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Zhang G, Yang J, Zhang C, Jiao B, Panero JL, Cai J, Zhang ZR, Gao LM, Gao T, Ma H. Nuclear phylogenomics of Asteraceae with increased sampling provides new insights into convergent morphological and molecular evolution. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100851. [PMID: 38409784 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Convergent morphological evolution is widespread in flowering plants, and understanding this phenomenon relies on well-resolved phylogenies. Nuclear phylogenetic reconstruction using transcriptome datasets has been successful in various angiosperm groups, but it is limited to taxa with available fresh materials. Asteraceae, which are one of the two largest angiosperm families and are important for both ecosystems and human livelihood, show multiple examples of convergent evolution. Nuclear Asteraceae phylogenies have resolved relationships among most subfamilies and many tribes, but many phylogenetic and evolutionary questions regarding subtribes and genera remain, owing to limited sampling. Here, we increased the sampling for Asteraceae phylogenetic reconstruction using transcriptomes and genome-skimming datasets and produced nuclear phylogenetic trees with 706 species representing two-thirds of recognized subtribes. Ancestral character reconstruction supports multiple convergent evolutionary events in Asteraceae, with gains and losses of bilateral floral symmetry correlated with diversification of some subfamilies and smaller groups, respectively. Presence of the calyx-related pappus may have been especially important for the success of some subtribes and genera. Molecular evolutionary analyses support the likely contribution of duplications of MADS-box and TCP floral regulatory genes to innovations in floral morphology, including capitulum inflorescences and bilaterally symmetric flowers, potentially promoting the diversification of Asteraceae. Subsequent divergences and reductions in CYC2 gene expression are related to the gain and loss of zygomorphic flowers. This phylogenomic work with greater taxon sampling through inclusion of genome-skimming datasets reveals the feasibility of expanded evolutionary analyses using DNA samples for understanding convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Department of Biology, the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA; State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Junbo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Caifei Zhang
- Wuhan Botanical Garden and Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bohan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - José L Panero
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jie Cai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Lijiang National Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan 674100, China.
| | - Tiangang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA.
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Zhang T, Elomaa P. Development and evolution of the Asteraceae capitulum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:33-48. [PMID: 38361269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Asteraceae represent one of the largest and most diverse families of plants. The evolutionary success of this family has largely been contributed to their unique inflorescences, capitula that mimic solitary flowers but are typically aggregates of multiple florets. Here, we summarize the recent molecular and genetic level studies that have promoted our understanding of the development and evolution of capitula. We focus on new results on patterning of the enlarged meristem resulting in the iconic phyllotactic arrangement of florets in Fibonacci numbers of spirals. We also summarize the current understanding of the genetic networks regulating the characteristic reproductive traits in the family such as floral dimorphism and differentiation of highly specialized floral organs. So far, developmental studies in Asteraceae are still limited to a very narrow selection of model species. Along with the recent advancements in genomics and phylogenomics, Asteraceae and its relatives provide an outstanding model clade for extended evo-devo studies to exploit the morphological diversity and the underlying molecular networks and to translate this knowledge to the breeding of the key crops in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Li J, Wen X, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Pu Y, Wang J, Liu B, Du Y, Dai S. cla-miR164- NO APICAL MERISTEM ( ClNAM) regulates the inflorescence architecture development of Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae039. [PMID: 38623074 PMCID: PMC11017518 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum × morifolium has great ornamental and economic value on account of its exquisite capitulum. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the corolla morphology of the capitulum. Such an approach cannot explain the variable inflorescence architecture of the chrysanthemum. Previous research from our group has shown that NO APICAL MERISTEM (ClNAM) is likely to function as a hub gene in capitulum architecture in the early development stage. In the present study, ClNAM was used to investigate the function of these boundary genes in the capitulum architecture of Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, a closely related species of C. × morifolium in the genus. Modification of ClNAM in C. lavandulifolium resulted in an advanced initiation of the floral primordium at the capitulum. As a result, the receptacle morphology was altered and the number of florets decreased. The ray floret corolla was shortened, but the disc floret was elongated. The number of capitula increased significantly, arranged in more densely compounded corymbose synflorescences. The yeast and luciferase reporter system revealed that ClAP1, ClRCD2, and ClLBD18 target and activate ClNAM. Subsequently, ClNAM targets and activates ClCUC2a/c, which regulates the initiation of floral and inflorescence in C. lavandulifolium. ClNAM was also targeted and cleaved by cla-miR164 in this process. In conclusion, this study established a boundary gene regulatory network with cla-miR164-ClNAM as the hub. This network not only influences the architecture of capitulum, but also affects compound corymbose synflorescences of the C. lavandulifolium. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms regulating inflorescence architecture in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhuo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Flower Research and Development Center, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311202, China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuankai Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ya Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yihan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China
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Zhu Y, Liu Y, Wang W, Li H, Liu C, Dou L, Wei L, Cheng W, Bao M, Yi Q, He Y. Identification and characterization of CYC2-like genes related to floral symmetric development in Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae). Gene 2023; 889:147804. [PMID: 37716585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is an annual herbaceous flower belonging to Asteraceae, whose capitulum is composed of bilateral symmetry ray florets on the outer periphery and radial symmetry disk florets on the inside. The flower symmetry evolution from radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry has changed the morphology, inflorescence architecture and function of florets among several lineages in Asteraceae. Several studies have identified that CYC2 genes in TCP transcription factor family are the key genes regulating the flower morphogenesis, such as corolla symmetry and stamen development. Here, seven TeCYC2 genes were cloned and phylogenetically grouped into the CYC2 branch of TCP transcription family. TeCYC2c and TeCYC2d were found to be expressed specifically in ray florets, TeCYC2b was strongly expressed in both ray and disk florets, TeCYC2g was significantly higher expressed in ray florets than in disk florets, while TeCYC2a, TeCYC2e1 and TeCYC2e2 were significantly expressed in disk florets, according to an examination of the expression profile. Among the ectopic expression lines of seven TeCYC2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, the flower symmetry of all transgenic lines was changed from radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry, and only the reproductive growth of TeCYC2c lines was affected. In TeCYC2c transgenic Arabidopsis, the pollen sac was difficult to crack, and the filaments were shorter than the pistils, resulting in a significant decrease in the seed setting rate. All TeCYC2 proteins were localized in the nucleus. Eight pairs of interactions between TeCYC2 proteins were validated by Y2H and BiFC assays, indicating the possibility of TeCYC2 proteins forming homodimers or heterodimers to improve functional specificity. Our findings verified the main regulatory role of TeCYC2c on the development of corollas and stamen in marigold, and analyzed the interaction network of the formation mechanism of floral symmetry in two florets, which provided more insights into the expansion of CYC2 genes in the evolution of Asteraceae inflorescence and contributed to elucidate the complex regulatory network, as well as the molecular breeding concerning flower form diversity in marigold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linlin Dou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ludan Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenhan Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingping Yi
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanhong He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Qiu T, Li S, Zhao K, Jia D, Chen F, Ding L. Morphological Characteristics and Expression Patterns of CmCYC2c of Different Flower Shapes in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3728. [PMID: 37960083 PMCID: PMC10647454 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The chrysanthemum is widely used as a cut flower, potted flower, and garden flower worldwide and has high ornamental, edible, and medicinal value. The flower heads, composed of ray florets and disc florets, are the most diverse in terms of morphology among ornamental plants. Here, we compared and analyzed the developmental processes of different capitulum types as well as ray florets and disc florets. Morphological differentiation of the two florets occurred on the dorsal domain of the petals at stage Ⅳ of flower development, and differences in stamen development occurred at stage Ⅴ. The dorsal domain of the ray florets and the early stage of flower development were also an essential site and period, respectively, for the differences among capitulum types. In situ hybridization revealed that CmCYC2c, whose homologs are involved in the specification of floret identity in Asteraceae, was expressed in both the dorsal and ventral domains of the ray petals in the tubular-type chrysanthemum, whereas, it was differentially transcribed in the ray petals of flat- and spoon-type chrysanthemum cultivars and had lower or no expression in the dorsal domain and higher expression in the ventral domain at stage Ⅳ. Our study indicates that the expression pattern of CmCYC2c on the dorsal domain of the ray floret at stage Ⅳ contributes to the formation of diverse flower head types in chrysanthemums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijia Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Song Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Diwen Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lian Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Baczyński J, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Pseudanthia in angiosperms: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:179-202. [PMID: 37478306 PMCID: PMC10583202 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudanthia or 'false flowers' are multiflowered units that resemble solitary flowers in form and function. Over the last century the term 'pseudanthium' has been applied to a wide array of morphologically divergent blossoms, ranging from those with easily noticeable florets to derived, reduced units in which individual flowers become almost indistinguishable. Although initially admired mostly by botanists, the diversity and widespread distribution of pseudanthia across angiosperms has already made them a fascinating topic for evolutionary and developmental comparative studies. SCOPE This review synthesizes historical and current concepts on the biology of pseudanthia. Our first aim is to establish a clear, operational definition of pseudanthium and disentangle common terminological misconceptions surrounding that term. Our second aim is to summarize knowledge of the morphological and developmental diversity of pseudanthia and embed it within a modern phylogenetic framework. Lastly, we want to provide a comprehensive overview on the evolution and ecological importance of pseudanthia and outline perspectives for future studies. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of pseudanthia has changed multiple times and reflects three different interpretations of their 'flower-like' qualities: developmental (similarity in structure), figural (similarity in form and function) and phylogenetic (homology between angiosperm flowers and monoecious reproductive shoots in gymnosperms). Here, we propose to narrow the term pseudanthium to multiflowered blossoms resembling zoophilous flowers in form, i.e. in being structurally subdivided in a showy periphery and a reproductive centre. According to this definition, pseudanthia sensu stricto evolved independently in at least 41 angiosperm families. The recurrent acquisition of pseudanthia sensu stricto in all major lineages of flowering plants indicates repeated interactions between developmental constraints (smallness of flowers, meristematic conditions) and selective pressures, such as demands of pollinators and/or environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Baczyński
