1
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Kobayashi K, Jimbo H, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol in photosynthetic organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101266. [PMID: 38040200 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a unique phospholipid class with its indispensable role in photosynthesis and growth in land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. PG is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts and a main lipid component in photosynthetic protein-cofactor complexes such as photosystem I and photosystem II. In plants and algae, PG is also essential as a substrate for the biosynthesis of cardiolipin, which is a unique lipid present only in mitochondrial membranes and crucial for the functions of mitochondria. PG biosynthesis pathways in plants include three membranous organelles, plastids, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum in a complex manner. While the molecular biology underlying the role of PG in photosynthetic functions is well established, many enzymes responsible for the PG biosynthesis are only recently cloned and functionally characterized in the model plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The characterization of those enzymes helps understand not only the metabolic flow for PG production but also the crosstalk of biosynthesis pathways between PG and other lipids. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of the PG biosynthesis pathway and functions of involved enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Sha G, Sun P, Kong X, Han X, Sun Q, Fouillen L, Zhao J, Li Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Gong Q, Zhou Y, Zhou W, Jain R, Gao J, Huang R, Chen X, Zheng L, Zhang W, Qin Z, Zhou Q, Zeng Q, Xie K, Xu J, Chiu TY, Guo L, Mortimer JC, Boutté Y, Li Q, Kang Z, Ronald PC, Li G. Genome editing of a rice CDP-DAG synthase confers multipathogen resistance. Nature 2023; 618:1017-1023. [PMID: 37316672 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and application of genome editing introduced a new era of plant breeding by giving researchers efficient tools for the precise engineering of crop genomes1. Here we demonstrate the power of genome editing for engineering broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice (Oryza sativa). We first isolated a lesion mimic mutant (LMM) from a mutagenized rice population. We then demonstrated that a 29-base-pair deletion in a gene we named RESISTANCE TO BLAST1 (RBL1) caused broad-spectrum disease resistance and showed that this mutation caused an approximately 20-fold reduction in yield. RBL1 encodes a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol synthase that is required for phospholipid biosynthesis2. Mutation of RBL1 results in reduced levels of phosphatidylinositol and its derivative phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). In rice, PtdIns(4,5)P2 is enriched in cellular structures that are specifically associated with effector secretion and fungal infection, suggesting that it has a role as a disease-susceptibility factor3. By using targeted genome editing, we obtained an allele of RBL1, named RBL1Δ12, which confers broad-spectrum disease resistance but does not decrease yield in a model rice variety, as assessed in small-scale field trials. Our study has demonstrated the benefits of editing an LMM gene, a strategy relevant to diverse LMM genes and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Sha
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiping Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Juan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuwen Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rashmi Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Division, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renliang Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Rice Physiology and Genetics of Jiangxi Province, Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziting Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiandi Xu
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | | | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Feedstocks Division, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Feedstocks Division, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Feedstocks Division, The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.
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3
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Zhang Q, Boundjou NB, Jia L, Wang X, Zhou L, Peisker H, Li Q, Guo L, Dörmann P, Lyu D, Zhou Y. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol synthase is essential for mitochondrial structure and energy production in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:338-354. [PMID: 36789486 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an important intermediate for glycerolipid biosynthesis, is synthesized under the catalytic activity of CDP-DAG synthase (CDS) to produce anionic phosphoglycerolipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL). Previous studies showed that Arabidopsis CDSs are encoded by a small gene family, termed CDS1-CDS5, the members of which are integral membrane proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in plastids. However, the details on how CDP-DAG is provided for mitochondrial membrane-specific phosphoglycerolipids are missing. Here we present the identification of a mitochondrion-specific CDS, designated CDS6. Enzymatic activity of CDS6 was demonstrated by the complementation of CL synthesis in the yeast CDS-deficient tam41Δ mutant. The Arabidopsis cds6 mutant lacking CDS6 activity showed decreased mitochondrial PG and CL biosynthesis capacity, a severe growth deficiency finally leading to plant death. These defects were rescued partly by complementation with CDS6 or supplementation with PG and CL. The ultrastructure of mitochondria in cds6 was abnormal, missing the structures of cristae. The degradation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipid droplets and starch in chloroplasts in the cds6 mutant was impaired. The expression of most differentially expressed genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain was upregulated, suggesting an energy-demanding stage in cds6. Furthermore, the contents of polar glycerolipids in cds6 were dramatically altered. In addition, cds6 seedlings lost the capacity for cell proliferation and showed a higher oxidase activity. Thus, CDS6 is indispensable for the biosynthesis of PG and CL in mitochondria, which is critical for establishing mitochondrial structure, TAG degradation, energy production and seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | | | - Lijun Jia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Dianqiu Lyu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
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4
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Plastid Phosphatidylglycerol Homeostasis Is Required for Plant Growth and Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030318. [PMID: 36984758 PMCID: PMC10058643 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of plastid phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a trans-double bond specifically at the sn-2 position of 16C fatty acid (16:1t- PG), which is catalyzed by FATTY ACID DESATURASE 4 (FAD4). To offer additional insights about the in vivo roles of FAD4 and its product 16:1t-PG, FAD4 overexpression lines (OX-FAD4s) were generated in Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia ecotype. When grown under continuous light condition, the fad4-2 and OX-FAD4s plants exhibited higher growth rates compared to WT control. Total lipids were isolated from Col, fad4-2, and OX-FAD4_2 plants, and polar lipids quantified by lipidomic profiling. We found that disrupting FAD4 expression altered prokaryotic and eukaryotic PG content and composition. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) was up-regulated in OX-FAD4 plants but not in fad4-2 mutant. We propose that 16:1t-PG homeostasis in plastid envelope membranes may coordinate plant growth and stress response by restricting photoassimilate export from the chloroplast.
