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Song W, Liu L, Yu D, Bernardy H, Jirschitzka J, Huang S, Jia A, Jemielniak W, Acker J, Laessle H, Wang J, Shen Q, Chen W, Li P, Parker JE, Han Z, Schulze-Lefert P, Chai J. Substrate-induced condensation activates plant TIR domain proteins. Nature 2024; 627:847-853. [PMID: 38480885 PMCID: PMC10972746 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain mediate recognition of strain-specific pathogen effectors, typically via their C-terminal ligand-sensing domains1. Effector binding enables TIR-encoded enzymatic activities that are required for TIR-NLR (TNL)-mediated immunity2,3. Many truncated TNL proteins lack effector-sensing domains but retain similar enzymatic and immune activities4,5. The mechanism underlying the activation of these TIR domain proteins remain unclear. Here we show that binding of the TIR substrates NAD+ and ATP induces phase separation of TIR domain proteins in vitro. A similar condensation occurs with a TIR domain protein expressed via its native promoter in response to pathogen inoculation in planta. The formation of TIR condensates is mediated by conserved self-association interfaces and a predicted intrinsically disordered loop region of TIRs. Mutations that disrupt TIR condensates impair the cell death activity of TIR domain proteins. Our data reveal phase separation as a mechanism for the activation of TIR domain proteins and provide insight into substrate-induced autonomous activation of TIR signalling to confer plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanna Bernardy
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shijia Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Julia Acker
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henriette Laessle
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiaochu Shen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Weijie Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pilong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhifu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Xu P, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhu Y, Liang W, He Y, Yu X. Multiomics analysis reveals a link between Brassica-specific miR1885 and rapeseed tolerance to low temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3405-3419. [PMID: 37564020 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassica crops include various edible vegetable and plant oil crops, and their production is limited by low temperature beyond their tolerant capability. The key regulators of low-temperature resistance in Brassica remain largely unexplored. To identify posttranscriptional regulators of plant response to low temperature, we performed small RNA profiling, and found that 16 known miRNAs responded to cold treatment in Brassica rapa. The cold response of seven of those miRNAs were further confirmed by qRT-PCR and/or northern blot analyses. In parallel, a genome-wide association study of 220 accessions of Brassica napus identified four candidate MIRNA genes, all of which were cold-responsive, at the loci associated with low-temperature resistance. Specifically, these large-scale data analyses revealed a link between miR1885 and the plant response to low temperature in both B. rapa and B. napus. Using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends approach, we validated that miR1885 can cleave its putative target gene transcripts, Bn.TIR.A09 and Bn.TNL.A03, in B. napus. Furthermore, overexpression of miR1885 in Semiwinter type B. napus decreased the mRNA abundance of Bn.TIR.A09 and Bn.TNL.A03 and resulted in increased sensitivity to low temperature. Knocking down of miR1885 in Spring type B. napus led to increased mRNA abundance of its targets and improved rapeseed tolerance to low temperature. Together, our results suggested that the loci of miR1885 and its targets could be potential candidates for the molecular breeding of low temperature-tolerant Spring type Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics & Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yantao Zhu
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanqi Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuke He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Chia K, Carella P. Taking the lead: NLR immune receptor N-terminal domains execute plant immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:496-501. [PMID: 37525357 PMCID: PMC10952240 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are important intracellular immune receptors that activate robust plant immune responses upon detecting pathogens. Canonical NLRs consist of a conserved tripartite architecture that includes a central regulatory nucleotide-binding domain, C-terminal leucine-rich repeats, and variable N-terminal domains that directly participate in immune execution. In flowering plants, the vast majority of NLR N-terminal domains belong to the coiled-coil, Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8, or Toll/interleukin-1 receptor subfamilies, with recent structural and biochemical studies providing detailed mechanistic insights into their functions. In this insight review, we focus on the immune-related biochemistries of known plant NLR N-terminal domains and discuss the evolutionary diversity of atypical NLR domains in nonflowering plants. We further contrast these observations against the known diversity of NLR-related receptors from microbes to metazoans across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong‐Sam Chia
- Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Philip Carella
- Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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Raza A, Charagh S, Abbas S, Hassan MU, Saeed F, Haider S, Sharif R, Anand A, Corpas FJ, Jin W, Varshney RK. Assessment of proline function in higher plants under extreme temperatures. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:379-395. [PMID: 36748909 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and abiotic stress factors are key players in crop losses worldwide. Among which, extreme temperatures (heat and cold) disturb plant growth and development, reduce productivity and, in severe cases, lead to plant death. Plants have developed numerous strategies to mitigate the detrimental impact of temperature stress. Exposure to stress leads to the accumulation of various metabolites, e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids and amino acids. Plants accumulate the amino acid 'proline' in response to several abiotic stresses, including temperature stress. Proline abundance may result from de novo synthesis, hydrolysis of proteins, reduced utilization or degradation. Proline also leads to stress tolerance by maintaining the osmotic balance (still controversial), cell turgidity and indirectly modulating metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the crosstalk of proline with other osmoprotectants and signalling molecules, e.g. glycine betaine, abscisic acid, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, soluble sugars, helps to strengthen protective mechanisms in stressful environments. Development of less temperature-responsive cultivars can be achieved by manipulating the biosynthesis of proline through genetic engineering. This review presents an overview of plant responses to extreme temperatures and an outline of proline metabolism under such temperatures. The exogenous application of proline as a protective molecule under extreme temperatures is also presented. Proline crosstalk and interaction with other molecules is also discussed. Finally, the potential of genetic engineering of proline-related genes is explained to develop 'temperature-smart' plants. In short, exogenous application of proline and genetic engineering of proline genes promise ways forward for developing 'temperature-smart' future crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raza
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - S Charagh
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Hangzhou, China
| | - S Abbas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M U Hassan
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - F Saeed
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - S Haider
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - R Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - A Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - F J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - W Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R K Varshney
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Wang Y, Teng Z, Li H, Wang W, Xu F, Sun K, Chu J, Qian Y, Loake GJ, Chu C, Tang J. An activated form of NB-ARC protein RLS1 functions with cysteine-rich receptor-like protein RMC to trigger cell death in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100459. [PMID: 36203361 PMCID: PMC10030324 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A key event that follows pathogen recognition by a resistance (R) protein containing an NB-ARC (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by Apaf-1, R proteins, and Ced-4) domain is hypersensitive response (HR)-type cell death accompanied by accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. However, the integral mechanisms that underlie this process remain relatively opaque. Here, we show that a gain-of-function mutation in the NB-ARC protein RLS1 (Rapid Leaf Senescence 1) triggers high-light-dependent HR-like cell death in rice. The RLS1-mediated defense response is largely independent of salicylic acid accumulation, NPR1 (Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis-Related Gene 1) activity, and RAR1 (Required for Mla12 Resistance 1) function. A screen for suppressors of RLS1 activation identified RMC (Root Meander Curling) as essential for the RLS1-activated defense response. RMC encodes a cysteine-rich receptor-like secreted protein (CRRSP) and functions as an RLS1-binding partner. Intriguingly, their co-expression resulted in a change in the pattern of subcellular localization and was sufficient to trigger cell death accompanied by a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme APX1. Collectively, our findings reveal an NB-ARC-CRRSP signaling module that modulates oxidative state, the cell death process, and associated immunity responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenfeng Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yangwen Qian