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Wu X, Li J, Wen X, Zhang Q, Dai S. Genome-wide identification of the TCP gene family in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and its homologs expression patterns during flower development in different Chrysanthemum species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1276123. [PMID: 37841609 PMCID: PMC10570465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1276123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
TCP proteins, part of the transcription factors specific to plants, are recognized for their involvement in various aspects of plant growth and development. Nevertheless, a thorough investigation of TCPs in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, a prominent ancestral species of cultivated chrysanthemum and an excellent model material for investigating ray floret (RF) and disc floret (DF) development in Chrysanthemum, remains unexplored yet. Herein, a comprehensive study was performed to analyze the genome-wide distribution of TCPs in C. lavandulifolium. In total, 39 TCPs in C. lavandulifolium were identified, showing uneven distribution on 8 chromosomes. Phylogenetic and gene structural analyses revealed that ClTCPs were grouped into classes I and II. The class II genes were subdivided into two subclades, the CIN and CYC/TB1 subclades, with members of each clade having similar conserved motifs and gene structures. Four CIN subclade genes (ClTCP24, ClTCP25, ClTCP26, and ClTCP27) contained the potential miR319 target sites. Promoter analysis revealed that ClTCPs had numerous cis-regulatory elements associated with phytohormone responses, stress responses, and plant growth/development. The expression patterns of ClTCPs during capitulum development and in two different florets were determined using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. The expression levels of TCPs varied in six development stages of capitula; 25 out of the 36 TCPs genes were specifically expressed in flowers. Additionally, we identified six key ClCYC2 genes, which belong to the class II TCP subclade, with markedly upregulated expression in RFs compared with DFs, and these genes exhibited similar expression patterns in the two florets of Chrysanthemum species. It is speculated that they may be responsible for RFs and DFs development. Subcellular localization and transactivation activity analyses of six candidate genes demonstrated that all of them were localized in the nucleus, while three exhibited self-activation activities. This research provided a better understanding of TCPs in C. lavandulifolium and laid a foundation for unraveling the mechanism by which important TCPs involved in the capitulum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhuo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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8
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Viola IL, Gonzalez DH. TCP Transcription Factors in Plant Reproductive Development: Juggling Multiple Roles. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050750. [PMID: 37238620 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors (TFs) are plant-specific transcriptional regulators exerting multiple functions in plant growth and development. Ever since one of the founding members of the family was described, encoded by the CYCLOIDEA (CYC) gene from Antirrhinum majus and involved in the regulation of floral symmetry, the role of these TFs in reproductive development was established. Subsequent studies indicated that members of the CYC clade of TCP TFs were important for the evolutionary diversification of flower form in a multitude of species. In addition, more detailed studies of the function of TCPs from other clades revealed roles in different processes related to plant reproductive development, such as the regulation of flowering time, the growth of the inflorescence stem, and the correct growth and development of flower organs. In this review, we summarize the different roles of members of the TCP family during plant reproductive development as well as the molecular networks involved in their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana L Viola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
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9
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Castricum A, Bakker EH, de Vetten NCMH, Weemen M, Angenent GC, Immink RGH, Bemer M. HD-ZIP Transcription Factors and Brassinosteroid Signaling Play a Role in Capitulum Patterning in Chrysanthemum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087655. [PMID: 37108818 PMCID: PMC10141471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is a genus in the Asteraceae family containing numerous cut flower varieties with high ornamental value. It owes its beauty to the composite flower head, which resembles a compact inflorescence. This structure is also known as a capitulum, in which many ray and disc florets are densely packed. The ray florets are localized at the rim, are male sterile, and have large colorful petals. The centrally localized disc florets develop only a small petal tube but produce fertile stamens and a functional pistil. Nowadays, varieties with more ray florets are bred because of their high ornamental value, but, unfortunately, this is at the expense of their seed setting. In this study, we confirmed that the disc:ray floret ratio is highly correlated to seed set efficiency, and therefore, we further investigated the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of the disc:ray floret ratio. To this end, a comprehensive transcriptomics analysis was performed in two acquired mutants with a higher disc:ray floret ratio. Among the differentially regulated genes, various potential brassinosteroid (BR) signaling genes and HD-ZIP class IV homeodomain transcription factors stood out. Detailed follow-up functional studies confirmed that reduced BR levels and downregulation of HD-ZIP IV gene Chrysanthemum morifolium PROTODERMAL FACTOR 2 (CmPDF2) result in an increased disc:ray floret ratio, thereby providing ways to improve seed set in decorative chrysanthemum varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Castricum
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dekker Chrysanten, 1711 RP Hensbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Erin H Bakker
- Dekker Chrysanten, 1711 RP Hensbroek, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mieke Weemen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Song A, Su J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Van de Peer Y, Chen F, Fang W, Guan Z, Zhang F, Wang Z, Wang L, Ding B, Zhao S, Ding L, Liu Y, Zhou L, He J, Jia D, Zhang J, Chen C, Yu Z, Sun D, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F. Analyses of a chromosome-scale genome assembly reveal the origin and evolution of cultivated chrysanthemum. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2021. [PMID: 37037808 PMCID: PMC10085997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is a globally important ornamental plant with great economic, cultural, and symbolic value. However, research on chrysanthemum is challenging due to its complex genetic background. Here, we report a near-complete assembly and annotation for C. morifolium comprising 27 pseudochromosomes (8.15 Gb; scaffold N50 of 303.69 Mb). Comparative and evolutionary analyses reveal a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared by Chrysanthemum species approximately 6 million years ago (Mya) and the possible lineage-specific polyploidization of C. morifolium approximately 3 Mya. Multilevel evidence suggests that C. morifolium is likely a segmental allopolyploid. Furthermore, a combination of genomics and transcriptomics approaches demonstrate the C. morifolium genome can be used to identify genes underlying key ornamental traits. Phylogenetic analysis of CmCCD4a traces the flower colour breeding history of cultivated chrysanthemum. Genomic resources generated from this study could help to accelerate chrysanthemum genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jiangshuo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhongren Zhang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Fei Chen
- College of tropical crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University & Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Likai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Baoqing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Diwen Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Chuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhongyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Daojin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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11
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Advances in Research on the Regulation of Floral Development by CYC-like Genes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2035-2059. [PMID: 36975501 PMCID: PMC10047570 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like genes belong to the TCP transcription factor family and play important roles associated with flower development. The CYC-like genes in the CYC1, CYC2, and CYC3 clades resulted from gene duplication events. The CYC2 clade includes the largest number of members that are crucial regulators of floral symmetry. To date, studies on CYC-like genes have mainly focused on plants with actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, including Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Gesneriaceae species and the effects of CYC-like gene duplication events and diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns on flower development. The CYC-like genes generally affect petal morphological characteristics and stamen development, as well as stem and leaf growth, flower differentiation and development, and branching in most angiosperms. As the relevant research scope has expanded, studies have increasingly focused on the molecular mechanisms regulating CYC-like genes with different functions related to flower development and the phylogenetic relationships among these genes. We summarize the status of research on the CYC-like genes in angiosperms, such as the limited research conducted on CYC1 and CYC3 clade members, the necessity to functionally characterize the CYC-like genes in more plant groups, the need for investigation of the regulatory elements upstream of CYC-like genes, and exploration of the phylogenetic relationships and expression of CYC-like genes with new techniques and methods. This review provides theoretical guidance and ideas for future research on CYC-like genes.
