related High- and Low-Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates Reveal Viral Determinants of Virulence. Viruses 2024; 16:147. [PMID: 38275957 PMCID: PMC10820463 DOI: 10.3390/v16010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the highly virulent Margarita/1958 strain. In recent years, chronic and persistent infections with low-virulent CSFV have been observed. Amino acid substitutions located in immunodominant epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of the attenuated isolates were attributed to positive selection due to suboptimal vaccination and control. To obtain a complete picture of the mutations involved in attenuation, we applied forward and reverse genetics using the evolutionary-related low-virulent CSFV/Pinar del Rio (CSF1058)/2010 (PdR) and highly virulent Margarita/1958 isolates. Sequence comparison of the two viruses recovered from experimental infections in pigs revealed 40 amino acid differences. Interestingly, the amino acid substitutions clustered in E2 and the NS5A and NS5B proteins. A long poly-uridine sequence was identified previously in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of PdR. We constructed functional cDNA clones of the PdR and Margarita strains and generated eight recombinant viruses by introducing single or multiple gene fragments from Margarita into the PdR backbone. All chimeric viruses had comparable replication characteristics in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. Recombinant PdR viruses carrying either E2 or NS5A/NS5B of Margarita, with 36 or 5 uridines in the 3'UTR, remained low virulent in 3-month-old pigs. The combination of these elements recovered the high-virulent Margarita phenotype. These results show that CSFV evolution towards attenuated variants in the field involved mutations in both structural and non-structural proteins and the UTRs, which act synergistically to determine virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoandry Hinojosa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anojen Rajaratnam
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liani Coronado
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Panyasing Y, Gimenez-Lirola L, Thanawongnuwech R, Prakobsuk P, Kawilaphan Y, Kittawornrat A, Cheng TY, Zimmerman J. Performance of a Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Serum and Oral Fluid Erns Antibody AlphaLISA Assay. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3802. [PMID: 38136839 PMCID: PMC10740410 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is an OIE-listed disease that requires effective surveillance tools for its detection and control. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the diagnostic performance of a novel CSFV Erns IgG AlphaLISA for both serum and oral fluid specimens that would likewise be compatible with the use of CSFV E2 DIVA vaccines. Test performance was evaluated using a panel of well-characterized serum (n = 760) and individual (n = 528) or pen-based (n = 30) oral fluid samples from four groups of animals: (1) negative controls (n = 60 pigs); (2) inoculated with ALD strain wild-type CSFV (n = 30 pigs); (3) vaccinated with LOM strain live CSFV vaccine (n = 30 pigs); and (4) vaccinated with live CSFV marker vaccine on commercial farms (n = 120 pigs). At a cutoff of S/P ≥ 0.7, the aggregate estimated diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the assay were, respectively, 97.4% (95% CI 95.9%, 98.3%) and 100% for serum and 95.4% (95% CI 92.9%, 97.0%) and 100% for oral fluid. The Erns IgG antibody AlphaLISA combined DIVA capability with solid diagnostic performance, rapid turnaround, ease of use, and compatibility with both serum and oral fluid specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowalak Panyasing
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Luis Gimenez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Phakawan Prakobsuk
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Yanee Kawilaphan
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Apisit Kittawornrat
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
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15
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Xu Q, Ma F, Yang D, Li Q, Yan L, Ou J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhan Q, Li R, Wei Q, Hu H, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang S, Yang J, Chai S, Du Y, Wang L, Zhang E, Zhang G. Rice-produced classical swine fever virus glycoprotein E2 with herringbone-dimer design to enhance immune responses. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2546-2559. [PMID: 37572354 PMCID: PMC10651154 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Pestiviruses, including classical swine fever virus, remain a concern for global animal health and are responsible for major economic losses of livestock worldwide. Despite high levels of vaccination, currently available commercial vaccines are limited by safety concerns, moderate efficacy, and required high doses. The development of new vaccines is therefore essential. Vaccine efforts should focus on optimizing antigen presentation to enhance immune responses. Here, we describe a simple herringbone-dimer strategy for efficient vaccine design, using the classical swine fever virus E2 expressed in a rice endosperm as an example. The expression of rE2 protein was identified, with the rE2 antigen accumulating to 480 mg/kg. Immunological assays in mice, rabbits, and pigs showed high antigenicity of rE2. Two immunizations with 284 ng of the rE2 vaccine or one shot with 5.12 μg provided effective protection in pigs without interference from pre-existing antibodies. Crystal structure and small-angle X-ray scattering results confirmed the stable herringbone dimeric conformation, which had two fully exposed duplex receptor binding domains. Our results demonstrated that rice endosperm is a promising platform for precise vaccine design, and this strategy can be universally applied to other Flaviviridae virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Xu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Fanshu Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano‐Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesSuzhouChina
| | - Daichang Yang
- College of Life ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp.WuhanChina
| | - Qingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Liming Yan
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiquan Ou
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp.WuhanChina
| | - Longxian Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Longhu LaboratoryZhengzhouChina
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Quan Zhan
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp.WuhanChina
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Hui Hu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Xueyang Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shenli Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Shujun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongkun Du
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Erqin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Longhu LaboratoryZhengzhouChina
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineHenan Agriculture UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
- Longhu LaboratoryZhengzhouChina
- School of Advanced Agricultural SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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16
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Hu X, Feng S, Shi K, Shi Y, Yin Y, Long F, Wei X, Li Z. Development of a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276505. [PMID: 38026635 PMCID: PMC10643766 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) cause similar neurological symptoms in the infected pigs, and their differential diagnosis depends on laboratory testing. Four pairs of specific primers and probes were designed targeting the PHEV N gene, PRV gB gene, CSFV 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), and JEV NS1 gene, respectively, and a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was developed to detect and differentiate PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. The assay showed high sensitivity, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 × 101 copies/μL for each pathogen. The assay specifically detected only PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were less than 1.84%, with great repeatability. A total of 1,977 clinical samples, including tissue samples, and whole blood samples collected from Guangxi province in China, were tested by the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positivity rates of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV were 1.57% (31/1,977), 0.35% (7/1,977), 1.06% (21/1,977), and 0.10% (2/1,977), respectively. These 1,977 samples were also tested by the previously reported qRT-PCR assays, and the coincidence rates of these methods were more than 99.90%. The developed assay is demonstrated to be rapid, sensitive, and accurate for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiankai Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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17
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Silva E, Medina-Ramirez E, Pavulraj S, Gladue DP, Borca M, Chowdhury SI. A Triple Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus-Vectored Subunit PCV2b and CSFV Vaccine Protect Pigs against a Virulent CSFV Challenge. Viruses 2023; 15:2143. [PMID: 38005821 PMCID: PMC10674279 DOI: 10.3390/v15112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most economically significant viral diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars worldwide. To develop a safe and effective vaccine against CSF, we have constructed a triple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRVtmv)-vectored bivalent subunit vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and CSFV (PRVtmv+). In this study, we determined the protective efficacy of the PRVtmv+ against virulent CSFV challenge in pigs. The results revealed that the sham-vaccinated control group pigs developed severe CSFV-specific clinical signs characterized by pyrexia and diarrhea, and became moribund on or before the seventh day post challenge (dpc). However, the PRVtmv+-vaccinated pigs survived until the day of euthanasia at 21 dpc. A few vaccinated pigs showed transient diarrhea but recovered within a day or two. One pig had a low-grade fever for a day but recovered. The sham-vaccinated control group pigs had a high level of viremia, severe lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. In contrast, the vaccinated pigs had a low-moderate degree of lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia on four dpc, but recovered by seven dpc. Based on the gross pathology, none of the vaccinated pigs had any CSFV-specific lesions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the PRVtmv+ vaccinated pigs are protected against virulent CSFV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediane Silva
