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Yang Y, Yang X, Dai K, He S, Zhao W, Wang S, Zhou Z, Hu W. Nanoceria-induced variations in leaf anatomy and cell wall composition drive the increase in mesophyll conductance of salt-stressed cotton leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109111. [PMID: 39255612 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials as an emerging tool are being used to improve plant's net photosynthetic rate (AN) when suffering salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To clarify this, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of polyacrylic acid coated nanoceria (PNC) on the AN of salt-stressed cotton and related intrinsic mechanisms. Results showed that the PNC-induced AN enhancement of salt-stressed leaves was strongly facilitated by the mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm). Further analysis showed that the PNC-induced improvement of gm was related to the increased chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular airspaces, which was attribute to the increased mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular airspaces and chloroplast number due to the increased K+ content and decreased reactive oxygen species level in salt-stressed leaves. Interestingly, our results also showed that PNC-induced variations in cell wall composition of salt-stressed cotton leaves strongly influenced gm, especially, hemicellulose and pectin. Moreover, the proportion of pectin in cell wall composition played a more important role in determining gm. Our study demonstrated for the first time that nanoceria, through alterations to anatomical traits and cell wall composition, drove gm enhancement, which ultimately increased AN of salt-stressed leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kangning Dai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shuyu He
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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2
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Shi A, Xu J, Guo Y, Rensing C, Chang J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Xing S, Ni W, Yang W. Jasmonic acid's impact on Sedum alfredii growth and cadmium tolerance: A physiological and transcriptomic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169939. [PMID: 38211868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is escalating, necessitating effective remediation strategies. This study investigated the effects of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on Sedum alfredii Hance under Cd stress, aiming to enhance its phytoextraction efficiency. Initially, experiments were conducted to assess the impact of various concentrations of JA added to environments with Cd concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 μmol/L. The results determined that a concentration of 1 μmol/L JA was optimal. This concentration effectively mitigated the level of ROS products by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, JA fostered Cd absorption and accumulation, while markedly improving plant biomass and photosynthetic performance. In further experiments, treatment with 1 μmol/L JA under 300 μmol/L Cd stress was performed and transcriptomic analysis unveiled a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) instrumental in the JA-mediated Cd stress response. These DEGs encompass not only pathways of JA biosynthesis and signaling but also genes encoding functions that influence antioxidant systems and photosynthesis, alongside genes pertinent to cell wall synthesis, and metal chelation and transport. This study highlights that JA treatment significantly enhances S. alfredii's Cd tolerance and accumulation, offering a promising strategy for plant remediation and deepening our understanding of plant responses to heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Shi
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yingmin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Taoxiang Zhang
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shihe Xing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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3
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Bourdon M, Lyczakowski JJ, Cresswell R, Amsbury S, Vilaplana F, Le Guen MJ, Follain N, Wightman R, Su C, Alatorre-Cobos F, Ritter M, Liszka A, Terrett OM, Yadav SR, Vatén A, Nieminen K, Eswaran G, Alonso-Serra J, Müller KH, Iuga D, Miskolczi PC, Kalmbach L, Otero S, Mähönen AP, Bhalerao R, Bulone V, Mansfield SD, Hill S, Burgert I, Beaugrand J, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Dupree R, Dupree P, Helariutta Y. Ectopic callose deposition into woody biomass modulates the nano-architecture of macrofibrils. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1530-1546. [PMID: 37666966 PMCID: PMC10505557 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass plays an increasingly important role in the circular bioeconomy, replacing non-renewable fossil resources. Genetic engineering of this lignocellulosic biomass could benefit biorefinery transformation chains by lowering economic and technological barriers to industrial processing. However, previous efforts have mostly targeted the major constituents of woody biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Here we report the engineering of wood structure through the introduction of callose, a polysaccharide novel to most secondary cell walls. Our multiscale analysis of genetically engineered poplar trees shows that callose deposition modulates cell wall porosity, water and lignin contents and increases the lignin-cellulose distance, ultimately resulting in substantially decreased biomass recalcitrance. We provide a model of the wood cell wall nano-architecture engineered to accommodate the hydrated callose inclusions. Ectopic polymer introduction into biomass manifests in new physico-chemical properties and offers new avenues when considering lignocellulose engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bourdon
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Sam Amsbury
- Centre for Plant Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, Rouen, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chang Su
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Conacyt-Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Maximilian Ritter
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Liszka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anne Vatén
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Stomatal Development and Plasticity group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Production systems / Tree Breeding Department, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- UMR 5667 Reproduction et Développement Des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, France
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Pal Csaba Miskolczi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lothar Kalmbach
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Otero
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Science and Technology Office of the Congress of Deputies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rishikesh Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan Hill
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- The Centre for Plant Science, The Bragg Centre, The Astbury Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Selig M, Walz K, Lauer JC, Rolauffs B, Hart ML. Therapeutic Modulation of Cell Morphology and Phenotype of Diseased Human Cells towards a Healthier Cell State Using Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3041. [PMID: 37514430 PMCID: PMC10385073 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite lignin's global abundance and its use in biomedical studies, our understanding of how lignin regulates disease through modulation of cell morphology and associated phenotype of human cells is unknown. We combined an automated high-throughput image cell segmentation technique for quantitatively measuring a panel of cell shape descriptors, droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction for absolute quantification of gene expression and multivariate data analyses to determine whether lignin could therapeutically modulate the cell morphology and phenotype of inflamed, degenerating diseased human cells (osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes) towards a healthier cell morphology and phenotype. Lignin dose-dependently modified all aspects of cell morphology and ameliorated the diseased shape of OA chondrocytes by inducing a less fibroblastic healthier cell shape, which correlated with the downregulation of collagen 1A2 (COL1A2, a major fibrosis-inducing gene), upregulation of collagen 2A1 (COL2A1, a healthy extracellular matrix-inducing gene) and downregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6, a chronic inflammatory cytokine). This is the first study to show that lignin can therapeutically target cell morphology and change a diseased cells' function towards a healthier cell shape and phenotype. This opens up novel opportunities for exploiting lignin in modulation of disease, tissue degeneration, fibrosis, inflammation and regenerative medical implants for therapeutically targeting cell function and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Selig
- G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Walz
- G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin C Lauer
- G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie L Hart
- G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Li F, Zhang Y, Tian C, Wang X, Zhou L, Jiang J, Wang L, Chen F, Chen S. Molecular module of CmMYB15-like-Cm4CL2 regulating lignin biosynthesis of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) in response to aphid (Macrosiphoniella sanborni) feeding. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1776-1793. [PMID: 36444553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls and a conserved basic defense mechanism in higher plants deposited in response to aphid infection. However, the molecular mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis in response to aphid infection and the effect of lignin on aphid feeding behavior remain unclear. We report that 4-Coumarate:coenzyme A ligase 2 (Cm4CL2), a gene encoding a key enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, is induced by aphid feeding, resulting in lignin deposition and reduced aphid attack. Upstream regulator analysis showed that the expression of Cm4CL2 in response to aphid feeding was directly upregulated by CmMYB15-like, an SG2-type R2R3-MYB transcription factor. CmMYB15-like binds directly to the AC cis-element in the promoter region of Cm4CL2. Genetic validation demonstrated that CmMYB15-like was induced by aphid infection and contributed to lignin deposition and cell wall thickening, which consequently enhanced aphid resistance in a Cm4CL2-dependent manner. This study is the first to show that the CmMYB15-like-Cm4CL2 module regulates lignin biosynthesis in response to aphid feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - LiKai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement / Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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6