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12
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Fan J, Huang J, Pu Y, Niu Y, Zhang M, Dai S, Huang H. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the formation mechanism of anemone-type flower in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:846. [PMID: 36544087 PMCID: PMC9773529 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ray and disc florets on the chrysanthemum capitulum are morphologically diverse and have remarkably abundant variant types, resulting in a rich variety of flower types. An anemone shape with pigmented and elongated disk florets is an important trait in flower shape breeding of chrysanthemums. The regulatory mechanism of their anemone-type disc floret formation was not clear, thus limiting the directional breeding of chrysanthemum flower types. In this study, we used morphological observation, transcriptomic analysis, and gene expression to investigate the morphogenetic processes and regulatory mechanisms of anemone-type chrysanthemum. RESULT Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that morphological differences between non-anemone-type disc florets and anemone-type disc florets occurred mainly during the petal elongation period. The anemone-type disc florets elongated rapidly in the later stages of development. Longitudinal paraffin section analysis revealed that the anemone-type disc florets were formed by a great number of cells in the middle layer of the petals with vigorous division. We investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using ray and disc florets of two chrysanthemum cultivars, 082 and 068, for RNA-Seq and their expression patterns of non-anemone-type and anemone-type disc florets. The result suggested that the CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2s), MADS-box genes, and phytohormone signal-related genes appeared significantly different in both types of disc florets and might have important effects on the formation of anemone-type disc florets. In addition, it is noteworthy that the auxin and jasmonate signaling pathways might play a vital role in developing anemone-type disc florets. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we propose a regulatory network for forming non-anemone-type and anemone-type disc florets. The results of this study lead the way to further clarify the mechanism of the anemone-type chrysanthemum formation and lay the foundation for the directive breeding of chrysanthemum petal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jialu Huang
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ya Pu
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yajing Niu
- National Bot Garden, Beijing, 100093 China
| | | | - Silan Dai
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - He Huang
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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13
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Damerval C, Claudot C, Le Guilloux M, Conde e Silva N, Brunaud V, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Caius J, Delannoy E, Nadot S, Jabbour F, Deveaux Y. Evolutionary analyses and expression patterns of TCP genes in Ranunculales. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1055196. [PMID: 36531353 PMCID: PMC9752903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TCP transcription factors play a role in a large number of developmental processes and are at the crossroads of numerous hormonal biosynthetic and signaling pathways. The complete repertoire of TCP genes has already been characterized in several plant species, but not in any species of early diverging eudicots. We focused on the order Ranunculales because of its phylogenetic position as sister group to all other eudicots and its important morphological diversity. Results show that all the TCP genes expressed in the floral transcriptome of Nigella damascena (Ranunculaceae) are the orthologs of the TCP genes previously identified from the fully sequenced genome of Aquilegia coerulea. Phylogenetic analyses combined with the identification of conserved amino acid motifs suggest that six paralogous genes of class I TCP transcription factors were present in the common ancestor of angiosperms. We highlight independent duplications in core eudicots and Ranunculales within the class I and class II subfamilies, resulting in different numbers of paralogs within the main subclasses of TCP genes. This has most probably major consequences on the functional diversification of these genes in different plant clades. The expression patterns of TCP genes in Nigella damascena were consistent with the general suggestion that CIN and class I TCP genes may have redundant roles or take part in same pathways, while CYC/TB1 genes have more specific actions. Our findings open the way for future studies at the tissue level, and for investigating redundancy and subfunctionalisation in TCP genes and their role in the evolution of morphological novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Damerval
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, IDEEV, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carmine Claudot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, IDEEV, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martine Le Guilloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, IDEEV, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Natalia Conde e Silva
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, IDEEV, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - José Caius
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Etienne Delannoy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Nadot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Yves Deveaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, IDEEV, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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Sun D, Zhang J, He J, Geng Z, Li S, Zhang J, Li P, Zhang L, Wang Z, Wang L, Chen F, Song A. Whole-transcriptome profiles of Chrysanthemum seticuspe improve genome annotation and shed new light on mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA networks in ray florets and disc florets. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:515. [PMID: 36333790 PMCID: PMC9636758 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysanthemum seticuspe has emerged as a model plant species of cultivated chrysanthemums, especially for studies involving diploid and self-compatible pure lines (Gojo-0). Its genome was sequenced and assembled into chromosomes. However, the genome annotation of C. seticuspe still needs to be improved to elucidate the complex regulatory networks in this species. RESULTS In addition to the 74,259 mRNAs annotated in the C. seticuspe genome, we identified 18,265 novel mRNAs, 51,425 novel lncRNAs, 501 novel miRNAs and 22,065 novel siRNAs. Two C-class genes and YABBY family genes were highly expressed in disc florets, while B-class genes were highly expressed in ray florets. A WGCNA was performed to identify the hub lncRNAs and mRNAs in ray floret- and disc floret-specific modules, and CDM19, BBX22, HTH, HSP70 and several lncRNAs were identified. ceRNA and lncNAT networks related to flower development were also constructed, and we found a latent functional lncNAT-mRNA combination, LXLOC_026470 and MIF2. CONCLUSIONS The annotations of mRNAs, lncRNAs and small RNAs in the C. seticuspe genome have been improved. The expression profiles of flower development-related genes, ceRNA networks and lncNAT networks were identified, laying a foundation for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying disc floret and ray floret formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiling Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Comprehensive utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Likai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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15
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Zhang CJ, Rong YL, Jiang CK, Guo YP, Rao GY. Co-option of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene (CCD4a) into the floral symmetry gene regulatory network contributes to the polymorphic floral shape-color combinations in Chrysanthemum sensu lato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1197-1211. [PMID: 35719106 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Morphological novelties, including formation of trait combinations, may result from de novo gene origination and/or co-option of existing genes into other developmental contexts. A variety of shape-color combinations of capitular florets occur in Chrysanthemum and its allies. We hypothesized that co-option of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene into the floral symmetry gene network would generate a white zygomorphic ray floret. We tested this hypothesis in an evolutionary context using species in Chrysanthemum sensu lato, a monophyletic group with diverse floral shape-color combinations, based on morphological investigation, interspecific crossing, molecular interaction and transgenic experiments. Our results showed that white color was significantly associated with floret zygomorphy. Specific expression of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene CCD4a in marginal florets resulted in white color. Crossing experiments between Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and Ajania pacifica indicated that expression of CCD4a is trans-regulated. The floral symmetry regulator CYC2g can activate expression of CCD4a with a dependence on TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING (TCP) binding element 8 on the CCD4a promoter. Based on all experimental findings, we propose that gene co-option of carotenoid degradation into floral symmetry regulation, and the subsequent dysfunction or loss of either CYC2g or CCD4a, may have led to evolution of capitular shape-color patterning in Chrysanthemum sensu lato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Lin Rong
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen-Kun Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan-Ping Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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16
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Li X, Sun M, Jia Y, Qiu D, Peng Q, Zhuang L. Genetic control of the lateral petal shape and identity of asymmetric flowers in mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:996239. [PMID: 36247614 PMCID: PMC9560771 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.996239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Broad diversity of flowers in Fabaceae provides a good system to investigate development and evolution of floral symmetry in higher plants. Many studies have demonstrated a conserved mechanism controlling development of zygomorphic flower during last decades. However, the molecular basis of how asymmetric flower established is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized mutants named keeled wings (kw) in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), which is a legume species with asymmetric flowers. Compared to those in the wild type plants, the lateral petals were ventralized in the kw mutants. Map-based cloning showed that KW was VrCYC3 gene in mungbean, the ortholog of Lotus japonicus CYC3 (LjCYC3) and Pisum sativum CYC3 (PsCYC3). In addition, another two CYC-like genes named VrCYC1 and VrCYC2 were identified from mungbean genome. The three CYC-like genes displayed distinct expression patterns in dorsal, lateral and ventral petals. It was found that VrCYC3 was located in nucleus. Further analysis showed that VrCYC3 had transcription activity and could interact with VrCYC1 and VrCYC2 in yeast cell. Moreover, the deletion of two amino acid residues in the R domain of VrCYC3 protein could decrease its interaction with VrCYC1 and VrCYC2 proteins. Our results suggest that LjCYC3/VrCYC3 orthologs play conserved roles determining the lateral petal shape and identity of zygomorphic flower as well as asymmetric flower in Papilionoideae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yahui Jia
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qincheng Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhuang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Integrative Analysis of miRNAs and Their Targets Involved in Ray Floret Growth in Gerbera hybrida. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137296. [PMID: 35806310 PMCID: PMC9266715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating many aspects of plant growth and development at the post-transcriptional level. Gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) is an important ornamental crop. However, the role of miRNAs in the growth and development of gerbera is still unclear. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the expression profiles of miRNAs in ray floret during inflorescence opening. A total of 164 miRNAs were obtained, comprising 24 conserved miRNAs and 140 novel miRNAs. Ten conserved and 15 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed during ray floret growth, and 607 differentially expressed target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using psRNATarget. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the expression profiles of the miRNAs and their targets. The changes in expression of five miRNAs (ghy-miR156, ghy-miR164, ghy-miRn24, ghy-miRn75 and ghy-miRn133) were inversely correlated with the changes in expression of their eight target genes. The miRNA cleavage sites in candidate target gene mRNAs were determined using 5′-RLM-RACE. Several miRNA-mRNA pairs were predicted to regulate ray floret growth and anthocyanin biosynthesis. In conclusion, the results of small RNA sequencing provide valuable information to reveal the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated ray floret growth and anthocyanin accumulation in gerbera.