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Medina-Ramirez
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Manuel Borca
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Shafiqul I. Chowdhury
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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18
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Fukai K, Nishi T, Masujin K, Yamada M, Ikezawa M. Quantitative analysis of viremia and viral shedding in pigs infected experimentally with classical swine fever virus isolates obtained from recent outbreaks in Japan. Vet Res 2023; 54:81. [PMID: 37759265 PMCID: PMC10523739 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although classical swine fever occurred in September 2018 for the first time in 26 years, its virulence is thought to be moderate based on field observations by veterinary authorities and our previous experimental infections. We quantified viremia and viral shedding in pigs infected with recent Japanese classical swine fever virus isolates, as well as a highly virulent strain. The results show that pigs infected with the Japanese strains exhibited lower viremia and viral shedding than those infected with the highly virulent strain. However, horizontal transmission occurred in pigs infected with the Japanese strains, similar to those infected with the highly virulent strain. Additionally, viremia and neuralization antibodies coexisted in pigs infected with the Japanese strains, presenting challenges for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Kodaira Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-Honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Kodaira Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-Honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Kodaira Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-Honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ikezawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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19
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Okamoto R, Ito N, Ide Y, Kitab B, Sakoda Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Development of short hairpin RNA expression vectors targeting the internal ribosomal entry site of the classical swine fever virus genomic RNA. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:37. [PMID: 37684601 PMCID: PMC10492304 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF) is a fatal contagious disease affecting pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The disease can be transmitted by pigs and wild boars, and it is difficult to prevent and control. To obtain necessary information to establish the CSFV resistant animals in a future study, we designed lentiviral vector-delivered short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting the conserved domain III of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of the CSFV genomic RNA. RESULTS First, we confirmed the effects of siRNAs on CSFV-IRES activity. We observed significant inhibition of CSFV-IRES activity by si42 (domain IIIa), si107 (domain IIIc), and si198 (domain IIIf) in SK-L cells and si56 (domain IIIb), si142 (domain IIId1) and si198 in HEK293 cells without affecting the amount of luciferase RNA. Next, we constructed lentiviral vectors expressing shRNA based on siRNA sequences. Treatment with shRNA-expressing lentivirus was examined at 7 and 14 days post infection in SK-L cells and HEK293 cells, and CSFV-IRES was significantly suppressed at 14 days (sh42) post infection in HEK293 cells without significant cytotoxicity. Next, we examined the silencing effect of siRNA on CSFV replicon RNA and observed a significant effect by si198 after 2 days of treatment and by shRNA-expressing lentivirus (sh56, sh142, and sh198) infection after 14 days of treatment. Treatment of sh198-expressing lentivirus significantly suppressed CSFV infection at 3 days after infection. CONCLUSION The IRES targeting sh198 expressing lentivirus vector can be a candidate tool for CSFV infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riai Okamoto
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Ito
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yutaro Ide
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Bouchra Kitab
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Disease Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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20
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Huynh LT, Isoda N, Hew LY, Ogino S, Mimura Y, Kobayashi M, Kim T, Nishi T, Fukai K, Hiono T, Sakoda Y. Generation and Efficacy of Two Chimeric Viruses Derived from GPE - Vaccine Strain as Classical Swine Fever Vaccine Candidates. Viruses 2023; 15:1587. [PMID: 37515273 PMCID: PMC10384557 DOI: 10.3390/v15071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study proved that vGPE- mainly maintains the properties of classical swine fever (CSF) virus, which is comparable to the GPE- vaccine seed and is a potentially valuable backbone for developing a CSF marker vaccine. Chimeric viruses were constructed based on an infectious cDNA clone derived from the live attenuated GPE- vaccine strain as novel CSF vaccine candidates that potentially meet the concept of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) by substituting the glycoprotein Erns of the GPE- vaccine strain with the corresponding region of non-CSF pestiviruses, either pronghorn antelope pestivirus (PAPeV) or Phocoena pestivirus (PhoPeV). High viral growth and genetic stability after serial passages of the chimeric viruses, namely vGPE-/PAPeV Erns and vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns, were confirmed in vitro. In vivo investigation revealed that two chimeric viruses had comparable immunogenicity and safety profiles to the vGPE- vaccine strain. Vaccination at a dose of 104.0 TCID50 with either vGPE-/PAPeV Erns or vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns conferred complete protection for pigs against the CSF virus challenge in the early stage of immunization. In conclusion, the characteristics of vGPE-/PAPeV Erns and vGPE-/PhoPeV Erns affirmed their properties, as the vGPE- vaccine strain, positioning them as ideal candidates for future development of a CSF marker vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Tan Huynh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Lim Yik Hew
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saho Ogino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yume Mimura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Maya Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taksoo Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Kodaira Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira 187-0022, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Kodaira Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira 187-0022, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
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21
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A Novel Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on a Biotinylated Nanobody for the Rapid and Sensitive Clinical Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0299622. [PMID: 36688674 PMCID: PMC9927282 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02996-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are mostly used for the development of traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), but the use of certain conventional antibodies may be limited by their low yield, the difficulty of their isolation, and their high cost. Heavy-chain antibodies derived from camelids with naturally missing light chains can overcome these deficiencies and are an excellent alternative to conventional antibodies. In this study, a nanobody (Nb)-AviTag fusion protein was constructed, and the feasibility of its use as a high-sensitivity probe in a blocking ELISA (bELISA) for classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was investigated. The CSFV E2 recombinant protein expressed by the CHO expression system exhibited good reactogenicity and immunogenicity and induced the production of high CSFV antibody levels in rabbits. Three different clones of Nbs were successfully isolated using a phage display system in alpaca, and an Nb1-AviTag fusion protein was successfully expressed using an Escherichia coli expression system. The purified Nb1-AviTag fusion protein was then biotinylated in vitro to obtain Nb1-biotin. A novel bELISA was developed for the detection of CSFV antibodies in clinical serum using Nb1-biotin as a probe. The cutoff value of bELISA was 32.18%, the sensitivity of bELISA was higher than that of the bELISA kit with IDEXX antibody, and the coincidence rate was 94.7%. A rapid, low-cost, highly sensitive and highly specific CSFV E2 antibody-based bELISA method was successfully established and can be used for the serological evaluation of CSFV E2 subunit vaccines and the ELISA-based diagnosis of CSFV infection. IMPORTANCE Currently, the epidemic situation of classical swine fever (CSF) is sporadic, and cases of atypical swine fever are on the rise in China. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately eliminate suspected cases by using highly sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques. In our study, a rapid, low-cost, highly sensitivity, highly reliable and reproducible, and highly specific classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 antibody-based blocking ELISA method was successfully established by using the phage display system and the Nb1-AviTag fusion expression platform. It provides a new technique for serological evaluation of CSFV vaccines and ELISA-based diagnosis of CSFV infection.