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5
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Cytidinediphosphate diacylglycerol synthase—Mediated phosphatidic acid metabolism is crucial for early embryonic development of Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010320. [PMID: 35877676 PMCID: PMC9352201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development is a key developmental event in plant sexual reproduction; however, regulatory networks of plant early embryonic development, particularly the effects and functional mechanisms of phospholipid molecules are still unknown due to the limitation of sample collection and analysis. We innovatively applied the microspore-derived in vitro embryogenesis of Brassica napus and revealed the dynamics of phospholipid molecules, especially phosphatidic acid (PA, an important second messenger that plays an important role in plant growth, development, and stress responses), at different embryonic developmental stages by using a lipidomics approach. Further analysis of Arabidopsis mutants deficiency of CDS1 and CDS2 (cytidinediphosphate diacylglycerol synthase, key protein in PA metabolism) revealed the delayed embryonic development from the proembryo stage, indicating the crucial effect of CDS and PA metabolism in early embryonic development. Decreased auxin level and disturbed polar localization of auxin efflux carrier PIN1 implicate that CDS-mediated PA metabolism may regulate early embryogenesis through modulating auxin transport and distribution. These results demonstrate the dynamics and importance of phospholipid molecules during embryo development, and provide informative clues to elucidate the regulatory network of embryogenesis. As an important stage of plant life cycle, embryogenesis initiates with fertilization and terminates with embryo maturation, and plays important roles for seed development. In Arabidopsis, embryogenesis can be divided into three general phases during which distinct developmental and physiological events occur: proembryo stage that starts with asymmetric division of zygote, the transition from globular to heart stage, and late embryogenesis which is marked by organ expansion and maturation. Genetics studies have identified the genes and network that play important regulatory roles in embryogenesis, however, effects and functional mechanisms of phospholipids molecules, the major building blocks of cell membranes and signal transduction cascades in mammals and plants, in embryogenesis remain unknown. To overcome the limitation of sample collection, we innovatively applied the microspore-derived in vitro embryogenesis of Brassica napus and revealed the dynamics of phospholipid molecules, especially phosphatidic acid (PA) at different embryonic developmental stages by using a lipidomics approach. Further genetics analysis revealed the crucial effect of CDS (cytidinediphosphate diacylglycerol synthase, key protein in PA metabolism)—mediated PA metabolism in early embryonic development through modulating auxin transport and distribution, demonstrating the dynamics and importance of phospholipid molecules during embryo development.