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18
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Yu Z, Tian C, Guan Y, He J, Wang Z, Wang L, Lin S, Guan Z, Fang W, Chen S, Zhang F, Jiang J, Chen F, Wang H. Expression Analysis of TCP Transcription Factor Family in Autopolyploids of Chrysanthemum nankingense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860956. [PMID: 35720599 PMCID: PMC9201386 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autopolyploids often exhibit plant characteristics different from their diploid ancestors and are frequently associated with altered genes expression controlling growth and development. TCP is a unique transcription factor family in plants that is closely related to plant growth and development. Based on transcriptome sequencing of Chrysanthemum nankingense, 23 full-length TCP genes were cloned. The expression of CnTCP9 was most variable in tetraploids, at least threefold greater than diploids. Due to the lack of a C. nankingense transgenic system, we overexpressed CnTCP9 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) and Chrysanthemum morifolium. Overexpression of CnTCP9 caused enlargement of leaves in A. thaliana and petals in C. morifolium, and the expression of genes downstream of the GA pathway in C. morifolium were increased. Our results suggest that autopolyploidization of C. nankingense led to differential expression of TCP family genes, thereby affecting plant characteristics by the GA pathway. This study improves the understanding of enlarged plant size after autopolyploidization.
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19
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Liu H, Jia Y, Chai Y, Wang S, Chen H, Zhou X, Huang C, Guo S, Chen D. Whole-transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes between ray and disc florets and identification of flowering regulatory genes in Chrysanthemum morifolium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:947331. [PMID: 35991433 PMCID: PMC9388166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.947331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium has ornamental and economic values. However, there has been minimal research on the morphology of the chrysanthemum florets and related genes. In this study, we used the leaves as a control to screen for differentially expressed genes between ray and disc florets in chrysanthemum flowers. A total of 8,359 genes were differentially expressed between the ray and disc florets, of which 3,005 were upregulated and 5,354 were downregulated in the disc florets. Important regulatory genes that control flower development and flowering determination were identified. Among them, we identified a TM6 gene (CmTM6-mu) that belongs to the Class B floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factor family, which was specifically expressed in disc florets. We isolated this gene and found it was highly similar to other typical TM6 lineage genes, but a single-base deletion at the 3' end of the open reading frame caused a frame shift that generated a protein in which the TM6-specific paleoAP3 motif was missing at the C terminus. The CmTM6-mu gene was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Petal and stamen developmental processes were unaffected in transgenic A. thaliana lines; however, the flowering time was earlier than in the wild-type control. Thus, the C-terminal of paleoAP3 appears to be necessary for the functional performance in regulating the development of petals or stamens and CmTM6-mu may be involved in the regulation of flowering time in chrysanthemum. The results of this study will be useful for future research on flowering molecular mechanisms and for the breeding of novel flower types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Chai
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
| | - Shuang Guo
- Chengdu Park City Construction Development Research Institute, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
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20
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Characterization of Genomic Variation from Lotus (Nelumbo Adans.) Mutants with Wide and Narrow Tepals. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with rose, chrysanthemum, and water lily, the absence of short-wide and long-narrow tepals of ornamental lotus (Nelumbo Adans.) limits the commercial value of flowers. In this study, the genomes of two groups of lotus mutants with wide-short and narrow-long tepals were resequenced to uncover the genomic variation and candidate genes associated with tepal shape. In group NL (short for N. lutea, containing two mutants and one control of N. lutea), 716,656 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 221,688 insertion-deletion mutations (Indels) were obtained, while 639,953 SNPs and 134,6118 Indels were obtained in group WSH (short for ‘Weishan Hong’, containing one mutant and two controls of N. nucifera ‘Weishan Hong’). Only a small proportion of these SNPs and Indels was mapped to exonic regions of genome: 1.92% and 0.47%, respectively, in the NL group, and 1.66% and 0.48%, respectively, in the WSH group. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that out of 4890 (NL group) and 1272 (WSH group) annotated variant genes, 125 and 62 genes were enriched (Q < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, 104 genes (NL group) and 35 genes (WSH group) were selected (p < 0.05). Finally, there were 306 candidate genes that were sieved to determine the development of tepal shape in lotus plants. It will be an essential reference for future identification of tepal-shaped control genes in lotus plants. This is the first comprehensive report of genomic variation controlling tepal shape in lotus, and the mutants in this study are promising materials for breeding novel lotus cultivars with special tepals.
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21
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Zhang T, Wang F, Elomaa P. Repatterning of the inflorescence meristem in Gerbera hybrida after wounding. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:431-440. [PMID: 33543368 PMCID: PMC8106577 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Asteraceae plant family is characterized by inflorescences, called flower heads or capitula that may combine hundreds of individual florets into a single flower-like structure. The florets are arranged in a regular phyllotactic pattern with Fibonacci numbers of left- and right-winding spirals. Such a pattern may be disrupted due to physical constraints or by wounding occurring during the early meristem development. Recovery from wounding re-establishes patterning although the mechanisms have remained elusive. In this study, we applied Gerbera hybrida as a model system and established methods to conduct wounding experiments either with syringe needles or using laser ablation combined with live imaging of head meristems. By revisiting the historical experiments in sunflower, we conducted wounding to transgenic auxin reporter lines of gerbera and followed the recovery of cellular growth and meristem patterning. We show that wounding disrupted the expression of the gerbera CLAVATA3 (GhCLV3) gene that marks the undifferentiated meristematic region and led to de novo re-initiation of patterning at the wound margin. During the recovery growth, three to five layers of elongated cells showing periclinal cell division planes and lacking auxin signal were formed at the wound rim. DR5 auxin signal was shown to localize and form regularly spaced maxima in a distance from the wound rim. Consequently, spiral pattern of contact parastichies was re-established by stacking of new auxin maxima on top of the previous ones. The developed methods facilitate future studies on understanding the molecular mechanisms of de novo patterning of meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Shen CZ, Chen J, Zhang CJ, Rao GY, Guo YP. Dysfunction of CYC2g is responsible for the evolutionary shift from radiate to disciform flowerheads in the Chrysanthemum group (Asteraceae: Anthemideae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1024-1038. [PMID: 33638198 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary shifts among radiate, disciform and discoid flowerheads have occurred repeatedly in a number of major lineages across the Asteraceae phylogeny; such transitions may also appear within evolutionarily young groups. Although several studies have demonstrated that CYC2 genes partake in regulating floral morphogenesis in Asteraceae, the evolution of capitulum forms within a recently diverging lineage has remained poorly understood. Here, we study the molecular regulation of the shift from a radiate to a disciform capitulum within the Chrysanthemum group. This is a recently radiating group mainly comprising two genera, Chrysanthemum and Ajania, that are phylogenetically intermingled but distinct in flowerhead morphology: Chrysanthemum spp. with radiate capitula and Ajania spp. with disciform capitula. We found that the morphogenesis of zygomorphy in the marginal floret in Ajania was disrupted soon after floral primordium emergence; CYC2g, one of the CYC2 copies that was expressed prominently in the ray floret of Chrysanthemum was not expressed in flowerheads of Ajania. Weakening the expression of ClCYC2g in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium led to the gradual transition of a ray flower toward the disc-like form. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicated that the disciform capitulum might have evolved only once, approximately 8 Mya, arising from dysfunction of the CYC2g orthologs. A 20-nt deletion, including a putative TATA-box of the Ajania-type CYC2g promoter, appeared to inhibit the expression of the gene. Considering the divergent habitats of Chrysanthemum and Ajania, we propose that the shift from radiate to disciform capitulum must have been related to changes in pollination strategies under selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ze Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Chu-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan-Ping Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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23
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Sasaki K, Yoshioka S, Aida R, Ohtsubo N. Production of petaloid phenotype in the reproductive organs of compound flowerheads by the co-suppression of class-C genes in hexaploid Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANTA 2021; 253:100. [PMID: 33847818 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional suppression of two types of class-C genes caused transformation of pistils and stamens into petaloid organs that exhibit novel phenotypes, which gives a distinct gorgeous impression in the florets of chrysanthemum. The multiple-petal trait is a breeding objective for many horticultural plants. The loss of function of class-C genes causes the multiple-petal trait in several plant species. However, mechanisms involved in the generation of the multiple-petal trait are unknown in Chrysanthemum morifolium (chrysanthemum). Here, we isolated 14 class-C AGAMOUS (AG) genes, which were classified into two types of class-C genes, in chrysanthemum. Seven of these were categorized into CAG type 1 genes (CAG1s) and seven into CAG type 2 genes (CAG2s). Functions of class-C genes were co-suppressed by chimeric repressors and simultaneously knocked-down by RNAi to produce the multiple-petal phenotype in chrysanthemum. The expression of chimeric repressors of CAG1s and CAG2s caused morphological alteration of the pistils and stamens into petaloid organs in the ray and disk florets. Interestingly, the reproductive organs of the disk florets were transformed into petaloid organs similar to the petals of the disk florets, and those of the ray florets were transformed into petaloid organs such as the petals of the ray florets. Simultaneous knockdown of CAG1s and CAG2s expression by RNAi also exhibited a petaloid phenotype as observed in transgenic plants obtained by chimeric repressors. These results showed that CAG1s and CAG2s play important roles in the development of pistils and stamens, and the simultaneous repression of CAG1s and CAG2s resulted in a multiple-petal phenotype in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yoshioka