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22
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Leveringhaus E, Cagatay GN, Hardt J, Becher P, Postel A. Different impact of bovine complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46 bov) as a cellular receptor for members of the species Pestivirus H and Pestivirus G. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:60-72. [PMID: 34839792 PMCID: PMC8741246 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2011620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae comprises highly relevant animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and -2) classified into the two species Pestivirus A and Pestivirus B, respectively. First described in 2004, HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPeV) represent emerging bovine pathogens that belong to a separate species (Pestivirus H), but share many similarities with BVDV-1 and -2. Additionally, two giraffe pestivirus (GPeV) strains both originating from Kenya represent another distinct species (Pestivirus G), whose members replicate very efficiently in bovine cells. In this study, we investigated the role of bovine complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46bov), the receptor of BVDV-1 and -2, in the entry of HoBiPeV and GPeV. For this purpose, bovine CD46-knockout and CD46-rescue cell lines were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology and subsequent trans-complementation, respectively. Our results provide strong evidence that the impact of CD46bov differs between viruses belonging to Pestivirus H and viruses representing Pestivirus G: CD46bov revealed to be a major cellular entry factor for HoBiPeV strain HaVi-20. In contrast, GPeV strain PG-2 presented as largely independent of CD46bov, suggesting a different entry mechanism involving other molecular determinants which remain to be identified. In addition, we demonstrated that, similar to BVDV-1 and -2, virus isolates of both Pestivirus H and Pestivirus G are able to adapt to cell culture conditions by using heparan sulfate to enter the host cell. In conclusion, our findings show that different bovine pestiviruses use diverse mechanisms of host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Leveringhaus
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gökce Nur Cagatay
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Juliane Hardt
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Yi W, Zhu H, Wu Y, Li Q, Lou W, Zhao H, Pan Z. The recombinant Erns and truncated E2-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to distinguishably test specific antibodies against classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virol J 2022; 19:121. [PMID: 35869505 PMCID: PMC9308313 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Classical swine fever (CSF) virus is the causative agent of an economically important, highly contagious disease of pigs. CSFV is genetically and serologically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). BVDV infection in pigs can mimic CSF clinical signs, which cause difficulty in differentiation. Serological test for detection of virus specific antibodies is a valuable tool for diagnosis and surveillance of CSFV and BVDV infections in animals. The aim of this study was to develop the CSFV Erns and BVDV tE2 -based ELISAs to distinguishably test specific antibodies against CSFV and BVDV.
Methods
The CSFV Erns and truncated E2 (tE2, residues 690–865) of BVDV were expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni–NTA affinity chromatography, respectively. Employing Erns or tE2 protein as diagnostic antigen, indirect ELISAs were developed to distinguishably test specific antibodies against CSFV and BVDV. The specificity and sensitivity of ELISAs were evaluated using a panel of virus specific sera of pigs, immunized rabbits and immunized mice. A total 150 clinical serum samples from farm pigs were measured by the developed ELISAs and compared with virus neutralizing test (VNT).
Results
Indirect ELISA was established based on recombinant CSFV Erns or BVDV tE2 protein, respectively. No serological cross-reaction between antibodies against CSFV and BVDV was observed in sera of immunized rabbits, immunized mice or farm pigs by detections of the Erns and tE2 -based ELISAs. Compared to VNT, the CSFV Erns -based ELISA displayed a high sensitivity (93.3%), specificity (92.0%) and agreement rate (92.7%), and the sensitivity, specificity and agreement rate of BVDV tE2 -based ELISA was 92.3%, 95.2% and 94.7%, respectively.
Conclusion
The newly developed ELISAs are highly specific and sensitive and would be valuable tools for serological diagnosis for CSFV and BVDV infections.
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24
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Tong C, Liu H, Wang J, Sun Y, Chen N. Safety, efficacy, and DIVA feasibility on a novel live attenuated classical swine fever marker vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2022; 40:7219-7229. [PMID: 36328881 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the etiological agent of classical swine fever, a highly contagious disease that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. Systemic prophylactic immunization with the live attenuated vaccine, the C-strain vaccine, is one of the effective measures for CSF control. However, one of the limitations of the C-strain vaccine is that the field strains-infected animals cannot be differentiated from the C-strain vaccinated herds by serological tests (DIVA). This constraint hampers the practical usage of the C-strain vaccine to eradicate the CSF in China. In the current study, a novel CSF modified live marker vaccine candidate was constructed based on the attenuation of the prevalent 2.1 genotype strain by the deletion of two virulence associated functional residues in the CSFV Erns, H79, and C171. Meanwhile, four residues S14, G22, E24, and E25 were identified specifically for the 6B8 mAb binding to the CSFV E2 as the novel conformational epitope. Then four substitutions of S14K, G22A, E24R, and G25D were further incorporated in the double deletion construct as a negative serological marker. Finally, the double-deletion marker MLV candidate GD18-ddErnHC-KARD was rescued, and its safety and efficacy profiles were evaluated in piglets. The safety study results indicated that the candidate did not induce fever, clinical signs, or pathological lesions with a high dose of 105.0 TCID50, and in addition, no virus shedding was detected until 21 days post-inoculation. Meanwhile, the efficacy study results demonstrated that at a low dose of 103.0 TCID50, it conferred complete clinical protection and no virus shedding was detected after the challenge with a highly virulent Shimen strain. Importantly, the infected animals were differentiated using the accompanied DIVA ELISA. These results constitute a proof-of-concept for rationally designing a CSF antigenically marked modified live vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Bauermann FV, Wernike K, Weber MN, Silveira S. Editorial: Pestivirus: Epidemiology, evolution, biology and clinical features. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1025314. [PMID: 36330153 PMCID: PMC9623283 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Viçosa Bauermann
- Veterinary Virology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Fernando Viçosa Bauermann
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease and Schmallenberg Virus, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Kerstin Wernike
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Hospital Veterinário, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- Matheus Nunes Weber
| | - Simone Silveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Xanxerê, Brazil
- Simone Silveira
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26
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Chengcheng Z, Xiuling W, Jiahao S, Mengjiao G, Xiaorong Z, Yantao W. Mitophagy induced by classical swine fever virus nonstructural protein 5A promotes viral replication. Virus Res 2022; 320:198886. [PMID: 35948130 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is one of the most harmful pathogens of swine and causes considerable economic loss. Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy that degrades damaged mitochondria by combining with lysosomes. Previous studies have been reported that CSFV infection can induce mitophagy, but which effector protein is responsible for this process remains unclear. Herein, we revealed here that the CSFV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) plays a critical role in inducing cellular mitophagy. Specifically, the expression of CSFV NS5A in the PK-15 cells induces membrane potential loss and mitochondrial fission, and the quantities of mitophagosomes, the expression of Parkin and PINK1 were significantly increased compared with mock cells. Intriguingly, we found that Parkin-overexpression promotes CSFV propagation. Furthermore, the expression level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased by CSFV NS5A protein, while NS5A-induced mitophagy correlated with the quantity of ROS production. In summary, our results reveal a new function of NS5A in inducing cellular mitophagy and broaden our understanding of the mechanism of CSFV-induced mitophagy, which may provide a new way to develop an antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Chengcheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Wang Xiuling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Sun Jiahao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Guo Mengjiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Zhang Xiaorong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Wu Yantao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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27