- Biogle Genome Editing Center, Changzhou 213125, China
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jiuyou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Sahoo DK, Hegde C, Bhattacharyya MK. Identification of multiple novel genetic mechanisms that regulate chilling tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1094462. [PMID: 36714785 PMCID: PMC9878698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1094462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cold stress adversely affects the growth and development of plants and limits the geographical distribution of many plant species. Accumulation of spontaneous mutations shapes the adaptation of plant species to diverse climatic conditions. METHODS The genome-wide association study of the phenotypic variation gathered by a newly designed phenomic platform with the over six millions single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) loci distributed across the genomes of 417 Arabidopsis natural variants collected from various geographical regions revealed 33 candidate cold responsive genes. RESULTS Investigation of at least two independent insertion mutants for 29 genes identified 16 chilling tolerance genes governing diverse genetic mechanisms. Five of these genes encode novel leucine-rich repeat domain-containing proteins including three nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins. Among the 16 identified chilling tolerance genes, ADS2 and ACD6 are the only two chilling tolerance genes identified earlier. DISCUSSION The 12.5% overlap between the genes identified in this genome-wide association study (GWAS) of natural variants with those discovered previously through forward and reverse genetic approaches suggests that chilling tolerance is a complex physiological process governed by a large number of genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chinmay Hegde
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Wu Z, Tian L, Liu X, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li X. The N-terminally truncated helper NLR NRG1C antagonizes immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1621-1640. [PMID: 34871452 PMCID: PMC9048947 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Both plants and animals utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to perceive the presence of pathogen-derived molecules and induce immune responses. NLR genes are far more abundant and diverse in vascular plants than in animals. Truncated NLRs, which lack one or more of the canonical domains, are also commonly encoded in plant genomes. However, little is known about their functions, especially the N-terminally truncated ones. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana N-terminally truncated helper NLR (hNLR) gene N REQUIREMENT GENE1 (NRG1C) is highly induced upon pathogen infection and in autoimmune mutants. The immune response and cell death conferred by some Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-type NLRs (TNLs) were compromised in Arabidopsis NRG1C overexpression lines. Detailed genetic analysis revealed that NRG1C antagonizes the immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. Biochemical tests suggested that NRG1C might interfere with the EDS1-SAG101 complex, which functions in immunity signaling together with NRG1A/1B. Interestingly, Brassicaceae NRG1Cs are functionally exchangeable and that the Nicotiana benthamiana N-terminally truncated hNLR NRG2 also antagonizes NRG1 activity. Together, our study uncovers an unexpected negative role of N-terminally truncated hNLRs in immunity in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Freh M, Gao J, Petersen M, Panstruga R. Plant autoimmunity-fresh insights into an old phenomenon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1419-1434. [PMID: 34958371 PMCID: PMC8896616 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is well equipped to ward off the attacks of different types of phytopathogens. It primarily relies on two types of immune sensors-plasma membrane-resident receptor-like kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) receptors that engage preferentially in pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, respectively. Delicate fine-tuning, in particular of the NLR-governed branch of immunity, is key to prevent inappropriate and deleterious activation of plant immune responses. Inadequate NLR allele constellations, such as in the case of hybrid incompatibility, and the mis-activation of NLRs or the absence or modification of proteins guarded by these NLRs can result in the spontaneous initiation of plant defense responses and cell death-a phenomenon referred to as plant autoimmunity. Here, we review recent insights augmenting our mechanistic comprehension of plant autoimmunity. The recent findings broaden our understanding regarding hybrid incompatibility, unravel candidates for proteins likely guarded by NLRs and underline the necessity for the fine-tuning of NLR expression at various levels to avoid autoimmunity. We further present recently emerged tools to study plant autoimmunity and draw a cross-kingdom comparison to the role of NLRs in animal autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Freh
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Jinlan Gao
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Morten Petersen
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
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Hessler G, Portheine SM, Gerlach EM, Lienemann T, Koch G, Voigt CA, Hoth S. PMR4-dependent cell wall depositions are a consequence but not the cause of temperature-induced autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021:erab423. [PMID: 34519761 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess a well-balanced immune system that is required for defense against pathogen infections. In autoimmune mutants or necrotic crosses, an intrinsic temperature-dependent imbalance leads to constitutive immune activation, resulting in severe damage or even death of plants. Recently, cell wall depositions were described as one of the symptoms following induction of the autoimmune phenotype in Arabidopsis saul1-1 mutants. However, the regulation and function of these depositions remained unclear. Here, we show that cell wall depositions, containing lignin and callose, were a common autoimmune feature and were deposited in proportion to the severity of the autoimmune phenotype at reduced ambient temperatures. When plants were exposed to reduced temperature for periods insufficient to induce an autoimmune phenotype, the cell wall depositions were not present. After low temperature intervals, sufficient to induce autoimmune responses, cell wall depositions correlated with a point of no return in saul1-1 autoimmunity. Although cell wall depositions were largely abolished in saul1-1 pmr4-1 double mutants lacking SAUL1 and the callose synthase gene GSL5/PMR4, their phenotype remained unchanged compared to that of the saul1-1 single mutant. Our data showed that cell wall depositions generally occur in autoimmunity, but appear not to be the cause of autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Hessler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Michael Portheine
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Gerlach
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lienemann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Koch
- Thuenen-Institute of Wood Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian A Voigt
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stefan Hoth
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Cai H, Wang W, Rui L, Han L, Luo M, Liu N, Tang D. The TIR-NBS protein TN13 associates with the CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein RPS5 and contributes to RPS5-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:775-786. [PMID: 33982335 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain receptor (NLR) proteins play important roles in plant innate immunity by recognizing pathogen effectors. The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-NBS (TN) proteins belong to a subtype of the atypical NLRs, but their function in plant immunity is poorly understood. The well-characterized Arabidopsis thaliana typical coiled-coil (CC)-NBS-LRR (CNL) protein Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae 5 (RPS5) is activated after recognizing the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrPphB. To explore whether the truncated TN proteins function in CNL-mediated immune signaling, we examined the interactions between the Arabidopsis TN proteins and RPS5, and found that TN13 and TN21 interacted with RPS5. However, only TN13, but not TN21, was involved in the resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato (Pto) strain DC3000 carrying avrPphB, encoding the cognate effector recognized by RPS5. Moreover, the regulation of Pto DC3000 avrPphB resistance by TN13 appeared to be specific, as loss of function of TN13 did not compromise resistance to Pto DC3000 hrcC- or Pto DC3000 avrRpt2. In addition, we demonstrated that the CC and NBS domains of RPS5 play essential roles in the interaction between TN13 and RPS5. Taken together, our results uncover a direct functional link between TN13 and RPS5, suggesting that TN13 acts as a partner in modulating RPS5-activated immune signaling, which constitutes a previously unknown mechanism for TN-mediated regulation of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiren Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lu Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mingyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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11