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Aida
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ohtsubo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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24
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Zhang T, Cieslak M, Owens A, Wang F, Broholm SK, Teeri TH, Elomaa P, Prusinkiewicz P. Phyllotactic patterning of gerbera flower heads. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016304118. [PMID: 33771923 PMCID: PMC8020676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016304118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phyllotaxis, the distribution of organs such as leaves and flowers on their support, is a key attribute of plant architecture. The geometric regularity of phyllotaxis has attracted multidisciplinary interest for centuries, resulting in an understanding of the patterns in the model plants Arabidopsis and tomato down to the molecular level. Nevertheless, the iconic example of phyllotaxis, the arrangement of individual florets into spirals in the heads of the daisy family of plants (Asteraceae), has not been fully explained. We integrate experimental data and computational models to explain phyllotaxis in Gerbera hybrida We show that phyllotactic patterning in gerbera is governed by changes in the size of the morphogenetically active zone coordinated with the growth of the head. The dynamics of these changes divides the patterning process into three phases: the development of an approximately circular pattern with a Fibonacci number of primordia near the head rim, its gradual transition to a zigzag pattern, and the development of a spiral pattern that fills the head on the template of this zigzag pattern. Fibonacci spiral numbers arise due to the intercalary insertion and lateral displacement of incipient primordia in the first phase. Our results demonstrate the essential role of the growth and active zone dynamics in the patterning of flower heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi K Broholm
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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25
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Liu H, Sun M, Pan H, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q. Two Cyc2CL transcripts (Cyc2CL-1 and Cyc2CL-2) may play key roles in the petal and stamen development of ray florets in chrysanthemum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:105. [PMID: 33607954 PMCID: PMC7893774 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysanthemum morifolium is one of the most popular ornamental crops. The capitulum, which is the main ornamental part of chrysanthemum plants, consists of ligulate marginal ray florets, an attractive corolla (petals), and radially hermaphroditic disc florets, but no stamens. In Asteraceae species, the zygomorphic ray florets evolved from the actinomorphic disc florets. During this process, the zygomorphic ligulate corolla arose and the stamens were aborted. Although molecular genetic research has clarified ray floret development to some extent, the precise molecular mechanism underlying ray floret development in chrysanthemum remained unclear. RESULTS A CYC2-like gene, Cyc2CL, was cloned from C. morifolium 'Fenditan'. Subsequent analyses revealed that the alternative splicing of Cyc2CL, which occurred in the flower differentiation stage, resulted in the production of Cyc2CL-1 and Cyc2CL-2 in the apical buds. Prior to this stage, only Cyc2CL-1 was produced in the apical buds. A fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of labeled Cyc2CL-1 and Cyc2CL-2 RNA indicated that Cyc2CL-2 was first expressed in the involucre tissue during the final involucre differentiation stage, but was subsequently expressed in the receptacle and floret primordia as the floral bud differentiation stage progressed. Moreover, Cyc2CL-2 was highly expressed in the inflorescence tissue during the corolla formation stage, and the expression remained high until the end of the floral bud differentiation stage. Furthermore, the overexpression of Cyc2CL-1 and Cyc2CL-2 in transgenic Arabidopsis inhibited stamen and petal development. Therefore, both Cyc2CL-1 and Cyc2CL-2 encode candidate regulators of petal development and stamen abortion and are important for the ray floret development in chrysanthemum. CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the alternatively spliced transcripts of the CYC2-like gene that differ subtly regarding expression and function. The data presented herein will be useful for clarifying the regulatory mechanisms associated with the CYC2-like gene and may also be important for identifying the key genes and molecular mechanisms controlling the development of ray florets in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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Fang Y, Zheng Y, Lu W, Li J, Duan Y, Zhang S, Wang Y. Roles of miR319-regulated TCPs in plant development and response to abiotic stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang T, Elomaa P. Don't be fooled: false flowers in Asteraceae. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 59:101972. [PMID: 33383347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sunflower or daisy family, Asteraceae, comprises of approximately 10% of all angiosperm species. Their inflorescences form dense flower-like structures, pseudanthia or false flowers that may combine hundreds of individual flowers into a single structure. Recent data suggest that pseudanthia are analogs of single flowers not only morphologically but also at developmental and genetic level, and cannot merely be considered as condensed inflorescences. The large meristem size provides an advantage to study basic principles of patterning as well as inflorescence diversity in this evolutionary successful family. This knowledge has also practical importance in the commercially important crops of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Lin X, Huang S, Huang G, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang Y. 14-3-3 Proteins Are Involved in BR-Induced Ray Petal Elongation in Gerbera hybrida. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718091. [PMID: 34421972 PMCID: PMC8371339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins play a major role in the regulation of primary metabolism, protein transport, ion channel activity, signal transduction and biotic/abiotic stress responses. However, their involvement in petal growth and development is largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized the expression patterns of seven genes of the 14-3-3 family in gerbera. While none of the genes showed any tissue or developmental specificity of spatiotemporal expression, all seven predicted proteins have the nine α-helices typical of 14-3-3 proteins. Following treatment with brassinolide, an endogenous brassinosteroid, the Gh14-3-3 genes displayed various response patterns; for example, Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f reached their highest expression level at early (2 h) and late (24 h) timepoints, respectively. Further study revealed that overexpression of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f promoted cell elongation, leading to an increase in ray petal length. By contrast, silencing of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f inhibited petal elongation, which was eliminated partly by brassinolide. Correspondingly, the expression of petal elongation-related and brassinosteroid signaling-related genes was modified in transgenic petals. Taken together, our research suggests that Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f are positive regulators of brassinosteroid-induced ray petal elongation and thus provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism of petal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shina Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yaqin Wang,
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Yu Q, Tian X, Lin C, Specht CD, Liao J. Expression and Function Studies of CYC/ TB1-Like Genes in the Asymmetric Flower Canna (Cannaceae, Zingiberales). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580576. [PMID: 33343594 PMCID: PMC7746682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric flower, lacking any plane of symmetry, is rare among angiosperms. Canna indica L. has conspicuously asymmetric flowers resulting from the presence of a half-fertile stamen, while the other androecial members develop as petaloid staminodes or abort early during development. The molecular basis of the asymmetric distribution of fertility and petaloidy in the androecial whorls remains unknown. Ontogenetic studies have shown that Canna flowers are borne on monochasial (cincinnus) partial florescences within a racemose inflorescence, with floral asymmetry likely corresponding to the inflorescence architecture. Given the hypothesized role of CYC/TB1 genes in establishing floral symmetry in response to the influence of the underlying inflorescence architecture, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of three Canna CYC/TB1 homologs (CiTBL1a, CiTBL1b-1, and CiTBL1b-2) were analyzed during inflorescence and floral development using RNA in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR. In the young inflorescence, both CiTBL1a and CiTBL1b-1 were found to be expressed in the bracts and at the base of the lateral florescence branches, whereas transcripts of CiTBL1b-2 were mainly detected in flower primordia and inflorescence primordia. During early flower development, expression of CiTBL1a and CiTBL1b-1 were both restricted to the developing sepals and petals. In later flower development, expression of CiTBL1a was reduced to a very low level while CiTBL1b-1 was detected with extremely high expression levels in the petaloid androecial structures including the petaloid staminodes, the labellum, and the petaloid appendage of the fertile stamen. In contrast, expression of CiTBL1b-2 was strongest in the fertile stamen throughout flower development, from early initiation of the stamen primordium to maturity of the ½ anther. Heterologous overexpression of CiTBL genes in Arabidopsis led to dwarf plants with smaller petals and fewer stamens, and altered the symmetry of mature flowers. These data provide evidence for the involvement of CYC/TB1 homologs in the development of the asymmetric Cannaceae flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueyi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canjia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chelsea D. Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jingping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Conservation Biology/Economic Botany/Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Pu Y, Huang H, Wen X, Lu C, Zhang B, Gu X, Qi S, Fan G, Wang W, Dai S. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis provides new insights into the mechanism of ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:728. [PMID: 33081692 PMCID: PMC7574349 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ray floret shapes referred to as petal types on the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) capitulum is extremely abundant, which is one of the most important ornamental traits of chrysanthemum. However, the regulatory mechanisms of different ray floret shapes are still unknown. C. vestitum is a major origin species of cultivated chrysanthemum and has flat, spoon, and tubular type of ray florets which are the three basic petal types of chrysanthemum. Therefore, it is an ideal model material for studying ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. Here, using morphological, gene expression and transcriptomic analyses of different ray floret types of C. vestitum, we explored the developmental processes and underlying regulatory networks of ray florets. RESULTS The formation of the flat type was due to stagnation of its dorsal petal primordium, while the petal primordium of the tubular type had an intact ring shape. Morphological differences between the two ray floret types occurred during the initial stage with vigorous cell division. Analysis of genes related to flower development showed that CYCLOIDEA genes, including CYC2b, CYC2d, CYC2e, and CYC2f, were differentially expressed in different ray floret types, while the transcriptional levels of others, such as MADS-box genes, were not significantly different. Hormone-related genes, including SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNA (SAUR), GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3), GIBBERELLIN 2-BETA-DIOXYGENASE 1 (GA2OX1) and APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF), were identified from 1532 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pairwise comparisons among the flat, spoon, and tubular types, with significantly higher expression in the tubular type than that in the flat type and potential involvement in the morphogenesis of different ray floret types. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, together with the gene interactional relationships reported for Arabidopsis thaliana, suggest that hormone-related genes are highly expressed in the tubular type, promoting petal cell division and leading to the formation of a complete ring of the petal primordium. These results provide novel insights into the morphological variation of ray floret of chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Pu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueqi Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guangxun Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenkui Wang