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Generation of PCBP1-deficient pigs using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. iScience 2022; 25:105268. [PMID: 36274935 PMCID: PMC9579030 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a classic swine fever pathogen, causes severe economic losses worldwide. Poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1), which interacts with Npro of CSFV, plays a vital role in CSFV growth. We are the first to report the generation of PCBP1-deficient pigs via gene-editing technology. The PCBP1-deficient pigs exhibited normal birth weight and reproductive-performance traits and developed normally. Viral challenge experiments indicated that primary cells isolated from F0- and F1-generation pigs exhibited significantly reduced CSFV infection. Additional mechanistic exploration further confirmed that the PCBP1 deficiency-mediated antiviral effect is related to the activation of type I interferon (IFN). Besides showing that a gene-editing strategy could be used to generate PCBP1-deficient pigs, our study introduces a valuable animal model for further investigating the infection mechanisms of CSFV that will help to develop better antiviral solutions. Reduced CSFV infection in PCBP1-deficient cells is related to activated ISGs expression PCBP1-deficient pigs were successfully generated via gene-editing technology Primary cells isolated from PCBP1-deficient pigs exhibited reduced CSFV infection
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28
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Chen N, Wang Q, Hu Y, Sun Y, Li J, Wu H, Xu L, Liu H, Yang C, Chen X, Deng Y, Xia Y, Zhang Q, Cheng S, Fan A, Chen G. Comparative efficacy evaluation of different CSF vaccines in pigs with CSF maternally derived antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109541. [PMID: 36027683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and important swine disease in China. Sporadic outbreaks with mild clinical signs are still being reported despite massive vaccination with the CSF C-strain vaccine. One possible reason for vaccine failure could be interference from maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) during vaccination in the field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different CSF vaccines in the presence of MDAs and to assess the different vaccination schemes in the field. The results demonstrated that vaccination with a single dose of C-strain-PK vaccine protected pigs against severe clinical signs and significantly reduced viremia. The impact of MDAs was negligible. The interference was also mild during a prime and boost vaccination scheme using the C-strain-ST vaccine. In contrast, a significant influence of MDAs on the efficacy of the subunit E2 vaccine in a one-dose vaccination scheme was observed, with pigs showing severe clinical signs, CSF-associated death, typical pathological lesions and a high level of viremia after challenge, despite robust E2 antibody induction. A field vaccination and challenge study further confirmed the superior effectiveness of a single dose of C-strain-PK vaccine in the presence of MDAs in comparison to a routine prime and boost vaccination scheme applied in the field, with pigs having fever, chronic signs, significant viremia and shedding after challenge. Delaying the vaccination time from the age of 28 days to 45 days, when MDA was low, was beneficial for improving the clinical protection and immunity induced by vaccines. Altogether, the results presented here emphasize that a high-quality vaccine and a scientific design of the vaccination scheme based on serological surveillance are essential pillars to control and eliminate CSF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Wang
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Li
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Wu
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Deng
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Xia
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Cheng
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Fan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Mi S, Madera R, Li Y, Gong W, Tu C, Shi J. A Novel Competitive ELISA for Specifically Measuring and Differentiating Immune Responses to Classical Swine Fever C-Strain Vaccine in Pigs. Viruses 2022; 14:1544. [PMID: 35891524 PMCID: PMC9315997 DOI: 10.3390/v14071544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever can be controlled effectively by vaccination with C-strain vaccine. In this study, we developed a novel competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) based on a C-strain Erns specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 1504), aiming to serologically measure immune responses to C-strain vaccine in pigs, and finally to make the C-strain become a DIVA-compatible vaccine. The cELISA system was established based on the strategy that mAb 1504 will compete with the C-strain induced antibodies in the pig serum to bind the C-strain Erns protein. The cELISA was optimized and was further evaluated by testing different categories of pig sera. It can efficiently differentiate C-strain immunized from wild-type CSFV-infected pigs and lacks cross-reaction with other common swine viruses and viruses in genus Pestivirus such as Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The C-strain antibody can be tested in pigs 7-14 days post vaccination with this cELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of the established cELISA were 100% (95% confidence interval: 95.60 to 100%) and 100% (95% confidence interval: 98.30 to 100%), respectively. This novel cELISA is a reliable tool for specifically measuring and differentiating immune responses to C-strain vaccine in pigs. By combining with the wild-type CSFV-specific infection tests, it can make the C-strain have DIVA capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.M.); (W.G.); (C.T.)
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rachel Madera
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.M.); (W.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (S.M.); (W.G.); (C.T.)
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
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Sun RC, Hu JH, Li XH, Liu CC, Liu YY, Chen J, Yang YC, Zhou B. Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) is responsible for the endocytotic trafficking of classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109511. [PMID: 35849988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the Flaviviridae enveloped RNA virus family, results in an epidemic disease that brings serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97), a multifunctional active protein in cells, is related to the life activities of many viruses. However, the role of VCP in CSFV infection remains unknown. In this study, it was first found that treatment of VCP inhibitors impaired CSFV propagation. Furthermore, overexpression or knockdown of VCP showed that it was essential for CSFV infection. Moreover, confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation assay showed that VCP was recruited for intracellular transport from early endosomes to lysosomes. Importantly, knockdown of VCP prevented CSFV to release from early endosomes, suggesting that VCP is a key factor for CSFV trafficking. Taken together, our findings first demonstrate that the endocytosis of CSFV into PK-15 cells requires the participation of VCP, providing the alternative approach for the discovery of novel anti-flaviviridae drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cong Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Huan Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Chun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Yun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Chen Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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31
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Strong R, McCleary S, Grierson S, Choudhury B, Steinbach F, Crooke HR. Molecular Epidemiology Questions Transmission Pathways Identified During the Year 2000 Outbreak of Classical Swine Fever in the UK. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:909396. [PMID: 35836425 PMCID: PMC9274199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) in the UK occurred in 2000. A total of 16 domestic pig holdings in the East Anglia region were confirmed as infected over a 3-month period. Obtaining viral genome sequences has since become easier and more cost-effective and has accordingly been applied to trace viral transmission events for a variety of viruses. The rate of genetic evolution varies for different viruses and is influenced by different transmission events, which will vary according to the epidemiology of an outbreak. To examine if genetic changes over the course of any future CSF outbreak would occur to supplement epidemiological investigations and help to track virus movements, the E2 gene and full genome of the virus present in archived tonsil samples from 14 of these infected premises were sequenced. Insufficient changes occurred in the full E2 gene to discriminate between the viruses from the different premises. In contrast, between 5 and 14 nucleotide changes were detected between the genome sequence of the virus from the presumed index case and the sequences from the other 13 infected premises. Phylogenetic analysis of these full CSFV genome sequences identified clusters of closely related viruses that allowed to corroborate some of the transmission pathways inferred by epidemiological investigations at the time. However, other sequences were more distinct and raised questions about the virus transmission routes previously implicated. We are thus confident that in future outbreaks, real-time monitoring of the outbreak via full genome sequencing will be beneficial.