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Shafiei R, Hooper M, McClellan C, Oakey H, Stephens J, Lapierre C, Tsuji Y, Goeminne G, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Ralph J, Halpin C. Downregulation of barley ferulate 5-hydroxylase dramatically alters straw lignin structure without impact on mechanical properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1125003. [PMID: 36726680 PMCID: PMC9886061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1125003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Barley is a major cereal crop for temperate climates, and a diploid genetic model for polyploid wheat. Cereal straw biomass is an attractive source of feedstock for green technologies but lignin, a key determinant of feedstock recalcitrance, complicates bio-conversion processes. However, manipulating lignin content to improve the conversion process could negatively affect agronomic traits. An alternative approach is to manipulate lignin composition which influences the physical and chemical properties of straw. This study validates the function of a barley ferulate 5-hydroxylase gene and demonstrates that its downregulation using the RNA-interference approach substantially impacts lignin composition. We identified five barley genes having putative ferulate 5-hydroxylase activity. Downregulation of HvF5H1 substantially reduced the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in straw while the lignin content, straw mechanical properties, plant growth habit, and grain characteristics all remained unaffected. Metabolic profiling revealed significant changes in the abundance of 173 features in the HvF5H1-RNAi lines. The drastic changes in the lignin polymer of transgenic lines highlight the plasticity of barley lignification processes and the associated potential for manipulating and improving lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for green technologies. On the other hand, our results highlight some differences between the lignin biosynthetic pathway in barley, a temperate climate grass, and the warm climate grass, rice, and underscore potential diversity in the lignin biosynthetic pathways in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiei
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hooper
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McClellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Oakey
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell And Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent, Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent, Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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7
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De Meester B, Van Acker R, Wouters M, Traversari S, Steenackers M, Neukermans J, Van Breusegem F, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Boerjan W. Field and saccharification performances of poplars severely downregulated in CAD1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2075-2090. [PMID: 35808905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the main factors causing lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Glasshouse-grown poplars severely downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (CAD1), the enzyme catalysing the last step in the monolignol-specific branch of lignin biosynthesis, have increased saccharification yields and normal growth. Here, we assess the performance of these hpCAD poplars in the field under short rotation coppice culture for two consecutive rotations of 1 yr and 3 yr. While 1-yr-old hpCAD wood had 10% less lignin, 3-yr-old hpCAD wood had wild-type lignin levels. Because of their altered cell wall composition, including elevated levels of cinnamaldehydes, both 1-yr-old and 3-yr-old hpCAD wood showed enhanced saccharification yields upon harsh alkaline pretreatments (up to +85% and +77%, respectively). In contrast with previous field trials with poplars less severely downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), the hpCAD poplars displayed leaning phenotypes, early bud set, early flowering and yield penalties. Moreover, hpCAD wood had enlarged vessels, decreased wood density and reduced relative and free water contents. Our data show that the phenotypes of CAD-deficient poplars are strongly dependent on the environment and underpin the importance of field trials in translating basic research towards applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Wouters
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silvia Traversari
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosytems (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marijke Steenackers
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Jenny Neukermans
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annabelle Déjardin
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA Orléans, 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075, Ardon, France
| | - Gilles Pilate
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA Orléans, 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075, Ardon, France
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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Ménard D, Blaschek L, Kriechbaum K, Lee CC, Serk H, Zhu C, Lyubartsev A, Nuoendagula , Bacsik Z, Bergström L, Mathew A, Kajita S, Pesquet E. Plant biomechanics and resilience to environmental changes are controlled by specific lignin chemistries in each vascular cell type and morphotype. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:koac284. [PMID: 36215679 PMCID: PMC9709985 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer lignin is deposited in the cell walls of vascular cells and is essential for long-distance water conduction and structural support in plants. Different vascular cell types contain distinct and conserved lignin chemistries, each with specific aromatic and aliphatic substitutions. Yet, the biological role of this conserved and specific lignin chemistry in each cell type remains unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of this lignin biochemical specificity for cellular functions by producing single cell analyses for three cell morphotypes of tracheary elements, which all allow sap conduction but differ in their morphology. We determined that specific lignin chemistries accumulate in each cell type. Moreover, lignin accumulated dynamically, increasing in quantity and changing in composition, to alter the cell wall biomechanics during cell maturation. For similar aromatic substitutions, residues with alcohol aliphatic functions increased stiffness whereas aldehydes increased flexibility of the cell wall. Modifying this lignin biochemical specificity and the sequence of its formation impaired the cell wall biomechanics of each morphotype and consequently hindered sap conduction and drought recovery. Together, our results demonstrate that each sap-conducting vascular cell type distinctly controls their lignin biochemistry to adjust their biomechanics and hydraulic properties to face developmental and environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ménard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Kriechbaum
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Choo Lee
- Umeå Core Facility for Electron Microscopy (UCEM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chuantao Zhu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lyubartsev
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuoendagula
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Zoltán Bacsik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aji Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wouters M, Corneillie S, Dewitte A, Van Doorsselaere J, Van den Bulcke J, Van Acker J, Vanholme B, Boerjan W. Whole genome duplication of wild-type and CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE1-downregulated hybrid poplar reduces biomass yield and causes a brittle apex phenotype in field-grown wild types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:995402. [PMID: 36160989 PMCID: PMC9504066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.995402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The potential of whole genome duplication to increase plant biomass yield is well-known. In Arabidopsis tetraploids, an increase in biomass yield was accompanied by a reduction in lignin content and, as a result, a higher saccharification efficiency was achieved compared with diploid controls. Here, we evaluated whether the results obtained in Arabidopsis could be translated into poplar and whether the enhanced saccharification yield upon alkaline pretreatment of hairpin-downregulated CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE1 (hpCAD) transgenic poplar could be further improved upon a whole genome duplication. Using a colchicine treatment, wild-type (WT) Populus tremula x P. alba cv. INRA 717-1B4, a commonly used model clone in tree biotechnology research, and hpCAD tetraploids were generated and grown in the greenhouse. In parallel, WT tetraploid poplars were grown in the field. In contrast to Arabidopsis, a whole genome duplication of poplar had a negative impact on the biomass yield of both greenhouse- and field-grown trees. Strikingly, field-grown WT tetraploids developed a brittle apex phenotype, i.e., their tip broke off just below the apex. In addition, the chromosome doubling altered the biomass composition of field-grown, but not of greenhouse-grown tetraploid poplars. More specifically, the lignin content of field-grown tetraploid poplars was increased at the expense of matrix polysaccharides. This increase in lignin deposition in biomass is likely the cause of the observed brittle apex phenotype, though no major differences in stem anatomy or in mechanical properties could be found between di- and tetraploid WT poplars grown in the field. Finally, without biomass pretreatment, the saccharification efficiency of greenhouse- and field-grown WT diploids was not different from that of tetraploids, whereas that of greenhouse-grown hpCAD tetraploids was higher than that of greenhouse-grown diploids. Upon alkaline pretreatment, the saccharification yield of diploids was similar to that of tetraploids for all genotypes and growth conditions tested. This study showed that a whole genome duplication in hybrid WT and hpCAD poplar did neither result in further improvements in biomass yield, nor in improved biomass composition and, hence, saccharification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Wouters