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6
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Deepika D, Singh A. Plant phospholipase D: novel structure, regulatory mechanism, and multifaceted functions with biotechnological application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:106-124. [PMID: 34167393 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases D (PLDs) are important membrane lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. Phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, is a vital signaling molecule. PLD-mediated lipid signaling has been the subject of extensive research leading to discovery of its crystal structure. PLDs are involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases, therefore, viewed as promising targets for drug design. The availability of a eukaryotic PLD crystal structure will encourage PLD targeted drug designing. PLDs have been implicated in plants response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of response is not clear. Recently, several novel findings have shown that PLD mediated modulation of structural and developmental processes, such as: stomata movement, root growth and microtubule organization are crucial for plants adaptation to environmental stresses. Involvement of PLDs in regulating membrane remodeling, auxin mediated alteration of root system architecture and nutrient uptake to combat nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and magnesium toxicity is established. PLDs via vesicle trafficking modulate cytoskeleton and exocytosis to regulate self-incompatibility (SI) signaling in flowering plants, thereby contributes to plants hybrid vigor and diversity. In addition, the important role of PLDs has been recognized in biotechnologically important functions, including oil/TAG synthesis and maintenance of seed quality. In this review, we describe the crystal structure of a plant PLD and discuss the molecular mechanism of catalysis and activity regulation. Further, the role of PLDs in regulating plant development under biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, magnesium ion toxicity, SI signaling and pollen tube growth and in important biotechnological applications has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Liu JY, Li P, Zhang YW, Zuo JF, Li G, Han X, Dunwell JM, Zhang YM. Three-dimensional genetic networks among seed oil-related traits, metabolites and genes reveal the genetic foundations of oil synthesis in soybean. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1103-1124. [PMID: 32344462 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the biochemical and genetic basis of lipid metabolism is clear in Arabidopsis, there is limited information concerning the relevant genes in Glycine max (soybean). To address this issue, we constructed three-dimensional genetic networks using six seed oil-related traits, 52 lipid metabolism-related metabolites and 54 294 SNPs in 286 soybean accessions in total. As a result, 284 and 279 candidate genes were found to be significantly associated with seed oil-related traits and metabolites by phenotypic and metabolic genome-wide association studies and multi-omics analyses, respectively. Using minimax concave penalty (MCP) and smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) analyses, six seed oil-related traits were found to be significantly related to 31 metabolites. Among the above candidate genes, 36 genes were found to be associated with oil synthesis (27 genes), amino acid synthesis (four genes) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (five genes), and four genes (GmFATB1a, GmPDAT, GmPLDα1 and GmDAGAT1) are already known to be related to oil synthesis. Using this information, 133 three-dimensional genetic networks were constructed, 24 of which are known, e.g. pyruvate-GmPDAT-GmFATA2-oil content. Using these networks, GmPDAT, GmAGT and GmACP4 reveal the genetic relationships between pyruvate and the three major nutrients, and GmPDAT, GmZF351 and GmPgs1 reveal the genetic relationships between amino acids and seed oil content. In addition, GmCds1, along with average temperature in July and the rainfall from June to September, influence seed oil content across years. This study provides a new approach for the construction of three-dimensional genetic networks and reveals new information for soybean seed oil improvement and the identification of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pei Li
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jian-Fang Zuo
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guo Li
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Han
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Crop Information Center, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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8
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Alotaibi SS, Elseehy MM, Aljuaid BS, El-Shehawi AM. Transcriptome Analysis of Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis) during Seed Development and Liquid Wax Ester Biosynthesis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050588. [PMID: 32375380 PMCID: PMC7284725 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Jojoba is one of the main two known plant source of natural liquid wax ester for use in various applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel. Due to the lack of transcriptomic and genomic data on lipid biosynthesis and accumulation, molecular marker breeding has been used to improve jojoba oil production and quality. In the current study, the transcriptome of developing jojoba seeds was investigated using the Illunina NovaSeq 6000 system, 100 × 106 paired end reads, an average length of 100 bp, and a sequence depth of 12 Gb per sample. A total of 176,106 unigenes were detected with an average contig length of 201 bp. Gene Ontology (GO) showed that the detected unigenes were distributed in the three GO groups biological processes (BP, 5.53%), cellular component (CC, 6.06%), and molecular functions (MF, 5.88%) and distributed in 67 functional groups. The lipid biosynthesis pathway was established based on the expression of lipid biosynthesis genes, fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, FA desaturation, FA elongation, fatty alcohol biosynthesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, wax ester biosynthesis, and lipid transfer and storage genes. The detection of these categories of genes confirms the presence of an efficient lipid biosynthesis and accumulation system in developing jojoba seeds. The results of this study will significantly enhance the current understanding of wax ester biology in jojoba seeds and open new routes for the improvement of jojoba oil production and quality through biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Mona M. Elseehy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Bandar S. Aljuaid
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
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9