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32
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Phylodynamics of classical swine fever virus in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1065-1075. [PMID: 35394611 PMCID: PMC9151941 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus is the etiologic agent of one of the diseases with the greatest impact on swine farming worldwide. An extensive area of Brazil is considered free of the disease, but some states in Northeast Brazil have registered outbreaks since 2001. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variations of the virus and its spread over time and space. Partial sequences of the viral E2 protein obtained from samples collected during the Brazilian outbreaks were compared with sequences from the GenBank database (NCBI). The results demonstrated the continuous presence of the virus in the state of Ceará, with diffusion to at least two other states. The Brazilian Northeast virus presents specific polymorphisms that separate it from viruses isolated in other countries.
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A Triple Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus-Vectored Subunit PCV2b and CSFV Vaccine Protects Pigs against PCV2b Challenge and Induces Serum Neutralizing Antibody Response against CSFV. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020305. [PMID: 35214763 PMCID: PMC8878206 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is endemic worldwide. PCV2 causes immunosuppressive infection. Co-infection of pigs with other swine viruses, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV), have fatal outcomes, causing the swine industry significant economic losses in many if not all pig-producing countries. Currently available inactivated/modified-live/vectored vaccines against PCV2/CSFV/PRV have safety and efficacy limitations. To address these shortcomings, we have constructed a triple gene (thymidine kinase, glycoprotein E [gE], and gG)-deleted (PRVtmv) vaccine vector expressing chimeric PCV2b-capsid, CSFV-E2, and chimeric Erns-fused with bovine granulocytic monocyte-colony stimulating factor (Erns-GM-CSF), designated as PRVtmv+, a trivalent vaccine. Here we compared this vaccine’s immunogenicity and protective efficacy in pigs against wild-type PCV2b challenge with that of the inactivated Zoetis Fostera Gold PCV commercial vaccine. The live PRVtmv+ prototype trivalent subunit vaccine is safe and highly attenuated in pigs. Based on PCV2b-specific neutralizing antibody titers, viremia, viral load in lymphoid tissues, fecal-virus shedding, and leukocyte/lymphocyte count, the PRVtmv+ yielded better protection for vaccinated pigs than the commercial vaccine after the PCV2b challenge. Additionally, the PRVtmv+ vaccinated pigs generated low to moderate levels of CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies.
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34
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Zhang L, Lin J, Weng M, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Deng W. RPLP1, an NS4B-interacting protein, enhances production of CSFV through promoting translation of viral genome. Virulence 2022; 13:370-386. [PMID: 35129423 PMCID: PMC8824197 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2033500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), the etiological agent of classical swine fever (CSF), causes serious financial losses to the pig industry. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we have previously identified ribosomal protein RPLP1 as a potential binding partner of CSFV NS4B. In this study, the interaction between host RPLP1 and CSFV NS4B was further characterized by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown, and confocal microscopy. In addition, lentivirus-mediated shRNA knockdown of RPLP1 drastically attenuated CSFV growth, while stable overexpression of RPLP1 markedly enhanced CSFV production. Moreover, cellular RPLP1 expression was found to be significantly up-regulated along with CSFV infection. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that depletion of RPLP1 had no effects on the activity of CSFV internal ribosome entry site (IRES). In the first life cycle of CSFV, further studies revealed that RPLP1 depletion did not influence the intracellular viral RNA abundance but diminished the intracellular and extracellular progeny virus titers as well as the viral E2 protein expression, which indicates that RPLP1 is crucial for CSFV genome translation. In summary, this study demonstrated that RPLP1 interacts with CSFV NS4B and enhances virus production via promoting translation of viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Maoyang Weng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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35
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Cao Y, Yuan L, Yang S, Shang Y, Yang B, Jing Z, Guo H, Yin S. Establishment and application of a solid-phase blocking ELISA method for the detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e32. [PMID: 36174976 PMCID: PMC9523335 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shunli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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36
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Bacigalupo SA, Dixon LK, Gubbins S, Kucharski AJ, Drewe JA. Wild boar visits to commercial pig farms in southwest England: implications for disease transmission. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022; 68:69. [PMID: 36213142 PMCID: PMC9532280 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact between wild animals and farmed livestock may result in disease transmission with huge financial, welfare and ethical consequences. Conflicts between people and wildlife can also arise when species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa) consume crops or dig up pasture. This is a relatively recent problem in England where wild boar populations have become re-established in the last 20 years following a 500-year absence. The aim of this pilot study was to determine if and how often free-living wild boar visited two commercial pig farms near the Forest of Dean in southwest England. We placed 20 motion-sensitive camera traps at potential entry points to, and trails surrounding, the perimeter of two farmyards housing domestic pigs between August 2019 and February 2021, covering a total of 6030 trap nights. Forty wild boar detections were recorded on one farm spread across 27 nights, with a median (range) of 1 (0 to 7) night of wild boar activity per calendar month. Most of these wild boar detections occurred between ten and twenty metres of housed domestic pigs. No wild boar was detected at the other farm. These results confirm wild boar do visit commercial pig farms, and therefore, there is potential for contact and pathogen exchange between wild boar and domestic pigs. The visitation rates derived from this study could be used to parameterise disease transmission models of pathogens common to domestic pigs and wild boars, such as the African swine fever virus, and subsequently to develop mitigation strategies to reduce unwanted contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam J Kucharski
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Julian A Drewe
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, AL9 7TA UK
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Bai Y, Jia R, Wei Q, Wang L, Sun Y, Li Y, Luo J, Zhang G. Development and application of a high-sensitivity immunochromatographic test strip for detecting classical swine fever virus antibodies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e788-e798. [PMID: 34724351 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and has led to huge economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Although vaccination and other control measures have been carried out, it is essential to establish a rapid and valid method for CSF vaccination monitoring and clinical diagnosis. The CSFV E2 protein has been widely used as a major antigen for antibody detection. It is important to improve the affinity between the E2 protein and CSFV antibodies to improve the performance of the detection method. In this study, a recombinant E2 extracellular protein (amino acids 1-331) with a native homodimer conformation and high affinity for the anti-CSFV-E2 monoclonal antibody WH303 was expressed using a Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. A novel immunochromatographic test strip based on the recombinant CSFV E2 protein was developed for CSFV antibody detection. The sensitivity of this strip for detecting CSFV standard-positive serum was 1:102400, 4 times higher than that of the previously developed CnC2 test strip. No cross-reactivity with antibodies of other swine viruses was observed. Detection of clinical swine serum samples (n = 813) demonstrated that the agreements of this E2 test strip with three commercial ELISA kits were 97.17% (790/813), 95.94% (780/813), and 93.73% (762/813), respectively. Our data indicate that a novel E2 test strip with enhanced sensitivity has been developed and can be applied for clinical sample detection, providing a new, powerful and simple approach for CSFV antibody monitoring. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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Lussi C, de Martin E, Schweizer M. Positively Charged Amino Acids in the Pestiviral E rns Control Cell Entry, Endoribonuclease Activity and Innate Immune Evasion. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081581. [PMID: 34452446 PMCID: PMC8402660 DOI: 10.3390/v13081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes four economically important viruses of livestock, i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1) and -2 (BVDV-2), border disease virus (BDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Erns and Npro, both expressed uniquely by pestiviruses, counteract the host's innate immune defense by interfering with the induction of interferon (IFN) synthesis. The structural envelope protein Erns also exists in a soluble form and, by its endoribonuclease activity, degrades immunostimulatory RNA prior to their activation of pattern recognition receptors. Here, we show that at least three out of four positively-charged residues in the C-terminal glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding site of BVDV-Erns are required for efficient cell entry, and that a positively charged region more upstream is not involved in cell entry but rather in RNA-binding. Moreover, the C-terminal domain on its own determines intracellular targeting, as GFP fused to the C-terminal amino acids of Erns was found at the same compartments as wt Erns. In summary, RNase activity and uptake into cells are both required for Erns to act as an IFN antagonist, and the C-terminal amphipathic helix containing the GAG-binding site determines the efficiency of cell entry and its intracellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Lussi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena de Martin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Fatty Acid Synthase Is Involved in Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication by Interaction with NS4B. J Virol 2021; 95:e0078121. [PMID: 34132567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00781-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, relies on host machinery to complete its life cycle. Previous studies have shown a close connection between virus infection and fatty acid biosynthesis, mainly regulated by fatty acid synthase (FASN). However, the molecular action of how FASN participates in CSFV replication remains to be elucidated. In this study, two chemical inhibitors of the fatty acid synthesis pathway [5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA) and tetrahydro-4-methylene-2R-octyl-5-oxo-3S-furancarboxylic acid (C75)] significantly impaired the late stage of viral propagation, suggesting CSFV replication required fatty acid synthesis. We next found that CSFV infection stimulated the expression of FASN, whereas knockdown of FASN inhibited CSFV replication. Furthermore, confocal microscopy showed that FASN participated in the formation of replication complex (RC), which was associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Interestingly, CSFV NS4B interacted with FASN and promoted overexpression of FASN, which is regulated by functional Rab18. Moreover, we found that FASN regulated the formation of lipid droplets (LDs) upon CSFV infection, promoting virus proliferation. Taken together, our work provides mechanistic insight into the role of FASN in the viral life of CSFV, and it highlights the potential antiviral target for the development of therapeutics against pestiviruses. IMPORTANCE Classical swine fever, caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is one of the notifiable diseases by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and causes significant financial losses to the pig industry globally. CSFV, like other (+)-strand RNA viruses, requires lipid and sterol biosynthesis for efficient replication. However, the role of lipid metabolism in CSFV replication remains unknown. Here, we found that fatty acid synthase (FASN) was involved in viral propagation. Moreover, FASN is recruited to CSFV replication sites in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and interacts with NS4B to regulate CSFV replication that requires Rab18. Furthermore, we speculated that lipid droplet (LD) biosynthesis, indirectly regulated by FASN, ultimately promotes CSFV replication. Our results highlight a critical role for de novo fatty acid synthesis in CSFV infection, which might help control this devastating virus.
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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Schettino DN, Korennoy FI, Perez AM. Risk of Introduction of Classical Swine Fever Into the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:647838. [PMID: 34277750 PMCID: PMC8280757 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is considered one of the most important diseases of swine because of the far-reaching economic impact the disease causes to affected countries and regions. The state of Mato Grosso (MT) is part of Brazil's CSF-free zone. CSF status is uncertain in some of MT's neighboring States and countries, which has resulted in the perception that MT is at high risk for the disease. However, the risk for CSF introduction into MT has not been previously assessed. Here, we estimated that the risk for CSF introduction into the MT is highly heterogeneous. The risk associated with shipment of commercial pigs was concentrated in specific municipalities with intense commercial pig production, whereas the risk associated with movement of wild boars was clustered in certain municipalities located close to the state's borders, mostly in northern and southwestern MT. Considering the two pathways of possible introduction assessed here, these results demonstrate the importance of using alternative strategies for surveillance that target different routes and account for different likelihoods of introduction. These results will help to design, implement, and monitor surveillance activities for sustaining the CSF-free status of MT at times when Brazil plans to expand the recognition of disease-free status for other regions in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella N Schettino
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Animal Health Coordination, Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária de Mato Grosso (INDEA-MT), Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Fedor I Korennoy
- FGBI Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russia
| | - Andres M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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42
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Reuscher CM, Schmidt L, Netsch A, Lamp B. Characterization of a Cytopathogenic Reporter CSFV. Viruses 2021; 13:1209. [PMID: 34201706 PMCID: PMC8310069 DOI: 10.3390/v13071209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytopathogenic (cp) pestiviruses frequently emerge in cattle that are persistently infected with the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as a consequence of RNA recombination and mutation. They induce apoptosis in infected tissue cultures, are highly attenuated in the immunocompetent host, and unable to establish persistent infections after diaplacental infections. Cp strains of BVDV have been used as naturally attenuated live vaccines and for species-specific plaque reduction tests for the indirect serological detection of BVDV. Here, we present a genetically engineered cp strain of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Cytopathogenicity of the strain was induced by the insertion of ubiquitin embedded in a large NS3 to NS4B duplication. The CSFV RNA genome was stabilized by the inactivation of the NS2 autoprotease, hindering the deletion of the insertion and the reversion to a wild-type genome. Additional insertion of a mCherry gene at the 5'-end of the E2 gene allowed fluorescence-verified plaque reduction assays for CSFV, thus providing a novel, cost-efficient diagnostic tool. This genetically stabilized cp CSFV strain could be further used as a basis for potential new modified live vaccines. Taken together, we applied reverse genetics to rationally fixate a typical cp NS3 duplication in a CSFV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Maria Reuscher
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anette Netsch