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Chen Y, Zhong G, Cai H, Chen R, Liu N, Wang W, Tang D. A Truncated TIR-NBS Protein TN10 Pairs with Two Clustered TIR-NBS-LRR Immune Receptors and Contributes to Plant Immunity in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4004. [PMID: 33924478 PMCID: PMC8069298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The encoding genes of plant intracellular nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain receptors (NLRs) often exist in the form of a gene cluster. Several recent studies demonstrated that the truncated Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-NBS (TIR-NBS) proteins play important roles in immunity. In this study, we identified a large TN gene cluster on Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0 chromosome 1, which included nine TN genes, TN4 to TN12. Interestingly, this cluster also contained two typical TIR-NBS-LRR genes: At1g72840 and At1g72860 (hereinafter referred to as TNL40 and TNL60, respectively), which formed head-to-head genomic arrangement with TN4 to TN12. However, the functions of these TN and TNL genes in this cluster are still unknown. Here, we showed that the TIR domains of both TNL40 and TNL60 associated with TN10 specifically. Furthermore, both TNL40TIR and TNL60TIR induced cell death in Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Subcellular localization showed that TNL40 mainly localized in the cytoplasm, whereas TNL60 and TN10 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Additionally, the expression of TNL40, TNL60, and TN10 were co-regulated after inoculated with bacterial pathogens. Taken together, our study indicates that the truncated TIR-NBS protein TN10 associates with two clustered TNL immune receptors, and may work together in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huiren Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
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12
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Bruessow F, Bautor J, Hoffmann G, Yildiz I, Zeier J, Parker JE. Natural variation in temperature-modulated immunity uncovers transcription factor bHLH059 as a thermoresponsive regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009290. [PMID: 33493201 PMCID: PMC7861541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature impacts plant immunity and growth but how temperature intersects with endogenous pathways to shape natural variation remains unclear. Here we uncover variation between Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions in response to two non-stress temperatures (22°C and 16°C) affecting accumulation of the thermoresponsive stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) and plant growth. Analysis of differentially responding A. thaliana accessions shows that pre-existing SA provides a benefit in limiting infection by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato DC3000 bacteria at both temperatures. Several A. thaliana genotypes display a capacity to mitigate negative effects of high SA on growth, indicating within-species plasticity in SA—growth tradeoffs. An association study of temperature x SA variation, followed by physiological and immunity phenotyping of mutant and over-expression lines, identifies the transcription factor bHLH059 as a temperature-responsive SA immunity regulator. Here we reveal previously untapped diversity in plant responses to temperature and a way forward in understanding the genetic architecture of plant adaptation to changing environments. Temperature has a profound effect on plant innate immune responses but little is known about the mechanisms underlying natural variation in transmission of temperature signals to defence pathways. Much of our understanding of temperature effects on plant immunity and tradeoffs between activated defences and growth has come from analysis of the common Arabidopsis thaliana genetic accession, Col-0. Here we examine A. thaliana genetic variation in response to temperature (within the non-stress range—22 oC and 16 oC) at the level of accumulation of the thermoresponsive biotic stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), bacterial pathogen resistance, and plant biomass. From analysis of 105 genetically diverse A. thaliana accessions we uncover plasticity in temperature-modulated SA homeostasis and in the relationship between SA levels and plant growth. We find that high SA amounts prior to infection provide a robust benefit of enhancing bacterial resistance. In some accessions this benefit comes without compromised plant growth, suggestive of altered defence–growth tradeoffs. Based on a temperature x SA association study we identify the transcription factor gene, bHLH059, and show that it has features of a temperature-sensitive immunity regulator that are unrelated to PIF4, a known thermosensitive coordinator of immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Bruessow
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gesa Hoffmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abd Elbar OH, Elkelish A, Niedbała G, Farag R, Wojciechowski T, Mukherjee S, Abou-Hadid AF, El-Hennawy HM, Abou El-Yazied A, Abd El-Gawad HG, Azab E, Gobouri AA, El Nahhas N, El-Sawy AM, Bondok A, Ibrahim MFM. Protective Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Against Chilling Stress During Reproductive Stage in Tomato Plants Through Modulation of Sugar Metabolism, Chloroplast Integrity, and Antioxidative Defense Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663750. [PMID: 34733294 PMCID: PMC8559610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in plant tolerance to chilling stress having been widely discussed in the seedling stage, very little information is clear regarding its implication in chilling tolerance during the reproductive stage of the plant. Here, we investigated the influence of GABA (1 and 2mM) as a foliar application on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Super Marmande) subjected to chilling stress (5°C for 6h/day) for 5 successive days during the flowering stage. The results indicated that applied GABA differentially influenced leaf pigment composition by decreasing the chlorophyll a/b ratio and increasing the anthocyanin relative to total chlorophyll. However, carotenoids were not affected in both GABA-treated and non-treated stressed plants. Root tissues significantly exhibited an increase in thermo-tolerance in GABA-treated plants. Furthermore, applied GABA substantially alleviated the chilling-induced oxidative damage by protecting cell membrane integrity and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2. This positive effect of GABA was associated with enhancing the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Conversely, a downregulation of peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was observed under chilling stress which indicates its relevance in phenol metabolism. Interesting correlations were obtained between GABA-induced upregulation of sugar metabolism coinciding with altering secondary metabolism, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and maintaining the integrity of plastids' ultrastructure Eventually, applied GABA especially at 2mM improved the fruit yield and could be recommended to mitigate the damage of chilling stress in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola H. Abd Elbar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gniewko Niedbała
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Reham Farag
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tomasz Wojciechowski
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayman F. Abou-Hadid
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussien M. El-Hennawy
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abou El-Yazied
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany G. Abd El-Gawad
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab Azab
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil A. Gobouri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nihal El Nahhas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sawy
- Department of Climate Modification, Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Bondok
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mohamed F. M. Ibrahim,
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14