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Blunsom NJ, Cockcroft S. CDP-Diacylglycerol Synthases (CDS): Gateway to Phosphatidylinositol and Cardiolipin Synthesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 32117988 PMCID: PMC7018664 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and cardiolipin (CL). Both PI and CL have highly specialized roles in cells. PI can be phosphorylated and these phosphorylated derivatives play major roles in signal transduction, membrane traffic, and maintenance of the actin cytoskeletal network. CL is the signature lipid of mitochondria and has a plethora of functions including maintenance of cristae morphology, mitochondrial fission, and fusion and for electron transport chain super complex formation. Both lipids are synthesized in different organelles although they share the common intermediate, CDP-DAG. CDP-DAG is synthesized from phosphatidic acid (PA) and CTP by enzymes that display CDP-DAG synthase activities. Two families of enzymes, CDS and TAMM41, which bear no sequence or structural relationship, have now been identified. TAMM41 is a peripheral membrane protein localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane required for CL synthesis. CDS enzymes are ancient integral membrane proteins found in all three domains of life. In mammals, they provide CDP-DAG for PI synthesis and for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL synthesis in prokaryotes. CDS enzymes are critical for maintaining phosphoinositide levels during phospholipase C (PLC) signaling. Hydrolysis of PI (4,5) bisphosphate by PLC requires the resynthesis of PI and CDS enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting step in the process. In mammals, the protein products of two CDS genes (CDS1 and CDS2) localize to the ER and it is suggested that CDS2 is the major CDS for this process. Expression of CDS enzymes are regulated by transcription factors and CDS enzymes may also contribute to CL synthesis in mitochondria. Studies of CDS enzymes in protozoa reveal spatial segregation of CDS enzymes from the rest of the machinery required for both PI and CL synthesis identifying a key gap in our understanding of how CDP-DAG can cross the different membrane compartments in protozoa and in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Yang SU, Kim J, Kim H, Suh MC. Functional Characterization of Physcomitrella patens Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 9 and an Increase in Seed Oil Content in Arabidopsis by Its Ectopic Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E284. [PMID: 31412690 PMCID: PMC6724121 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since vegetable oils (usually triacylglycerol [TAG]) are extensively used as food and raw materials, an increase in storage oil content and production of valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in transgenic plants is desirable. In this study, a gene encoding glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 9 (GPAT9), which catalyzes the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from a glycerol-3-phosphate and acyl-CoA, was isolated from Physcomitrella patens, which produces high levels of very-long-chain PUFAs in protonema and gametophores. P. patens GPAT9 shares approximately 50%, 60%, and 70% amino acid similarity with GPAT9 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Klebsormidium nitens, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. PpGPAT9 transcripts were detected in both the protonema and gametophores. Fluorescent signals from the eYFP:PpGPAT9 construct were observed in the ER of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Ectopic expression of PpGPAT9 increased the seed oil content by approximately 10% in Arabidopsis. The levels of PUFAs (18:2, 18:3, and 20:2) and saturated FAs (16:0, 18:0, and 20:0) increased by 60% and 43%, respectively, in the storage oil of the transgenic seeds when compared with the wild type. The transgenic embryos with increased oil content contained larger embryonic cells than the wild type. Thus, PpGPAT9 may be a novel genetic resource to enhance storage oil yields from oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ui Yang
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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11
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Hong Y, Yuan S, Sun L, Wang X, Hong Y. Cytidinediphosphate-diacylglycerol synthase 5 is required for phospholipid homeostasis and is negatively involved in hyperosmotic stress tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:1038-1050. [PMID: 29604140 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytidinediphosphate diacylglycerol synthase (CDS) uses phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidinetriphosphate to produce cytidinediphosphate-diacylglycerol, an intermediate for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis. This study shows that CDS5, one of the five CDSs of the Oryza sativa (rice) genome, has multifaceted effects on plant growth and stress responses. The loss of CDS5 resulted in a decrease in PG and PI levels, defective thylakoid membranes, pale leaves in seedlings and growth retardation. In addition, the loss of CDS5 led to an elevated PA level and enhanced hyperosmotic tolerance. The inhibition of phospholipase D (PLD)-derived PA formation in cds5 restored the hyperosmotic stress tolerance of the mutant phenotype to that of the wild type, suggesting that CDS5 functions as a suppressor in PLD-derived PA signaling and negatively affects hyperosmotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Linxiao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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12
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Blunsom NJ, Gomez-Espinosa E, Ashlin TG, Cockcroft S. Mitochondrial CDP-diacylglycerol synthase activity is due to the peripheral protein, TAMM41 and not due to the integral membrane protein, CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:284-298. [PMID: 29253589 PMCID: PMC5791848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CDP diacylglycerol synthase (CDS) catalyses the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to CDP-diacylglycerol, an essential intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol (PI). CDS activity has been identified in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells apparently encoded by two highly-related genes, CDS1 and CDS2. Cardiolipin is exclusively synthesised in mitochondria and recent studies in cardiomyocytes suggest that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1α and β) serve as transcriptional regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and up-regulate the transcription of the CDS1 gene. Here we have examined whether CDS1 is responsible for the mitochondrial CDS activity. We report that differentiation of H9c2 cells with retinoic acid towards cardiomyocytes is accompanied by increased expression of mitochondrial proteins, oxygen consumption, and expression of the PA/PI binding protein, PITPNC1, and CDS1 immunoreactivity. Both CDS1 immunoreactivity and CDS activity were found in mitochondria of H9c2 cells as well as in rat heart, liver and brain mitochondria. However, the CDS1 immunoreactivity was traced to a peripheral p55 cross-reactive mitochondrial protein and the mitochondrial CDS activity was due to a peripheral mitochondrial protein, TAMM41, not an integral membrane protein as expected for CDS1. TAMM41 is the mammalian equivalent of the recently identified yeast protein, Tam41. Knockdown of TAMM41 resulted in decreased mitochondrial CDS activity, decreased cardiolipin levels and a decrease in oxygen consumption. We conclude that the CDS activity present in mitochondria is mainly due to TAMM41, which is required for normal mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Blunsom
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Evelyn Gomez-Espinosa
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Tim G Ashlin
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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13
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Nakamura Y. Plant Phospholipid Diversity: Emerging Functions in Metabolism and Protein-Lipid Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:1027-1040. [PMID: 28993119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are essential components of biological membranes and signal transduction cascades in plants. In recent years, plant phospholipid research was greatly advanced by the characterization of numerous mutants affected in phospholipid biosynthesis and the discovery of a number of functionally important phospholipid-binding proteins. It is now accepted that most phospholipids to some extent have regulatory functions, including those that serve as constituents of biological membranes. Phospholipids are more than an inert end product of lipid biosynthesis. This review article summarizes recent advances on phospholipid biosynthesis with a particular focus on polar head group synthesis, followed by a short overview on protein-phospholipid interactions as an emerging regulatory mechanism of phospholipid function in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan 11529, Taiwan; http://ipmb.sinica.edu.tw/index.html/?q=node/972&language=en.