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Center, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Postel A, Becher P. Genetically distinct pestiviruses pave the way to improved classical swine fever marker vaccine candidates based on the chimeric pestivirus concept. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2180-2189. [PMID: 32962557 PMCID: PMC7580611 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1826893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. In many countries, the use of vaccines is restricted due to limitations of subunit vaccines with regard to efficacy and onset of protection as well as failure of live vaccines to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle). Chimeric pestiviruses based on CSF virus (CSFV) and the related bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) have been licensed as live marker vaccines in Europe and Asia, but cross-reactive antibodies can cause problems in DIVA application due to close antigenic relationship. To develop marker vaccine candidates with improved DIVA properties, three chimeric viruses were generated by replacing Erns of CSFV Alfort-Tübingen with homologue proteins of only distantly related pestiviruses. The chimeric viruses “Ra”, “Pro”, and “RaPro” contained Erns sequences of Norway rat and Pronghorn pestiviruses or a combination of both, respectively. In porcine cells, the “Pro” chimera replicated to high titers, while replication of the “Ra” chimera was limited. The “RaPro” chimera showed an intermediate phenotype. All vaccine candidates were attenuated in a vaccination/ challenge trial in pigs, but to different extents. Inoculation induced moderate to high levels of neutralizing antibodies that protected against infection with a genetically heterologous, highly virulent CSFV. Importantly, serum samples of vaccinated animals did not show any cross-reactivity in a CSFV Erns antibody ELISA. In conclusion, the Erns antigen from distantly related pestiviruses can provide a robust serological negative marker for a new generation of improved CSFV marker vaccines based on the chimeric pestivirus concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Epidemiological analysis of classical swine fever in wild boars in Japan. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:188. [PMID: 33975588 PMCID: PMC8111369 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious disease of pigs and wild boars that is transmitted through direct/indirect contact between animals or CSF virus-contaminated fomites. When the disease re-emerged in 2018 in Japan, a CSF-infected wild boar was reported shortly after the initial pig farm outbreak; subsequently, the disease spread widely. To control the disease spread among wild boars, intensive capturing, fencing, and oral bait vaccination were implemented with concomitant virological and serological surveillance. This study aimed to describe the disease spread in the wild boar population in Japan from September 2018, when the first case was reported, to March 2020, based on the surveillance data. We conducted statistical analyses using a generalized linear mixed model to identify factors associated with CSF infection among wild boars. Moreover, we descriptively assessed the effect of oral bait vaccination, which started in March 2019 in some municipalities in the affected areas. Results We observed a faster CSF infection spread in the wild boar population in Japan compared with the CSF epidemics in European countries. The infection probability was significantly higher in dead and adult animals. The influence of the multiple rounds of oral bait vaccination was not elucidated by the statistical modeling analyses. There was a decrease and increase in the proportion of infected and immune animals, respectively; however, the immunization in piglets remained insufficient after vaccination for 1 year. Conclusions Conditions regarding the wild boar habitat, including forest continuity, higher wild boar population density, and a larger proportion of susceptible piglets, were addressed to increase the infection risk in the wild boar population. These findings could improve the national control strategy against the CSF epidemic among wild boars. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02891-0.
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Sudo K, Yamada M, Ochiai M, Iwamoto S, Sakaki H, Kushida C, Yamashita M, Yamamoto A, Nagasaka T, Oidemizu M, Saito A, Yamamoto K. The formation process of button ulcers in pigs experimentally infected with a subgenotype 2.1 isolate of classical swine fever virus. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:990-993. [PMID: 33867396 PMCID: PMC8267204 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the role of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in the formation of button ulcers in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of pigs experimentally infected with a subgenotype 2.1 isolate of CSFV, which was isolated in Japan in 2019, revealed follicular necrosis in the submucosal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and herniation of crypts as factors that contribute to the development of button ulcers during CSFV infection. These findings indicate that CSFV induces follicular necrosis and is one of the causative agents of button ulcers in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Sudo
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.,Present address: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Manabu Yamada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Mariko Ochiai
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Shoko Iwamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Hajime Sakaki
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Chiho Kushida
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Maiko Yamashita
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Nagasaka
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Mikio Oidemizu
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Akito Saito
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Kinya Yamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
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Porcine Complement Regulatory Protein CD46 Is a Major Receptor for Atypical Porcine Pestivirus but Not for Classical Swine Fever Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02186-20. [PMID: 33568504 PMCID: PMC8104093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02186-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses comprise animal pathogens such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that cause notifiable diseases with great economic impact. Several additional pestivirus species affecting animal health were recently identified, including atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Pestiviruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belong to the family Flaviviridae and represent pathogens of outstanding veterinary relevance. Pestiviruses enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. For entry in bovine cells, complement regulatory protein CD46bov serves as a cellular receptor for BVDV. In this study, the role of porcine CD46pig in cellular entry was investigated for the recently discovered atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), CSFV, and Bungowannah virus (BuPV) in order to elucidate the observed differences in host cell tropism. A cell culture-adapted APPV variant, which shows enhanced viral replication in vitro, was generated and demonstrated a strict tropism of APPV for porcine cells. One of the porcine cell lines displayed areas of CD46pig-expressing cells and areas of nonexpressing cells, and one single cell line revealed not to express any CD46pig. The CD46pig-deficient porcine lymphoma cell line, known to facilitate CSFV replication, was the only porcine cell line nonpermissive to APPV, indicating a significant difference in the entry mechanism of APPV and CSFV. Infection experiments with a set of genetically engineered CD46pig knockout cells confirmed that CD46pig is a major receptor of APPV as CD46bov is for BVDV. In contrast, it is apparently not an essential determinant in host cell entry of other porcine pestiviruses such as CSFV and BuPV. Existence of a CD46pig-independent entry mechanism illustrates that the pestiviral entry process is more diverse than previously recognized. IMPORTANCE Pestiviruses comprise animal pathogens such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that cause notifiable diseases with great economic impact. Several additional pestivirus species affecting animal health were recently identified, including atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). APPV is associated with health problems in piglets and is highly abundant in pig populations worldwide. Complement control protein CD46 serves as a receptor for diverse bacterial and viral pathogens, including particular adenoviruses, herpesviruses, measles virus (MeV), and BVDV. Porcine CD46 (CD46pig) was suggested to be a major receptor for CSFV. Here, we identified remarkable differences in relevance of CD46pig during entry of porcine pestiviruses. Resembling BVDV, efficient APPV infection in cell culture depends on CD46pig, while other porcine pestiviruses can efficiently enter and infect cells in the absence of CD46pig. Thus, the study provides insights into the entry process of these pathogens and may help to understand differences in their biology.