- Fuzhou Planning Design & Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Ding L, Song A, Zhang X, Li S, Su J, Xia W, Zhao K, Zhao W, Guan Y, Fang W, Chen S, Jiang J, Chen F. The core regulatory networks and hub genes regulating flower development in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:669-688. [PMID: 32472481 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study has facilitated important insights into the regulatory networks involved in flower development in chrysanthemum (Asteraceae), and is informative with respect to the mechanism of flower shape determination. Chrysanthemum morifolium, valued as an ornamental species given the diversity of its inflorescence form, is viewed as a model for understanding flower development in the Asteraceae. Yet, the underlying regulatory networks remain largely unexplored. Here, a transcriptomic survey of the Chrysanthemum morifolium variety 'Jinba' was undertaken to uncover the global gene expression profiles and identify the modules of co-transcribed genes associated with flower development. The weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed important networks and hub genes including ray floret petals-specific coexpression network, disc floret petals-specific network, B and E class genes involved network and CYC2 genes network. Three ray floret petal-specific hub genes were also strongly transcribed in the ray florets of a selection of six diverse varieties and especially so in those which form ligulate ray floret petals. CmCYC2c was strongly transcribed in the distal and lateral regions of the ray floret petals, and also, along with CmCYC2d, in the tubular ray florets. Furthermore, CmOFP, belonging to the family of ovate proteins, was identified in the CYC2 genes network. CmOFP can interact with CmCYC2d that physically interact with CmCYC2c. This work provides important insights into the regulatory networks involved in flower development in chrysanthemum, and is informative with respect to the mechanistic basis of the regulation of flower shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiangshuo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weikang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunxiao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Cheng P, Liu Y, Yang Y, Chen H, Cheng H, Hu Q, Zhang Z, Gao J, Zhang J, Ding L, Fang W, Chen S, Chen F, Jiang J. CmBES1 is a regulator of boundary formation in chrysanthemum ray florets. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:129. [PMID: 32821412 PMCID: PMC7395151 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is an ideal model species for studying petal morphogenesis because of the diversity in the flower form across varieties; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying petal development are poorly understood. Here, we show that the brassinosteroid transcription factor BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (CmBES1) in chrysanthemum (C. morifolium cv. Jinba) is important for organ boundary formation because it represses organ boundary identity genes. Chrysanthemum plants overexpressing CmBES1 displayed increased fusion of the outermost ray florets due to the loss of differentiation of the two dorsal petals, which developed simultaneously with the ventral petals. RNA-seq analysis of the overexpression lines revealed potential genes and pathways involved in petal development, such as CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC2), CYCLOIDEA 4 (CYC4), genes encoding MADS-box transcription factors and homeodomain-leucine zippers (HD-Zips) and auxin pathway-related genes. This study characterizes the role of CmBES1 in ray floret development by its modulation of flower development and boundary identity genes in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yiman Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
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Song X, Xu Y, Gao K, Fan G, Zhang F, Deng C, Dai S, Huang H, Xin H, Li Y. High-density genetic map construction and identification of loci controlling flower-type traits in Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:108. [PMID: 32637136 PMCID: PMC7326996 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flower type is an important and extremely complicated trait of chrysanthemum. The corolla tube merged degree (CTMD) and the relative number of ray florets (RNRF) are the two key factors affecting chrysanthemum flower type. However, few reports have clarified the inheritance of these two complex traits, which limits directed breeding for flower-type improvement. In this study, 305 F1 hybrids were obtained from two parents with obvious differences in CTMD and RNRF performance. Using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, we constructed a high-density genetic linkage map with an average map distance of 0.76 cM. Three major QTLs controlling CTMD and four major QTLs underlying RNRF were repeatedly detected in the 2 years. Moreover, the synteny between the genetic map and other Compositae species was investigated, and weak collinearity was observed. In QTL regions with a high degree of genomic collinearity, eight annotated genes were probed in the Helianthus annuus L. and Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort. genomes. Furthermore, 20 and 11 unigenes were identified via BLAST searches between the SNP markers of the QTL regions and the C. vestitum and C. lavandulifolium transcriptomes, respectively. These results lay a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding and candidate gene exploration in chrysanthemum without a reference assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 Shandong China
| | - Yuhui Xu
- Biomarker Technologies Co., LTD, Beijing, 101300 China
- LC Science Co., LTD., Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Kang Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Guangxun Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Chengyan Deng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huaigen Xin
- Biomarker Technologies Co., LTD, Beijing, 101300 China
| | - Yingying Li
- Biomarker Technologies Co., LTD, Beijing, 101300 China
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Yuan C, Huang D, Yang Y, Sun M, Cheng T, Wang J, Pan H, Zhang Q. CmCYC2-like transcription factors may interact with each other or bind to the promoter to regulate floral symmetry development in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:159-171. [PMID: 32088830 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The complex capitulum of Chrysanthemum morifolium is often comprised of bilaterally symmetrical ray florets and radially symmetrical disc florets. The TCP transcription factor clade CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2) appears to play a vital role in determining floral symmetry and in regulating floral organ development in Asteraceae. Our previous study identified six CmCYC2 genes from chrysanthemum and showed that CmCYC2c participated in the regulation of ray floret identity. However, the functions of other CmCYC2 genes and the underlying molecular mechanism of CmCYC2-mediated floral development regulation in chrysanthemums have not been elucidated. In this study, we analysed the function of CmCYC2 genes by ectopic expression of CmCYC2 in Arabidopsis. Then, we examined the protein-protein interaction using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Finally, we analysed the protein-DNA interaction using yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter assays. We found that ectopic expression of CmCYC2 genes in the Arabidopsis tcp1 mutant changed its floral symmetry and flowering time. Y2H and BiFC assays confirmed three pairs of interactions between CmCYC2 proteins, that is, CmCYC2b-CmCYC2d, CmCYC2b-CmCYC2e and CmCYC2c-CmCYC2d, suggesting that heterodimeric complexes may form between CmCYC2 proteins to increase their functional specificity. The results of Y1H and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicate that CmCYC2c can bind to the promoter of ClCYC2f. Our findings provided clues that CmCYC2-like transcription factors may interact with each other or bind to the promoter to regulate floral symmetry development in C. morifolium. KEY MESSAGE: CmCYC2-like transcription factors may interact with each other or bind to the promoter to regulate floral symmetry development in Chrysanthemum morifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunquan Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Di Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Jiu S, Xu Y, Wang J, Wang L, Wang S, Ma C, Guan L, Abdullah M, Zhao M, Xu W, Ma W, Zhang C. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Transcript Analysis of the TCP Transcription Factors in Vitis vinifera. Front Genet 2019; 10:1276. [PMID: 31921312 PMCID: PMC6934063 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) protein, belonging to a plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) family, participates in the control of plant growth and development by regulating cell proliferation. Until now, a comprehensive study of concerning the TCP gene family and their roles in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) has not been completed. Using bioinformatics approaches, 17 VvTCP genes were identified and further classified into two classes, designated class I (PCF subclass) and class II (CIN and CYC/TB1 subclass), which was further supported by exon-intron organizations and conserved motif analysis. Promoter analysis demonstrated that VvTCPs have numerous cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development, phytohormone, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. The singleton duplication of grapevine TCP genes contributed to this gene family expansion. The syntenic analyses among Vitis vinifera, Arabidopsis, and Oryza sativa showed that these genes located in corresponding syntenic blocks arose before the divergence of V. vinifera, Arabidopsis, and O. sativa. The expression levels of 17 VvTCPs were determined in different tissues and fruit developmental stages, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Seventeen VvTCPs exhibited distinct tissue-specific expression patterns, potentially illustrating the functional divergence of VvTCPs in all tested tissues. Eleven VvTCPs were down-regulated in five berry developmental stages, while three VvTCPs were up-regulated. Additionally, many members were strongly modulated by ABA treatment, suggesting these VvTCPs have important and diverse regulatory roles in ABA treatment. Our results provide valuable information on the evolution and functions of the VvTCPs, pave the way for further functional verification of these VvTCPs in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Guan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Ma
- Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center of Ningxia Agricultural Reclamation Management Bureau, Yinchuan, China