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14
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Lim GH, Singhal R, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Fatty Acid- and Lipid-Mediated Signaling in Plant Defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:505-536. [PMID: 28777926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and lipids, which are major and essential constituents of all plant cells, not only provide structural integrity and energy for various metabolic processes but can also function as signal transduction mediators. Lipids and fatty acids can act as both intracellular and extracellular signals. In addition, cyclic and acyclic products generated during fatty acid metabolism can also function as important chemical signals. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids and their involvement in pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Richa Singhal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
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15
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Topological organisation of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-phospholipase C resynthesis cycle: PITPs bridge the ER-PM gap. Biochem J 2017; 473:4289-4310. [PMID: 27888240 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a receptor-regulated enzyme that hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane (PM) triggering three biochemical consequences, the generation of soluble inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), membrane-associated diacylglycerol (DG) and the consumption of PM PI(4,5)P2 Each of these three signals triggers multiple molecular processes impacting key cellular properties. The activation of PLC also triggers a sequence of biochemical reactions, collectively referred to as the PI(4,5)P2 cycle that culminates in the resynthesis of this lipid. The biochemical intermediates of this cycle and the enzymes that mediate these reactions are topologically distributed across two membrane compartments, the PM and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). At the PM, the DG formed during PLC activation is rapidly converted into phosphatidic acid (PA) that needs to be transported to the ER where the machinery for its conversion into PI is localised. Conversely, PI from the ER needs to be rapidly transferred to the PM where it can be phosphorylated by lipid kinases to regenerate PI(4,5)P2 Thus, two lipid transport steps between membrane compartments through the cytosol are required for the replenishment of PI(4,5)P2 at the PM. Here, we review the topological constraints in the PI(4,5)P2 cycle and current understanding how these constraints are overcome during PLC signalling. In particular, we discuss the role of lipid transfer proteins in this process. Recent findings on the biochemical properties of a membrane-associated lipid transfer protein of the PITP family, PITPNM proteins (alternative name RdgBα/Nir proteins) that localise to membrane contact sites are discussed. Studies in both Drosophila and mammalian cells converge to provide a resolution to the conundrum of reciprocal transfer of PA and PI during PLC signalling.
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16
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Kong P, Ufermann CM, Zimmermann DLM, Yin Q, Suo X, Helms JB, Brouwers JF, Gupta N. Two phylogenetically and compartmentally distinct CDP-diacylglycerol synthases cooperate for lipid biogenesis in Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7145-7159. [PMID: 28314772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is among the most prevalent protozoan parasites, which infects a wide range of organisms, including one-third of the human population. Its rapid intracellular replication within a vacuole requires efficient synthesis of glycerophospholipids. Cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) serves as a major precursor for phospholipid synthesis. Given the peculiarities of lipid biogenesis, understanding the mechanism and physiological importance of CDP-DAG synthesis is particularly relevant in T. gondii Here, we report the occurrence of two phylogenetically divergent CDP-DAG synthase (CDS) enzymes in the parasite. The eukaryotic-type TgCDS1 and the prokaryotic-type TgCDS2 reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and apicoplast, respectively. Conditional knockdown of TgCDS1 severely attenuated the parasite growth and resulted in a nearly complete loss of virulence in a mouse model. Moreover, mice infected with the TgCDS1 mutant became fully resistant to challenge infection with a hyper-virulent strain of T. gondii The residual growth of the TgCDS1 mutant was abolished by consecutive deletion of TgCDS2. Lipidomic analyses of the two mutants revealed significant and specific declines in phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol levels upon repression of TgCDS1 and after deletion of TgCDS2, respectively. Our data suggest a "division of labor" model of lipid biogenesis in T. gondii in which two discrete CDP-DAG pools produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and apicoplast are subsequently used for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in the Golgi bodies and phosphatidylglycerol in the mitochondria. The essential and divergent nature of CDP-DAG synthesis in the parasite apicoplast offers a potential drug target to inhibit the asexual reproduction of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Kong
- From the Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | | | - Diana L M Zimmermann
- From the Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Qing Yin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China, and
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China, and
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - Nishith Gupta
- From the Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin 10115, Germany,
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17