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Lapin D, Bhandari DD, Parker JE. Origins and Immunity Networking Functions of EDS1 Family Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:253-276. [PMID: 32396762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4 evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) networks, to regulate immunity pathways against host-adapted biotrophic pathogens. Exclusive heterodimers between EDS1 and SAG101 or PAD4 create essential surfaces for resistance signaling. Phylogenomic information, together with functional studies in Arabidopsis and tobacco, identify a coevolved module between the EDS1-SAG101 heterodimer and coiled-coil (CC) HET-S and LOP-B (CCHELO) domain helper NLRs that is recruited by intracellular Toll-interleukin1-receptor (TIR) domain NLR receptors to confer host cell death and pathogen immunity. EDS1-PAD4 heterodimers have a different and broader activity in basal immunity that transcriptionally reinforces local and systemic defenses triggered by various NLRs. Here, we consider EDS1 family protein functions across seed plant lineages in the context of networking with receptor and helper NLRs and downstream resistance machineries. The different modes of action and pathway connectivities of EDS1 family members go some way to explaining their central role in biotic stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Weber M, Beyene B, Nagler N, Herfert J, Schempp S, Klecker M, Clemens S. A mutation in the essential and widely conserved DAMAGED DNA BINDING1-Cullin4 ASSOCIATED FACTOR gene OZS3 causes hypersensitivity to zinc excess, cold and UV stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:995-1009. [PMID: 32314481 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The overly zinc sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana mutant ozs3 shows reduced growth of the primary root, which is exacerbated by an excess specifically of Zn ions. In addition, ozs3 plants display various subtle developmental phenotypes, such as longer petioles and early flowering. Also, ozs3 seedlings are completely but reversibly growth-arrested when shifted to 4°C. The causal mutation was mapped to a gene encoding a putative substrate-recognition receptor of cullin4 E3 ligases. OZS3 orthologous genes can be found in almost all eukaryotic genomes. Most species from Schizosaccharomyces pombe to Homo sapiens, and including A. thaliana, possess one ortholog. No functional data are available for these genes in any of the multicellular model systems. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout demonstrated that a complete loss of OZS3 function is embryo-lethal, indicating essentiality of OZS3 and its orthologs. The OZS3 protein interacts with the adaptor protein DAMAGED DNA BINDING1 (DDB1) in the nucleus. Thus, it is indeed a member of the large yet poorly characterized family of DDB1-cullin4 associated factors in plants. Mutant phenotypes of ozs3 plants are apparently caused by the weakened DDB1-OZS3 interaction as a result of the exchange of a conserved amino acid near the conserved WDxR motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weber
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Blen Beyene
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Nicole Nagler
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Jörn Herfert
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schempp
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Maria Klecker
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
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16
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van Wersch S, Tian L, Hoy R, Li X. Plant NLRs: The Whistleblowers of Plant Immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100016. [PMID: 33404540 PMCID: PMC7747998 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology have given us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plants may encounter. Members of the primary family of plant resistance (R) proteins, NLRs, contain three distinct domains, and appear to use several different mechanisms to recognize pathogen effectors and trigger immunity. Understanding the molecular process of NLR recognition and activation has been greatly aided by advancements in structural studies, with ZAR1 recently becoming the first full-length NLR to be visualized. Genetic and biochemical analysis identified many critical components for NLR activation and homeostasis control. The increased study of helper NLRs has also provided insights into the downstream signaling pathways of NLRs. This review summarizes the progress in the last decades on plant NLR research, focusing on the mechanistic understanding that has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Dos Reis MV, Rouhana LV, Sadeque A, Koga L, Clough SJ, Calla B, Paiva PDDO, Korban SS. Genome-wide expression of low temperature response genes in Rosa hybrida L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:238-248. [PMID: 31765955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to low temperature stress during cold acclimation, a complex process involving changes in physiological and biochemical modifications. The rose serves as a good model to investigate low temperature responses in perennial ornamentals. In this study, a heterologous apple microarray is used to investigate genome-wide expression profiles in Rosa hybrida subjected to low temperature dark treatment. Transcriptome profiles are determined in floral buds at 0h, 2h, and 12h of low temperature treatment (4 °C). It is observed that a total of 134 transcripts are up-regulated and 169 transcripts are down-regulated in response to low temperature. Interestingly, a total of eight up-regulated genes, including those coding for two cytochrome P450 proteins, two ankyrin repeat family proteins, two metal ion binding proteins, and two zinc finger protein-related transcription factors, along with a single down-regulated gene, coding for a dynamin-like protein, are detected. Transcript profiles of 12 genes known to be involved in cold stress response are also validated using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, expression patterns of the AP2/ERF gene family of transcription factors are investigated in both floral buds and leaves. Overall, AP2/ERFs genes are more rapidly induced in leaves than in floral buds. Moreover, differential expression of several AP2/ERF genes are detected earlier in vegetative rather than in reproductive tissues. These findings highlight important roles of various low temperature response genes in mediating cold acclimation, thereby allowing roses to adapt to low temperatures, but without adversely affecting flower bud development and subsequent flowering, while vegetative tissues undergo early adaptation to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Valquíria Dos Reis
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Vaughn Rouhana
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ahmed Sadeque
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lucimara Koga
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bernanda Calla
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Schuyler S Korban
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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18
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Wang W, Feng B, Zhou JM, Tang D. Plant immune signaling: Advancing on two frontiers. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:2-24. [PMID: 31846204 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant immune signaling that relies on cell-surface localized and intracellular receptors takes fundamental roles. Exciting breakthroughs were made recently on the signaling mechanisms of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain receptors (NLRs). This review summarizes the current view of PRRs activation, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about PRRs' dynamic regulation and signaling mechanisms directly leading to downstream molecular events including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and calcium (Ca2+ ) burst. Plants also have evolved intracellular NLRs to perceive the presence of specific pathogen effectors and trigger more robust immune responses. We also discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of NLR activation, which has been greatly advanced by recent breakthroughs including structures of the first full-length plant NLR complex, findings of NLR sensor-helper pairs and novel biochemical activity of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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19
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Wu Z, Li M, Dong OX, Xia S, Liang W, Bao Y, Wasteneys G, Li X. Differential regulation of TNL-mediated immune signaling by redundant helper CNLs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:938-953. [PMID: 30585636 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat domain proteins (NLRs) as intracellular immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived effectors and trigger a robust defense. The Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1) family of coiled-coil NLRs (CNLs) have evolved as helper NLRs that function downstream of many TIR-type sensor NLRs (TNLs). Close homologs of ADR1s form the N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 (NRG1) family in Arabidopsis, the function of which is unclear. Through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methods, we discovered that the tandemly repeated NRG1A and NRG1B are functionally redundant and operate downstream of TNLs with differential strengths. Interestingly, ADR1s and NRG1s function in two distinct parallel pathways contributing to TNL-specific immunity. Synergistic effects on basal and TNL-mediated defense were detected among ADR1s and NRG1s. An intact P-loop of NRG1s is not required for mediating signals from sensor TNLs, whereas auto-active NRG1A exhibits autoimmunity. Importantly, NRG1s localize to the cytosol and endomembrane network regardless of the presence of effectors, suggesting a cytosolic activation mechanism. Taken together, different sensor TNLs differentially use two groups of helper NLRs, ADR1s and NRG1s, to transduce downstream defense signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Oliver Xiaoou Dong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wanwan Liang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yongkang Bao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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20
