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Kmetiuk LB, Biondo LM, Pedrosa F, Favero GM, Biondo AW. One Health at gunpoint: Impact of wild boars as exotic species in Brazil - A review. One Health 2023; 17:100577. [PMID: 37332883 PMCID: PMC10276213 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild boars have been listed among the 100 most invasive species worldwide, spreading impacts to all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. In Brazil, a major source of introduction was a commercial livestock importation for exotic meat market, followed by successive escapes and releases to natural ecosystems. Currently found in all six Brazilian biomes, with reports in 11 Brazilian states, wild boars have invaded natural and agricultural areas. Wild boars have been reportedly indicated as hosts and reservoirs of several zoonotic diseases in Brazil, including toxoplasmosis, salmonelosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, trichinellosis, and hepatitis E. Wild boars have been also associated with Brazilian spotted fever and rabies, infected while providing plentiful exotic blood supply for native ticks and hematophagous bats. Due to their phylogenetic proximity, wild boars may present ecological niche overlapping and direct disease risk to native white-lipped and collared peccaries. Moreover, wild boars may post an economical threat to Brazilian livestock industry due to restrictive diseases such as Aujeszky, enzootic pneumonia, neosporosis, hemoplasmosis, and classic swine fever. Finally, wild boars have directly impacted in environmentally protected areas, silting up water springs, rooting and wallowing native plants, decreasing native vegetal coverage, disbalancing of soil components, altering soil structure and composition. Wild boar hunting has failed as a control measure to date, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, due to private hunting groups mostly targeting males, intentionally leaving females and piglets alive, disseminating wild boar populations nationwide. Meanwhile, non-government animal welfare organizations have pointed to animal cruelty of hunting dogs and wild boars (and native species) during hunting. Despite unanimous necessity of wild boar control, eradication and prevention, methods have been controversial and should focus on effective governmental measures instead occasional game hunting, which has negatively impacted native wildlife species while wild boars have continuously spread throughout Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Leandro Menegueli Biondo
- National Institute of the Atlantic Forest (INMA), Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pedrosa
- Mão na Mata – Environmental Management and Solutions, São Paulo, SP 05350-000, Brazil
| | - Giovani Marino Favero
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
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De Maio FA, Winter M, Abate S, Cifuentes S, Iglesias NG, Barrio DA, Bellusci CP. Detection of porcine circovirus 2, porcine parvovirus 1, and torque teno sus virus k2a in wild boars from northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Arch Virol 2023; 168:208. [PMID: 37462757 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Wild boars can act as a reservoir of pathogenic viruses that affect the pig industry. Here, we assessed the presence of porcine circovirus 2, porcine parvovirus 1, and torque teno sus virus k2a in wild boars in northeastern Patagonia (Argentina). Total DNA was extracted from the tonsils of 27 animals (collected between early 2016 and mid-2019) and used to prepare sample pools, which were subjected to viral detection through two-round PCR assays. Sequencing of the amplification products and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the occurrence of all of the aforementioned infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Andrés De Maio
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Winter
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Abate
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Cifuentes
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Néstor Gabriel Iglesias
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham (UNAHUR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Alejandro Barrio
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Paula Bellusci
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Ruta provincial N°1 y Rotonda Cooperación, CP 8500, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
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Altissimi C, Noé-Nordberg C, Ranucci D, Paulsen P. Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat-A Literature Survey for the Period 2012-2022. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081689. [PMID: 37107481 PMCID: PMC10137515 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild boar is an abundant game species with high reproduction rates. The management of the wild boar population by hunting contributes to the meat supply and can help to avoid a spillover of transmissible animal diseases to domestic pigs, thus compromising food security. By the same token, wild boar can carry foodborne zoonotic pathogens, impacting food safety. We reviewed literature from 2012-2022 on biological hazards, which are considered in European Union legislation and in international standards on animal health. We identified 15 viral, 10 bacterial, and 5 parasitic agents and selected those nine bacteria that are zoonotic and can be transmitted to humans via food. The prevalence of Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica on muscle surfaces or in muscle tissues of wild boar varied from 0 to ca. 70%. One experimental study reported the transmission and survival of Mycobacterium on wild boar meat. Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacteria have been isolated from the liver and spleen. For Brucella, studies stressed the occupational exposure risk, but no indication of meat-borne transmission was evident. Furthermore, the transmission of C. burnetii is most likely via vectors (i.e., ticks). In the absence of more detailed data for the European Union, it is advisable to focus on the efficacy of current game meat inspection and food safety management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Altissimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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de Oliveira JM, dos Santos DRL, Pinto MA. Hepatitis E Virus Research in Brazil: Looking Back and Forwards. Viruses 2023; 15:548. [PMID: 36851763 PMCID: PMC9965705 DOI: 10.3390/v15020548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has emerged as a public health concern in Brazil. From the first identification and characterization of porcine and human HEV-3 strains in the 2000s, new HEV subtypes have been identified from animal, human, and environmental isolates. As new potential animal reservoirs have emerged, there is a need to compile evidence on the zoonotic dissemination of the virus in animal hosts and the environment. The increasing amount of seroprevalence data on sampled and randomly selected populations must be systematically retrieved, interpreted, and considered under the One Health concept. This review focused on HEV seroprevalence data in distinct animal reservoirs and human populations reported in the last two decades. Furthermore, the expertise with experimental infection models using non-human primates may provide new insights into HEV pathogenesis, prevention, and environmental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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First complete genomic sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) in wild boars. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109547. [PMID: 36037620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), a unique circovirus with a different classification from other existing circovirus, was discovered in domestic pigs in several provinces of China. In this study, in order to investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of PCV4 in wild boars (Sus scrofa), a total number of 138 wild boar samples were collected from five different areas in Jiangxi Province of China, between January 2020 and December 2020. Taqman based real-time PCR were used to test PCV4 as well as PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. Among 138 samples, 30 samples (21.7%) were positive for PCV1, 31 samples (22.5%) were positive for PCV2, 8 samples (5.8%) were positive for PCV3 and 27 samples (19.6%) were positive for PCV4, respectively. Some of the samples were co-infected with multiple PCVs. In this study, we successfully sequenced the complete genome of two PCV4 strains, which shared 98.5-99.8% of their genomic nucleotide similarity with the other five PCV4 strains discovered in domestic pigs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two PCV4 strains derived from wild boars were located in a closed relative branch with other PCV4 strains derived from domestic pigs, but were distinguished from other circovirus. These results of this study not only expand our understanding of the prevalence of PCVs, especially PCV4, in wild boars in Jiangxi province of China, but also showed the molecular epidemiology of PCV4. Nevertheless, the impact of wild boars infected with PCV4 on intensive farmed pigs industry remains to be further explored.
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da Silva Andrade J, Loiko MR, Schmidt C, Vidalett MR, Lopes BC, Cerva C, Varela APM, Tochetto C, Maciel ALG, Bertagnolli AC, Rodrigues RO, Roehe PM, Lunge VR, Mayer FQ. Molecular survey of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex pathogens in Brazilian wild boars. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moraes DFDSD, Mesquita JR, Dutra V, Nascimento MSJ. Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082290. [PMID: 34438747 PMCID: PMC8388429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis worldwide. Originally identified in epidemics associated with flooding in Asia, it nowadays shows very distinct genetic and epidemiological patterns. While HEV genotypes (HEV-) 1 and 2 are associated with the original outbreaks (waterborne diseases), HEV-3 and HEV-4 present a zoonotic pattern (associated with consumption of meat from infected animals), HEV-5 and 6 have been found only in wild boar in Japan, and HEV-7 and 8 have been detected in camels and dromedary seldom affecting humans. Brazil, with a precarious sanitary structure and being an important world meat producer, was the focus of this study in order to identify patterns of occurrence of HEV. After reviewing scientific studies, it was identified that the only genotype found in Brazil is HEV-3 and the area where there were more reports was the South region of the country. This is the region that produces more pork. These results indicate that HEV-3 is widespread in the country and sanitary surveillance is essential in the national production of pigs, as well as the implementation of monitoring protocols in hospitals. Abstract Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Franciele da Silva Dias Moraes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (D.F.d.S.D.M.); (V.D.)
- Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso (SEMA), Cuiabá 78050-970, Brazil
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João R. Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (D.F.d.S.D.M.); (V.D.)
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de Souza TCGD, Silva VS, Mores MAZ, Kramer B, Leme RA, da Silva Porto G, Alfieri AA. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in free-living wild boars in Paraná, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1581-1587. [PMID: 33942276 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study conducted in Paraná, Brazil, to investigate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) infection in free-living wild boars. Eighty-eight wild boars were managed by authorized controllers between 2017 and 2019 in the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. Management georeferencing, sex, and weight were recorded for each animal. The presence of Mhyo antibodies in wild boar serum samples was evaluated using a commercial indirect ELISA kit. The presence of enzootic pneumonia-like gross lesions was evaluated, and the observed macroscopic lesions were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC). The Chi-square test and the intensity of the association with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the differences in the qualitative variables between groups (sex and municipality). Juvenile wild boars exhibited a higher seroprevalence than older ones (p = 0.005). The Teixeira Soares municipality differed in Mhyo seroprevalence in comparison with Castro (p < 0.001), Ponta Grossa (p = 0.004), and Carambeí (p < 0.001). Females were 6.79 times more likely to present consolidation lesions than males (p = 0.004). Among the evaluated lung samples with injuries, 57.1% (8/14) and 53.8% (7/13) were Mhyo positive by IHC in Castro and Ponta Grossa, respectively, confirming that the identified macroscopic lesions were caused by Mhyo. This study demonstrates the circulation of Mhyo in free-living wild boars, which raises concerns regarding the epidemiological role of this animal species for the spread of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C G D de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Arruda Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gisele da Silva Porto
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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