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Zhou Y, Hölzl G, Vom Dorp K, Peisker H, Melzer M, Frentzen M, Dörmann P. Identification and characterization of a plastidial phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:221-234. [PMID: 27614107 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only phospholipid in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts of plants, and it is also found in extraplastidial membranes including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Previous studies showed that lack of PG in the pgp1-2 mutant of Arabidopsis deficient in phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) synthase strongly affects thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic activity. In the present study, the gene encoding the enzyme for the second step of PG synthesis, PGP phosphatase, was isolated based on sequence similarity to the yeast GEP4 and Chlamydomonas PGPP1 genes. The Arabidopsis AtPGPP1 protein localizes to chloroplasts and harbors PGP phosphatase activity with alkaline pH optimum and divalent cation requirement. Arabidopsis pgpp1-1 mutant plants contain reduced amounts of chlorophyll, but photosynthetic quantum yield remains unchanged. The absolute content of plastidial PG (34:4; total number of acyl carbons:number of double bonds) is reduced by about 1/3, demonstrating that AtPGPP1 is involved in the synthesis of plastidial PG. PGP 34:3, PGP 34:2 and PGP 34:1 lacking 16:1 accumulate in pgpp1-1, indicating that the desaturation of 16:0 to 16:1 by the FAD4 desaturase in the chloroplasts only occurs after PGP dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Vom Dorp
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Margrit Frentzen
- Botany, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Lin YC, Kobayashi K, Hung CH, Wada H, Nakamura Y. Arabidopsis phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase 1 involved in phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis and photosynthetic function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1022-1037. [PMID: 27541283 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is an indispensable lipid constituent of photosynthetic membranes, whose function is essential in photosynthetic activity. In higher plants, the biological function of the last step of PG biosynthesis remains elusive because an enzyme catalyzing this reaction step, namely phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase (PGPP), has been a missing piece in the entire glycerolipid metabolic map. Here, we report the identification and characterization of AtPGPP1 encoding a PGPP in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression of AtPGPP1 in yeast Δgep4 complemented growth phenotype and PG-producing activity, suggesting that AtPGPP1 encodes a functional PGPP. The GUS reporter assay showed that AtPGPP1 was preferentially expressed in hypocotyl, vasculatures, trichomes, guard cells, and stigmas. A subcellular localization study with GFP reporter indicated that AtPGPP1 is mainly localized at chloroplasts. A T-DNA-tagged knockout mutant of AtPGPP1, designated pgpp1-1, showed pale green phenotype with reduced PG and chlorophyll contents but no defect in embryo development. In the pgpp1-1 mutant, ultrastructure of plastids indicated defective development of chloroplasts and measurement of photosynthetic parameters showed impaired photosynthetic activity. These results suggest that AtPGPP1 is a primary plastidic PGPP required for PG biosynthesis and photosynthetic function in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chun-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Centre, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Kobayashi K. Role of membrane glycerolipids in photosynthesis, thylakoid biogenesis and chloroplast development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:565-580. [PMID: 27114097 PMCID: PMC5897459 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane in plant chloroplasts and cyanobacterial cells is predominantly composed of four unique lipid classes; monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). MGDG and DGDG are uncharged galactolipids that constitute the bulk of thylakoid membrane lipids and provide a lipid bilayer matrix for photosynthetic complexes as the main constituents. The glycolipid SQDG and phospholipid PG are anionic lipids with a negative charge on their head groups. SQDG and PG substitute for each other to maintain the amount of total anionic lipids in the thylakoid membrane, with PG having indispensable functions in photosynthesis. In addition to biochemical studies, extensive analyses of mutants deficient in thylakoid lipids have revealed important roles of these lipids in photosynthesis and thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Moreover, recent studies of Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that thylakoid lipid biosynthesis triggers the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes in both the nucleus and plastids and activates the formation of photosynthetic machineries and chloroplast development. Meanwhile, galactolipid biosynthesis is regulated in response to chloroplast functionality and lipid metabolism at transcriptional and post-translational levels. This review summarizes the roles of thylakoid lipids with their biosynthetic pathways in plants and discusses the coordinated regulation of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis with the development of photosynthetic machinery during chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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20
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Hung CH, Kobayashi K, Wada H, Nakamura Y. Functional Specificity of Cardiolipin Synthase Revealed by the Identification of a Cardiolipin Synthase CrCLS1 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1542. [PMID: 26793177 PMCID: PMC4709463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) are two essential classes of phospholipid in plants and algae. Phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase (PGPS) and cardiolipin synthase (CLS) involved in the biosynthesis of PG and CL belong to CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase and share overall amino acid sequence homology. However, it remains elusive whether PGPS and CLS are functionally distinct in vivo. Here, we report identification of a gene encoding CLS in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, CrCLS1, and its functional compatibility. Whereas CrCLS1 did not complement the growth phenotype of a PGPS mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, it rescued the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype, growth profile with different carbon sources, phospholipid composition and enzyme activity of Δcrd1, a CLS mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These results suggest that CrCLS1 encodes a functional CLS of C. reinhardtii as the first identified algal CLS, whose enzyme function is distinct from that of PGPSs from C. reinhardtii. Comparison of CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase motif between PGPS and CLS among different species revealed a possible additional motif that might define the substrate specificity of these closely related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CRESTSaitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTOSaitama, Japan