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Transgressive segregation reveals mechanisms of Arabidopsis immunity to Brassica-infecting races of white rust ( Albugo candida). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2767-2773. [PMID: 30692254 PMCID: PMC6377460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812911116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plants resist most plant pathogens. Barley resists wheat-infecting powdery mildew races (and vice versa), and both barley and wheat resist potato late blight. Such “nonhost” resistance could result because the pathogen fails to suppress defense or triggers innate immunity due to failure to evade detection. Albugo candida causes white rust on most Brassicaceae, and we investigated Arabidopsis NHR to Brassica-infecting races. Transgressive segregation for resistance in Arabidopsis recombinant inbred lines revealed genes encoding nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. Some of these NLR-encoding genes confer resistance to white rust in Brassica sp. This genetic method thus provides a route to reveal resistance genes for crops, widening the pool from which such genes might be obtained. Arabidopsis thaliana accessions are universally resistant at the adult leaf stage to white rust (Albugo candida) races that infect the crop species Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea. We used transgressive segregation in recombinant inbred lines to test if this apparent species-wide (nonhost) resistance in A. thaliana is due to natural pyramiding of multiple Resistance (R) genes. We screened 593 inbred lines from an Arabidopsis multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) mapping population, derived from 19 resistant parental accessions, and identified two transgressive segregants that are susceptible to the pathogen. These were crossed to each MAGIC parent, and analysis of resulting F2 progeny followed by positional cloning showed that resistance to an isolate of A. candida race 2 (Ac2V) can be explained in each accession by at least one of four genes encoding nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. An additional gene was identified that confers resistance to an isolate of A. candida race 9 (AcBoT) that infects B. oleracea. Thus, effector-triggered immunity conferred by distinct NLR-encoding genes in multiple A. thaliana accessions provides species-wide resistance to these crop pathogens.
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21
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Wang L, Wen R, Wang J, Xiang D, Wang Q, Zang Y, Wang Z, Huang S, Li X, Datla R, Fobert PR, Wang H, Wei Y, Xiao W. Arabidopsis UBC13 differentially regulates two programmed cell death pathways in responses to pathogen and low-temperature stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:919-934. [PMID: 30218535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UBC13 is required for Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and innate immune responses in mammals, but its functions in plant immunity remain to be defined. Here we used genetic and pathological methods to evaluate roles of Arabidopsis UBC13 in response to pathogens and environmental stresses. Loss of UBC13 failed to activate the expression of numerous cold-responsive genes and resulted in hypersensitivity to low-temperature stress, indicating that UBC13 is involved in plant response to low-temperature stress. Furthermore, the ubc13 mutant displayed low-temperature-induced and salicylic acid-dependent lesion mimic phenotypes. Unlike typical lesion mimic mutants, ubc13 did not enhance disease resistance against virulent bacterial and fungal pathogens, but diminished hypersensitive response and compromised effector-triggered immunity against avirulent bacterial pathogens. UBC13 differently regulates two types of programmed cell death in response to low temperature and pathogen. The lesion mimic phenotype in the ubc13 mutant is partially dependent on SNC1. UBC13 interacts with an F-box protein CPR1 that regulates the homeostasis of SNC1. However, the SNC1 protein level was not altered in the ubc13 mutant, implying that UBC13 is not involved in CPR1-regulated SNC1 protein degradation. Taken together, our results revealed that UBC13 is a key regulator in plant response to low temperature and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Rui Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Jinghe Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuepeng Zang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Pierre R Fobert
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0W9
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E2
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
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Zhu W, Zaidem M, Van de Weyer AL, Gutaker RM, Chae E, Kim ST, Bemm F, Li L, Todesco M, Schwab R, Unger F, Beha MJ, Demar M, Weigel D. Modulation of ACD6 dependent hyperimmunity by natural alleles of an Arabidopsis thaliana NLR resistance gene. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007628. [PMID: 30235212 PMCID: PMC6168153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against pathogens by activating an array of immune responses. Unfortunately, immunity programs may also cause unintended collateral damage to the plant itself. The quantitative disease resistance gene ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) serves to balance growth and pathogen resistance in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. An autoimmune allele, ACD6-Est, which strongly reduces growth under specific laboratory conditions, is found in over 10% of wild strains. There is, however, extensive variation in the strength of the autoimmune phenotype expressed by strains with an ACD6-Est allele, indicative of genetic modifiers. Quantitative genetic analysis suggests that ACD6 activity can be modulated in diverse ways, with different strains often carrying different large-effect modifiers. One modifier is SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1), located in a highly polymorphic cluster of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor genes, which are prototypes for qualitative disease resistance genes. Allelic variation at SNC1 correlates with ACD6-Est activity in multiple accessions, and a common structural variant affecting the NL linker sequence can explain differences in SNC1 activity. Taken together, we find that an NLR gene can mask the activity of an ACD6 autoimmune allele in natural A. thaliana populations, thereby linking different arms of the plant immune system. Plants defend themselves against pathogens by activating immune responses. Unfortunately, these can cause unintended collateral damage to the plant itself. Nevertheless, some wild plants have genetic variants that confer a low threshold for the activation of immunity. While these enable a plant to respond particularly quickly to pathogen attack, such variants might be potentially dangerous. We are investigating one such variant of the immune gene ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We discovered that there are variants at other genetic loci that can mask the effects of an overly active ACD6 gene. One of these genes, SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1), codes for a known immune receptor. The SNC1 variant that attenuates ACD6 activity is rather common in A. thaliana populations, suggesting that new combinations of the hyperactive ACD6 variant and this antagonistic SNC1 variant will often arise by natural crosses. Similarly, because the two genes are unlinked, outcrossing will often lead to the hyperactive ACD6 variants being unmasked again. We propose that allelic diversity at SNC1 contributes to the maintenance of the hyperactive ACD6 variant in natural A. thaliana populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Van de Weyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rafal M. Gutaker
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Bemm
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Todesco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frederik Unger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Janis Beha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Demar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Monteiro F, Nishimura MT. Structural, Functional, and Genomic Diversity of Plant NLR Proteins: An Evolved Resource for Rational Engineering of Plant Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:243-267. [PMID: 29949721 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ a diverse intracellular system of NLR (nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat) innate immune receptors to detect pathogens of all types. These receptors represent valuable agronomic traits that plant breeders rely on to maximize yield in the face of devastating pathogens. Despite their importance, the mechanistic underpinnings of NLR-based disease resistance remain obscure. The rapidly increasing numbers of plant genomes are revealing a diverse array of NLR-type immune receptors. In parallel, mechanistic studies are describing diverse functions for NLR immune receptors. In this review, we intend to broadly describe how the structural, functional, and genomic diversity of plant immune receptors can provide a valuable resource for rational engineering of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Monteiro