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Corneillie
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angelo Dewitte
- Expertisecentrum Agro- en Biotechnologie, VIVES, Roeselare, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Acker
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Zhang W, Zhou Q, Lin J, Ma X, Dong F, Yan H, Zhong W, Lu Y, Yao Y, Shen X, Huang L, Zhang W, Ming R. Transcriptome analyses shed light on floral organ morphogenesis and bract color formation in Bougainvillea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:97. [PMID: 35246031 PMCID: PMC8895829 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bougainvillea is a popular ornamental plant with brilliant color and long flowering periods. It is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. The primary ornamental part of the plant is its colorful and unusual bracts, rich in the stable pigment betalain. The developmental mechanism of the bracts is not clear, and the pathway of betalain biosynthesis is well characterized in Bougainvillea. RESULTS At the whole-genome level, we found 23,469 protein-coding genes by assembling the RNA-Seq and Iso-Seq data of floral and leaf tissues. Genome evolution analysis revealed that Bougainvillea is related to spinach; the two diverged approximately 52.7 million years ago (MYA). Transcriptome analysis of floral organs revealed that flower development of Bougainvillea was regulated by the ABCE flower development genes; A-class, B-class, and E-class genes exhibited high expression levels in bracts. Eight key genes of the betalain biosynthetic pathway were identified by homologous alignment, all of which were upregulated concurrently with bract development and betalain accumulation during the bract initiation stage of development. We found 47 genes specifically expressed in stamens, including seven highly expressed genes belonging to the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathways. BgSEP2b, BgSWEET11, and BgRD22 are hub genes and interacted with many transcription factors and genes in the carpel co-expression network. CONCLUSIONS We assembled protein-coding genes of Bougainvilea, identified the floral development genes, and constructed the gene co-expression network of petal, stamens, and carpel. Our results provide fundamental information about the mechanism of flower development and pigment accumulation in Bougainvillea, and will facilitate breeding of cultivars with high ornamental value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Xiamen Botanical Garden, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jishan Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hansong Yan
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weimin Zhong
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yijing Lu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xueting Shen
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lixian Huang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Xiamen Botanical Garden, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
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11
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Su M, Liu Y, Lyu J, Zhao S, Wang Y. Chemical and Structural Responses to Downregulated p-Hydroxycinnamoyl-Coenzyme A: Quinate/Shikimate p-Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase in Poplar Cell Walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:679230. [PMID: 35154167 PMCID: PMC8830424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the impact of lignin reduction on cell wall construction of poplar stems is important for accurate understanding the regulatory role of biosynthetic genes. However, few cell-level studies have been conducted on the changes in lignin, other important cell wall composition, and the structural properties of transgenic poplar stems at different developmental stages. In this work, the content and microdistributions of cell wall composition as well as the morphological characteristics of cells were studied for p-hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A:quinate/shikimate p-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) downregulated transgenic poplar 84K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa cl. '84k') at different developmental stages. Results show that the lignin contents of the upper, middle, and basal parts of HCT transgenic poplar stems were significantly decreased by 10.84, 7.40, and 7.75%, respectively; and the cellulose contents increased by 8.20, 6.45, and 3.31%, respectively, compared with the control group. The cellulose/lignin ratio of HCT transgenic poplars was therefore increased, especially in the upper sections, where it was 23.2% higher. Raman results indicate the appearance of p-hydroxyphenyl units (H) and a decrease in the ratio of syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) lignin monomers in fiber cell walls of HCT transgenic poplars. In addition, microstructure observations revealed that the fiber and vessel cells of the HCT transgenic poplars exhibited thin cell walls and large lumen diameters. Compared with the control group, the cell wall thickness of fiber and vessel cells decreased by 6.50 and 10.93% on average, respectively. There was a 13.6% decrease in the average ratio of the cell wall thickness to the lumen diameter and an increase in fiber length and width of 5.60 and 6.11%, respectively. In addition, downregulation of HCT did not change the orientation of cellulosic microfibrils, but it led to an 11.1% increase of the cellulose crystallinity in cell walls compared to the control poplars. The information obtained herein could lead to a better understanding of the effects of genetic modifications on wood cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Su
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Lyu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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12
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Codjoe JM, Miller K, Haswell ES. Plant cell mechanobiology: Greater than the sum of its parts. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:129-145. [PMID: 34524447 PMCID: PMC8773992 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense and respond to physical forces is critical for the proper function of cells, tissues, and organisms across the evolutionary tree. Plants sense gravity, osmotic conditions, pathogen invasion, wind, and the presence of barriers in the soil, and dynamically integrate internal and external stimuli during every stage of growth and development. While the field of plant mechanobiology is growing, much is still poorly understood-including the interplay between mechanical and biochemical information at the single-cell level. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanical properties of three main components of the plant cell and the mechanoperceptive pathways that link them, with an emphasis on areas of complexity and interaction. We discuss the concept of mechanical homeostasis, or "mechanostasis," and examine the ways in which cellular structures and pathways serve to maintain it. We argue that viewing mechanics and mechanotransduction as emergent properties of the plant cell can be a useful conceptual framework for synthesizing current knowledge and driving future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennette M Codjoe
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Kari Miller
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
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13
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Jin K, Ling Z, Jin Z, Ma J, Yang S, Liu X, Jiang Z. Local Variations in Carbohydrates and Matrix Lignin in Mechanically Graded Bamboo Culms. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010143. [PMID: 35012165 PMCID: PMC8747746 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical performance of bamboo is highly dependent on its structural arrangement and the properties of biomacromolecules within the cell wall. The relationship between carbohydrates topochemistry and gradient micromechanics of multilayered fiber along the diametric direction was visualized by combined microscopic techniques. Along the radius of bamboo culms, the concentration of xylan within the fiber sheath increased, while that of cellulose and lignin decreased gradually. At cellular level, although the consecutive broad layer (Bl) of fiber revealed a relatively uniform cellulose orientation and concentration, the outer Bl with higher lignification level has higher elastic modulus (19.59-20.31 GPa) than that of the inner Bl close to the lumen area (17.07-19.99 GPa). Comparatively, the cell corner displayed the highest lignification level, while its hardness and modulus were lower than that of fiber Bl, indicating the cellulose skeleton is the prerequisite of cell wall mechanics. The obtained cytological information is helpful to understand the origin of the anisotropic mechanical properties of bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexia Jin
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
- Co-innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zhe Ling
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi Jin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shumin Yang
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Xinge Liu
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zehui Jiang
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.J.)