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21
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Nakamura Y. Function of polar glycerolipids in flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hung CH, Kobayashi K, Wada H, Nakamura Y. Isolation and characterization of a phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase1, PGPP1, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 92:56-61. [PMID: 25910650 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the exclusive phospholipid synthesized in chloroplasts and plays important roles in photosynthesis. However, phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase (PGPP), which catalyzes the final step of PG biosynthesis, is a missing piece in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here, we isolated a previously uncharacterized haloacid dehalogenase-like phosphatase, designated CrPGPP1, as a putative PGPP in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. CrPGPP1 complemented growth and lipid compositional defects in Δgep4, a yeast mutant of PGPP, which indicates that CrPGPP1 is a functional PGPP. Two aspartic acid residues, which are both essential for the yeast PGPP (Gep4p) activity, are also conserved in the putative catalytic motif of CrPGPP1. Site-specific mutagenesis showed that the first but not the second aspartic acid residue was required for CrPGPP1 to complement the growth defect of Δgep4 mutant, which highlights the distinct molecular features of CrPGPP1. Our results suggest that CrPGPP1 is a functional PGPP in C. reinhardtii, for the first PGPP in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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Kobayashi K, Fujii S, Sato M, Toyooka K, Wada H. Specific role of phosphatidylglycerol and functional overlaps with other thylakoid lipids in Arabidopsis chloroplast biogenesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:631-42. [PMID: 25477206 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With phosphate deficiency, the role of phosphatidylglycerol is compensated by increased glycolipid content in thylakoid membrane biogenesis but not photosynthetic electron transport in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. In plants and cyanobacteria, anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only major phospholipid in thylakoid membranes, where neutral galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) are predominant. In addition to provide a lipid bilayer matrix, PG plays a specific role in photosynthetic electron transport. Non-phosphorous sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) is another anionic lipid in thylakoids; it substitutes for PG under phosphate (Pi) deficiency to maintain proper balance of anionic charge in thylakoid membranes. Although the crucial role of PG in photosynthesis has been deeply analyzed in cyanobacteria, its physiological function in seed plants other than photosynthesis remains unclear. To reveal specific roles of PG and functional overlaps with other thylakoid lipids, we characterized a PG-deficient Arabidopsis mutant (pgp1-2) under Pi-controlled conditions. Under Pi-sufficient conditions, the proportion of PG and other thylakoid lipids was decreased in pgp1-2, which led to severe disruption of thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Under Pi-deficient conditions, the proportion of all glycolipids in the mutant was greatly increased, with that of PG further decreased. In Pi-deficient pgp1-2, thylakoid membranes remarkably developed, which was accompanied by a change in nucleoid morphology and restored expression of nuclear- and plastid-encoded photosynthesis genes. Increase in glycolipid content with Pi deficiency may compensate for the loss of PG in terms of thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Although Pi deficiency increased chlorophyll and photosynthesis protein content in pgp1-2, it critically decreased photochemical activity in PSII. Further deprivation of PG in photosynthesis complexes may abolish the PSII activity in Pi-deficient pgp1-2, which suggests that glycolipids cannot replace PG in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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Kanehara K, Cho Y, Lin YC, Chen CE, Yu CY, Nakamura Y. Arabidopsis DOK1 encodes a functional dolichol kinase involved in reproduction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:292-303. [PMID: 25406445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dolichol phosphate (Dol-P) serves as a carrier of complex polysaccharides during protein glycosylation. Dol-P is synthesized by the phosphorylation of dolichol or the monodephosphorylation of dolichol pyrophosphate (Dol-PP); however, the enzymes that catalyze these reactions remain unidentified in Arabidopsis thaliana. We performed a genome-wide search for cytidylyltransferase motif-containing proteins in Arabidopsis, and found that At3g45040 encodes a protein homologous with Sec59p, a dolichol kinase (DOK) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At3g45040, designated AtDOK1, complemented defects in the growth and N-linked glycosylation of the S. cerevisiae sec59 mutant, suggesting that AtDOK1 encodes a functional DOK. To characterize the physiological roles of AtDOK1 in planta, we isolated two independent lines of T-DNA-tagged AtDOK1 mutants, dok1-1 and dok1-2. The heterozygous plants showed developmental defects in male and female gametophytes, including an aberrant pollen structure, low pollen viability, and short siliques. Additionally, the mutations had incomplete penetrance. These results suggest that AtDOK1 is a functional DOK required for reproductive processes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Kanehara