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1870;
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Liu X, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Bao F. Effects of Chilling on the Structure, Function and Development of Chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1715. [PMID: 30524465 PMCID: PMC6262076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the organelles that perform energy transformation in plants. The normal physiological functions of chloroplasts are essential for plant growth and development. Chilling is a common environmental stress in nature that can directly affect the physiological functions of chloroplasts. First, chilling can change the lipid membrane state and enzyme activities in chloroplasts. Then, the efficiency of photosynthesis declines, and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. On one hand, excess ROS can damage the chloroplast lipid membrane; on the other hand, ROS also represent a stress signal that can alter gene expression in both the chloroplast and nucleus to help regenerate damaged proteins, regulate lipid homeostasis, and promote plant adaptation to low temperatures. Furthermore, plants assume abnormal morphology, including chlorosis and growth retardation, with some even exhibiting severe necrosis under chilling stress. Here, we review the response of chloroplasts to low temperatures and focus on photosynthesis, redox regulation, lipid homeostasis, and chloroplast development to elucidate the processes involved in plant responses and adaptation to chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlin Zhou
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Bao,
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25
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Wos G, Willi Y. Thermal acclimation in Arabidopsis lyrata: genotypic costs and transcriptional changes. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:123-135. [PMID: 29134788 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Frost and heat events can be challenging for sessile organisms that cannot escape thermal extremes. However, adverse effects of thermal stress on fitness may be reduced by pre-exposure to cold or heat, a process known as acclimation. To understand the ecological and evolutionary implications of acclimation, we investigated (1) the reduction in performance due to stress pre-exposure, (2) the magnitude of increased leaf resistance to subsequent stress, (3) the costs of acclimation and (4) the genes differing in expression due to stress pre-exposure. Plants of Arabidopsis lyrata were raised under three treatments of pre-exposure: bouts of frost, bouts of heat or constant temperature. Resistance of leaves to subsequent frost and heat stress was then measured by electrolyte leakage. RNA-seq analysis was performed to examine the genes differentially expressed between stress-pre-exposed and control plants. Pre-exposure to stress during growth decreased plant size and increased leaf resistance to subsequent stress independent of whether pre-exposure was to frost or heat. But the highest increase in leaf resistance to frost was found after pre-exposure to frost (as a trend) and in leaf resistance to heat after pre-exposure to heat. No evidence for costs of acclimation was detected. RNA-sequencing suggested that acclimation by frost and heat pre-exposure was caused by distinct mechanisms: modification of the chloroplast membrane and modification of the cell wall and membrane, respectively. Our results suggest that thermal resistance is a labile complex of traits, strongly affected by the previously experienced stress environment, with undetermined costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wos
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Y Willi
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Cui H, Gobbato E, Kracher B, Qiu J, Bautor J, Parker JE. A core function of EDS1 with PAD4 is to protect the salicylic acid defense sector in Arabidopsis immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1802-1817. [PMID: 27861989 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses induced by salicylic acid (SA) are vital for resistance against biotrophic pathogens. In basal and receptor-triggered immunity, SA accumulation is promoted by Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 with its co-regulator Phytoalexin Deficient4 (EDS1/PAD4). Current models position EDS1/PAD4 upstream of SA but their functional relationship remains unclear. In a genetic and transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis autoimmunity caused by constitutive or conditional EDS1/PAD4 overexpression, intrinsic EDS1/PAD4 signaling properties and their relation to SA were uncovered. A core EDS1/PAD4 pathway works in parallel with SA in basal and effector-triggered bacterial immunity. It protects against disabled SA-regulated gene expression and pathogen resistance, and is distinct from a known SA-compensatory route involving MAPK signaling. Results help to explain previously identified EDS1/PAD4 regulated SA-dependent and SA-independent gene expression sectors. Plants have evolved an alternative route for preserving SA-regulated defenses against pathogen or genetic perturbations. In a proposed signaling framework, EDS1 with PAD4, besides promoting SA biosynthesis, maintains important SA-related resistance programs, thereby increasing robustness of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Enrico Gobbato
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Kracher
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jingde Qiu
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Ding Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Yang S. Temperature-dependent autoimmunity mediated by chs1 requires its neighboring TNL gene SOC3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1330-1345. [PMID: 27699788 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin receptor (TIR)-nucleotide binding site (NB)-type (TN) proteins are encoded by a family of 21 genes in the Arabidopsis genome. Previous studies have shown that a mutation in the TN gene CHS1 activates the activation of defense responses at low temperatures. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. To genetically dissect chs1-mediated signaling, we isolated genetic suppressors of chs1-2 (soc). Several independent soc mutants carried mutations in the same TIR-NB-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) (TNL)-encoding gene SOC3, which is adjacent to CHS1 on chromosome 1. Expression of SOC3 was upregulated in the chs1-2 mutant. Mutations in six soc3 alleles and downregulation of SOC3 by an artificial microRNA construct fully rescued the chilling sensitivity and defense defects of chs1-2. Biochemical studies showed that CHS1 interacted with the NB and LRR domains of SOC3; however, mutated chs1 interacted with the TIR, NB and LRR domains of SOC3 in vitro and in vivo. This study reveals that the TN protein CHS1 interacts with the TNL protein SOC3 to modulate temperature-dependent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuancong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Thoen MPM, Davila Olivas NH, Kloth KJ, Coolen S, Huang P, Aarts MGM, Bac‐Molenaar JA, Bakker J, Bouwmeester HJ, Broekgaarden C, Bucher J, Busscher‐Lange J, Cheng X, Fradin EF, Jongsma MA, Julkowska MM, Keurentjes JJB, Ligterink W, Pieterse CMJ, Ruyter‐Spira C, Smant G, Testerink C, Usadel B, van Loon JJA, van Pelt JA, van Schaik CC, van Wees SCM, Visser RGF, Voorrips R, Vosman B, Vreugdenhil D, Warmerdam S, Wiegers GL, van Heerwaarden J, Kruijer W, van Eeuwijk FA, Dicke M. Genetic architecture of plant stress resistance: multi-trait genome-wide association mapping. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1346-1362. [PMID: 27699793 PMCID: PMC5248600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to combinations of various biotic and abiotic stresses, but stress responses are usually investigated for single stresses only. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture underlying plant responses to 11 single stresses and several of their combinations by phenotyping 350 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. A set of 214 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was screened for marker-trait associations in genome-wide association (GWA) analyses using tailored multi-trait mixed models. Stress responses that share phytohormonal signaling pathways also share genetic architecture underlying these responses. After removing the effects of general robustness, for the 30 most significant SNPs, average quantitative trait locus (QTL) effect sizes were larger for dual stresses than for single stresses. Plants appear to deploy broad-spectrum defensive mechanisms influencing multiple traits in response to combined stresses. Association analyses identified QTLs with contrasting and with similar responses to biotic vs abiotic stresses, and below-ground vs above-ground stresses. Our approach allowed for an unprecedented comprehensive genetic analysis of how plants deal with a wide spectrum of stress conditions.