| | - Caixi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Ding L, Zhao K, Zhang X, Song A, Su J, Hu Y, Zhao W, Jiang J, Chen F. Comprehensive characterization of a floral mutant reveals the mechanism of hooked petal morphogenesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2325-2340. [PMID: 31050173 PMCID: PMC6835125 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of form of the chrysanthemum flower makes this species an ideal model for studying petal morphogenesis, but as yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying petal shape development remain largely unexplored. Here, a floral mutant, which arose as a bud sport in a plant of the variety 'Anastasia Dark Green', and formed straight, rather than hooked petals, was subjected to both comparative morphological analysis and transcriptome profiling. The hooked petals only became discernible during a late stage of flower development. At the late stage of 'Anastasia Dark Green', genes related to chloroplast, hormone metabolism, cell wall and microtubules were active, as were cell division-promoting factors. Auxin concentration was significantly reduced, and a positive regulator of cell expansion was down-regulated. Two types of critical candidates, boundary genes and adaxial-abaxial regulators, were identified from 7937 differentially expressed genes in pairwise comparisons, which were up-regulated at the late stage in 'Anastasia Dark Green' and another two hooked varieties. Ectopic expression of a candidate abaxial gene, CmYAB1, in chrysanthemum led to changes in petal curvature and inflorescence morphology. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory networks underlying chrysanthemum petal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiangshuo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yueheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Elomaa P. My favourite flowering image: a capitulum of Asteraceae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:e6496-e6498. [PMID: 28338732 PMCID: PMC6859721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Presence/absence of a CACTA transposon in the CYC2c gene of two genotypes of Helianthus × multiflorus cv. “Meteor” characterized by a radiate inflorescence with different shape of disk flower corollas. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang Y, Sun M, Yuan C, Han Y, Zheng T, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q. Interactions between WUSCHEL- and CYC2-like Transcription Factors in Regulating the Development of Reproductive Organs in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061276. [PMID: 30875718 PMCID: PMC6471657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium is a gynomonoecious plant that bears both female zygomorphic ray florets and bisexual actinomorphic disc florets in the inflorescence. This sexual system is quite prevalent in Asteraceae, but poorly understood. CYCLOIDEA (CYC) 2 subclade transcription factors, key regulators of flower symmetry and floret identity in Asteraceae, have also been speculated to function in reproductive organs and could be an entry point for studying gynomonoecy. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. On the other hand, the Arabidopsis WUSCHEL (WUS) transcription factor has been proven to play a vital role in the development of reproductive organs. Here, a WUS homologue (CmWUS) in C. morifolium was isolated and characterized. Overexpression of CmWUS in A. thaliana led to shorter siliques and fewer stamens, which was similar to CYC2-like genes reported before. In addition, both CmWUS and CmCYC2 were highly expressed in flower buds during floral organ differentiation and in the reproductive organs at later development stages, indicating their involvement in the development of reproductive organs. Moreover, CmWUS could directly interact with CmCYC2d. Thus, our data suggest a collaboration between CmWUS and CmCYC2 in the regulation of reproductive organ development in chrysanthemum and will contribute to a further understanding of the gynomonoecious sexual system in Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Cunquan Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yu Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tangchun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Huang G, Han M, Jian L, Chen Y, Sun S, Wang X, Wang Y. An ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 Protein Directly Targets the GEG Promoter and Mediates Ethylene-Induced Ray Petal Elongation in Gerbera hybrida. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1737. [PMID: 32038696 PMCID: PMC6993041 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Petal morphogenesis has a profound influence on the quality of ornamental flowers. Most current research on petal development focuses on the early developmental stage, and little is known about the late developmental stage. Previously, it was reported that the GEG gene [a gerbera homolog of the gibberellin-stimulated transcript 1 (GAST1) from tomato] negatively regulates ray petal growth during the late stage of development by inhibiting longitudinal cell expansion. To explore the molecular mechanisms of the role of GEG in petal growth inhibition, an ethylene insensitive 3-like 1 (EIL1) protein was identified from a Gerbera hybrida cDNA library by yeast one-hybrid screening. Direct binding between GhEIL1 and the GEG promoter was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase assays. The expression profiles of GhEIL1 and GEG were correlated during petal development, while a transient transformation assay suggested that GhEIL1 regulates GEG expression and may be involved in the inhibition of ray petal elongation and cell elongation. To study the effect of ethylene on ray petal growth, a hormone treatment assay was performed in detached ray petals. The results showed that petal elongation is limited and promoted by ACC and 1-MCP, respectively, and the expression of GhEIL1 and GEG is regulated and coordinated during this process. Taken together, our research suggests that GhEIL1 forms part of the ethylene signaling pathway and activates GEG to regulate ray petal growth during the late developmental stage in G. hybrida.
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41
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Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose: The developmental evolution of flowers. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 131:211-238. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Song C, Liu Y, Song A, Dong G, Zhao H, Sun W, Ramakrishnan S, Wang Y, Wang S, Li T, Niu Y, Jiang J, Dong B, Xia Y, Chen S, Hu Z, Chen F, Chen S. The Chrysanthemum nankingense Genome Provides Insights into the Evolution and Diversification of Chrysanthemum Flowers and Medicinal Traits. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1482-1491. [PMID: 30342096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Asteraceae (Compositae), a large plant family of approximately 24 000-35 000 species, accounts for ∼10% of all angiosperm species and contributes a lot to plant diversity. The most representative members of the Asteraceae are the economically important chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum L.) that diversified through reticulate evolution. Biodiversity is typically created by multiple evolutionary mechanisms such as whole-genome duplication (WGD) or polyploidization and locally repetitive genome expansion. However, the lack of genomic data from chrysanthemum species has prevented an in-depth analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their diversification. Here, we used Oxford Nanopore long-read technology to sequence the diploid Chrysanthemum nankingense genome, which represents one of the progenitor genomes of domesticated chrysanthemums. Our analysis revealed that the evolution of the C. nankingense genome was driven by bursts of repetitive element expansion and WGD events including a recent WGD that distinguishes chrysanthemum from sunflower, which diverged from chrysanthemum approximately 38.8 million years ago. Variations of ornamental and medicinal traits in chrysanthemums are linked to the expansion of candidate gene families by duplication events including paralogous gene duplication. Collectively, our study of the assembled reference genome offers new knowledge and resources to dissect the history and pattern of evolution and diversification of chrysanthemum plants, and also to accelerate their breeding and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Song
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Aiping Song
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Wuhan Benagen Tech Solutions Company Limited, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuaibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Tingzhao Li
- Amway (China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi 214115, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Wuhan Benagen Tech Solutions Company Limited, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ye Xia
- Wuhan Benagen Tech Solutions Company Limited, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Fambrini M, Bellanca M, Costa Muñoz M, Usai G, Cavallini A, Pugliesi C. Ligulate inflorescence of Helianthus × multiflorus, cv. Soleil d'Or, correlates with a mis-regulation of a CYCLOIDEA gene characterised by insertion of a transposable element. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:956-967. [PMID: 30022587 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of CYCLOIDEA (CYC)/TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 (TB1) transcription factor family are essential to control flower symmetry and inflorescence architecture. In the Helianthus annuus genome, ten CYC/TB1 genes have been identified. Studies performed on mutants recognised HaCYC2c as one of the key players controlling zygomorphism in sunflower. We identified CYC2c genes in the diploid Helianthus decapetalus (HdCYC2c) and in the interspecific hybrid Helianthus × multiflorus (H × mCYC2cA and H × mCYC2cB), a triploid (2n = 3× = 51), originated from unreduced eggs of H. decapetalus fertilised by reduced H. annuus male gametes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HdCYC2c and H × mCYC2c were placed within a CYC2 subclade together with HaCYC2c but distinct from it. The present data showed that in H. × multiflorus the allele derived from H. annuus is deleted or highly modified. The H. × multiflorus taxon exists as radiate and ligulate inflorescence types. We analysed CYC2c expression in H. decapetalus and in the cultivar 'Soleil d'Or' of H. × multiflorus, a ligulate inflorescence type with actinomorphic corolla of disk flowers transformed into a zygomorphic ray-like corolla. In H. decapetalus, the HdCYC2c gene showed differential expression between developing flower types, being up-regulated in the corolla of ray flowers in comparison to the disk flower corolla. In H. × multiflorus, an insertion of 865 bp, which is part of a CACTA transposable element, was found in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of H × mCYC2cB. This insertion could promote, even with epigenetic mechanisms, ectopic expression of the gene throughout the inflorescence, resulting in the observed loss of actinomorphy and originating a ligulate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Bellanca
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Costa Muñoz