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, No. 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, No. 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Department of Applied Science and Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
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25
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Abida H, Dolch LJ, Meï C, Villanova V, Conte M, Block MA, Finazzi G, Bastien O, Tirichine L, Bowler C, Rébeillé F, Petroutsos D, Jouhet J, Maréchal E. Membrane glycerolipid remodeling triggered by nitrogen and phosphorus starvation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:118-36. [PMID: 25489020 PMCID: PMC4281014 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms constitute a major phylum of phytoplankton biodiversity in ocean water and freshwater ecosystems. They are known to respond to some chemical variations of the environment by the accumulation of triacylglycerol, but the relative changes occurring in membrane glycerolipids have not yet been studied. Our goal was first to define a reference for the glycerolipidome of the marine model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a necessary prerequisite to characterize and dissect the lipid metabolic routes that are orchestrated and regulated to build up each subcellular membrane compartment. By combining multiple analytical techniques, we determined the glycerolipid profile of P. tricornutum grown with various levels of nitrogen or phosphorus supplies. In different P. tricornutum accessions collected worldwide, a deprivation of either nutrient triggered an accumulation of triacylglycerol, but with different time scales and magnitudes. We investigated in depth the effect of nutrient starvation on the Pt1 strain (Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa no. 1055/3). Nitrogen deprivation was the more severe stress, triggering thylakoid senescence and growth arrest. By contrast, phosphorus deprivation induced a stepwise adaptive response. The time scale of the glycerolipidome changes and the comparison with large-scale transcriptome studies were consistent with an exhaustion of unknown primary phosphorus-storage molecules (possibly polyphosphate) and a transcriptional control of some genes coding for specific lipid synthesis enzymes. We propose that phospholipids are secondary phosphorus-storage molecules broken down upon phosphorus deprivation, while nonphosphorus lipids are synthesized consistently with a phosphatidylglycerol-to-sulfolipid and a phosphatidycholine-to-betaine lipid replacement followed by a late accumulation of triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heni Abida
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Lina-Juana Dolch
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Coline Meï
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Valeria Villanova
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Melissa Conte
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Maryse A Block
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Leïla Tirichine
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Chris Bowler
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
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Boutté Y, Moreau P. Modulation of endomembranes morphodynamics in the secretory/retrograde pathways depends on lipid diversity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:22-29. [PMID: 25233477 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids are crucial bricks for cell and organelle compartmentalization and their physical properties and interactions with other membrane partners (lipids or proteins) reveal lipids as key actors of the regulation of membrane morphodynamics in many cellular functions and especially in the secretory/retrograde pathways. Studies on membrane models have indicated diverse mechanisms by which membranes bend. Moreover, in vivo studies also indicate that membrane curvature can play crucial roles in the regulation of endomembrane morphodynamics, organelle morphology and transport vesicle formation. A role for enzymes of lipid metabolism and lipid-protein interactions will be discussed as crucial mechanisms in the regulation of membrane morphodynamics in the secretory/retrograde pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France.
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27
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He Y, Yam C, Pomraning K, Chin JSR, Yew JY, Freitag M, Oliferenko S. Increase in cellular triacylglycerol content and emergence of large ER-associated lipid droplets in the absence of CDP-DG synthase function. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:4083-95. [PMID: 25318672 PMCID: PMC4263451 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cds1 is an evolutionarily conserved CDP-DG synthase. Fission yeast are used to demonstrate that cells deficient in its function exhibit markedly increased triacylglycerol content and assemble unusual ER-associated lipid droplets that recruit the triacylglycerol synthesis machinery and grow by expansion. Excess fatty acids and sterols are stored as triacylglycerols and sterol esters in specialized cellular organelles, called lipid droplets. Understanding what determines the cellular amount of neutral lipids and their packaging into lipid droplets is of fundamental and applied interest. Using two species of fission yeast, we show that cycling cells deficient in the function of the ER-resident CDP-DG synthase Cds1 exhibit markedly increased triacylglycerol content and assemble large lipid droplets closely associated with the ER membranes. We demonstrate that these unusual structures recruit the triacylglycerol synthesis machinery and grow by expansion rather than by fusion. Our results suggest that interfering with the CDP-DG route of phosphatidic acid utilization rewires cellular metabolism to adopt a triacylglycerol-rich lifestyle reliant on the Kennedy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Candice Yam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Kyle Pomraning
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jacqueline S R Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Joanne Y Yew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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