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van Wersch R, Li X, Zhang Y. Mighty Dwarfs: Arabidopsis Autoimmune Mutants and Their Usages in Genetic Dissection of Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1717. [PMID: 27909443 PMCID: PMC5112265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants lack the adaptive immune system possessed by mammals. Instead they rely on innate immunity to defend against pathogen attacks. Genomes of higher plants encode a large number of plant immune receptors belonging to different protein families, which are involved in the detection of pathogens and activation of downstream defense pathways. Plant immunity is tightly controlled to avoid activation of defense responses in the absence of pathogens, as failure to do so can lead to autoimmunity that compromises plant growth and development. Many autoimmune mutants have been reported, most of which are associated with dwarfism and often spontaneous cell death. In this review, we summarize previously reported Arabidopsis autoimmune mutants, categorizing them based on their functional groups. We also discuss how their obvious morphological phenotypes make them ideal tools for epistatic analysis and suppressor screens, and summarize genetic screens that have been carried out in various autoimmune mutant backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yuelin Zhang,
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30
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Disch EM, Tong M, Kotur T, Koch G, Wolf CA, Li X, Hoth S. Membrane-Associated Ubiquitin Ligase SAUL1 Suppresses Temperature- and Humidity-Dependent Autoimmunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:69-80. [PMID: 26505534 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0146-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate pathogen defense. Imbalances in this regulation may result in autoimmune responses that are affecting plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, SAUL1 encodes a plant U-box ubiquitin ligase and regulates senescence and cell death. Here, we show that saul1-1 plants exhibit characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. A decrease in relative humidity or temperature resulted in reduced growth and systemic lesioning of saul1-1 rosettes. These physiological changes are associated with increased expression of salicylic acid-dependent and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Consistently, resistance of saul1-1 plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, or Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2 was enhanced. Transmission electron microscopy revealed alterations in saul1-1 chloroplast ultrastructure and cell-wall depositions. Confocal analysis on aniline blue-stained leaf sections and cellular universal micro spectrophotometry further showed that these cell-wall depositions contain callose and lignin. To analyze signaling downstream of SAUL1, we performed epistasis analyses between saul1-1 and mutants in the EDS1/PAD4/SAG101 hub. All phenotypes observed in saul1-1 plants at low temperature were dependent on EDS1 and PAD4 but not SAG101. Taken together, SAUL1 negatively regulates immunity upstream of EDS1/PAD4, likely through the degradation of an unknown activator of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Disch
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meixuezi Tong
- 2 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanja Kotur
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Koch
- 3 Thünen-Institute of Wood Technology and Wood Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Asmus Wolf
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- 2 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefan Hoth
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Sarazin V, Duclercq J, Mendou B, Aubanelle L, Nicolas V, Aono M, Pilard S, Guerineau F, Sangwan-Norreel B, Sangwan RS. Arabidopsis BNT1, an atypical TIR-NBS-LRR gene, acting as a regulator of the hormonal response to stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:216-229. [PMID: 26398806 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During their life cycle, plants have to cope with fluctuating environmental conditions. The perception of the stressful environmental conditions induces a specific stress hormone signature specifying a proper response with an efficient fitness. By reverse genetics, we isolated and characterized a novel mutation in Arabidopsis, associated with environmental stress responses, that affects the At5g11250/BURNOUT1 (BNT1) gene which encode a Toll/Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) protein. The knock-out bnt1 mutants displayed, in the absence of stress conditions, a multitude of growth and development defects, suchas severe dwarfism, early senescence and flower sterility, similar to those observed in vitro in wild type plants upon different biotic and/or abiotic stresses. The disruption of BNT1 causes also a drastic increase of the jasmonic, salicylic and abscisic acids as well as ethylene levels. Which was consistent with the expression pattern observed in bnt1 showing an over representation of genes involved in the hormonal response to stress? Therefore, a defect in BNT1 forced the plant to engage in an exhausting general stress response, which produced frail, weakened and poorly adapted plants expressing "burnout" syndromes. Furthermore, by in vitro phenocopying experiments, physiological, chemical and molecular analyses, we propose that BNT1 could represent a molecular link between stress perception and specific hormonal signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Sarazin
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France; Laboulet Semences, Airaines, France
| | - Jérome Duclercq
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Mendou
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Aubanelle
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Veyres Nicolas
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Mitsuko Aono
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environmental Biology Division, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Brigitte Sangwan-Norreel
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Rajbir S Sangwan
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France.