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14
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Bio and photoactive starch/MnO 2 and starch/MnO 2/cotton hydrogel nanocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:681-692. [PMID: 34717975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here a starch and starch hydrogel nanocomposite and superabsorbent cotton fabric was fabricated and characterized. The optimized starch hydrogel nanocomposite was synthesized by using 0.008 M potassium permanganate, 0.7 g starch and 0.6 M sodium hydroxide at 50-55 °C. potassium permanganate as a strong and inexpensive oxidizing agent were used to potentially nano cross-link the starch molecular chains and graft the starch to cellulose molecular chains along with synthesizing manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2) to further obtain antibacterial, antifungal and photocatalytic properties. The stability of products in water and the water absorption indicated the highest water content of 800% for the optimum sample. The same materials and conditions were also applied to the cotton fabric to produce a superabsorbent fabric. The simple one-step synthesis procedure, in-situ production of nanoparticles, cost-effectiveness and having desired features including photocatalytic, antibacterial properties of 93% against S. aureus, and biocompatibility make the starch hydrogel nanocomposite a suitable candidate for various applications such as agriculture, medical, textile engineering and water treatment.
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15
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Mechanical Properties and Formaldehyde Release of Particleboard Made with Lignin-Based Adhesives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential of magnesium lignosulfonate as adhesive in particleboard manufacturing. Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) between 1% and 3% and glucose (1% of the lignosulfonate content) were added as potential cross-linkers in the adhesive formulations. Mixed beech and spruce wood, 30% beech wood and 70% spruce wood, were employed for the configuration of the panel structure. The density, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of single-layer particleboard were investigated. Spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) revealed structural changes brought by oxidation that may indicate depolymerization by the splitting of C-O-C bonds and formation of carbonyl groups. Mechanical properties were improved, and the highest average values were recorded for panels having as adhesives oxidized lignin with cross-linkers as follow: 15 N/mm2 (MOR), 3320 N/mm2 (MOE) and 0.48 N/mm2 (IB). The density profile presented higher values for faces in case of oxidized lignin panels. Changes were observed for oxidized lignin with cross-linker panels wherein the core had higher values. The results showed that the panels manufactured with adhesives composed of oxidized lignosulfonate (20% of the dried wood particles weight) and the addition of PMDI and glucose in various percentages have a positive influence on their formaldehyde release and mechanical properties requested by EN 312 (2004) standard.
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Toumpanaki E, Shah DU, Eichhorn SJ. Beyond What Meets the Eye: Imaging and Imagining Wood Mechanical-Structural Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001613. [PMID: 32830395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood presents a hierarchical structure, containing features at all length scales: from the tracheids or vessels that make up its cellular structure, through to the microfibrils within the cell walls, down to the molecular architecture of the cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that comprise its chemical makeup. This structure renders it with high mechanical (e.g., modulus and strength) and interesting physical (e.g., optical) properties. A better understanding of this structure, and how it plays a role in governing mechanical and other physical parameters, will help to better exploit this sustainable resource. Here, recent developments on the use of advanced imaging techniques for studying the structural properties of wood in relation to its mechanical properties are explored. The focus is on synchrotron nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray tomographical imaging, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Critical discussion on the role of imaging techniques and how fields are developing rapidly to incorporate both spatial and temporal ranges of analysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Toumpanaki
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Darshil U Shah
- Department of Architecture, Centre for Natural Materials Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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Zhu N, Zhao C, Wei Y, Sun C, Wu D, Chen K. Biosynthetic labeling with 3-O-propargylcaffeyl alcohol reveals in vivo cell-specific patterned lignification in loquat fruits during development and postharvest storage. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:61. [PMID: 33750769 PMCID: PMC7943773 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lignification is a major cell wall modification that often results in the formation of sophisticated subcellular patterns during plant development or in response to environmental stresses. Precise localization of the spatiotemporal deposition of lignin is of great importance for revealing the lignification regulatory mechanism of individual cells. In loquat fruits, lignification typically increases the flesh lignin content and firmness, reducing their edibility and processing quality. However, the precise localization of the spatiotemporal active zones of lignification inside loquat fruit flesh remains poorly understood, and little is known about the contribution of patterned lignification to cell wall structure dynamics and the subsequent fruit-quality deterioration. Here, we performed an emerging bioorthogonal chemistry imaging technique to trace the in vivo patterned lignification dynamics in cells of loquat fruit flesh during development and storage. In developing fruits, lignified cells (LCs) and vascular bundles (VBs) were the zones of active lignification, and ring-like LCs deposited lignin at both the inner wall layer and the outer periphery sides. The domino effect of the generation of LCs was preliminarily visualized. In mature fruits, the newly formed lignin in the flesh of fruits during storage was specifically deposited in the corners and middle lamellae of parenchyma cells surrounding the VBs, resulting in the development of a reticular structure. Based on the findings, distinct spatiotemporal patterned lignification modes for different flesh cells in loquat fruits were proposed. These findings provide loquat lignification dynamics together with spatiotemporal data that can improve our understanding of the lignification process in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chenning Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Wei
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chongde Sun
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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18
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Lautenschläger T, Rüggeberg M, Noack N, Bunk K, Mawunu M, Speck T, Neinhuis C. Functional principles of baobab fruit pedicels - anatomy and biomechanics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1215-1223. [PMID: 32808645 PMCID: PMC7684697 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fruit pedicels have to deal with increasing loads after pollination due to continuous growth of the fruits. Thus, they represent interesting tissues from a mechanical as well as a developmental point of view. However, only a few studies exist on fruit pedicels. In this study, we unravel the anatomy and structural-mechanical relationships of the pedicel of Adansonia digitata, reaching up to 90 cm in length. METHODS Morphological and anatomical analyses included examination of stained cross-sections from various positions along the stalk as well as X-ray microtomography and scanning electron microscopy. For mechanical testing, fibre bundles derived from the mature pedicels were examined via tension tests. For establishing the structural-mechanical relationships, the density of the fibre bundles as well as their cellulose microfibril distribution and chemical composition were analysed. KEY RESULTS While in the peduncle the vascular tissue and the fibres are arranged in a concentric ring-like way, this organization shifts to the polystelic structure of separate fibre bundles in the pedicel. The polystelic pedicel possesses five vascular strands that consist of strong bast fibre bundles. The fibre bundles have a Young's modulus of up to 5 GPa, a tensile strength of up to 400 MPa, a high density (>1 g cm-3) and a high microfibril angle of around 20°. CONCLUSIONS The structural arrangement as well as the combination of high density and high microfibril angle of the bast fibre bundles are probably optimized for bearing considerable strain in torsion and bending while at the same time allowing for carrying high-tension loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Lautenschläger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Niclas Noack