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Usai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Zhao Y, Pfannebecker K, Dommes AB, Hidalgo O, Becker A, Elomaa P. Evolutionary diversification of CYC/TB1-like TCP homologs and their recruitment for the control of branching and floral morphology in Papaveraceae (basal eudicots). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:317-331. [PMID: 29949661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms possess enormous morphological variation in plant architectures and floral forms. Previous studies in Pentapetalae and monocots have demonstrated the involvement of TCP domain CYCLOIDEA/TEOSINTE BRANCHED1-like (CYC/TB1) genes in the control of floral symmetry and shoot branching. However, how TCP/CYC-like (CYL) genes originated, evolved and functionally diversified remain unclear. We conducted a comparative functional study in Ranunculales, the sister lineage to all other eudicots, between Eschscholzia californica and Cysticapnos vesicaria, two species of Papaveraceae with actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that CYL genes in Papaveraceae form two paralogous lineages, PapaCYL1 and PapaCYL2. Papaveraceae CYL genes show highly diversified expression patterns as well as functions. Enhanced branching by silencing of EscaCYL1 suggests that the role of CYC/TB1-like genes in branching control is conserved in Papaveraceae. In contrast to the arrest of stamen development in Pentapetalae, PapaCYL genes promote stamen initiation and growth. In addition, we demonstrate that CyveCYLs are involved in perianth development, specifying sepal and petal identity in Cysticapnos by regulating the B-class floral organ identity genes. Our data also suggest the involvement of CyveCYL genes in the regulation of flower symmetry in Cysticapnos. Our work provides evidence of the importance of TCP/CYC-like genes in the promotion of morphological diversity across angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Kai Pfannebecker
- Institute of Botany, University of Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | | | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, University of Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Spencer V, Kim M. Re“CYC”ling molecular regulators in the evolution and development of flower symmetry. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 79:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen J, Shen CZ, Guo YP, Rao GY. Patterning the Asteraceae Capitulum: Duplications and Differential Expression of the Flower Symmetry CYC2-Like Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:551. [PMID: 29922305 PMCID: PMC5996924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There are several types of capitulum in the Asteraceae due to different combinations of florets varying in corolla shape and stamen development. Previous studies have shown that the formation of ray florets on a radiate capitulum may be related to the parallel co-option of CYC2-like genes among independent Asteraceae lineages. The present work tests that hypothesis and attempts to shed light on the pattern of evolution of the Asteraceae capitulum and floral heteromorphism under the regulation of CYC2-like genes. In this study, the evolutionary history of CYC2-like genes in the Asterales was reconstructed and their expression patterns were examined in species representing different capitulum types and several major Asteraceae lineages. To clarify the role of CYC2d clade genes in morphogenesis of ray flowers, overexpression of ClCYC2d was conducted in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium. Our results show that there are six CYC2-like members in the Asteraceae; they are results of five duplication events starting from a single-copy gene in the common ancestor of the Goodeniaceae-Calyceraceae-Asteraceae group and completing before the divergence of the subfamily Carduoideae of Asteraceae. Spatial expression pattern of each of the Asteraceae CYC2-like members is conserved across the family. All the six members contribute to the development of the complexity of a capitulum: To form a ray floret, either CYC2c or CYC2g plays an essential role, while CYC2d represses the development of dorsal corolla lobes and stamens of the floret. In sum, the developmental program of making a ray flower is conserved involving functionally divergent CYC2-like genes. Based on extensive species sampling, this study provides an overview of the mode of regulation of CYC2-like genes that patterns the capitulum architectures and their transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chu-Ze Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of TCP Transcription Factors Involved in the Formation of Leafy Head in Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29538304 PMCID: PMC5877708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) is a widely cultivated and economically important vegetable crop with typical leaf curvature. The TCP (Teosinte branched1, Cycloidea, Proliferating cell factor) family proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) and play important roles in many plant biological processes, especially in the regulation of leaf curvature. In this study, 39 genes encoding TCP TFs are detected on the whole genome of B. rapa. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of TCPs between Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa, TCP genes of Chinese cabbage are named from BrTCP1a to BrTCP24b. Moreover, the chromosomal location; phylogenetic relationships among B. rapa, A. thaliana, and rice; gene structures and protein conserved sequence alignment; and conserved domains are analyzed. The expression profiles of BrTCPs are analyzed in different tissues. To understand the role of Chinese cabbage TCP members in regulating the curvature of leaves, the expression patterns of all BrTCP genes are detected at three development stages essential for leafy head formation. Our results provide information on the classification and details of BrTCPs and allow us to better understand the function of TCPs involved in leaf curvature of Chinese cabbage.
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Elomaa P, Zhao Y, Zhang T. Flower heads in Asteraceae-recruitment of conserved developmental regulators to control the flower-like inflorescence architecture. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:36. [PMID: 29977572 PMCID: PMC6026493 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescences in the Asteraceae plant family, flower heads, or capitula, mimic single flowers but are highly compressed structures composed of multiple flowers. This transference of a flower-like appearance into an inflorescence level is considered as the key innovation for the rapid tribal radiation of Asteraceae. Recent molecular data indicate that Asteraceae flower heads resemble single flowers not only morphologically but also at molecular level. We summarize this data giving examples of how rewiring of conserved floral regulators have led to evolution of morphological innovations in Asteraceae. Functional diversification of the highly conserved flower meristem identity regulator LEAFY has shown a major role in the evolution of the capitulum architecture. Furthermore, gene duplication and subsequent sub- and neofunctionalization of SEPALLATA- and CYCLOIDEA-like genes in Asteraceae have been shown to contribute to meristem determinacy, as well as flower type differentiation-key traits that specify this large family. Future challenge is to integrate genomic, as well as evolutionary developmental studies in a wider selection of Asteraceae species to understand the detailed gene regulatory networks behind the elaborate inflorescence architecture, and to promote our understanding of how changes in regulatory mechanisms shape development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yafei Zhao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang T, Zhao Y, Juntheikki I, Mouhu K, Broholm SK, Rijpkema AS, Kins L, Lan T, Albert VA, Teeri TH, Elomaa P. Dissecting functions of SEPALLATA-like MADS box genes in patterning of the pseudanthial inflorescence of Gerbera hybrida. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:939-954. [PMID: 28742220 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pseudanthial inflorescences of the sunflower family, Asteraceae, mimic a solitary flower but are composed of multiple flowers. Our studies in Gerbera hybrida indicate functional diversification for SEPALLATA (SEP)-like MADS box genes that often function redundantly in other core eudicots. We conducted phylogenetic and expression analysis for eight SEP-like GERBERA REGULATOR OF CAPITULUM DEVELOPMENT (GRCD) genes, including previously unstudied gene family members. Transgenic gerbera plants were used to infer gene functions. Adding to the previously identified stamen and carpel functions for GRCD1 and GRCD2, two partially redundant genes, GRCD4 and GRCD5, were found to be indispensable for petal development. Stepwise conversion of floral organs into leaves in the most severe RNA interference lines suggest redundant and additive GRCD activities in organ identity regulation. We show conserved and redundant functions for several GRCD genes in regulation of flower meristem maintenance, while functional diversification for three SEP1/2/4 clade genes in regulation of inflorescence meristem patterning was observed. GRCD genes show both specialized and pleiotropic functions contributing to organ differentiation and flower meristem fate, and uniquely, to patterning of the inflorescence meristem. Altogether, we provide an example of how plant reproductive evolution has used conserved genetic modules for regulating the elaborate inflorescence architecture in Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Yafei Zhao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Inka Juntheikki
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Katriina Mouhu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Suvi K Broholm
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anneke S Rijpkema
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Lisa Kins
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tianying Lan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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50
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Berger BA, Han J, Sessa EB, Gardner AG, Shepherd KA, Ricigliano VA, Jabaily RS, Howarth DG. The unexpected depths of genome-skimming data: A case study examining Goodeniaceae floral symmetry genes. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps.1700042. [PMID: 29109919 PMCID: PMC5664964 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The use of genome skimming allows systematists to quickly generate large data sets, particularly of sequences in high abundance (e.g., plastomes); however, researchers may be overlooking data in low abundance that could be used for phylogenetic or evo-devo studies. Here, we present a bioinformatics approach that explores the low-abundance portion of genome-skimming next-generation sequencing libraries in the fan-flowered Goodeniaceae. METHODS Twenty-four previously constructed Goodeniaceae genome-skimming Illumina libraries were examined for their utility in mining low-copy nuclear genes involved in floral symmetry, specifically the CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like genes. De novo assemblies were generated using multiple assemblers, and BLAST searches were performed for CYC1, CYC2, and CYC3 genes. RESULTS Overall Trinity, SOAPdenovo-Trans, and SOAPdenovo implementing lower k-mer values uncovered the most data, although no assembler consistently outperformed the others. Using SOAPdenovo-Trans across all 24 data sets, we recovered four CYC-like gene groups (CYC1, CYC2, CYC3A, and CYC3B) from a majority of the species. Alignments of the fragments included the entire coding sequence as well as upstream and downstream regions. DISCUSSION Genome-skimming data sets can provide a significant source of low-copy nuclear gene sequence data that may be used for multiple downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Berger
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439 USA
| | - Jiahong Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439 USA
| | - Emily B. Sessa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Box 118525, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - Andrew G. Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Stanislaus, One University Circle, Turlock, California 95382 USA
| | - Kelly A. Shepherd
- Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 17 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vincent A. Ricigliano
- USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 E. Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719 USA
| | - Rachel S. Jabaily
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N. Parkway, Memphis, Tennessee 38112 USA
| | - Dianella G. Howarth
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York 11439 USA
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