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Zhao T, Rui L, Li J, Nishimura MT, Vogel JP, Liu N, Liu S, Zhao Y, Dangl JL, Tang D. A truncated NLR protein, TIR-NBS2, is required for activated defense responses in the exo70B1 mutant. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004945. [PMID: 25617755 PMCID: PMC4305288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During exocytosis, the evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex tethers Golgi-derived vesicles to the target plasma membrane, a critical function for secretory pathways. Here we show that exo70B1 loss-of-function mutants express activated defense responses upon infection and express enhanced resistance to fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens. In a screen for mutants that suppress exo70B1 resistance, we identified nine alleles of TIR-NBS2 (TN2), suggesting that loss-of-function of EXO70B1 leads to activation of this nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR)-like disease resistance protein. This NLR-like protein is atypical because it lacks the LRR domain common in typical NLR receptors. In addition, we show that TN2 interacts with EXO70B1 in yeast and in planta. Our study thus provides a link between the exocyst complex and the function of a 'TIR-NBS only' immune receptor like protein. Our data are consistent with a speculative model wherein pathogen effectors could evolve to target EXO70B1 to manipulate plant secretion machinery. TN2 could monitor EXO70B1 integrity as part of an immune receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Rui
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marc T. Nishimura
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John P. Vogel
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Na Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simu Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Cui H, Tsuda K, Parker JE. Effector-triggered immunity: from pathogen perception to robust defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:487-511. [PMID: 25494461 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plant innate immunity, individual cells have the capacity to sense and respond to pathogen attack. Intracellular recognition mechanisms have evolved to intercept perturbations by pathogen virulence factors (effectors) early in host infection and convert it to rapid defense. One key to resistance success is a polymorphic family of intracellular nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptors that detect effector interference in different parts of the cell. Effector-activated NLRs connect, in various ways, to a conserved basal resistance network in order to transcriptionally boost defense programs. Effector-triggered immunity displays remarkable robustness against pathogen disturbance, in part by employing compensatory mechanisms within the defense network. Also, the mobility of some NLRs and coordination of resistance pathways across cell compartments provides flexibility to fine-tune immune outputs. Furthermore, a number of NLRs function close to the nuclear chromatin by balancing actions of defense-repressing and defense-activating transcription factors to program cells dynamically for effective disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; , ,
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Dörmann P, Kim H, Ott T, Schulze-Lefert P, Trujillo M, Wewer V, Hückelhoven R. Cell-autonomous defense, re-organization and trafficking of membranes in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:815-22. [PMID: 25168837 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells dynamically change their architecture and molecular composition following encounters with beneficial or parasitic microbes, a process referred to as host cell reprogramming. Cell-autonomous defense reactions are typically polarized to the plant cell periphery underneath microbial contact sites, including de novo cell wall biosynthesis. Alternatively, host cell reprogramming converges in the biogenesis of membrane-enveloped compartments for accommodation of beneficial bacteria or invasive infection structures of filamentous microbes. Recent advances have revealed that, in response to microbial encounters, plasma membrane symmetry is broken, membrane tethering and SNARE complexes are recruited, lipid composition changes and plasma membrane-to-cytoskeleton signaling is activated, either for pre-invasive defense or for microbial entry. We provide a critical appraisal on recent studies with a focus on how plant cells re-structure membranes and the associated cytoskeleton in interactions with microbial pathogens, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and mycorrhiza fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
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Griebel T, Maekawa T, Parker JE. NOD-like receptor cooperativity in effector-triggered immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:562-70. [PMID: 25308923 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are basic elements of innate immunity in plants and animals. Whereas animal NLRs react to conserved microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, plant NLRs intercept the actions of diverse pathogen virulence factors (effectors). In this review, we discuss recent genetic and molecular evidence for functional NLR pairs, and discuss the significance of NLR self-association and heteromeric NLR assemblies in the triggering of downstream signaling pathways. We highlight the versatility and impact of cooperating NLR pairs that combine pathogen sensing with the initiation of defense signaling in both plant and animal immunity. We propose that different NLR receptor molecular configurations provide opportunities for fine-tuning resistance pathways and enhancing the host's pathogen recognition spectrum to keep pace with rapidly evolving microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Griebel
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takaki Maekawa
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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Jung HJ, Dong X, Park JI, Thamilarasan SK, Lee SS, Kim YK, Lim YP, Nou IS, Hur Y. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of two contrasting Brassica rapa doubled haploid lines under cold-stresses using Br135K oligomeric chip. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106069. [PMID: 25167163 PMCID: PMC4148347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome wide transcription analysis in response to stresses is important to provide a basis of effective engineering strategies to improve stress tolerance in crop plants. We assembled a Brassica rapa oligomeric microarray (Br135K microarray) using sequence information from 41,173 unigenes and analyzed the transcription profiles of two contrasting doubled haploid (DH) lines, Chiifu and Kenshin, under cold-treatments. The two DH lines showed great differences in electrolyte leakage below −4°C, but similar patterns from 4°C to −2°C. Cold-treatments induced 885 and 858 genes in Chiifu and Kenshin, respectively. Overall, 134, and 56 genes showed an intrinsic difference in expression in Chiifu and Kenshin, respectively. Among 5,349 genes that showed no hit found (NHF) in public databases, 61 and 24 were specifically expressed in Chiifu and Kenshin, respectively. Many transcription factor genes (TFs) also showed various characteristics of expression. BrMYB12, BrMYBL2, BrbHLHs, BrbHLH038, a C2H2, a WRKY, BrDREB19 and a integrase-type TF were induced in a Chiifu-specific fashion, while a bHLH (Bra001826/AT3G21330), bHLH, cycling Dof factor and two Dof type TFs were Kenshin specific. Similar to previous studies, a large number of genes were differently induced or regulated among the two genotypes, but many genes, including NHFs, were specifically or intrinsically expressed with genotype specificity. Expression patterns of known-cold responsive genes in plants resulted in discrepancy to membrane leakage in the two DH lines, indicating that timing of gene expression is more important to conferring freezing tolerance rather than expression levels. Otherwise, the tolerance will be related to the levels of transcripts before cold-treatment or regulated by other mechanisms. Overall, these results indicate common signaling pathways and various transcriptional regulatory mechanisms are working together during cold-treatment of B. rapa. Our newly developed Br135K oligomeric microarray will be useful for transcriptome profiling, and will deliver valuable insight into cold stresses in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Jung
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangshu Dong
- Department of Biology, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang Sook Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ki Kim
- GreenGene Biotech Inc., Genomics and Genetics Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Pyo Lim
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (ISN); (YH)
| | - Yoonkang Hur
- Department of Biology, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (ISN); (YH)
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Tracing the origin and evolution of plant TIR-encoding genes. Gene 2014; 546:408-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T. Nishimura
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Jacob F, Vernaldi S, Maekawa T. Evolution and Conservation of Plant NLR Functions. Front Immunol 2013; 4:297. [PMID: 24093022 PMCID: PMC3782705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants and animals, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeats (NLR)-containing proteins play pivotal roles in innate immunity. Despite their similar biological functions and protein architecture, comparative genome-wide analyses of NLRs and genes encoding NLR-like proteins suggest that plant and animal NLRs have independently arisen in evolution. Furthermore, the demonstration of interfamily transfer of plant NLR functions from their original species to phylogenetically distant species implies evolutionary conservation of the underlying immune principle across plant taxonomy. In this review we discuss plant NLR evolution and summarize recent insights into plant NLR-signaling mechanisms, which might constitute evolutionarily conserved NLR-mediated immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Jacob
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne , Germany ; Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Evry Val d'Essone , Evry , France
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