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Bunk
- Plant Biomechanics Group & Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Germany
| | - Monizi Mawunu
- Department of Agronomy, Kimpa Vita University, Uíge, Angola
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group & Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Germany
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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19
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Yamamoto M, Blaschek L, Subbotina E, Kajita S, Pesquet E. Importance of Lignin Coniferaldehyde Residues for Plant Properties and Sustainable Uses. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4400-4408. [PMID: 32692480 PMCID: PMC7539997 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increases in coniferaldehyde content, a minor lignin residue, significantly improves the sustainable use of plant biomass for feed, pulping, and biorefinery without affecting plant growth and yields. Herein, different analytical methods are compared and validated to distinguish coniferaldehyde from other lignin residues. It is shown that specific genetic pathways regulate amount, linkage, and position of coniferaldehyde within the lignin polymer for each cell type. This specific cellular regulation offers new possibilities for designing plant lignin for novel and targeted industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo184-8588Japan
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Arrhenius laboratories Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Arrhenius laboratories, Department of Organic ChemistryStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo184-8588Japan
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius laboratories Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
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20
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Behr M, Baldacci-Cresp F, Kohler A, Morreel K, Goeminne G, Van Acker R, Veneault-Fourrey C, Mol A, Pilate G, Boerjan W, de Almeida Engler J, El Jaziri M, Baucher M. Alterations in the phenylpropanoid pathway affect poplar ability for ectomycorrhizal colonisation and susceptibility to root-knot nematodes. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:555-566. [PMID: 32647969 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of the alteration of the monolignol biosynthesis pathway on the establishment of the in vitro interaction of poplar roots either with a mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungus or with a pathogenic root-knot nematode. Overall, the five studied transgenic lines downregulated for caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) or both COMT and CAD displayed a lower mycorrhizal colonisation percentage, indicating a lower ability for establishing mutualistic interaction than the wild-type. The susceptibility to root-knot nematode infection was variable in the five lines, and the CAD-deficient line was found to be less susceptible than the wild-type. We discuss these phenotypic differences in the light of the large shifts in the metabolic profile and gene expression pattern occurring between roots of the CAD-deficient line and wild-type. A role of genes related to trehalose metabolism, phytohormones, and cell wall construction in the different mycorrhizal symbiosis efficiency and nematode sensitivity between these two lines is suggested. Overall, these results show that the alteration of plant metabolism caused by the repression of a single gene within phenylpropanoid pathway results in significant alterations, at the root level, in the response towards mutualistic and pathogenic associates. These changes may constrain plant fitness and biomass production, which are of economic importance for perennial industrial crops such as poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRAE Grand-Est-Nancy, INRAE-Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Kris Morreel
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRAE Grand-Est-Nancy, INRAE-Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Adeline Mol
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Wout Boerjan
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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21
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Kitin P, Nakaba S, Hunt CG, Lim S, Funada R. Direct fluorescence imaging of lignocellulosic and suberized cell walls in roots and stems. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa032. [PMID: 32793329 PMCID: PMC7415075 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigating plant structure is fundamental in botanical science and provides crucial knowledge for the theories of plant evolution, ecophysiology and for the biotechnological practices. Modern plant anatomy often targets the formation, localization and characterization of cellulosic, lignified or suberized cell walls. While classical methods developed in the 1960s are still popular, recent innovations in tissue preparation, fluorescence staining and microscopy equipment offer advantages to the traditional practices for investigation of the complex lignocellulosic walls. Our goal is to enhance the productivity and quality of microscopy work by focusing on quick and cost-effective preparation of thick sections or plant specimen surfaces and efficient use of direct fluorescent stains. We discuss popular histochemical microscopy techniques for visualization of cell walls, such as autofluorescence or staining with calcofluor, Congo red (CR), fluorol yellow (FY) and safranin, and provide detailed descriptions of our own approaches and protocols. Autofluorescence of lignin in combination with CR and FY staining can clearly differentiate between lignified, suberized and unlignified cell walls in root and stem tissues. Glycerol can serve as an effective clearing medium as well as the carrier of FY for staining of suberin and lipids allowing for observation of thick histological preparations. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of all cell types together with chemical information by wide-field fluorescence or confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kitin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakaba
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryo Funada
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Fang L, Xu X, Li J, Zheng F, Li M, Yan J, Li Y, Zhang X, Li L, Ma G, Zhang A, Lv F, Wu K, Zeng S. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the non-methylated lignin synthesis in Paphiopedilum armeniacum seed. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:524. [PMID: 32727352 PMCID: PMC7391499 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Paphiopedilum is an important genus of the orchid family Orchidaceae and has high horticultural value. The wild populations are under threat of extinction because of overcollection and habitat destruction. Mature seeds of most Paphiopedilum species are difficult to germinate, which severely restricts their germplasm conservation and commercial production. The factors inhibiting germination are largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, large amounts of non-methylated lignin accumulated during seed maturation of Paphiopedilum armeniacum (P. armeniacum), which negatively correlates with the germination rate. The transcriptome profiles of P. armeniacum seed at different development stages were compared to explore the molecular clues for non-methylated lignin synthesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that a large number of genes associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism during seed maturation were differentially expressed. Several key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway displayed different expression patterns during the lignification process. PAL, 4CL, HCT, and CSE upregulation was associated with C and H lignin accumulation. The expression of CCoAOMT, F5H, and COMT were maintained at a low level or down-regulated to inhibit the conversion to the typical G and S lignin. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed the altered expression levels of these genes in seeds and vegetative tissues. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated the plasticity of natural lignin polymer assembly in seed and provided a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of seed-specific lignification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Independent Researcher, Guangzhou, 510555, China
| | - Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fubing Lv
- Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China. .,Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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23
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Mnich E, Bjarnholt N, Eudes A, Harholt J, Holland C, Jørgensen B, Larsen FH, Liu M, Manat R, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD, Motawia MS, Muschiol J, Møller BL, Møller SR, Perzon A, Petersen BL, Ravn JL, Ulvskov P. Phenolic cross-links: building and de-constructing the plant cell wall. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:919-961. [PMID: 31971193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Altered lignocellulose chemical structure and molecular assembly in CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE-deficient rice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17153. [PMID: 31748605 PMCID: PMC6868246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a complex phenylpropanoid polymer deposited in plant cell walls. Lignin has long been recognized as an important limiting factor for the polysaccharide-oriented biomass utilizations. To mitigate lignin-associated biomass recalcitrance, numerous mutants and transgenic plants that produce lignocellulose with reduced lignin contents and/or lignins with altered chemical structures have been produced and characterised. However, it is not fully understood how altered lignin chemistry affects the supramolecular structure of lignocellulose, and consequently, its utilization properties. Herein, we conducted comprehensive chemical and supramolecular structural analyses of lignocellulose produced by a rice cad2 mutant deficient in CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), which encodes a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis. By using a solution-state two-dimensional NMR approach and complementary chemical methods, we elucidated the structural details of the altered lignins enriched with unusual hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived substructures produced by the cad2 mutant. In parallel, polysaccharide assembly and the molecular mobility of lignocellulose were investigated by solid-state 13C MAS NMR, nuclear magnetic relaxation, X-ray diffraction, and Simon's staining analyses. Possible links between CAD-associated lignin modifications (in terms of total content and chemical structures) and changes to the lignocellulose supramolecular structure are discussed in the context of the improved biomass saccharification efficiency of the cad2 rice mutant.
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25
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Özparpucu M, Gierlinger N, Cesarino I, Burgert I, Boerjan W, Rüggeberg M. Significant influence of lignin on axial elastic modulus of poplar wood at low microfibril angles under wet conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4039-4047. [PMID: 31187131 PMCID: PMC6685656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood is extensively used as a construction material. Despite increasing knowledge of its mechanical properties, the contribution of the cell-wall matrix polymers to wood mechanics is still not well understood. Previous studies have shown that axial stiffness correlates with lignin content only for cellulose microfibril angles larger than around 20°, while no influence is found for smaller angles. Here, by analysing the wood of poplar with reduced lignin content due to down-regulation of CAFFEOYL SHIKIMATE ESTERASE, we show that lignin content also influences axial stiffness at smaller angles. Micro-tensile tests of the xylem revealed that axial stiffness was strongly reduced in the low-lignin transgenic lines. Strikingly, microfibril angles were around 15° for both wild-type and transgenic poplars, suggesting that cellulose orientation is not responsible for the observed changes in mechanical behavior. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the decrease in stiffness was almost completely related to the variation in both density and lignin content. We suggest that the influence of lignin content on axial stiffness may gradually increase as a function of the microfibril angle. Our results may help in building up comprehensive models of the cell wall that can unravel the individual roles of the matrix polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Wood Research Munich, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Wien, Austria
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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26
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Zhu N, Yang Y, Ji M, Wu D, Chen K. Label-free visualization of lignin deposition in loquats using complementary stimulated and spontaneous Raman microscopy. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:72. [PMID: 31231530 PMCID: PMC6544619 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The lignification triggered by biotic or abiotic stresses hardens fruits and vegetables and eventually influences their consumer appeal. Extensive prior efforts have been made to unveil the underlying mechanism of flesh lignification, primarily focused on its physicochemical and molecular biological properties. Nevertheless, most of these studies used destroyed and homogenized bulk tissues as analytes; as a result, potentially valuable spatial information was lost. In this study, the deposition of lignin in loquat flesh during lignification was visualized from the tissue level to the single-cell level by combining the advantages of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and spontaneous Raman microscopy using label-free in situ molecular imaging. SRS has the advantages of being fast and providing large-area chemical imaging to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of lignin and cell wall polysaccharide distribution in loquat flesh. After 2 days of storage at 0 °C, increased lignins were observed by large-area SRS imaging. In addition, microscopic SRS images of the flesh cells indicated that the increased lignins were trapped in the cell corner (CC) and middle lamella (ML). Furthermore, the compositional and structural features of lignified cells (LCs), CC and ML of loquat flesh were investigated by spontaneous Raman microscopy, and the results showed that the LCs were a combination of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, whereas CC and ML showed only deposited lignin and pectin without cross-linked cellulose and hemicellulose. This result further suggests that the lignins in the CC and ML regions of loquats were later synthesized alone during postharvest storage. This innovative combination of SRS and spontaneous Raman microscopy allows the label-free macroscale and fine chemical imaging of plant cell walls and will enhance our fundamental understanding of the structures and functions of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
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27
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Hu JQ, Qi Q, Zhao YL, Tian XM, Lu H, Gai Y, Jiang XN. Unraveling the impact of Pto4CL1 regulation on the cell wall components and wood properties of perennial transgenic Populus tomentosa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:672-680. [PMID: 31054469 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall components and structure impact the physical and mechanical properties of plants, thereby affecting wood applications. Lignin is the most abundant biopolymer after cellulose in the wood cell wall and can be modified by certain lignin biosynthesis enzymes. 4-Coumarate: coenzyme A ligase(4CL) is an important lignin biosynthesis enzyme. To demonstrate the impact of the regulation of Pto4CL1 from poplar on wood properties, we analyzed the composition and anatomy of 5-year-old Pto4CL1-modified poplar cell walls, assessing the density, strength, volume shrinkage, and impact toughness of the transgenic trees. These results showed that the up-regulation of Pto4CL1 increased the lignin content to 46.65% from 33.11% in the control plants, while hydrophilic polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and pectin decreased. In contrast, the down-regulation of Pto4CL1 resulted in a reduction in lignin content to 27.39%, and the content of cellulose and hemi-cellulose showed compensatory variation. Raman spectroscopy showed that the change in lignin in the transgenic events was embodied in the deposition and concentration of lignin in the secondary cell wall. Moreover, the increased lignin content caused significantly increased wood strength and slightly increased wood density. In contrast, a reduction in lignin content resulted in a significant decrease in wood strength and a slight decrease in wood density. However, the Pto4CL1-modified trees had similar stiffness to the control group. We also found a significant decrease in volume shrinkage and increase in impact toughness in the low-lignin events. These results indicate that Pto4CL1 regulation alters the chemical composition of plant cell walls and these changes affect the physical and mechanical properties of the wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Qi Qi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Hua Qiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Tian