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Dharmawan R, Sumiarto B, Wibawa H, Pramastuti I, Sutiyarmo S, Poermadjaja B. Contact rate and risk factors of classical swine fever disease in commercial and smallholder pig farms, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:758-763. [PMID: 33935424 PMCID: PMC8076451 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.758-763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the primary diseases in animals in Indonesia, particularly areas that supply pig meat to the country, such as Karanganyar district, Central Java. The government has tried to prevent and control the disease by vaccination, but it has not yet given effective results. Therefore, another attempt to prevent the recurrence of CSF cases is to apply biosecurity in pig farms by looking for risk factors associated with on-farm and off-farm contact. This study aims to determine the contact rate and investigate the risk factors associated with on-farm and off-farm contact in commercial and smallholder pig farms in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia, in the context of controlling CSF disease. Materials and Methods This study used a cross-sectional study design in which the pig farm was designed as the observed epidemiological unit. The contact structure data were conducted by sampling using a two-stage random method. We selected Karanganyar district because it is the center of a pig farm in the Central Java Province and has many CSF cases in several years before. The study was conducted for more or less 1 month from August to September 2019. The contact data were collected from 37 smallholder farms and 27 commercial farms within interviews. Risk factors for contact with pigs were analyzed using logistic regression using theStatistix Program version 8.0.(www.statistix.com). Results In comparison to smallholder farms, commercial farms had 2.38 and 3.32 times higher contact rate in outside farms and inside farms, respectively. Two factors increased the risk for on-farm contacts including commercials type farm (p=0.0012; odds ratio [OR]=8.32) with contact rate of 1.24 times/day and the time interval of CSF vaccination for 1-3 months (p=0.0013; OR=8.43) with contact rate of 0.98 times/day, and three factors increased the risk for off-farm contacts including the commercial farm type (p=0.012; OR=4.88) with 1.50 contact/day, the time interval of CSF vaccination for 1-3 months (p=0.036; OR=3.83) with 1.30 contact/day, and farmers with experience in pig husbandry <5 years (p=0.075; OR=3.56) with 1.13 contact/day. Conclusion This study shows that commercial farms and short CSF vaccination intervals increased the risk of either off-farm or on-farm contacts. The contact structure of pig farms in Karanganyar district is similar to that in other areas in Indonesia. Reducing the risk of contacts either outside or inside the pig farms is essential to prevent disease transmission. Enhancing communication and education to pig farmers and surveillance is also necessary to prevent such diseases in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dharmawan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Disease Investigation Center Wates, Yogyakarta 55651, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sumiarto
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Center Wates, Yogyakarta 55651, Indonesia
| | - Ira Pramastuti
- Disease Investigation Center Wates, Yogyakarta 55651, Indonesia
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Seroprevalence of the viral pig diseases among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105330. [PMID: 33774502 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Participatory One-Health Disease Detection project (PODD) (www.cmonehealth.org) developed a health-based surveillance system with the local government of Chiang Mai community ownership that has been created a mobile application on smartphone for reporting an abnormal event, especially animal health. Previously, the PODD project has obtained a significant number of pig abnormal events. Therefore, there are likely to be some diseases that are currently circulating among backyard pigs. A cross-sectional serological study was undertaken to determine the risk factors for virus infection and prevalence of antibodies against the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and influenza A virus (IAV) among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Antibodies against the CSFV, PRRSV and PCV2 in backyard pigs were shown in swine level to be 14 % (95 % CI: 9-20), 14 % (95 % CI: 10-19), and 15 % (95 % CI: 8-23), respectively. For the household level, antibodies against the CSFV, PRRSV and PCV2 were found to be 23 % (95 % CI: 13-37), 22 % (95 % CI: 14-23), and 48 % (95 % CI: 32-63), respectively, while antibodies against IAV were shown to be absent. The use of artificial insemination for breeding purposes has been considered to be a significant risk factor associated with PRRSV (OR = 21.08, 95 % CI: 1.92-232.02) and CSFV (OR = 7.7, 95 % CI: 1.49-39.90) infections. Meanwhile, a risk factor for PCV2 infection was found to significantly involve the feeding of pigs with commercial feed (OR = 9.64, 95 % CI: 1.85-50.26). The findings of this study indicate that infections with CSFV, PRRSV, and PCV2 remain a significant concern and may have an impact on the growth performance of the backyard pigs. The lack of antibodies against the influenza A virus has indicated a low degree of interspecies transmission of influenza A among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Effective control measures need to be prepared and implemented, and these should include the strict regulation of pig imports as a free source of the viruses along with effective animal quarantine, policies, and appropriate vaccination programs.
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Investigation of congenital tremor associated with Classical swine fever virus genotype 2.2 in an organized pig farm in north-eastern India. Virusdisease 2021; 32:173-182. [PMID: 33748346 PMCID: PMC7965332 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes an outbreak of Classical swine fever (CSF) in an organized pig farm followed by an episode of CSF virus (CSFV) associated congenital tremors in piglets. The outbreak was recorded in a newly procured herd of Hampshire pigs housed adjacent to the existing pigs of the farm. The recorded CSF outbreak caused a mortality of 100% in the newly procured and 54.28% in the existing herd. As the disease subsides, the clinically recovered boars were served naturally with Tamworth gilts. Though, the sows farrowed on usual gestation period, litters born to each sow showed congenital tremors and eventually died within 24 h of birth. Necropsy analysis of affected piglets was indicative of CSFV infection and was further confirmed using RT-PCR signifying a transplacental infection. The CSFV strains from the initial outbreak and post outbreak episode of congenital tremors were successfully isolated in PK-15 cells and detected in indirect FAT and RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on E2 gene and 5′NTR of CSFV grouped the isolates within the genotype 2.2 and revealed close resemblance with previously reported Indian isolates of CSFV genotype 2.2 origin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CSFV induced congenital form reported from India under natural conditions.
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Research Progress and Challenges in Vaccine Development against Classical Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030445. [PMID: 33801868 PMCID: PMC7998128 DOI: 10.3390/v13030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating viral epizootic diseases of swine in many countries. To control the disease, highly efficacious and safe live attenuated vaccines have been used for decades. However, the main drawback of these conventional vaccines is the lack of differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA concept). Advances in biotechnology and our detailed knowledge of multiple basic science disciplines have facilitated the development of effective and safer DIVA vaccines to control CSF. To date, two types of DIVA vaccines have been developed commercially, including the subunit vaccines based on CSFV envelope glycoprotein E2 and chimeric pestivirus vaccines based on infectious cDNA clones of CSFV or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Although inoculation of these vaccines successfully induces solid immunity against CSFV, none of them could ideally meet all demands regarding to safety, efficacy, DIVA potential, and marketability. Due to the limitations of the available choices, researchers are still striving towards the development of more advanced DIVA vaccines against CSF. This review summarizes the present status of candidate CSFV vaccines that have been developed. The strategies and approaches revealed here may also be helpful for the development of new-generation vaccines against other diseases.
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