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Hai Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Ying Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Ning Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Palacio-López K, Tinaz B, Holzinger A, Domozych DS. Arabinogalactan Proteins and the Extracellular Matrix of Charophytes: A Sticky Business. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:447. [PMID: 31031785 PMCID: PMC6474363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Charophytes represent the group of green algae whose ancestors invaded land and ultimately gave rise to land plants 450 million years ago. While Zygnematophyceae are believed to be the direct sister lineage to embryophytes, different members of this group (Penium, Spirogyra, Zygnema) and the advanced thallus forming Coleochaete as well as the sarcinoid basal streptophyte Chlorokybus were investigated concerning their vegetative extracellular matrix (ECM) properties. Many taxa exhibit adhesion phenomena that are critical for affixing to a substrate or keeping cells together in a thallus, however, there is a great variety in possible reactions to e.g., wounding. In this study an analysis of adhesion mechanisms revealed that arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are most likely key adhesion molecules. Through use of monoclonal antibodies (JIM13) or the Yariv reagent, AGPs were located in cell surface sheaths and cell walls that were parts of the adhesion focal zones on substrates including wound induced rhizoid formation. JIM5, detecting highly methyl-esterfied homoglacturonan and JIM8, an antibody detecting AGP glycan and LM6 detecting arabinans were also tested and a colocalization was found in several examples (e.g., Zygnema) suggesting an interplay between these components. AGPs have been described in this study to perform both, cell to cell adhesion in algae forming thalli and cell to surface adhesion in the filamentous forms. These findings enable a broader evolutionary understanding of the function of AGPs in charophyte green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berke Tinaz
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | | | - David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
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Dinant S, Wolff N, De Marco F, Vilaine F, Gissot L, Aubry E, Sandt C, Bellini C, Le Hir R. Synchrotron FTIR and Raman spectroscopy provide unique spectral fingerprints for Arabidopsis floral stem vascular tissues. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:871-884. [PMID: 30407539 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are highly complex structures that are modified during plant growth and development. For example, the development of phloem and xylem vascular cells, which participate in the transport of sugars and water as well as providing support, can be influenced by cell-specific wall composition. Here, we used synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared (SR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy to analyse the cell wall composition of floral stem vascular tissues of wild-type Arabidopsis and the double-mutant sweet11-1 sweet12-1, which has impaired sugar transport. The SR-FTIR spectra showed that in addition to modified xylem cell wall composition, phloem cell walls in the double-mutant line were characterized by modified hemicellulose composition. Combining Raman spectroscopy with a classification and regression tree (CART) method identified combinations of Raman shifts that could distinguish xylem vessels and fibers. In addition, the disruption of the SWEET11 and SWEET12 genes impacted on xylem wall composition in a cell-specific manner, with changes in hemicelluloses and cellulose observed at the xylem vessel interface. These results suggest that the facilitated transport of sugars by transporters that exist between vascular parenchyma cells and conducting cells is important in ensuring correct phloem and xylem cell wall composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
| | - N Wolff
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
| | - F De Marco
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
| | - F Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
| | - L Gissot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
| | - E Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
| | - C Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Ligne SMIS, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - C Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - R Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay,Versailles, France
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Segmehl JS, Keplinger T, Krasnobaev A, Berg JK, Willa C, Burgert I. Facilitated delignification in CAD deficient transgenic poplar studied by confocal Raman spectroscopy imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:177-184. [PMID: 30099316 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents the only renewable carbon resource which is available in sufficient amounts to be considered as an alternative for our fossil-based carbon economy. However, an efficient biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks is hindered by the natural recalcitrance of the biomass as a result of a dense network of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. These polymeric interconnections make a pretreatment of the biomass necessary in order to enhance the susceptibility of the polysaccharides. Here, we report on a detailed analysis of the favourable influence of genetic engineering for two common delignification protocols for lignocellulosic biomass, namely acidic bleaching and soda pulping, on the example of CAD deficient poplar. The altered lignin structure of the transgenic poplar results in a significantly accelerated and more complete lignin removal at lower temperatures and shorter reaction times compared to wildtype poplar. To monitor the induced chemical and structural alterations at the tissue level, confocal Raman spectroscopy imaging, FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana S Segmehl
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Artem Krasnobaev
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John K Berg
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Willa
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Hybrid Nanostructures and Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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31
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Chateigner-Boutin AL, Lapierre C, Alvarado C, Yoshinaga A, Barron C, Bouchet B, Bakan B, Saulnier L, Devaux MF, Girousse C, Guillon F. Ferulate and lignin cross-links increase in cell walls of wheat grain outer layers during late development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:199-207. [PMID: 30348319 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Important biological, nutritional and technological roles are attributed to cell wall polymers from cereal grains. The composition of cell walls in dry wheat grain has been well studied, however less is known about cell wall deposition and modification in the grain outer layers during grain development. In this study, the composition of cell walls in the outer layers of the wheat grain (Triticum aestivum Recital cultivar) was investigated during grain development, with a focus on cell wall phenolics. We discovered that lignification of outer layers begins earlier than previously reported and long before the grain reaches its final size. Cell wall feruloylation increased in development. However, in the late stages, the amount of ferulate releasable by mild alkaline hydrolysis was reduced as well as the yield of lignin-derived thioacidolysis monomers. These reductions indicate that new ferulate-mediated cross-linkages of cell wall polymers appeared as well as new resistant interunit bonds in lignins. The formation of these additional linkages more specifically occurred in the outer pericarp. Our results raised the possibility that stiffening of cell walls occur at late development stages in the outer pericarp and might contribute to the restriction of the grain radial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.
| | - Camille Alvarado
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Arata Yoshinaga
- Laboratory of Tree Cell Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Cécile Barron
- UMR1208 IATE, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Luc Saulnier
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | | | - Christine Girousse
- INRA UMR1095 GDEC (Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales), INRA, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; UBP, UMR 1095 GDEC (Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales), INRA, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
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Nakata MT, Takahara M, Sakamoto S, Yoshida K, Mitsuda N. High-Throughput Analysis of Arabidopsis Stem Vibrations to Identify Mutants With Altered Mechanical Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 29946329 PMCID: PMC6005829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties are rarely used as quantitative indices for the large-scale mutant screening of plants, even in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The mechanical properties of plant stems generally influence their vibrational characteristics. Here, we developed Python-based software, named AraVib, for the high-throughput analysis of free vibrations of plant stems, focusing specifically on Arabidopsis stem vibrations, and its extended version, named AraVibS, to identify mutants with altered mechanical properties. These programs can be used without knowledge of Python and require only an inexpensive handmade setting stand and an iPhone/iPad with a high-speed shooting function for data acquisition. Using our system, we identified an nst1 nst3 double-mutant lacking secondary cell walls in fiber cells and a wrky12 mutant displaying ectopic formation of secondary cell wall compared with wild type by employing only two growth traits (stem height and fresh weight) in addition to videos of stem vibrations. Furthermore, we calculated the logarithmic decrement, the damping ratio, the natural frequency and the stiffness based on the spring-mass-damper model from the video data using AraVib. The stiffness was estimated to be drastically decreased in nst1 nst3, which agreed with previous tensile test results. However, in wrky12, the stiffness was significantly increased. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our new system. Because our method can be applied in a high-throughput manner, it can be used to screen for mutants with altered mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki T. Nakata
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kouki Yoshida
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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Penzkofer M, Baron A, Naumann A, Krähmer A, Schulz H, Heuberger H. Characterization of essential oil distribution in the root cross-section of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. by using histological imaging techniques. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:41. [PMID: 29881442 PMCID: PMC5985564 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential oil is an important compound of the root and rhizome of medicinally used valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.), with a stated minimum content in the European pharmacopoeia. The essential oil is located in droplets, of which the position and distribution in the total root cross-section of different valerian varieties, root thicknesses and root horizons are determined in this study using an adapted fluorescence-microscopy and automatic imaging analysis method. The study was initiated by the following facts:A probable negative correlation between essential oil content and root thickness in selected single plants (elites), observed during the breeding of coarsely rooted valerian with high oil content.Higher essential oil content after careful hand-harvest and processing of the roots. RESULTS In preliminary tests, the existence of oil containing droplets in the outer and inner regions of the valerian roots was confirmed by histological techniques and light-microscopy, as well as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on this, fluorescence-microscopy followed by image analysis of entire root cross-sections, showed that a large number of oil droplets (on average 43% of total oil droplets) are located close to the root surface. The remaining oil droplets are located in the inner regions (parenchyma) and showed varying density gradients from the inner to the outer regions depending on genotype, root thickness and harvesting depth. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence-microscopy is suitable to evaluate prevalence and distribution of essential oil droplets of valerian in entire root cross-sections. The oil droplet density gradient varies among genotypes. Genotypes with a linear rather than an exponential increase of oil droplet density from the inner to the outer parenchyma can be chosen for better stability during post-harvest processing. The negative correlation of essential oil content and root thickness as observed in our breeding material can be counteracted through a selection towards generally high oil droplet density levels, and large oil droplet sizes independent of root thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Penzkofer
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Research Group Medicinal and Spice Plants, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Am Gereuth 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Baron
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Research Group Medicinal and Spice Plants, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Am Gereuth 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Annette Naumann
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Königin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Königin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Königin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidi Heuberger
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Research Group Medicinal and Spice Plants, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Am Gereuth 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Huang S, Makarem M, Kiemle SN, Hamedi H, Sau M, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Inhomogeneity of Cellulose Microfibril Assembly in Plant Cell Walls Revealed with Sum Frequency Generation Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5006-5019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Özparpucu M, Gierlinger N, Burgert I, Van Acker R, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Pilate G, Déjardin A, Rüggeberg M. The effect of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) deficient poplars. PLANTA 2018; 247:887-897. [PMID: 29270675 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CAD-deficient poplars enabled studying the influence of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties. Severe alterations in lignin composition did not influence the mechanical properties. Wood represents a hierarchical fiber-composite material with excellent mechanical properties. Despite its wide use and versatility, its mechanical behavior has not been entirely understood. It has especially been challenging to unravel the mechanical function of the cell wall matrix. Lignin engineering has been a useful tool to increase the knowledge on the mechanical function of lignin as it allows for modifications of lignin content and composition and the subsequent studying of the mechanical properties of these transgenics. Hereby, in most cases, both lignin composition and content are altered and the specific influence of lignin composition has hardly been revealed. Here, we have performed a comprehensive micromechanical, structural, and spectroscopic analysis on xylem strips of transgenic poplar plants, which are downregulated for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) by a hairpin-RNA-mediated silencing approach. All parameters were evaluated on the same samples. Raman microscopy revealed that the lignin of the hpCAD poplars was significantly enriched in aldehydes and reduced in the (relative) amount of G-units. FTIR spectra indicated pronounced changes in lignin composition, whereas lignin content was not significantly changed between WT and the hpCAD poplars. Microfibril angles were in the range of 18°-24° and were not significantly different between WT and transgenics. No significant changes were observed in mechanical properties, such as tensile stiffness, ultimate stress, and yield stress. The specific findings on hpCAD poplar allowed studying the specific influence of lignin composition on mechanics. It can be concluded that the changes in lignin composition in hpCAD poplars did not affect the micromechanical tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Ma D, Xu C, Alejos-Gonzalez F, Wang H, Yang J, Judd R, Xie DY. Overexpression of Artemisia annua Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Increases Lignin and Coumarin and Reduces Artemisinin and Other Sesquiterpenes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:828. [PMID: 29971081 PMCID: PMC6018409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is the only medicinal crop that produces artemisinin for malarial treatment. Herein, we describe the cloning of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (AaCAD) from an inbred self-pollinating (SP) A. annua cultivar and its effects on lignin and artemisinin production. A recombinant AaCAD was purified via heterogeneous expression. Enzyme assays showed that the recombinant AaCAD converted p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, which are key intermediates involved in the biosynthesis of lignin. Km, Vmax, and Vmax/Km values were calculated for all three substrates. To characterize its function in planta, AaCAD was overexpressed in SP plants. Quantification using acetyl bromide (AcBr) showed significantly higher lignin contents in transgenics compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, GC-MS-based profiling revealed a significant increase in coumarin contents in transgenic plants. By contrast, HPLC-MS analysis showed significantly reduced artemisinin contents in transgenics compared with WT plants. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed a decrease in the contents of arteannuin B and six other sesquiterpenes in transgenic plants. Confocal microscopy analysis showed the cytosolic localization of AaCAD. These data demonstrate that AaCAD plays a dual pathway function in the cytosol, in which it positively enhances lignin formation but negatively controls artemisinin formation. Based on these data, crosstalk between these two pathways mediated by AaCAD catalysis is discussed to understand the metabolic control of artemisinin biosynthesis in plants for high production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Chong Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzalez
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfen Yang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rika Judd
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: De-Yu Xie,
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